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Pioltelli E, Sartirana C, Copetta A, Brioschi M, Labra M, Guzzetti L. Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. Leaves as a Source of Phytochemicals of Dietary Interest: Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Assessment of Traditional Consumer Habits. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300797. [PMID: 37751377 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. is an African crop spread worldwide mainly for pulses production. Despite being a neglected and under-utilized food, cowpea leaves are a rich source of phytochemicals and micronutrients. The aim of the work is to characterize the phytochemical composition of cowpea leaves by an optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE) and to compare raw and boiled leaves. A three-level factorial design (Box-Behnken) was employed for the optimization of the USAE considering three different parameters (% ethanol, drug-to-solvent ratio, and number of cycles). The optimized extracts were characterized by LC/MS/MS. Finally, leaves were boiled at 100 °C for 30 min to simulate traditional cooking procedures and compared to raw leaves. The best extraction condition was EtOH/H2 O 1 : 2 v/v, drug to solvent ratio 1 : 47 w/v, and 3 extraction cycles. The phytochemicals identified mainly belong to the family of phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Boiled leaves revealed a significant loss of most phytochemicals and a net decrease of their antioxidant activity compared to the raw ones. The results highlight the potential nutraceutical value of cowpea leaves whilst the impoverishment triggered by traditional consumer habits pushes the need to evaluate alternative cooking procedures helpful in the maintenance of their phytochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pioltelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, U3 Building, 20126, Milan, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - C Sartirana
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, U3 Building, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - A Copetta
- CREA Research Center for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 18038, Sanremo (IM), Italy
| | - M Brioschi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, U3 Building, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - M Labra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, U3 Building, 20126, Milan, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - L Guzzetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, U3 Building, 20126, Milan, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
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Mekonnen TW, Gerrano AS, Mbuma NW, Labuschagne MT. Breeding of Vegetable Cowpea for Nutrition and Climate Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11121583. [PMID: 35736733 PMCID: PMC9230997 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the world population is increasing, and humanity is facing food and nutritional scarcity. Climate change and variability are a major threat to global food and nutritional security, reducing crop productivity in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. Cowpea has the potential to make a significant contribution to global food and nutritional security. In addition, it can be part of a sustainable food system, being a genetic resource for future crop improvement, contributing to resilience and improving agricultural sustainability under climate change conditions. In malnutrition prone regions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries, cowpea has become a strategic dryland legume crop for addressing food insecurity and malnutrition. Therefore, this review aims to assess the contribution of cowpea to SSA countries as a climate-resilient crop and the existing production challenges and perspectives. Cowpea leaves and immature pods are rich in diverse nutrients, with high levels of protein, vitamins, macro and micronutrients, minerals, fiber, and carbohydrates compared to its grain. In addition, cowpea is truly a multifunctional crop for maintaining good health and for reducing non-communicable human diseases. However, as a leafy vegetable, cowpea has not been researched and promoted sufficiently because it has not been promoted as a food security crop due to its low yield potential, susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses, quality assurance issues, policy regulation, and cultural beliefs (it is considered a livestock feed). The development of superior cowpea as a leafy vegetable can be approached in different ways, such as conventional breeding and gene stacking, speed breeding, mutation breeding, space breeding, demand-led breeding, a pan-omics approach, and local government policies. The successful breeding of cowpea genotypes that are high-yielding with a good nutritional value as well as having resistance to biotics and tolerant to abiotic stress could also be used to address food security and malnutrition-related challenges in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Walle Mekonnen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.W.M.); (M.T.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-796540514
| | - Abe Shegro Gerrano
- Agricultural Research Council-Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Ntombokulunga Wedy Mbuma
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.W.M.); (M.T.L.)
| | - Maryke Tine Labuschagne
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.W.M.); (M.T.L.)
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Gerrano AS, Mbuma NW, Mumm RH. Expression of Nutritional Traits in Vegetable Cowpea Grown under Various South African Agro-Ecological Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111422. [PMID: 35684194 PMCID: PMC9182706 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), a traditional legume food crop indigenous to Africa, has potential as both a vegetable and grain crop in contributing to dietary diversity to support health and address malnutrition, especially for those relying heavily on wheat, maize, and rice. The expression of nutritional traits (protein content and concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn)) in cowpea leaves was evaluated over diverse agro-ecologies of South Africa and typical agronomic practices of smallholder farmers. The genotypes evaluated displayed genetic variation for all four traits. The mean values of Fe, Zn, Mn and protein content varied from 33.11 to 69.03 mg.100.g-1; 4.00 to 4.70 mg.100.g-1; and 14.40 to 19.63 mg.100.g-1 and 27.98 to 31.98%, respectively. The correlation analysis revealed significant degree of positive association between protein and Zn (r = 0.20), while negative associations were observed between Mn and protein (-0.46) and between Mn and Fe (r = -0.27). Furthermore, the expression of these important nutrient traits was influenced by the climatic conditions represented by six environments (location by year combinations) as is typical of 'quality' traits. Additionally, genotype-by-environment interaction effects were detected, suggesting that local soil properties and soil health may play a role in nutritional content in plants, perhaps particularly for legume crops that rely on symbiotic relationships with soil bacterial populations to fix nitrogen, which is crucial to protein formation. Further studies are needed to understand how to coordinate and align agronomic and soil management practices in vegetable cowpea production, especially those workable for the smallholder farmer, to realize the full genetic potential and nutritional value of improved vegetable cowpea varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abe Shegro Gerrano
- Agricultural Research Council—Vegetables, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2790, South Africa
| | - Ntombokulunga W. Mbuma
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;
| | - Rita H. Mumm
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Illinois Plant Breeding Center, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
- African Orphan Crops Consortium, World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Zhao H, Tang J, Yang Q. Effects of geographical origin, variety, harvest season, and their interactions on multi-elements in cereal, tuber, and legume crops for authenticity. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sant' Ana CT, Antunes PT, Reis TCD, Váz-Tostes MDG, Meira EF, Costa NMB. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron in biofortified germinated cowpea. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6287-6295. [PMID: 31259417 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walph) is predominantly consumed in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, and its biofortification with iron seeks to reduce the high prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in these regions. It is commonly eaten cooked; however, in the germinated form, it can improve nutritional quality by reducing the antinutritional factors and consequently improving the bioavailability of elements. The present study aimed to determine the physico-chemical characteristics, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron in biofortified germinated cowpea. RESULTS There was no statistical difference between the germinated and cooked beans with regard to centesimal composition. Germinated beans had phytates and tannins similar to cooked beans. The phytate-iron molar ratio for all groups did not present a statistical difference (cooking 3.58 and 3.41; germinated 3.94 and 3.51), nor did the parameters evaluating in vivo iron bioavailability. Total phenolics was higher in the germinated group (cooking 0.56 and 0.64; Germinated 2.05 and 2.45 mg gallic acid kg-1 ). In vitro bioaccessibility of iron of germinated beans presented higher values (P ≤ 0.05) compared to cooked beans. There was higher expression of divalent metal transporter-1 in biofortified and germinated beans. CONCLUSION The iron bioavailability from the biofortified and germinated beans was comparable to ferrous sulfate. Germination can be considered as an alternative and efficient method for consuming cowpea, presenting good iron bioaccessibility and bioavailability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Tomaz Sant' Ana
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center for Agrarian Sciences and Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paula Tavares Antunes
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center for Agrarian Sciences and Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tuane Carrari Dos Reis
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center for Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Váz-Tostes
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center for Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Frizzera Meira
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center for Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Neuza Maria Brunoro Costa
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center for Agrarian Sciences and Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center for Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, Brazil
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Dakora FD, Belane AK. Evaluation of Protein and Micronutrient Levels in Edible Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp.) Leaves and Seeds. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Classification of cowpea beans using multielemental fingerprinting combined with supervised learning. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Adjei-Nsiah S, Alabi B, Ahiakpa J, Kanampiu F. Response of Grain Legumes to Phosphorus Application in the Guinea Savanna Agro-Ecological Zones of Ghana. AGRONOMY JOURNAL 2018; 110:1089-1096. [PMID: 33281193 PMCID: PMC7714251 DOI: 10.2134/agronj2017.11.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grain legumes (cowpea, peanut, and soybean) play important roles in household food and income security in smallholder farming systems in the Guinea Savanna agro-ecological zones of Ghana. However, yields are low, rarely exceeding 600 kg ha-1, prompting the need to evaluate responses of grain legumes to P fertilizer applications for two seasons. Conducting P studies is critical to help farmers adopt economic-based recommendations. Treatments evaluated in 2015 for the three crops were (i) farmers' practice (no input and planted by farmer); (ii) control (no input and planted by researcher), and (iii) triple super phosphate (TSP) fertilizer. However, for soybean, an additional two treatments (inoculant only and inoculant plus TSP fertilizer) were included. In 2016, the treatments were the same, except on-farm demonstrations were not conducted on cowpea. The demonstrations were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with each demonstration rep-resenting a replicate within a region. On average, P-fertilizer application increased yields by 296; 527, and 390 kg ha-1 for cowpea, peanut, and soybean grains, respectively. On average over the two seasons, P-fertilizer increased yield by 9.85; 13.00, and 17.56 per kg ha-1 kg-1 P applied for cowpea, soybean, and peanut, respectively, and these applications were cost effective. Peanut showed little response to P in the Upper East Region compared with a greater response in the Northern and Upper West Regions, suggesting that benefits from P-fertilizer for peanut may be location-specific. On average, rhizobium inoculation increased grain yield by 157 kg ha-1 across the three regions and significantly positive effects of inoculation were observed in both seasons. Our results show that substantial increases in grain legume yield may be achieved by applying P fertilizers, but farmers cannot afford them because of their relatively high cost. Planting adapted and improved varieties and using rhizobium inoculants may provide the most economically viable and low risk options for increasing yields of grain legumes in the savanna agro-ecological zones of Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Adjei-Nsiah
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Tamale, Ghana
| | - B.U. Alabi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Tamale, Ghana
| | - J.K. Ahiakpa
- Research Desk Consulting Ltd., Kwabenya-Accra, Ghana
| | - F. Kanampiu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
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A comparative study on fabrication of Mn2+ selective polymeric membrane electrode and coated graphite electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:626-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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