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Silva RTC, Guidotti-Takeuchi M, Peixoto JLM, Demarqui FM, Mori AP, Dumont CF, Ferreira GRA, Pereira GDM, Rossi DA, Corbi PP, Pavan FR, Rezende Júnior CDO, Melo RTD, Guerra W. New Palladium(II) Complexes Containing Methyl Gallate and Octyl Gallate: Effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Campylobacter jejuni. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093887. [PMID: 37175297 PMCID: PMC10179749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes the preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of four palladium(II) complexes, namely, [Pd(meg)(1,10-phen)] 1, [Pd(meg)(PPh3)2] 2, [Pd(og)(1,10-phen)] 3 and [Pd(og)(PPh3)2] 4, where meg = methyl gallate, og = octyl gallate, 1,10-phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and PPh3 = triphenylphosphine. As to the chemical structures, spectral and physicochemical studies of 1-4 indicated that methyl or octyl gallate coordinates a palladium(II) ion through two oxygen atoms upon deprotonation. A chelating bidentate phenanthroline or two triphenylphosphine molecules complete the coordination sphere of palladium(II) ion, depending on the complex. The metal complexes were tested against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain and 2 exhibited high activity (MIC = 3.28 μg/mL). As to the tests with Campylobacter jejuni, complex 1 showed a significant effect in reducing bacterial population (greater than 7 log CFU) in planktonic forms, as well as in the biomass intensity (IBF: 0.87) when compared to peracetic acid (IBF: 1.11) at a concentration of 400 μg/mL. The effect provided by these complexes has specificity according to the target microorganism and represent a promising alternative for the control of microorganisms of public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Micaela Guidotti-Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Umuarama Campus, Uberlândia 87504-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Laura Miranda Peixoto
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Umuarama Campus, Uberlândia 87504-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Manaia Demarqui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Paulista State University-UNESP, Araraquara Campus, Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Ananda Paula Mori
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Santa Mônica Campus, Uberlândia 38402-018, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolyne Ferreira Dumont
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Umuarama Campus, Uberlândia 87504-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daise Aparecida Rossi
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Umuarama Campus, Uberlândia 87504-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Corbi
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-872, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Paulista State University-UNESP, Araraquara Campus, Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Torres de Melo
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Epidemiology, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Umuarama Campus, Uberlândia 87504-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Wendell Guerra
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Santa Mônica Campus, Uberlândia 38402-018, MG, Brazil
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Portes AB, Panzenhagen P, Pereira dos Santos AM, Junior CAC. Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter: A Systematic Review of South American Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030548. [PMID: 36978415 PMCID: PMC10044704 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Campylobacter has become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, especially those first-choice drugs used to treat campylobacteriosis. Studies in South America have reported cases of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in several countries, mainly in Brazil. To understand the current frequency of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in humans, farm animals, and food of animal origin in South America, we systematically searched for different studies that have reported Campylobacter resistance. The most commonly reported species were C. jejuni and C. coli. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was found to be ubiquitous in the isolates. Nalidixic acid and tetracycline showed a significantly expressed resistance. Erythromycin, the antibiotic of first choice for the treatment of campylobacteriosis, showed a low rate of resistance in isolates but was detected in almost all countries. The main sources of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter isolates were food of animal origin and farm animals. The results demonstrate that resistant Campylobacter isolates are disseminated from multiple sources linked to animal production in South America. The level of resistance that was identified may compromise the treatment of campylobacteriosis in human and animal populations. In this way, we are here showing all South American communities the need for the constant surveillance of Campylobacter resistance and the need for the strategic use of antibiotics in animal production. These actions are likely to decrease future difficulties in the treatment of human campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Portes
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing (PGHIGVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24220-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Panzenhagen
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Analytical and Molecular Laboratorial Center (CLAn), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Anamaria Mota Pereira dos Santos
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing (PGHIGVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24220-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing (PGHIGVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24220-000, Brazil
- Analytical and Molecular Laboratorial Center (CLAn), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
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Buiatte ABG, de Melo RT, Peres PABM, Bastos CM, Grazziotin AL, Armendaris Rodriguez PM, Barreto F, Rossi DA. Virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and dissemination of Campylobacter coli isolated from chicken carcasses in Brazil. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Prevalence, Tetracycline Resistance and Tet(O) Gene Identification in Pathogenic Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Chickens in Retail Markets of Lima, Peru. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111580. [PMID: 36358237 PMCID: PMC9686565 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence, tetracycline resistance and presence of Tet(O) in Campylobacter strains isolated from chicken in markets of Lima, Peru. Methods: A total of 250 chicken samples were obtained from traditional markets (skin, n = 120) and supermarkets (meat, n = 130). Samples were subjected to microbiological assays for identification of Campylobacter spp. according to ISO 10272-2017, and the isolates were then submitted to species identification by PCR. Phenotypic resistance to tetracyclines was assessed by the Kirby−Bauer test, and the presence of the Tet(O) gene was determined by PCR. Results: A significantly higher prevalence (p < 0.0001) of Campylobacter coli in skin samples from traditional markets (97.5%) than in meat samples from supermarkets (36.2%) was observed. On the other hand, Campylobacter jejuni was confirmed only in 3.1% of meat samples. All Campylobacter species isolated from skin and meat samples were phenotypically resistant to tetracyclines; however, the presence of the Tet(O) gene in C. coli was identified in 76.9% and 66.0% of skin and meat samples, no significant statistical difference (p = 0.1488) was found between these prevalence. All C. jejuni isolated from chicken meat samples from supermarkets were positive for Tet(O) gene. Conclusions: This study confirms the high prevalence of C. coli isolated from chicken sold in traditional markets and supermarkets in Lima, Peru, and in more than 70% of these strains, phenotypic resistance to tetracyclines could be linked with expression of the Tet(O) gene. It is necessary to evaluate other genes involved in resistance to tetracyclines and other groups of antibiotics in campylobacter strains isolated from chicken meat.
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Jalal K, Khan K, Hayat A, Ahmad D, Alotaibi G, Uddin R, Mashraqi MM, Alzamami A, Aurongzeb M, Basharat Z. Mining therapeutic targets from the antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter coli and virtual screening of natural product inhibitors against its riboflavin synthase. Mol Divers 2022; 27:793-810. [PMID: 35699868 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter coli resides in the intestine of several commonly consumed animals, as well as water and soil. It leads to campylobacteriosis when humans eat raw/undercooked meat or come into contact with infected animals. A common manifestation of the infection is fever, nausea, headache, and diarrhea. Increasing antibiotic resistance is being observed in this pathogen. The increased incidence of C. coli infection, and post-infection complications like Guillain-Barré syndrome, make it an important pathogen. It is essential to find novel therapeutic targets and drugs against it, especially with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. In the current study, genomes of 89 antibiotic-resistant strains of C. coli were downloaded from the PATRIC database. Potent drug targets (n = 36) were prioritized from the core genome (n = 1,337 genes) of this species. Riboflavin synthase was selected as a drug target and pharmacophore-based virtual screening was performed to predict its inhibitors from the NPASS (n = ~ 30,000 compounds) natural product library. The top three docked compounds (NPC115144, NPC307895, and NPC470462) were selected for dynamics simulation (for 50 ns) and ADMET profiling. These identified compounds appear safe for targeting this pathogen and can be further validated by experimental analysis before clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshid Jalal
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Hayat
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Diyar Ahmad
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ghallab Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al-Dawadmi Campus, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reaz Uddin
- Computational Biology Unit, Lab 103 PCMD ext. Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mutaib M Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alzamami
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, AlQuwayiyah, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Aurongzeb
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Zarrin Basharat
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Agents of Campylobacteriosis in Different Meat Matrices in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106087. [PMID: 35627626 PMCID: PMC9140573 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify the prevalence of thermophilic species of Campylobacter in meats of different species available on the Brazilian commercial market and to determine the genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and virulence potential of the isolates. A total of 906 samples, including chicken, beef and pork carcasses and chicken and beef livers, were purchased in retail outlets, and prevalences of 18.7% (46/246), 3.62% (5/138), 10.14% (14/138), 3.62% (5/138) and 4.47% (11/132), respectively, were identified, evidencing the dissemination of genotypes in the main producing macro-regions. Of all isolates, 62.8% were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR), with resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate (49.4%), tetracycline (51.8%) and ciprofloxacin (50.6%) and co-resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones (37.1%). Multivirulent profiles were identified mainly in isolates from chicken carcasses (84.8%), and the emergence of MDR/virulent strains was determined in pork isolates. All isolates except those from chicken carcasses showed a high potential for biofilm formation (71.4% luxS) and consequent persistence in industrial food processing. For chicken carcasses, the general virulence was higher in C. jejuni (54.3%), followed by C. coli (24%) and Campylobacter spp. (21.7%), and in the other meat matrices, Campylobacter spp. showed a higher prevalence of virulence (57.2%). The high rates of resistance and virulence reinforce the existence of strain selection pressure in the country, in addition to the potential risk of strains isolated not only from chicken carcasses, but also from other meat matrices.
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Morgan RB, Sierra-Arguello YM, Perdoncini G, Borges KA, Furian TQ, Gomes MJP, Lima D, Salle CTP, Moraes HLS, Nascimento VP. Comparison of transport crates contamination with Campylobacter spp. before and after the cleaning and disinfection procedure in broiler slaughterhouses. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101909. [PMID: 35551000 PMCID: PMC9108736 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is one of the most common types of bacterial gastroenteritis affecting humans, and poultry is considered a major source of the causative organism, Campylobacter spp. Broilers may arrive contaminated at slaughterhouses, and transport crates could be considered a potential source of contamination. Thus, cleaning and disinfection procedures are crucial to avoid cross-contamination among flocks. Despite its public health importance in Latin American countries, virulence factors of Campylobacter jejuni remain poorly studied in this region. Thus, this study aimed to: 1) determine the occurrence of contaminated crates at a poultry slaughterhouse, 2) compare the contamination before and after the cleaning and disinfection procedures, and 3) detect virulence-associated genes in C. jejuni strains by PCR. Campylobacter spp. were recovered from 8 of the 10 flocks evaluated, and C. jejuni was detected as the main species. There was no significant difference in the Campylobacter detection or quantification between crates at the reception platform and crates after the cleaning/disinfection processes. However, crates after 24 h of natural drying, presented a significant (P < 0.05) lower amount of Campylobacter cells than before the cleaning and disinfection processes. A negative relationship (R2 = 0.210, P = 0.045) between environmental conditions and Campylobacter quantification was found for transport crates after 24 h of natural drying. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the detection of two C. jejuni virulence genes, flaA (encode a major flagellin protein) and cadF (encode an adhesion and fibronectin-binding protein), among various stages of the cleaning and disinfection processes. Our results demonstrate the high contamination levels of Campylobacter strains in broiler flocks and the potential involvement of poultry transport crates in transmitting these bacteria. This study also suggests that ineffective cleaning and disinfection procedures can increase Campylobacter contamination and facilitate the spread of bacteria in poultry establishments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela B Morgan
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Yuli M Sierra-Arguello
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Perdoncini
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Karen A Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil..
| | - Thales Q Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos J P Gomes
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Diane Lima
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos T P Salle
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Hamilton L S Moraes
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Vladimir P Nascimento
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
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Würfel SDFR, Prates DDF, Kleinubing NR, Vecchia JD, Vaniel C, Haubert L, Dellagostin OA, Silva WPD. Comprehensive characterization reveals antimicrobial-resistant and potentially virulent Campylobacter isolates from poultry meat products in Southern Brazil. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gomes CN, Barker DOR, Duque SDS, Che EV, Jayamanna V, Taboada EN, Falcão JP. Campylobacter coli isolated in Brazil typed by core genome Multilocus Sequence Typing shows high genomic diversity in a global context. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105018. [PMID: 34332158 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter has been one of the most common causative agent of bacterial food-borne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. However, in Brazil the campylobacteriosis has been a neglected disease and there is insufficient data to estimate the incidence of this pathogen in the country. AIMS The current study aimed to determine the phylogenetic relationships among Campylobacter coli strains isolated in Brazil and to compare them with international Campylobacter isolates available in some public databases. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 63C. coli strains isolated in Brazil were studied. The MLST analysis showed 18 different STs including three STs not yet described in the PubMLST database. The cgMLST allocated the Brazilian strains studied into five main clusters and each cluster comprised groups of strains with nearly identical cgMLST profiles and with significant genetic distance observed among the distinct clusters. The comparison of the Brazilian strains with 3401 isolates from different countries showed a wide distribution of these strains isolated in this country. CONCLUSIONS The results showed a high similarity among some strains studied and a wide distribution of the Brazilian strains when compared to isolates from different countries, which is an interesting data set since it showed a high genetic diversity of these strains from Brazil in a global context. This study contributed for a better genomic characterization of C. coli strains isolated in Brazil and provided important information about the diversity of this clinically-relevant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nogueira Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Emily Victoria Che
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vasena Jayamanna
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gomes CN, Campioni F, Vilela FP, Duque SS, Falcão JP. Campylobacter coli strains from Brazil can invade phagocytic and epithelial cells and induce IL-8 secretion. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:859-867. [PMID: 33590448 PMCID: PMC8105435 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. have been a predominant cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, causing substantial costs to public healthcare systems. This study aimed to assess the invasion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production capacity of Campylobacter coli strains isolated in Brazil. A total of 50 C. coli isolated from different sources in Brazil were analyzed for their capacity of invasion in Caco-2 and U-937 cell lines. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was quantitatively measured in response to C. coli. All the strains studied showed invasion percentage ≥ 40% in polarized Caco-2 cells. In U-937 cells assay, 35 of 50 C. coli strains studied showed invasion percentage ≥ 50%. A significant increase in IL-8 production by infected U-937 cells was observed for 17.5% of the C. coli isolates. The high percentages of invasion in Caco-2 and U-937 cells observed for all studied strains, plus the increased production of IL-8 by U-937 cells against some strains, highlighted the pathogenic potential of the C. coli studied and bring extremely relevant data since it has never been reported for strains isolated in Brazil and there are a few data for C. coli in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fábio Campioni
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Vilela
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Sheila S Duque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-IOC, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, sala 516, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Lazou TP, Gelasakis AI, Chaintoutis SC, Iossifidou EG, Dovas CI. Method-Dependent Implications in Foodborne Pathogen Quantification: The Case of Campylobacter coli Survival on Meat as Comparatively Assessed by Colony Count and Viability PCR. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:604933. [PMID: 33732219 PMCID: PMC7956984 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.604933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to address method-dependent implications during the quantification of viable Campylobacter coli cells on meat over time. Traditional colony counting on selective and non-selective culture media along with an optimized viability real-time PCR utilizing propidium monoazide-quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR), spheroplast formation and an internal sample process control (ISPC), were comparatively evaluated for monitoring the survival of C. coli on fresh lamb meat during refrigeration storage under normal atmospheric conditions. On day zero of three independent experiments, lamb meat pieces were artificially inoculated with C. coli and then stored under refrigeration for up to 8 days. Three meat samples were tested on different days and the mean counts were determined per quantification method. An overall reduction of the viable C. coli on lamb meat was observed regardless of the applied quantification scheme, but the rate of reduction followed a method-dependent pattern, the highest being observed for colony counting on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA). Univariate ANOVA indicated that the mean counts of viable C. coli using PMA-qPCR were significantly higher compared to Columbia blood agar (CBA) plating (0.32 log10 cell equivalents, p = 0.015) and significantly lower when mCCDA was compared to CBA plating (0.88 log10 CFU, p < 0.001), indicating that selective culture on mCCDA largely underestimated the number of culturable cells during the course of meat storage. PMA-qPCR outperformed the classical colony counting in terms of quantifying both the culturable and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) C. coli cells, which were generated over time on meat and are potentially infectious and equally important from a public health perspective as their culturable counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomai P Lazou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin - Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios I Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Serafeim C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni G Iossifidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin - Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Kim SH, Chelliah R, Ramakrishnan SR, Perumal AS, Bang WS, Rubab M, Daliri EBM, Barathikannan K, Elahi F, Park E, Jo HY, Hwang SB, Oh DH. Review on Stress Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596570. [PMID: 33614524 PMCID: PMC7890702 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading global cause of bacterial colon infections in humans. Enteropathogens are subjected to several stress conditions in the host colon, food complexes, and the environment. Species of the genus Campylobacter, in collective interactions with certain enteropathogens, can manage and survive such stress conditions. The stress-adaptation mechanisms of Campylobacter spp. diverge from other enteropathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, S. enterica ser. Paratyphi, S. enterica ser. Typhimurium, and species of the genera Klebsiella and Shigella. This review summarizes the different mechanisms of various stress-adaptive factors on the basis of species diversity in Campylobacter, including their response to various stress conditions that enhance their ability to survive on different types of food and in adverse environmental conditions. Understanding how these stress adaptation mechanisms in Campylobacter, and other enteric bacteria, are used to overcome various challenging environments facilitates the fight against resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter spp., and aids the development of novel therapeutics to control Campylobacter in both veterinary and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hun Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, South Korea.,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sudha Rani Ramakrishnan
- School of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Woo-Suk Bang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology and Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Momna Rubab
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kaliyan Barathikannan
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeong Jo
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Su-Bin Hwang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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13
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Sher AA, Ashraf MA, Mustafa BE, Raza MM. Epidemiological trends of foodborne Campylobacter outbreaks in the United States of America, 1998-2016. Food Microbiol 2021; 97:103751. [PMID: 33653524 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major cause of foodborne diarrheal infections in the United States of America (USA). This study aimed to elucidate the patterns of Campylobacter foodborne outbreaks temporally and spatially concerning food vehicles. We collected the data of foodborne outbreaks from 1998 to 2016 reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The incidence rate of outbreaks for each food source was calculated and analyzed for each variable including season, food location, and census region. Overall, 465 single-state outbreaks and 8003 cases were reported during 1998-2016. Outbreaks were frequently attributed to dairy products (32%), chicken (17%) and vegetables (6%). Binomial regression analysis showed that compared to chicken items, the highest rate ratio of outbreaks was associated with dairy products (1.86) followed by vegetables (1.35) and meat products (0.76). More outbreaks were reported in the summer (35%) followed by the spring (26%) and fall (22%) season. We found that the highest number of outbreaks occurred in the West 159 (34%) and Midwest 137 (29%) census regions. The study highlights the role of dairy, chicken, and vegetables as food vehicles in Campylobacter outbreaks. Findings from this study can help in devising strategies to mitigate the increasing occurrence of Campylobacter foodborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ali Sher
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Environmental and Integrative Toxicological Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Muhammad Adnan Ashraf
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Bahar E Mustafa
- University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Sub- Campus, Toba Tek Singh, 36050, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Mohsin Raza
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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14
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Wang H, Huang M, Zeng X, Peng B, Xu X, Zhou G. Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolates Exposed to Stresses and the Expression of Small Non-coding RNAs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:130. [PMID: 32180763 PMCID: PMC7059537 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella can resist various stresses and survive during food processing, storage, and distribution, resulting in potential health risks to consumers. Therefore, evaluation of bacterial survival profiles under various environmental stresses is necessary. In this study, the resistance profiles of five Salmonella isolates [serotypes with Agona, Infantis, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and a standard strain (ATCC 13076, Enteritidis serotype)] to acidic, hyperosmotic, and oxidative stresses were examined, and the relative expressions of non-coding small RNAs were also evaluated, including CyaR, MicC, MicA, InvR, RybB, and DsrA, induced by specific stresses. The results indicated that although all tested strains displayed a certain resistance to stresses, there was great diversity in stress resistance among the strains. According to the reduction numbers of cells exposed to stress for 3 h, S. Enteritidis showed the highest resistance to acidic and hyperosmotic stresses, whereas ATCC 13076 showed the greatest resistance to oxidative stress, with less than 0.1 Log CFU/ml of cell reduction. Greater resistance of cells to acidic, hyperosmotic, and oxidative stresses was observed within 1 h, after 2 h, and from 1 to 2 h, respectively. The relative expression of sRNAs depended on the isolate for each stress; acidic exposure for the tested isolates induced high expression levels of DsrA, MicC, InvR, RybB, MicA, and CyaR. The sRNA RybB, associated with sigma E and outer membrane protein in bacteria, showed a fold change of greater than 7 in S. Enteritidis exposed to the tested stresses. CyaR and InvR involved in general stress responses and stress adaptation were also induced to show high expression levels of Salmonella exposed to hyperosmotic stress. Overall, these findings demonstrated that the behaviors of Salmonella under specific stresses varied according to strain and were likely not related to other profiles. The finding also provided insights into the survival of Salmonella subjected to short-term stresses and for controlling Salmonella in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huhu Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyuan Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianming Zeng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Peng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Predictive Modeling of Microbial Behavior in Food. Foods 2019; 8:foods8120654. [PMID: 31817788 PMCID: PMC6963536 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms can contaminate food, thus causing food spoilage and health risks when the food is consumed. Foods are not sterile; they have a natural flora and a transient flora reflecting their environment. To ensure food is safe, we must destroy these microorganisms or prevent their growth. Recurring hazards due to lapses in the handling, processing, and distribution of foods cannot be solved by obsolete methods and inadequate proposals. They require positive approach and resolution through the pooling of accumulated knowledge. As the industrial domain evolves rapidly and we are faced with pressures to continually improve both products and processes, a considerable competitive advantage can be gained by the introduction of predictive modeling in the food industry. Research and development capital concerns of the industry have been preserved by investigating the plethora of factors able to react on the final product. The presence of microorganisms in foods is critical for the quality of the food. However, microbial behavior is closely related to the properties of food itself such as water activity, pH, storage conditions, temperature, and relative humidity. The effect of these factors together contributing to permitting growth of microorganisms in foods can be predicted by mathematical modeling issued from quantitative studies on microbial populations. The use of predictive models permits us to evaluate shifts in microbial numbers in foods from harvesting to production, thus having a permanent and objective evaluation of the involving parameters. In this vein, predictive microbiology is the study of the microbial behavior in relation to certain environmental conditions, which assure food quality and safety. Microbial responses are evaluated through developed mathematical models, which must be validated for the specific case. As a result, predictive microbiology modeling is a useful tool to be applied for quantitative risk assessment. Herein, we review the predictive models that have been adapted for improvement of the food industry chain through a built virtual prototype of the final product or a process reflecting real-world conditions. It is then expected that predictive models are, nowadays, a useful and valuable tool in research as well as in industrial food conservation processes.
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16
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Lee J, Lee H, Lee S, Kim S, Ha J, Choi Y, Oh H, Kim Y, Lee Y, Yoon KS, Seo K, Yoon Y. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Campylobacter jejuni in Ground Meat Products in Korea. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:565-575. [PMID: 31508587 PMCID: PMC6728815 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated Campylobacter jejuni risk in ground meat products. The C. jejuni prevalence in ground meat products was investigated. To develop the predictive model, survival data of C. jejuni were collected at 4°C-30°C during storage, and the data were fitted using the Weibull model. In addition, the storage temperature and time of ground meat products were investigated during distribution. The consumption amount and frequency of ground meat products were investigated by interviewing 1,500 adults. The prevalence, temperature, time, and consumption data were analyzed by @RISK to generate probabilistic distributions. In 224 samples of ground meat products, there were no C. jejuni-contaminated samples. A scenario with a series of probabilistic distributions, a predictive model and a dose-response model was prepared to calculate the probability of illness, and it showed that the probability of foodborne illness caused by C. jejuni per person per day from ground meat products was 5.68×10-10, which can be considered low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyeon Lee
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Food Standard Research Center, Korea Food
Research Institutue, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Soomin Lee
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Jimyeong Ha
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Yukyung Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Hyemin Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Yewon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung
Hee University, Seoul 02447,
Korea
| | - Kunho Seo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
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17
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Melo RT, Grazziotin AL, Júnior ECV, Prado RR, Mendonça EP, Monteiro GP, Peres PABM, Rossi DA. Evolution of Campylobacter jejuni of poultry origin in Brazil. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:489-496. [PMID: 31027810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most common pathogen associated with foodborne diseases. Persistent presence of this pathogen contaminating the environment in slaughterhouses and chicken products have been reported worldwide. Although many efforts have been employed for reducing C. jejuni contamination, few studies have been conducted to understand the dynamics of C. jejuni in slaughterhouses over time. In this study, we evaluated the virulence, antibiotic resistance and genetic diversity profiles of 99 C. jejuni isolated from chilled chicken carcasses collected in Brazilian slaughterhouses during two distinct periods (2011-2012 and 2015-2016). The virulence profile was evaluated for the presence of flaA, ciaB, cadF, pldA and cdtABC genes. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin, erythromycin and tetracycline. Genetic diversity was assessed using RAPD-PCR. The prevalence of C. jejuni was significantly reduced in 2015-2016 as well the number of antibiotic (and multidrug) resistant isolates, except for tetracycline. However, isolates from 2015 to 2016 showed higher prevalence of multiple virulence genes and genetic diversity profile compared to isolates from 2011 to 2012. During the studied period, stricter regulations to control pathogens in poultry farms and slaughterhouses were implemented in Brazil, which may have contributed to the profile variation observed due to changes of selective pressures on bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta T Melo
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Ceara s/n, Bloco 2D, Sala 44, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlandia, MG, 38402-018, Brazil.
| | - Ana Laura Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Ceara s/n, Bloco 2D, Sala 44, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlandia, MG, 38402-018, Brazil
| | - Edson C Valadares Júnior
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Ceara s/n, Bloco 2D, Sala 44, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlandia, MG, 38402-018, Brazil
| | - Renata R Prado
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Ceara s/n, Bloco 2D, Sala 44, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlandia, MG, 38402-018, Brazil
| | - Eliane P Mendonça
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Uberaba, Av. Nenê Sabino 1801, Bairro Aeroporto, Uberaba, MG, 38055-500, Brazil
| | - Guilherme P Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Ceara s/n, Bloco 2D, Sala 44, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlandia, MG, 38402-018, Brazil
| | - Phelipe A B M Peres
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Ceara s/n, Bloco 2D, Sala 44, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlandia, MG, 38402-018, Brazil
| | - Daise A Rossi
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Ceara s/n, Bloco 2D, Sala 44, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlandia, MG, 38402-018, Brazil
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