1
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Chen L, Zhang H, Shi H, Li Z, Xue C. Application of multi-omics combined with bioinformatics techniques to assess salinity stress response and tolerance mechanisms of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) during depuration. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108779. [PMID: 37120087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Depuration is a vital stage to ensure the safety of oyster consumption, and salinity had a great impact on the environmental adaptability of oysters, but the underlying molecular mechanism was poorly understood during depuration stage. Here, Crassostrea gigas was depurated for 72 h at different salinity (26, 29, 32, 35, 38 g/L, corresponding to ±20%, ±10% salinity fluctuation away from oyster's production area) and then analyzed by using transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome combined with bioinformatics techniques. The transcriptome showed that the salinity stress led to 3185 differentially expressed genes and mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, etc. A total of 464 differentially expressed proteins were screened by the proteome, and the number of up-regulated expression proteins was less than the down-regulated, indicating that the salinity stress would affect the regulation of metabolism and immunity in oysters. 248 metabolites significantly changed in response to depuration salinity stress in oysters, including phosphate organic acids and their derivatives, lipids, etc. The results of integrated omics analysis indicated that the depuration salinity stress induced abnormal metabolism of the citrate cycle (TCA cycle), lipid metabolism, glycolysis, nucleotide metabolism, ribosome, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport pathway, etc. By contrast with Pro-depuration, more radical responses were observed in the S38 group. Based on the results, we suggested that the 10% salinity fluctuation was suitable for oyster depuration and the combination of multi-omics analysis could provide a new perspective for the analysis of the mechanism changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipin Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, PR China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Food and Agricultural Products Testing Agency, Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, PR China
| | - Haohao Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan, 570228, PR China.
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China.
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No.5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China
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2
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Development of a depuration protocol for commercially important edible bivalve molluscs of India: Ensuring microbiological safety. Food Microbiol 2023; 110:104172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Chinnadurai S, Elavarasan K, Geethalakshmi V, Kripa V, Mohamed KS. Temperature, salinity and body-size influences depuration of heavy metals in commercially important edible bivalve molluscs of India. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135879. [PMID: 35926743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature, salinity and body-size on depuration of naturally accumulated heavy metals in clams, mussels and oysters harvested from Ashtamudi and Vembanad estuaries of Kerala, India were investigated using a static depuration system. Before depuration, the concentrations of heavy metals such as Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Zn were analysed and it was found that the Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb contents in all the three bivalve molluscs were above the prescribed limit which poses a significant health risk to bivalve consumers. To protect consumer food safety, depuration experiments were conducted at varying temperatures, salinities and body-sizes. The clams, mussels and oysters depurated under the room temperature depuration system (RTDS) showed a better reduction of heavy metals compared with low-temperature depuration system (LTDS). ANOVA showed clams and mussels depurated at RTDS significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the heavy metals than LTDS. However, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in oysters between RTDS and LTDS. Further, clams and mussels depurated at low salinity (15-psμ) showed high resistance against Pb reduction. But, all the heavy metals, particularly, Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu were effectively removed at higher salinity depuration (25-psμ and 35-psμ). Moreover, irrespective of the body-size of clams, mussels and oysters used for depuration, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in all metals (Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cu) was observed. Relatively, the medium-size bivalves showed higher reductions compared to small-size bivalves. Based on the experiments conducted, we recommend 48 h depuration using the static system under room temperature (30 ± 1 °C) with a salinity range of (25-35 psμ) using medium-size bivalves (clam>30 mm; mussel >45 mm, and oyster >65 mm length) as optimum conditions for producing safe bivalves for consumption in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chinnadurai
- Molluscan Fisheries Division, ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, Kochi, Kerala State, 682018, India; ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, Kerala State, 682029, India; Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka State, India.
| | - K Elavarasan
- ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, Kerala State, 682029, India
| | - V Geethalakshmi
- ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, Kerala State, 682029, India
| | - V Kripa
- Molluscan Fisheries Division, ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, Kochi, Kerala State, 682018, India
| | - K S Mohamed
- Molluscan Fisheries Division, ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, Kochi, Kerala State, 682018, India
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4
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Chen L, Shi H, Zhang X, Xue C, Nie C, Yang F, Shao Y, Xue Y, Zhang H, Li Z. The effect of depuration salinity on the survival, nutritional composition, biochemical responses and proteome of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) during anhydrous living-preservation. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Campbell VM, Chouljenko A, Hall SG. Depuration of live oysters to reduce Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus: A review of ecology and processing parameters. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3480-3506. [PMID: 35638353 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of raw oysters, whether wild-caught or aquacultured, may increase health risks for humans. Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are two potentially pathogenic bacteria that can be concentrated in oysters during filter feeding. As Vibrio abundance increases in coastal waters worldwide, ingesting raw oysters contaminated with V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus can possibly result in human illness and death in susceptible individuals. Depuration is a postharvest processing method that maintains oyster viability while they filter clean salt water that either continuously flows through a holding tank or is recirculated and replenished periodically. This process can reduce endogenous bacteria, including coliforms, thus providing a safer, live oyster product for human consumption; however, depuration of Vibrios has presented challenges. When considering the difficulty of removing endogenous Vibrios in oysters, a more standardized framework of effective depuration parameters is needed. Understanding Vibrio ecology and its relation to certain depuration parameters could help optimize the process for the reduction of Vibrio. In the past, researchers have manipulated key depuration parameters like depuration processing time, water salinity, water temperature, and water flow rate and explored the use of processing additives to enhance disinfection in oysters. In summation, depuration processing from 4 to 6 days, low temperature, high salinity, and flowing water effectively reduced V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus in live oysters. This review aims to emphasize trends among the results of these past works and provide suggestions for future oyster depuration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vashti M Campbell
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Chouljenko
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven G Hall
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Pereira C, Costa P, Duarte J, Balcão VM, Almeida A. Phage therapy as a potential approach in the biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria associated with shellfish consumption. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 338:108995. [PMID: 33316593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious human diseases acquired from bivalve shellfish consumption constitute a public health threat. These health threats are largely related to the filter-feeding phenomenon, by which bivalve organisms retain and concentrate pathogenic bacteria from their surrounding waters. Even after depuration, bivalve shellfish are still involved in outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria, which increases the demand for new and efficient strategies to control transmission of shellfish infection. Bacteriophage (or phage) therapy represents a promising, tailor-made approach to control human pathogens in bivalves, but its success depends on a deep understanding of several factors that include the bacterial communities present in the harvesting waters, the appropriate selection of phage particles, the multiplicity of infection that produces the best bacterial inactivation, chemical and physical factors, the emergence of phage-resistant bacterial mutants and the life cycle of bivalves. This review discusses the need to advance phage therapy research for bivalve decontamination, highlighting their efficiency as an antimicrobial strategy and identifying critical aspects to successfully apply this therapy to control human pathogens associated with bivalve consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Costa
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Duarte
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Victor M Balcão
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; PhageLab-Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, 18023-000 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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7
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Gorrasi S, Pasqualetti M, Franzetti A, Pittino F, Fenice M. Vibrio communities along a salinity gradient within a marine saltern hypersaline environment (Saline di Tarquinia, Italy). Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4356-4366. [PMID: 32337833 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio species are ubiquitous in a number of different aquatic environments and promptly adapting to environmental changes due to high genome plasticity. The presence of these bacteria in marine salterns, in relation to a salinity gradient has been not investigated yet. Moreover, it is not clear if these hypersaline environments could represent a reservoir for Vibrio spp. This work investigated, through a metagenetic approach, the distribution of Vibrio (over 2 years) in different ponds along the salinity gradient within the 'Saline di Tarquinia' salterns, considering also the adjacent coastal waters and an isolated brine storage basin (BSB). Vibrio occurrence was higher in the sea than in the ponds and BSB, where it usually represented a rare taxon (abundance <1%). In the sea, it showed abundances in-between 1%-2.6% in 8 months out of 24. Four OTUs were assigned to the Vibrio genus; except for one that was more abundant in BSB, the others were much higher in the sea. Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested a different distribution of the OTUs in relation to water temperature and salinity. Vibrio was found, even with low abundances, at the highest salinities also, suggesting the salterns as a possible reservoir for the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Gorrasi
- Dipartimento di Ecologia e Biologia, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Marcella Pasqualetti
- Dipartimento di Ecologia e Biologia, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Laboratorio di Ecologia dei Funghi Marini, CONISMA, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Andrea Franzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Terra, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Francesca Pittino
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Terra, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Fenice
- Dipartimento di Ecologia e Biologia, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Laboratorio di Microbiologia Marina Applicata, CONISMA, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
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8
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9
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Tokarskyy O, Marshall DL, Dillon J, Andrews LS. Long-Term Depuration of Crassostrea virginica Oysters at Different Salinities and Temperatures Changes Vibrio vulnificus Counts and Microbiological Profile. J Food Prot 2019; 82:22-29. [PMID: 30586330 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous short-duration depuration studies with the eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica) demonstrated difficulty in achieving significant naturally incurred Vibrio vulnificus population count reductions. The present study used long-duration depuration (14 days) at controlled temperatures (10 or 22°C) and salinities (12, 16, or 20 mg/g). All depuration temperature-salinity combinations significantly reduced V. vulnificus counts, with greatest reductions seen in 12 mg/g, 10°C seawater (2.7-log CFU/g reduction) and in 20 mg/g, 22°C seawater (2.8-log reduction). Mesophilic vibrios dominated the overall microflora of freshly harvested oysters, whereas refrigerated storage selected for psychrotrophic bacteria ( Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Shewanella spp., Psychrobacter spp.) as well as did depuration at 10°C ( Pseudoalteromonas spp., Shewanella spp., Vibrio spp.). Depuration at 22°C retained dominance of mesophilic vibrios, including pathogenic species, followed by Shewanella spp., Pseudoalteromonas spp., and Photobacterium spp. Although aerobic plate counts were lower in 22°C depurated oysters (5.0 log versus 6.0 log) compared with 10°C, depuration at 10°C offered greater V. vulnificus population reductions than depuration at 22°C. This advantage was only seen at 12 mg/g salinity, with no impact at 16 and 20 mg/g salinities. No depuration treatment reduced V. vulnificus counts to nondetectable levels. Use of prolonged depuration may be a helpful intervention to control V. vulnificus populations in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Tokarskyy
- 1 Department of Medical Physics and Medical Equipment, I. Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Douglas L Marshall
- 2 Eurofins Microbiology Laboratories, Inc., 2000 Mackenzie Court, Fort Collins, Colorado 80528, USA
| | - Jeff Dillon
- 3 Experimental Seafood Processing Laboratory, Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, 3411 Frederick Street, Pascagoula, Mississippi 39567, USA
| | - Linda S Andrews
- 3 Experimental Seafood Processing Laboratory, Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, 3411 Frederick Street, Pascagoula, Mississippi 39567, USA
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10
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Audemard C, Kator HI, Reece KS. High salinity relay as a post-harvest processing method for reducing Vibrio vulnificus levels in oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 279:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Dvorak AC, Solo-Gabriele HM, Galletti A, Benzecry B, Malone H, Boguszewski V, Bird J. Possible impacts of sea level rise on disease transmission and potential adaptation strategies, a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:951-968. [PMID: 29679917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sea levels are projected to rise in response to climate change, causing the intrusion of sea water into land. In flat coastal regions, this would generate an increase in shallow water covered areas with limited circulation. This scenario raises a concern about the consequences it could have on human health, specifically the possible impacts on disease transmission. In this review paper we identified three categories of diseases which are associated with water and whose transmission can be affected by sea level rise. These categories include: mosquitoborne diseases, naturalized organisms (Vibrio spp. and toxic algae), and fecal-oral diseases. For each disease category, we propose comprehensive adaptation strategies that would help minimize possible health risks. Finally, the City of Key West, Florida is analyzed as a case study, due to its inherent vulnerability to sea level rise. Current and projected adaptation techniques are discussed as well as the integration of additional recommendations, focused on disease transmission control. Given that sea level rise will likely continue into the future, the promotion and implementation of positive adaptation strategies is necessary to ensure community resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Dvorak
- Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Andrea Galletti
- Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Bernardo Benzecry
- Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Hannah Malone
- Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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12
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Taylor MA, Yu JW, Howell TL, Jones SH. Varying Success of Relaying To Reduce Vibrio parahaemolyticus Levels in Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica). J Food Prot 2018; 81:659-669. [PMID: 29543524 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-borne human infections in the United States, and many of these illnesses are associated with consumption of raw molluscan shellfish. V. parahaemolyticus levels in shellfish vary temporally and spatially with environmental conditions in and around production areas. The objective of this study was to study the potential for reducing levels of V. parahaemolyticus in live oysters by relaying them during higher-risk warm weather to a site with elevated salinity and consistently low V. parahaemolyticus levels. The effectiveness of relaying was assessed by analyzing oyster samples collected on days 0, 2, 7, 10, and 14 for V. parahaemolyticus levels using a three-tube most-probable-number enrichment method in conjunction with genetic marker-based quantitative PCR. The salinity at the relay site was always higher than the salinity at the harvest site, with the difference between the two sites ranging from 3.4 to 19.1 ppt (average, 12 ppt) during 2011 to 2014. Oysters relayed during June, July, and August in 2011 and 2012 showed consistently reduced V. parahaemolyticus levels after 14 days, whereas relaying was less successful and V. parahaemolyticus populations changed to include trh-positive strains during 2013. When effective, relay required at least 10 days to reduce V. parahaemolyticus levels. A sample of oysters collected in August 2012, which was temperature abused to increase initial V. parahaemolyticus levels, showed a 4.5-log decrease in V. parahaemolyticus levels after 14 days of relay. These results suggest that relaying oysters to reduce V. parahaemolyticus levels holds promise, but that both microbial community and environmental conditions at relay sites can affect relay success. Further investigation to discover key factors that affect V. parahaemolyticus levels in relayed oysters may aid in developing a consistent approach for reducing V. parahaemolyticus in oysters to eliminate the risk of illness for oyster consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jong W Yu
- 1 Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Thomas L Howell
- 2 Spinney Creek Shellfish, Inc., 27 Howell Drive, Eliot, Maine 03903, USA
| | - Stephen H Jones
- 1 Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences.,3 Northeast Center for Vibrio Disease and Ecology, and.,4 Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824; and
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13
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Parveen S, Jahncke M, Elmahdi S, Crocker H, Bowers J, White C, Gray S, Morris AC, Brohawn K. High Salinity Relaying to Reduce Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in Chesapeake Bay Oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J Food Sci 2017; 82:484-491. [PMID: 28099766 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cases of Vibrio infections in the United States have tripled from 1996 to 2009 and these infections are most often associated with the consumption of seafood, particularly oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Information is needed on how to reduce numbers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in bi-valve molluscan shellfish (for example, oysters). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of high salinity relaying or treatment in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) as methods to reduce the abundance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in oysters. For relaying field trials, oysters were collected from approved harvest waters, temperature abused outside under a tarp for 4 h, and then transferred to high (29 to 33 ppt.) and moderate (12 to 19 ppt.) salinities. For RAS treatment trial, oysters were transferred to 32 to 34 ppt. salinity at 15 °C. After 7, 14, 21, and in some instances 28 d, oysters were collected and analyzed for V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus levels using multiplex real-time PCR. Initial levels of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus ranged from 3.70 to 5.64 log10 MPN/g, and were reduced by 2 to 5 logs after 21 to 28 d in high salinity water (29 to 34 ppt.). Oyster mortalities averaged 4% or less, and did not exceed 7%. Relaying of oysters to high salinity field sites or transfer to high salinity RAS tanks was more effective in reducing V. vulnificus compared with V. parahaemolyticus. These results suggest that high salinity relaying of oysters is more effective in reducing V. vulnificus than V. parahaemolyticus in the oyster species used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salina Parveen
- Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, U.S.A
| | - Michael Jahncke
- Virginia Tech., Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hampton, VA, 23669, U.S.A
| | - Sara Elmahdi
- Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, U.S.A
| | - Helen Crocker
- Virginia Tech., Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hampton, VA, 23669, U.S.A
| | - John Bowers
- U.S. FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A
| | - Chanelle White
- Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, U.S.A
| | - Stephanie Gray
- Virginia Tech., Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hampton, VA, 23669, U.S.A
| | - Amanda C Morris
- Virginia Tech., Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hampton, VA, 23669, U.S.A
| | - Kathy Brohawn
- Maryland Dept. of the Environment, Baltimore, MD, 21230, U.S.A
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14
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Imamura S, Haruna M, Goshima T, Kanezashi H, Okada T, Akimoto K. Application of Next-Generation Sequencing to Evaluate the Profile of Noroviruses in Pre- and Post-Depurated Oysters. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:559-565. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saiki Imamura
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Haruna
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Goshima
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kanezashi
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Keiko Akimoto
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Baker GL. Food Safety Impacts from Post-Harvest Processing Procedures of Molluscan Shellfish. Foods 2016; 5:E29. [PMID: 28231124 PMCID: PMC5302340 DOI: 10.3390/foods5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-harvest Processing (PHP) methods are viable food processing methods employed to reduce human pathogens in molluscan shellfish that would normally be consumed raw, such as raw oysters on the half-shell. Efficacy of human pathogen reduction associated with PHP varies with respect to time, temperature, salinity, pressure, and process exposure. Regulatory requirements and PHP molluscan shellfish quality implications are major considerations for PHP usage. Food safety impacts associated with PHP of molluscan shellfish vary in their efficacy and may have synergistic outcomes when combined. Further research for many PHP methods are necessary and emerging PHP methods that result in minimal quality loss and effective human pathogen reduction should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- George L Baker
- University of Florida, 104 Aquatic Food Products Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 32611-0370, USA.
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Temperature effect on high salinity depuration of Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus from the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 192:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Froelich BA, Noble RT. Factors affecting the uptake and retention of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7454-9. [PMID: 25261513 PMCID: PMC4249221 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02042-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus, a bacterium ubiquitous in oysters and coastal water, is capable of causing ailments ranging from gastroenteritis to grievous wound infections or septicemia. The uptake of these bacteria into oysters is often examined in vitro by placing oysters in seawater amended with V. vulnificus. Multiple teams have obtained similar results in studies where laboratory-grown bacteria were observed to be rapidly taken up by oysters but quickly eliminated. This technique, along with suggested modifications, is reviewed here. In contrast, the natural microflora within oysters is notoriously difficult to eliminate via depuration. The reason for the transiency of exogenous bacteria is that those bacteria are competitively excluded by the oyster's preexisting microflora. Evidence of this phenomenon is shown using in vitro oyster studies and a multiyear in situ case study. Depuration of the endogenous oyster bacteria occurs naturally and can also be artificially induced, but both of these events require extreme conditions, natural or otherwise, as explained here. Finally, the "viable but nonculturable" (VBNC) state of Vibrio is discussed. This bacterial torpor can easily be confused with a reduction in bacterial abundance, as bacteria in this state fail to grow on culture media. Thus, oysters collected from colder months may appear to be relatively free of Vibrio but in reality harbor VBNC cells that respond to exogenous bacteria and prevent colonization of oyster matrices. Bacterial-uptake experiments combined with studies involving cell-free spent media are detailed that demonstrate this occurrence, which could explain why the microbial community in oysters does not always mirror that of the surrounding water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Froelich
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel T Noble
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
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