Extraction yield of isoflavones from soybean cake as affected by solvent and supercritical carbon dioxide

Sustainability and Gender Perspective in Food Innovation: Foods and Food Processing Coproducts as Source of Macro- and Micro-Nutrients for Woman-Fortified Foods

Micro- and macro-nutrient deficiencies among women are considered a global issue that the food industry has not adequately considered until recently. The industry must provide and guarantee a diversity of food products worldwide that allow women to get a correct and balanced diet according their life stage. The food industry must focus on this challenge within a framework of sustainable production, minimizing the use of natural resources and avoiding the emission of waste and pollutants throughout the life cycle of food. Food coproducts are presented as potential bioactive functional compounds which can be useful for technological purposes, due to the fact that they can serve as non-chemical, natural and health-improving food ingredients. In this review, we focus on the potential use of food processing coproducts which must be part of a strategy to promote and improve women's health and well-being. This knowledge will make it possible to select potential ingredients from coproducts to be used in the fortification of foods intended for consumption by females and to introduce sustainability and gender perspectives into food innovation. The attainment of fortifications for foods for women has to be linked to the use of sustainable sources from food coproducts in order to be economically viable and competitive.

Development and validation of a green and sustainable procedure for the preparation of Perilla frutescens extracts

A procedure combining supercritical CO₂ and ultrasound-assisted (USC-CO₂) extraction was developed to obtain rosmarinic acid (RA)-rich extracts from Perilla frutescens. Based on extraction yields and efficiencies, USC-CO₂ was considered the best extraction method among the methods studied for obtaining RA from P. frutescens. The constant extraction rate period and the falling extraction rate period for USC-CO₂ extraction of P. frutescens were 45 and 96 min long, respectively, and they were significantly shorter than those of traditional SC-CO₂ (TSC-CO₂) extraction. Furthermore, mass transfer coefficients were derived using the Sovová model for the fluid and solid phases from USC-CO₂ extraction, with values of 9.752 × 10^-3 and 4.203 × 10^-3 min^-1, respectively, which were obviously higher than those for TSC-CO₂ extraction. Consequently, the theoretical solubilities of RA in the supercritical solvents used in dynamic USC-CO₂ and TSC-CO₂ extractions were estimated and found to be well correlated using three density-based models.

The Application of Supercritical Fluids Technology to Recover Healthy Valuable Compounds from Marine and Agricultural Food Processing By-Products: A Review

Food by-products contain a remarkable source of bioactive molecules with many benefits for humans; therefore, their exploitation can be an excellent opportunity for the food sector. Moreover, the revalorization of these by-products to produce value-added compounds is considered pivotal for sustainable growth based on a circular economy. Traditional extraction technologies have several drawbacks mainly related to the consumption of hazardous organic solvents, and the high temperatures maintained for long extraction periods which cause the degradation of thermolabile compounds as well as a low extraction efficiency of desired compounds. In this context, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been explored as a suitable green technology for the recovery of a broad range of bioactive compounds from different types of agri-food wastes. This review describes the working principle and development of SFE technology to valorize by-products from different origin (marine, fruit, vegetable, nuts, and other plants). In addition, the potential effects of the extracted active substances on human health were also approached.

Treatment of sugarcane bagasse for the immobilization of soybean β-glucosidase and application in soymilk isoflavones

Abstract Sugarcane bagasse from agro-industrial residues was autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min, treated with 2% NaOH and activated with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for the immobilization of soybean β-glucosidase. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterized and confirmed the immobilization of the β-glucosidase on the sugarcane bagasse. The immobilization efficiency was influenced by the type of bagasse modification and was 99% at maximum. The optimum immobilization conditions were 1 mg mL-1 protein, pH 7.0, 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 110 rpm and 8 h of incubation at 4 °C. The immobilized system could be reused for 15 cycles without the complete loss of activity. The thermal stability indicated a residual activity of 15% after 180 min incubation at 70 °C. The conversion efficiency of glucosides to aglycones in commercial soymilk by β-glucosidase immobilized on sugarcane bagasse was evaluated and the total aglycone content increased by 23.8% after incubation at 50 °C for 120 min.

Supercritical fluid chromatography for the separation of isoflavones

The first protocol for the analysis of isoflavones by supercritical fluid chromatography is reported. Optimum results were obtained on an Acquity UPC(2) BEH 1.7 μm column, using a solvent gradient of supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol (with phosphoric acid as additive) for elution. The method enables the baseline separation of nine isoflavones (aglyca and glycosides) in 8 min, and is suitable for their quantitative determination in dietary supplements containing soy (Glycine max), red glover (Trifolium pratense) and kudzu (Pueraria lobata). Method validation confirmed that the assay is selective, linear (R(2)≥0.9994), accurate (recovery rates from 97.6 to 102.4%), as well as precise on the short- and long-term level (intra-day precision ≤2.1%), and shows an on-column detection limit of 0.2 ng and below. This, together with an excellent performance shown in the analysis of real samples, indicates that SFC is well suited for the fast and accurate determination of isoflavones in complex matrices. Disadvantages compared to the established approaches were not observed, so that SFC has to be considered in this case as an (at least) equivalent analytical alternative.

Genistein induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via ATM/p53-dependent pathway in human colon cancer cells

Soybean isoflavones have been used as a potential preventive agent in anticancer research for many years. Genistein is one of the most active flavonoids in soybeans. Accumulating evidence suggests that genistein alters a variety of biological processes in estrogen-related malignancies, such as breast and prostate cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of genistein in the prevention of human colon cancer remains unclear. Here we attempted to elucidate the anticarcinogenic mechanism of genistein in human colon cancer cells. First we evaluated the growth inhibitory effect of genistein and two other isoflavones, daidzein and biochanin A, on HCT-116 and SW-480 human colon cancer cells. In addition, flow cyto-metry was performed to observe the morphological changes in HCT-116/SW-480 cells undergoing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest, which had been visualized using Annexin V-FITC and/or propidium iodide staining. Real-time PCR and western blot analyses were also employed to study the changes in expression of several important genes associated with cell cycle regulation. Our data showed that genistein, daidzein and biochanin A exhibited growth inhibitory effects on HCT-116/SW-480 colon cancer cells and promoted apoptosis. Genistein showed a significantly greater effect than the other two compounds, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, genistein caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, which was accompanied by activation of ATM/p53, p21waf1/cip1 and GADD45α as well as downregulation of cdc2 and cdc25A demonstrated by q-PCR and immunoblotting assay. Interestingly, genistein induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in a p53-dependent manner. These findings exemplify that isoflavones, especially genistein, could promote colon cancer cell growth inhibition and facilitate apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The ATM/p53-p21 cross-regulatory network may play a crucial role in mediating the anticarcinogenic activities of genistein in colon cancer.

Optimization of soy isoflavone extraction with different solvents using the simplex-centroid mixture design

The objective of this study was to optimize the extraction of different isoflavone forms (glycosidic, malonyl-glycosidic, aglycone and total) from defatted cotyledon soy flour using the simplex-centroid experimental design with four solvents of varying polarity (water, acetone, ethanol and acetonitrile). The obtained extracts were then analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The profile of the different soy isoflavones forms varied with different extractions solvents. Varying the solvent or mixture used, the extraction of different isoflavones was optimized using the centroid-simplex mixture design. The special cubic model best fitted to the four solvents and its combination for soy isoflavones extraction. For glycosidic isoflavones extraction, the polar ternary mixture (water, acetone and acetonitrile) achieved the best extraction; malonyl-glycosidic forms were better extracted with mixtures of water, acetone and ethanol. Aglycone isoflavones, water and acetone mixture were best extracted and total isoflavones, the best solvents were ternary mixture of water, acetone and ethanol.

Hydrolysis of soy isoflavone glycosides by recombinant beta-glucosidase from hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima

A recombinant Thermotoga maritima beta-glucosidase A (BglA) was purified to homogeneity for performing enzymatic hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides from soy flour. The kinetic properties K(m), k(cat), and k(cat)/K(m) of BglA towards isoflavone glycosides, determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, confirmed the higher efficiency of BglA in hydrolyzing malonylglycosides than non-conjugated glycosides (daidzin and genistin). During hydrolysis of soy flour by BglA at 80 degrees C, the isoflavone glycosides (soluble form) were extracted from soy flour (solid state) into the solution (liquid state) in thermal condition and converted to their aglycones (insoluble form), which mostly existed in the pellet to be separated from BglA in the reaction solution. The enzymatic hydrolysis in one-step and two-step approaches yielded 0.38 and 0.35 mg genistein and daidzein per gram of soy flour, respectively. The optimum conditions for conversion of isoflavone aglycones were 100 U per gram of soy flour, substrate concentration 25% (w/v), and incubation time 3 h for 80 degrees C.

Antiproliferation effect and mechanism of prostate cancer cell lines as affected by isoflavones from soybean cake

The objectives of this study were to determine the antiproliferation effect of prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 as affected by 4 isoflavone fractions prepared from soybean cake and isoflavone standards genistein and daidzein. With the MTT test, most treatments were effective in inhibiting prostate cancer cell growth at a low dose of 5 and 10 mug/mL. In cell cycle analysis, the fractions of aglycon, a mixture of acetylglucoside and aglycon, as well as genistein and a combination of genistein and daidzein standards exhibited a high G2/M ratio for LNCaP, as did the acetylglucoside, genistein and a combination of genistein and daidzein standards for PC-3. Results of Western blotting revealed an increase in p53 protein expression of LNCaP following treatments of the aglycon fraction, genistein and a combination of genistein and daidzein standards. However, all the treatments did not affect Bcl-2 protein expression significantly in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells. A decline in cyclin B1 expression of LNCaP was observed for all the treatments, with the mixture of acetylglucoside and aglycon possessing the most pronounced effect. But for PC-3, a decrease in cyclin B1 expression was shown for all the isoflavones, with the exception of malonylglucoside, glucoside and acetylglucoside fractions. The outcome of this study may provide a basis for possible production of functional food in the future with soybean cake as raw material.

Sample preparation for the analysis of isoflavones from soybeans and soy foods

This manuscript provides a review of the actual state and the most recent advances as well as current trends and future prospects in sample preparation and analysis for the quantification of isoflavones from soybeans and soy foods. Individual steps of the procedures used in sample preparation, including sample conservation, extraction techniques and methods, and post-extraction treatment procedures are discussed. The most commonly used methods for extraction of isoflavones with both conventional and "modern" techniques are examined in detail. These modern techniques include ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. Other aspects such as stability during extraction and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography are also covered.