1
|
Shu C, Ge L, Li Z, Chen B, Liao S, Lu L, Wu Q, Jiang X, An Y, Wang Z, Qu M. Antibacterial activity of cinnamon essential oil and its main component of cinnamaldehyde and the underlying mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1378434. [PMID: 38529191 PMCID: PMC10961361 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1378434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Plant essential oils have long been regarded as repositories of antimicrobial agents. In recent years, they have emerged as potential alternatives or supplements to antimicrobial drugs. Although literature reviews and previous studies have indicated that cinnamon essential oil (CIEO) and its major component, cinnamaldehyde (CID), possess potent antibacterial activities, their antibacterial mechanisms, especially the in vivo antibacterial mechanisms, remain elusive. Methods: In this study, we utilized the in vivo assessment system of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) to investigate the effects and mechanisms of high dose (100 mg/L) and low dose (10 mg/L) CIEO and CID in inhibiting Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In addition, we also examined the in vitro antibacterial abilities of CIEO and CID against other common pathogens including P. aeruginosa and 4 other strains. Results: Our research revealed that both high (100 mg/L) and low doses (10 mg/L) of CIEO and CID treatment significantly alleviated the reduction in locomotion behavior, lifespan, and accumulation of P. aeruginosa in C. elegans infected with the bacteria. During P. aeruginosa infection, the transcriptional expression of antimicrobial peptide-related genes (lys-1 and lys-8) in C. elegans was upregulated with low-dose CIEO and CID treatment, while this trend was suppressed at high doses. Further investigation suggested that the PMK-1 mediated p38 signaling pathway may be involved in the regulation of CIEO and CID during nematode defense against P. aeruginosa infection. Furthermore, in vitro experimental results also revealed that CIEO and CID exhibit good antibacterial effects, which may be associated with their antioxidant properties. Conclusion: Our results indicated that low-dose CIEO and CID treatment could activate the p38 signaling pathway in C. elegans, thereby regulating antimicrobial peptides, and achieving antimicrobial effects. Meanwhile, high doses of CIEO and CID might directly participate in the internal antimicrobial processes of C. elegans. Our study provides research basis for the antibacterial properties of CIEO and CID both in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Shu
- School of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Natural Daily Chemical Research Laboratory, Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Ge
- Natural Daily Chemical Research Laboratory, Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuohang Li
- Natural Daily Chemical Research Laboratory, Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Natural Daily Chemical Research Laboratory, Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengliang Liao
- School of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Natural Daily Chemical Research Laboratory, Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinlin Wu
- School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan An
- School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zongde Wang
- School of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Man Qu
- School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Y, Xiao M, Eweys AS, Bai J, Darwesh OM, Xiao X. Cinnamaldehyde Alleviates the Oxidative Stress of Caenorhabditis elegans in the Presence of Lactic Acid. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 78:683-690. [PMID: 37688685 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde is an excellent natural antioxidant with high antioxidant activity, but its function in food or human digestive tract under acidic conditions remains to be studied. The effects of cinnamaldehyde in the presence of lactic acid on oxidative stress of Caenorhabditis elegans and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated in the present study. Results showed that cinnamaldehyde with or without lactic acid exhibited good antioxidant ability, represented by high SOD and CAT activities in C. elegans, while lactic acid exerted no effect on the antioxidant enzymes. Trace elements, like Cu, Fe, or Se, are important for the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Data of metal elements analysis revealed that cinnamaldehyde made big differences on the levels of Mn, Cu, Se of worms compared with single lactic acid treatment. Moreover, mechanistic study suggested that in the presence of lactic acid, cinnamaldehyde could enhance the expressions of akt-2, age-1 to increase the antioxidant activities. In addition, we found that lactic acid was able to change the metabolic profile of cinnamaldehyde in C. elegans, characterized by nucleosides and amino acids, which were involved in the purine metabolism, the biosynthesis, and metabolism of some amino acids, etc. This study provides a theoretical basis for further revealing the functional activity and mechanism of cinnamaldehyde under acidic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Aya Samy Eweys
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Juan Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Osama M Darwesh
- Agricultural Microbiology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Xiang Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma C, Feng Y, Li X, Sun L, He Z, Gan J, He M, Zhang X, Chen X. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Policosanol from Insect Wax on Caenorhabditis elegans Models of Parkinson's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:127-144. [PMID: 36637699 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-022-10057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. The standard treatments for PD focus on symptom relief rather than attempting to address the underlying degenerative processes completely. This study aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of policosanol derived from insect wax (PIW) by investigating improvements in disease symptoms represented in Caenorhabditis elegans models of PD. For our assessments, we used the following three models: NL5901, which is a transgenic model for α-synuclein aggregation; wild-type N2 induced with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA); and 6-OHDA-induced BZ555 as a model for loss of dopaminergic neurons (DNs). Specifically, we examined the effects of PIW treatment on α-synuclein aggregation, the loss of DNs, lipid abundance, and the lifespan of treated organisms. Further, we examined treatment-related changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the mRNA production profiles of relevant genes. A 10 µg/mL dose of PIW reduced the aggregation of α-synuclein in NL5901 and suppressed the loss of DNs in 6-OHDA-induced BZ555. Overall, PIW treatment decreased ROS and MDA levels, restored lipid abundance, and prolonged the lifespans of worms in all the three models, which may be associated with changes in the expression profiles of genes related to cell survival and oxidative stress response pathways. Our findings show that PIW alleviated the symptoms of PD in these models, possibly by regulating the stress responses initiated by injuries such as α-synuclein aggregation or 6-OHDA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Long Sun
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhao He
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Minjie He
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matté EHC, Luciano FB, Evangelista AG. Essential oils and essential oil compounds in animal production as antimicrobials and anthelmintics: an updated review. Anim Health Res Rev 2023; 24:1-11. [PMID: 37401263 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Several countries have shown an increased prevalence of drug resistance in animal production due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and antiparasitics in human and veterinary medicine. This article aims to review existing methods using naturally occurring essential oils (EOs) and their isolated compounds (EOCs) as alternatives to antimicrobials and antiparasitic compounds in animal production and, consequently, to avoid resistance. The most-reported mechanism of action of EOs and EOCs was cell membrane damage, which leads to the leakage of cytoplasmic content, increased membrane permeability, inhibition of metabolic and genetic pathways, morphologic changes, antibiofilm effects, and damage to the genetic material of infections. In parasites, anticoccidial effects, reduced motility, growth inhibition, and morphologic changes have been reported. Although these compounds regularly show a similar effect to those promoted by traditional drugs, the elucidation of their mechanisms of action is still scarce. The use of EOs and EOCs can also positively influence crucial parameters in animal production, such as body weight gain, feed conversion rate, and cholesterol reduction, which also positively impact meat quality. The application of EOs and EOCs is enhanced by their association with other natural compounds or even by the association with synthetic chemicals, which has been found to cause synergism in their antimicrobial effect. By reducing the effective therapeutical/prophylactic dose, the chances of off-flavors – the most common issue in EO and EOC application – is greatly mitigated. However, there is very little work on the combination of EOs and EOCs in large in vivo studies. In addition, research must apply the correct methodology to properly understand the observed effects; for example, the use of only high concentrations may mask potential results obtained at lower dosages. Such corrections will also allow the elucidation of finer mechanisms and promote better biotechnologic use of EOs and EOCs. This manuscript presents several information gaps to be filled before the use of EOs and EOCs are fully applicable in animal production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Henrique Custódio Matté
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang J, Liao L, Wang G, Du Z, Wu Z. Reproductive toxicity of enrofloxacin in Caenorhabditis elegans involves oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:726-737. [PMID: 36522101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) that persist and bioaccumulate in the environment have aroused people's great concern. Here, we studied the adverse effects of FQs in soil animals of Caenorhabditis elegans via food-chronically exposure. The result shows C. elegans exposed to FQs exhibited reproductive toxicity with small-brood size and low-egg hatchability. To study the underlying mechanism, we conduct a deep investigation of enrofloxacin (ENR), one of the most frequently detected FQs, on nematodes which is one of commonly used animal indicator of soil sustainability. The concentration-effect curves simulated by the Hill model showed that the half effect concentrations (EC50) of ENR were (494.3 ± 272.9) µmol/kg and (107.4 ± 30.9) µmol/kg for the brood size and the hatchability, respectively. Differential gene expression between the control and the ENR-exposure group enriched with the oxidative stress and cell apoptosis pathways. The results together with the enzyme activity in oxidative stress and the cell corpses suggested that ENR-induced reproductive toxicity was related to germ cell apoptosis under oxidative stress. The risk quotients of some soil and livestock samples were calculated based on the threshold value of EC10 for the egg hatchability (2.65 µmol/kg). The results indicated that there was possible reproductive toxicity on the nematodes in certain agricultural soils for the FQs. This study suggested that chronic exposure to FQs at certain levels in environment would induce reproductive toxicity to the nematodes and might reduce the soil sustainability, alarming the environment risks of antibiotics abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lizi Liao
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zhengxing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Development and evaluation of clove and cinnamon oil-based nanoemulsions against adult fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis). BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
7
|
Combining Essential Oils with Each Other and with Clotrimazole Prevents the Formation of Candida Biofilms and Eradicates Mature Biofilms. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091872. [PMID: 36145621 PMCID: PMC9503487 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections by Candida spp. are opportunistic and most often occur in individuals with some predisposing factor. Essential oils (EO) have anti-Candida potential, being a therapeutic alternative to be explored, especially for superficial and mucosal candidiasis. The objective was to analyze the synergistic potential between the EO of Citrus limon, Cupressus sempervirens, Litsea cubeba and Melaleuca alternifolia, and each of them with clotrimazole, to inhibit in vitro the formation and eradication of Candida spp. biofilms. Added to this, the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans was evaluated after exposure to EO, clotrimazole and their synergistic combinations. Anti-Candida activity was determined by microdilution for the substances alone and in EO−EO and EO−clotrimazole combinations. The combinations were performed by the checkerboard method, and the reduction in the metabolic activity of biofilms was determined by the viability of MTT/menadione. C. elegans larvae survival was evaluated after 24 h of exposure to EO, clotrimazole and synergistic combinations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EO ranged from 500 to >4000 µg/mL. The lowest MIC (500 µg/mL) was for C. sempervirens and L. cubeba on a C. krusei isolate; for clotrimazole, the MIC ranged from 0.015 to 0.5 µg/mL. Biofilm inhibition and eradication both ranged from 1000 to >4000 µg/mL. The lethal concentration (LC50) of C. limon, L. cubeba and M. alternifolia was 2000 µg/mL for C. elegans, while for C. sempervirens and clotrimazole, it was not determined within the concentration limits tested. In combination, more than 85% of the larvae survived M. alternifolia−clotrimazole, M. alternifolia−L. cubeba, C. sempervirens−clotrimazole and C. sempervirens−C. limon combinations. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to present a synergistic relationship of EO−EO and EO−clotrimazole combinations on Candida spp. biofilms.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wram CL, Hesse CN, Zasada IA. Transcriptional response of Meloidogyne incognita to non-fumigant nematicides. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9814. [PMID: 35697824 PMCID: PMC9192767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited research about the impacts of new nematicides, including fluazaindolizine, fluopyram, and fluensulfone, on the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita, despite it being a pervasive agricultural pest. In this study, M. incognita second-stage juveniles were exposed for 24-h to fluensulfone, fluazaindolizine, fluopyram, and oxamyl and total RNA was extracted and sequenced using next-generation sequencing to determine gene expression. The effects of nematicide exposure on cellular detoxification pathways, common differentially expressed (DE) genes, and fatty acid and retinol-binding genes were examined. Fluopyram and oxamyl had the smallest impacts on the M. incognita transcriptome with 48 and 151 genes that were DE, respectively. These compounds also elicited a weak response in the cellular detoxification pathway and fatty acid and retinol-binding (FAR) genes. Fluensulfone and fluazaindolizine produced robust transcriptional responses with 1208 and 2611 DE genes, respectively. These compounds had strong impacts on cellular detoxification, causing differential regulation of transcription factors and genes in the detox pathway. These compounds strongly down-regulated FAR genes between 52–85%. Having a greater understanding of how these compounds function at a molecular level will help to promote proper stewardship, aid with nematicide discovery, and help to stay a step ahead of nematicide resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Wram
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Cedar N Hesse
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Inga A Zasada
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khadke SK, Lee JH, Kim YG, Raj V, Lee J. Appraisal of Cinnamaldehyde Analogs as Dual-Acting Antibiofilm and Anthelmintic Agents. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:818165. [PMID: 35369516 PMCID: PMC8966877 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.818165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde has a broad range of biological activities, which include antibiofilm and anthelmintic activities. The ever-growing problem of drug resistance and limited treatment options have created an urgent demand for natural molecules with antibiofilm and anthelmintic properties. Hence, we hypothesized that molecules with a scaffold structurally similar to that of cinnamaldehyde might act as dual inhibitors against fungal biofilms and helminths. In this regard, eleven cinnamaldehyde analogs were tested to determine their effects on fungal Candida albicans biofilm and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. α-Methyl and trans-4-methyl cinnamaldehydes efficiently inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation (>90% inhibition at 50 μg/mL) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≥ 200 μg/mL and 4-bromo and 4-chloro cinnamaldehydes exhibited anthelmintic property at 20 μg/mL against C. elegans. α-Methyl and trans-4-methyl cinnamaldehydes inhibited hyphal growth and cell aggregation. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to determine the surface architecture of C. albicans biofilm and cuticle of C. elegans, and confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to determine biofilm characteristics. The perturbation in gene expression of C. albicans was investigated using qRT-PCR analysis and α-methyl and trans-4-methyl cinnamaldehydes exhibited down-regulation of ECE1, IFD6, RBT5, UCF1, and UME6 and up-regulation of CHT4 and YWP1. Additionally, molecular interaction of these two molecules with UCF1 and YWP1 were revealed by molecular docking simulation. Our observations collectively suggest α-methyl and trans-4-methyl cinnamaldehydes are potent biofilm inhibitors and that 4-bromo and 4-chloro cinnamaldehydes are anthelmintic agents. Efforts are required to determine the range of potential therapeutic applications of cinnamaldehyde analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Kiran Khadke
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Guy Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu S, Liu SS, Huang P, Wang ZJ, Wang Y. Study on the Combined Toxicities and Quantitative Characterization of Toxicity Sensitivities of Three Flavor Chemicals and Their Mixtures to Caenorhabditis elegans. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35745-35756. [PMID: 34984305 PMCID: PMC8717562 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
It was shown that flavor chemicals with high toxicity sensitivities mean that small changes in their effective concentrations can lead to significant changes in toxicity. Flavors are widely used in personal care products. However, our study demonstrated that some flavor chemicals and their mixture rays have high toxicity sensitivities to Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), which may have an impact on human health. In this paper, three flavor chemicals (benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, and cinnamaldehyde) were used as components of the mixture, and three binary mixture systems were constructed, respectively. Five mixture rays were designed for each mixture system by a direct equipartition ray design method. The lethal toxicities of the three flavor chemicals and mixture rays to C. elegans at three exposure volumes were determined. A new concept (inverse of the negative logarithmic concentration span (iSPAN)) was introduced to quantitatively evaluate the toxicity sensitivity of chemicals or mixture rays, and the combination index (CI) was employed to identify the toxicological interactions in the mixtures. It was shown that the three flavor chemicals as well as the binary mixture rays have a significant concentration-response relationship on the lethality of C. elegans. The iSPAN values of the three flavor chemicals and their mixture rays were larger than 3.000, showing very strong toxicity sensitivity to C. elegans. In mixture systems, the toxicity sensitivities of mixture rays with different mixture ratios were also different at different exposure volumes. In addition, it can be seen from the CI heat map that the toxicological interaction not only shows the mixture ratio dependence but also changes with the different exposure volumes, which implies that the mixtures consisting of flavor chemicals with high toxicity sensitivity have complex toxicological interactions. Therefore, in environmental risk assessment, special attention should be paid to chemicals with high toxicity sensitivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Peng Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bhattacharya B, Narain V, Bondesson M. E-cigarette vaping liquids and the flavoring chemical cinnamaldehyde perturb bone, cartilage and vascular development in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105995. [PMID: 34673467 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) become increasingly popular smoking devices, there is an increased risk for unintended exposure to e-cigarette liquids through improper disposal resulting in leaching into the environment, third hand vapor exposure through air, or embryonic exposure through maternal vaping. Thus, the safety of e-cigarettes for wildlife and developing embryos need to be thoroughly investigated. We examined perturbations in zebrafish embryonic development after exposures to two cinnamon flavored vaping liquids (with 12 mg/ml nicotine and without nicotine) for e-cigarettes from two different vendors, as well as the flavoring chemical cinnamaldehyde. We focused on the effects of the vaping liquids on hatching success and bone, cartilage and blood vessel development in 3-4 days old transgenic zebrafish larvae. We found that exposures to both of the vaping liquids perturbed the development of the cleithrum and craniofacial cartilage. Exposure to the liquids further caused non-overlapping and partially or completely missing intersegmental vessels. Hatching success was also reduced. Exposure to pure cinnamaldehyde replicated the effects of the vaping liquids with a 50% effect concentration (EC50) of 34-41 µM. Quantification of the amount of cinnamaldehyde in the vaping liquids by mass spectrometry revealed EC50s around 10-40 times lower than for pure cinnamaldehyde, suggesting that additional compounds or metabolites present in the vaping liquids mediate toxicity. Presence of nicotine in one of the vaping liquids decreased its EC50s about two fold compared to the liquid without nicotine. Exposure to the humectants propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin did not affect the vascular, cartilage or bone development in zebrafish embryos. In conclusion, our study shows that exposure to cinnamaldehyde containing vaping liquids causes severe tissue-specific defects in developing embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beas Bhattacharya
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Vedang Narain
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu L, Li Z, Shan C, Ma S, Nie W, Wang H, Chen G, Li S, Shu C. Whole transcriptome analysis of schinifoline treatment in Caenorhabditis elegans infected with Candida albicans. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:312-319. [PMID: 33971509 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal human pathogen that has been causing an increasing number of deaths each year. Due to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppressants, C. albicans resistance to these therapies has increased. Thus, natural plant inhibitors are being investigated for treating C. albicans infections. Schinifoline is a 4-quinolinone alkaloid with antibacterial, insecticidal, antitumor, and other biological activities. Here, we explored the effects of schinifoline on C. albicans in C. elegans and extracted RNA from uninfected C. elegans, C. elegans infected with C. albicans, and C. elegans infected with C. albicans and treated with 100 mg/l schinifoline. Our results showed that there were significant differences among the three groups. The GO and KEGG pathway analysis suggested that the pathogenicity of C. albicans to C. elegans was caused by abnormal protein function. Schinifoline regulates lysosomal pathway related genes that accelerate the metabolism and degradation of abnormal proteins, thereby inhibiting the negative effects of C. albicans in vivo. These findings advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying schinifoline inhibition of C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Zhuohang Li
- Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Chengying Shan
- Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Shihong Ma
- Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Shandong Jiuxin Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong, 271500, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Shandong Jiuxin Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong, 271500, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- Shandong Jiuxin Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong, 271500, China
| | - Chengjie Shu
- Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| |
Collapse
|