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Bucur IM, Moza AC, Pop M, Nichita I, Gaspar CM, Cojocaru R, Gros RV, Boldea MV, Tirziu A, Tirziu E. Hunting Dynamics and Identification of Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in European Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) across Three Hunting Reserves in Western Romania. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1236. [PMID: 38930618 PMCID: PMC11205381 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The study focused on the hunting practices and potentially pathogenic bacterial species among European fallow deer (Dama dama). Within a five-year period, three hunting grounds from Western Romania were examined. During this period, a total of 1881 deer were hunted, and 240 samples were collected by rectal and nasal swabbing from 120 carcasses. Bacterial strains were identified utilizing bacteriological assays and the Vitek® 2 Compact system. Notably, the Socodor hunting ground exhibited a significant difference in harvesting quotas between the bucks (Group M) and does/yearlings (Group F), favoring the latter. In the Chișineu Criș-Sălișteanca hunting ground, a likely correlation in harvesting quotas between the two groups was observed. The identified potentially pathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecium. These results highlight the importance of effectively managing the deer population and recognize the potential for Dama dama to spread zoonotic pathogens, emphasizing the necessity of adopting a One Health approach and maintaining ongoing surveillance of this game species' population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia-Maria Bucur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Alex Cristian Moza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Mirel Pop
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Ileana Nichita
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Cristina Mirabela Gaspar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Răzvan Cojocaru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Radu-Valentin Gros
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Marius Valentin Boldea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Andreea Tirziu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Piata Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Emil Tirziu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
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Fitzgerald SF, Mitchell MC, Holmes A, Allison L, Chase-Topping M, Lupolova N, Wells B, Gally DL, McNeilly TN. Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Wild Scottish Deer with High Human Pathogenic Potential. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2795. [PMID: 37685059 PMCID: PMC10486872 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infections associated with wildlife are increasing globally, highlighting many 'spillover' species as important reservoirs for these zoonotic pathogens. A human outbreak of STEC serogroup O157 in 2015 in Scotland, associated with the consumption of venison meat products, highlighted several knowledge gaps, including the prevalence of STEC O157 in Scottish wild deer and the potential risk to humans from wild deer isolates. In this study, we undertook a nationwide survey of wild deer in Scotland and determined that the prevalence of STEC O157 in wild deer is low 0.28% (95% confidence interval = 0.06-0.80). Despite the low prevalence of STEC O157 in Scottish wild deer, identified isolates were present in deer faeces at high levels (>104 colony forming units/g faeces) and had high human pathogenic potential based on whole genome sequencing and virulence gene profiling. A retrospective epidemiological investigation also identified one wild deer isolate from this study as a possible source of a Scottish human outbreak in 2017. These results emphasise the importance of food hygiene practices during the processing of wild deer carcasses for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Fitzgerald
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, UK
| | - Mairi C. Mitchell
- Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK (L.A.)
| | - Anne Holmes
- Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK (L.A.)
| | - Lesley Allison
- Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK (L.A.)
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nadejda Lupolova
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Beth Wells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, UK
| | - David L. Gally
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom N. McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, UK
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Pacheco-Torres I, Hernández-Sánchez D, García-De la Peña C, Tarango-Arámbula LA, Crosby-Galván MM, Sánchez-Santillán P. Analysis of the Intestinal and Faecal Bacterial Microbiota of the Cervidae Family Using 16S Next-Generation Sequencing: A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1860. [PMID: 37513032 PMCID: PMC10386072 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cervidae family has a wide distribution due to its adaptation to numerous ecological environments, which allows it to develop a diverse microbial community in its digestive tract. Recently, research has focused on the taxonomic composition and functionality of the intestinal and faecal microbiota of different cervid species worldwide, as well as their microbial diversity and variation under different associated factors such as age, sex, diet, distribution, and seasonal variation. In addition, there is special interest in knowing how cervids act as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogenic microorganisms, which represent a threat to public health. This review provides a synthesis of the growing field of microbiota determination in cervids worldwide, focusing on intestinal and faecal samples using 16S next-generation sequencing. It also documents factors influencing microbial diversity and composition, the microorganisms reported as pathogenic/zoonotic, and the perspectives regarding the conservation of these species. Knowing the interactions between bacteria and cervid health can drive management and conservation strategies for these species and help develop an understanding of their evolutionary history and the interaction with emerging disease-causing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulino Sánchez-Santillán
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa 41940, Mexico
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Tîrziu E, Bulucea AV, Imre K, Nichita I, Muselin F, Dumitrescu E, Tîrziu A, Mederle NG, Moza A, Bucur IM, Cristina RT. The Behavior of Some Bacterial Strains Isolated from Fallow Deer Compared to Antimicrobial Substances in Western Romania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040743. [PMID: 37107105 PMCID: PMC10134966 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The resistance levels of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., etc., isolated from the nasal cavity and the rectum of Dama dama deer from three hunting grounds in Western Romania were assessed. (2) Methods: The analysis was completed using the diffusimetric method, compliant with CLSI reference standards, and with Vitek-2 (BioMérieux, France), on 240 samples. (3) Results: The results were statistically analyzed (by one-way ANOVA) revealing that in four of the ten E. coli strains isolated from animals, 87.5% (p < 0.001) resistance was found. E. coli strains were resistant to cephalexin (100%); seven strains were resistant to cephalothin and ampicillin; six were resistant to cefquinome and cefoperazone; five were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; and four were resistant to ceftiofur. However, E. coli was sensitive to amikacin (100%). The most efficient structures were beta-lactams, amikacin, and imipenem, to which all 47 strains studied (100%) were sensitive, followed by nitrofurantoin, to which 45 strains (95.7%) were sensitive, neomycin, to which 44 strains (93.6%) were sensitive, ceftiofur, to which 43 strains (91.5%) were sensitive, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and marbofloxacin, to which 42 strains (89.4%) were sensitive. (4) Conclusions: In wild animal populations, where a human presence is frequently reported, including a constant presence of domestic animals, despite the perceived low risk of emerging resistance to antimicrobials, resistance is likely to develop frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Tîrziu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | | | - Kalman Imre
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ileana Nichita
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florin Muselin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Eugenia Dumitrescu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Tîrziu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Farmacy "Victor Babes", Piata Eftimie Murgu No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Narcisa G Mederle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandru Moza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia M Bucur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Romeo T Cristina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
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Virulence Genes of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Wild Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151959. [PMID: 35953948 PMCID: PMC9367424 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Escherichia coli is a commensal of the intestinal tract of humans and animals, but some pathotypes can cause severe infections. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are the pathotypes most frequently involved in enteric disorders observed in people and domestic animals. Wildlife may harbor and excrete these pathotypes too, therefore, they may be source of infections for humans and domestic animals. Vulpes vulpes seem to be involved in the epidemiology of pathogenic E. coli strains, and thus they could be a relevant threat mainly when they invade human settlements in rural and urban areas. Abstract Different pathotypes of Escherichia coli can cause severe diseases in animals and humans. Wildlife may contribute to the circulation of pathogenic pathotypes, including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). This study analyzed 109 DNA samples previously extracted from fecal specimens collected from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to detect E. coli virulence genes eaeA, hlyA, stx1, and stx2, that characterize the EPEC, STEC, and EHEC strains. Thirty-one (28.4%) samples were positive for at least one investigated virulence gene: eaeA gene was detected in 21 (19.2%) samples, hlyA in 10 (9.1%), stx1 in 6 (5.5%), and stx2 in 4 (3.6%). Nine DNA samples resulted positive for two or three virulence genes: five (4.6%) samples were positive for eaeA and hlyA genes, two (1.8%) for eaeA and stx1, one (0.9%) for hlyA and stx1, one (0.9%) for eaeA, hlyA and stx2. Red foxes seem to be involved in the epidemiology of these infections and their role could be relevant because they may be source of pathogenic E. coli for other wild animals, as well as domestic animals and humans.
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The microbial condition of Scottish wild deer carcasses collected for human consumption and the hygiene risk factors associated with Escherichia coli and total coliforms contamination. Food Microbiol 2022; 108:104102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Xue F, Wang B, Guo DX, Jiao Y, Yin X, Cui WL, Zhou QQ, Yu FR, Lin YQ. Peptide Biomarkers Discovery for Seven Species of Deer Antler Using LC-MS/MS and Label-Free Approach. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154756. [PMID: 35897939 PMCID: PMC9331363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deer antler is a globally widely used precious natural medicine and the material of deer horn gelatin. However, identification of deer antler species based on traditional approaches are problematic because of their similarity in appearance and physical-chemical properties. In this study, we performed a comprehensive antler peptidome analysis using a label-free approach: nano LC-Orbitrap MS was applied to discover peptide biomarkers in deer adult beta-globin (HBBA), and HPLC-Triple Quadrupole MS was used to verify their specificity. Nineteen peptide biomarkers were found, on which foundation a strategy for antlers and a strategy for antler mixtures such as flakes or powder are provided to identify seven species of deer antler including Eurasian elk (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus viginianus), white-lipped deer (Przewalskium albirostris), fallow deer (Dama dama), sika deer (Cervus nippon), and red deer (Cervus elaphus) simultaneously. It is worth noting that our search found that the HBBA gene of sika deer, red deer, and North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis) in China may have undergone severe genetic drifts.
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Dias D, Costa S, Fonseca C, Baraúna R, Caetano T, Mendo S. Pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from wildlife: Should we care? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152324. [PMID: 34915011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is one of the most frequent bacterial agents associated with food-borne outbreaks in Europe. In humans, the infection can lead to life-threatening diseases. Domestic and wild animals can harbor STEC, and ruminants are the main STEC reservoirs, although asymptomatic. In the present study we have characterized STEC from wildlife (wild boar (n = 56), red deer (n = 101), red fox (n = 37) and otter (n = 92)). Cultivable STEC (n = 52) were isolated from 17% (n = 49) of the faecal samples. All the isolates were non-O157 STEC encoding stx1 (n = 2; 4%) and/or stx2 genes (n = 51; 98%). Only one strain (2%) isolated from red fox had an antibiotic resistant phenotype. However, when the normalized resistance interpretation of epidemiological cutoffs (NRI ECOFFs) were used, 23% (n = 12) of the strains were non-wildtype to at least one of the antibiotics tested. After analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 20 strains were selected for whole genome sequencing and belonged to the following serotypes: O27:H30 (n = 15), O146:H28 (n = 2), O146:H21 (n = 1), O178:H19 (n = 1), and O103:H2 (n = 1). In addition to stx, all strains encode several virulence factors such as toxins, adhesins, fimbriae and secretion systems, among others. All sequenced genomes carried several mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as prophages and/or plasmids. The core genome and the phylogenetic analysis showed close evolutionary relationships between some of the STEC recovered from wildlife and strains of clinical origin, highlighting their pathogenic potential. Overall, our results show the zoonotic potential of STEC strains originating from wildlife, highlighting the importance of monitoring their genomic characteristics following a One Health perspective, in which the health of humans is related to the health of animals, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dias
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sávio Costa
- Centro de Genômica e Biologia de Sistemas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; ForestWISE - Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rafael Baraúna
- Centro de Genômica e Biologia de Sistemas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Tânia Caetano
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Merker Breyer G, de Carli S, Inácio Vieira N, França Ribeiro VM, Chaves da Silva FR, Daudt C, Maboni Siqueira F. Wild capybaras as reservoir of shiga toxin‐producing
Escherichia coli
in urban Amazonian Region. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:10-16. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Merker Breyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Graduate Program in Veterinary Science Porto Alegre Brazil
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory Veterinary Science Faculty Veterinary Pathology Department 9090 Bento Gonçalves Avenue 91540‐000 Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Sílvia de Carli
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Graduate Program in Veterinary Science Porto Alegre Brazil
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory Veterinary Science Faculty Veterinary Pathology Department 9090 Bento Gonçalves Avenue 91540‐000 Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Natã Inácio Vieira
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Vânia Maria França Ribeiro
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Flavio Roberto Chaves da Silva
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Cíntia Daudt
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Graduate Program in Veterinary Science Porto Alegre Brazil
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory Veterinary Science Faculty Veterinary Pathology Department 9090 Bento Gonçalves Avenue 91540‐000 Porto Alegre Brazil
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Soare C, McNeilly TN, Seguino A. A review of potential risk factors linked to shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in wild deer populations and the practices affecting the microbial contamination of wild deer carcasses with enteric bacteria. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Lauzi S, Luzzago C, Chiani P, Michelacci V, Knijn A, Pedrotti L, Corlatti L, Buccheri Pederzoli C, Scavia G, Morabito S, Tozzoli R. Free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) as carriers of potentially zoonotic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1902-1911. [PMID: 34080316 PMCID: PMC9540879 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli (STEC) are zoonotic foodborne pathogens of outmost importance and interest has been raised in recent years to define the potential zoonotic role of wildlife in STEC infection. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of STEC in free‐ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) living in areas with different anthropisation levels and describe the characteristics of strains in order to evaluate the potential risk posed to humans. Two‐hundred one deer faecal samples collected in 2016–2018 from animals of Central Italian Alps were examined by bacteriological analysis and PCR screening of E. coli colonies for stx1, stx2 and eae genes. STEC strains were detected in 40 (19.9%) deer, with significantly higher prevalence in offspring than in yearlings. Whole genome analysis was performed to characterise a subset of 31 STEC strains. The most frequently detected serotype was O146:H28 (n = 10, 32.3%). Virulotyping showed different stx subtypes combinations, with stx2b‐only (n = 15, 48.4%) being the most prevalent. All STEC lacked the eae gene but harbored additional virulence genes, particularly adhesins, toxins and/or other colonisation factors also described in STEC isolated from disease in humans. The most frequently detected genes were astA (n = 22, 71%), subAB (n = 21, 68%), iha (n = 26, 83.9%) and lpfA (n = 24, 77%). Four hybrid STEC/Enterotoxigenic E. coli strains were also identified. According to the most recent paradigm for pathogenicity assessment of STEC issued by the European Food Safety Authority, our results suggest that red deer are carriers of STEC strains that may have zoonotic potential, regardless of the anthropisation levels. Particular attention should be drawn to these findings while handling and preparing game meat. Furthermore, deer may release STEC in the environment, possibly leading to the contamination of soil and water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Chiani
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Michelacci
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arnold Knijn
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gaia Scavia
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Morabito
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosangela Tozzoli
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
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Twenty Years of Passive Disease Surveillance of Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus) in Slovenia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020407. [PMID: 33562662 PMCID: PMC7915899 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wildlife can serve as a reservoir for highly contagious and deadly diseases, many of which are infectious to domestic animals and/or humans. Wildlife disease surveillance can be considered an essential tool to provide important information on the health status of the population and for the protection of human health. Between 2000 and 2019, examinations of 510 roe deer carcasses were conducted by comprehensive necropsy and other laboratory tests. In conclusion, the results of this research indicate a broad spectrum of roe deer diseases, but no identified disease can be considered a significant health threat to other wildlife species and/or to humans. Abstract In this paper, we provide an overview of the causes of death of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) diagnosed within the national passive health surveillance of roe deer in Slovenia. From 2000 to 2019, postmortem examinations of 510 free-ranging roe deer provided by hunters were conducted at the Veterinary Faculty, Slovenia. A comprehensive necropsy was performed. According to the results of the necropsy, the samples were subjected to microscopic, histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, or virological examination. The most frequent causes of death in roe deer were infectious diseases (67%), followed by noninfectious diseases (28%). Of all deaths, parasitic infections represented 48%, bacterial infections 14.8%, trauma 12.5%, and metabolic disorders 9.8%. Less frequent causes were diseases like neoplasia and mycotic infections, winter starvation, hernias, and lightning strike. This study covered an estimated 1% of the total disease-related mortality of roe deer in Slovenia. Comparisons of sex/age structure indicated that hunters did not provide random samples (e.g., young males were disproportionately represented). Therefore, such monitoring does not ensure an unbiased assessment of the significance of the individual disease for the mortality of the population; however, it can provide credible evidence of whether or not a particular disease is present in a population. We show that no identified disease in roe deer in Slovenia can be considered a significant health threat to roe deer, other wildlife species, or humans.
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Plaza-Rodríguez C, Alt K, Grobbel M, Hammerl JA, Irrgang A, Szabo I, Stingl K, Schuh E, Wiehle L, Pfefferkorn B, Naumann S, Kaesbohrer A, Tenhagen BA. Wildlife as Sentinels of Antimicrobial Resistance in Germany? Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:627821. [PMID: 33585611 PMCID: PMC7873465 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.627821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of bacteria carrying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in wildlife is an indicator that resistant bacteria of human or livestock origin are widespread in the environment. In addition, it could represent an additional challenge for human health, since wild animals could act as efficient AMR reservoirs and epidemiological links between human, livestock and natural environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and the antibiotic resistance patterns of several bacterial species in certain wild animals in Germany, including wild boars (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild ducks (family Anatidae, subfamily Anatinae) and geese (family Anatidae, subfamily Anserinae). In the framework of the German National Zoonoses Monitoring Program, samples from hunted wild boars, roe deer and wild ducks and geese were collected nationwide in 2016, 2017, and 2019, respectively. Fecal samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. (in wild boars and wild ducks and geese), Campylobacter spp. (in roe deer and wild ducks and geese), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC), commensal E. coli and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) or ampicillinase class C (AmpC) beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (in wild boars, roe deer and wild ducks and geese). In addition, the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was investigated in nasal swabs from wild boars. Isolates obtained in the accredited regional state laboratories were submitted to the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for confirmation, characterization and phenotypic resistance testing using broth microdilution according to CLSI. AMR was assessed according to epidemiological cut-offs provided by EUCAST. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 13 of 552 (2.4%) tested wild boar fecal samples, but absent in all 101 samples from wild ducks and geese. Nine of the 11 isolates that were submitted to the NRL Salmonella were susceptible to all tested antimicrobial substances. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from four out of 504 (0.8%) roe deer fecal samples, but not from any of the samples from wild ducks and geese. Of the two isolates received in the NRL Campylobacter, neither showed resistance to any of the substances tested. From roe deer, 40.2% of the fecal samples (144 of 358) yielded STEC compared to 6.9% (37 of 536) from wild boars. In wild ducks and geese, no STEC isolates were found. Of 150 STEC isolates received in the NRL (24 from wild boars and 126 from roe deer), only one from each animal species showed resistance. Of the 219 isolates of commensal E. coli from wild boars tested for AMR, 210 were susceptible to all 14 tested substances (95.9%). In roe deer this proportion was even higher (263 of 269, 97.8%), whereas in wild ducks and geese this proportion was lower (41 of 49, 83.7%). Nevertheless, selective isolation of ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli yielded 6.5% (36 of 551) positive samples from wild boars, 2.3% (13 of 573) from roe deer and 9.8% (10 of 102) from wild ducks and geese. Among the 25 confirmed ESBL-/AmpC-producing isolates from wild boars, 14 (56.0%) showed resistance up to five classes of substances. This proportion was lower in roe deer (3 of 12, 25%) and higher in wild ducks and geese (7 of 10, 70%). None of the 577 nasal swabs from wild boars yielded MRSA. Results indicate that overall, the prevalence of resistant bacteria from certain wild animals in Germany is low, which may reflect not only the low level of exposure to antimicrobials but also the low level of resistant bacteria in the areas where these animals live and feed. However, despite this low prevalence, the patterns observed in bacteria from the wild animals included in this study are an indicator for specific resistance traits in the environment, including those to highest priority substances such as 3rd generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and colistin. Therefore, also continuous monitoring of the occurrence of such bacteria in wildlife by selective isolation is advisable. Furthermore, the possible role of wildlife as reservoir and disperser of resistant bacteria would need to be assessed, as wild animals, and in particular wild ducks and geese could become spreaders of resistant bacteria given their capacity for long-range movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Plaza-Rodríguez
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Alt
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Irrgang
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Istvan Szabo
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schuh
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Wiehle
- Department Food, Feed, Consumer Goods, German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Pfefferkorn
- Department Food, Feed, Consumer Goods, German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Naumann
- Department Food, Feed, Consumer Goods, German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Kaesbohrer
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Lu C, Liu H, Shangguan W, Chen S, Zhong Q. Antibiofilm activities of the cinnamon extract against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:125-135. [PMID: 32772125 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli are two major foodborne pathogens. In this paper, the antibiofilm activities of the ethanol extract of cinnamon against these two bacteria were studied in detail. The antibacterial activity and the MIC of the extract were determined, and the inhibition and removing effects of the extract on the biofilms of V. parahaemolyticus and E. coli were investigated. The biofilms stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and concanavalin A (Con A) were also observed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The results indicated that the extract exhibited high antibacterial activity, with the MIC against V. parahaemolyticus and E. coli was 6.25 mg/mL. The effects on V. parahaemolyticus biofilm were significant with the inhibition rate of 75.46% at MIC, and the eradication rate of 93.26% at 32MIC, respectively. As to E. coli, the inhibition rate was 48.18% at MIC, and the eradication rate was 46.16% at 8MIC. Meanwhile, the extract could notably reduce the metabolic activities and the secretion of EPS in biofilm, it inhibited 78.57% EPS formation in V. parahaemolyticus biofilm at MIC, and eliminated 61.28% EPS in mature biofilm at 4MIC. CLSM images showed that the EPS of the treated biofilm became thinner and biofilm structure was looser, when compared with the untreated control. This study elucidated that the cinnamon extract was effective to prevent biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilms of V. parahaemolyticus and E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrong Lu
- SCAU (Chaozhou) Food Institute Co. Ltd., Chaozhou, 521000, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huan Liu
- SCAU (Chaozhou) Food Institute Co. Ltd., Chaozhou, 521000, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wendan Shangguan
- SCAU (Chaozhou) Food Institute Co. Ltd., Chaozhou, 521000, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Song Chen
- SCAU (Chaozhou) Food Institute Co. Ltd., Chaozhou, 521000, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- SCAU (Chaozhou) Food Institute Co. Ltd., Chaozhou, 521000, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Szczerba-Turek A, Kordas B. Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) as a Reservoir of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E881. [PMID: 32438625 PMCID: PMC7278374 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC) are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans. Only a few reports on fallow deer as a reservoir of foodborne pathogens have been published to date. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of STEC strains in the fallow deer population in Poland. In all, 94 fallow deer swabs were tested. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the virulence profile of stx1, stx2 and eae or aggR genes, to identify the subtypes of stx1 and stx2 genes and to perform O and H serotyping. STEC and attaching and effacing (AE)-STEC were identified in 13 isolates (13.83%). The most hazardous virulence profile was detected in three strains, namely stx2d serotype O103:HNM, eae/stx1a serotype O26:HNM and eae/stx1a serotype O157:H7. The predominant stx gene was stx2, which was identified in 76.92% of isolates. E. coli O157 was detected in 4/94 (4.26%). Other E. coli serogroups, O26, O103, O111 and O145, were identified in 14/94 fallow deer (14.89%). The present findings suggest that fallow deer are carriers of STEC/AE-STEC that are potentially pathogenic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szczerba-Turek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;
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