Antioxidant and immunobiological activity of water-soluble polysaccharide fractions purified from Acanthopanax senticosu

Suaeda maritima polysaccharides attenuate LPS-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 cells and antioxidative activity

Our research focused on extracting polysaccharides from Suaeda maritima (SMP) to obtain crude polysaccharides (SMP-C), which were subsequently purified into SMP-F1 and SMP-F2. SMPs were evaluated for anti-inflammatory effects and SMP-F1 showed the highest inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production. The monosaccharide composition analysis of SMP-F1 (molecular weight of 112.2 × 103 g/mol) revealed predominant levels of glucose (45.4 %), arabinose (20.5 %), mannose (14.2 %), and galactose (12.7 %). The primary backbone of SMP-F1 consisted of (1 → 4)-D-glucopyranoside, (1 → 4,6)-D-glucopyranoside, (1 → 3)-D-mannopyranoside, (1 → 3,6)-D-mannopyranoside, and (1 → 5)-L-arabifuranoside. In addition, we hydrolysed SMP-F1 to SMP-H1, SMP-H2, and SMP-H3 and investigated their anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages. Following SMP-F1 hydrolysis, SMP-H3 (molecular weight of 25.8 × 103 g/mol) exhibited superior anti-inflammatory properties compared to SMP-H1 and SMP-H2, demonstrating a significant decrease in NO production. SMP-H3 also demonstrated a remarkable reduction in the secretion of inflammatory mediators including NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1β and IL-6), while increasing IL-10 expression. Furthermore, SMP-H3 significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated cluster of differentiation (CD) 11b and CD40 expression. Our subsequent investigation unveiled the involvement of SMP-H3-activated macrophages in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Additionally, SMP-H3 exhibited antioxidant activity by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals. These findings suggest the potential of SMP-H3 as an ingredient in the development of alternative drugs or functional foods.

Modulation of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and intestinal flora in broiler by deep eutectic solvent extracted polysaccharides of Acanthopanax senticosus

Introduction

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the modulation effect of Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASPS-PD) extracted with deep eutectic solvent on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in broilers and its modulation of the gut microbiota of broilers.

Methods

The 108 one-day-old broilers were divided into six groups, including the control group, the Cyclophosphamide (CY) model group, the ASPS-PD control group, the ASPA-PD high and low dose groups and the Astragalus polysaccharide group. Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and immune organ index of broilers at 7, 14, and 21 days were determined; IL-2, IFN-γ, and lgG1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Broiler caeca feces were analyzed by amplification and 16S rRNA sequencing.

Results

The results showed that ASPS-PD can restore growth performance, increase immune organ index and improve serum cytokine levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ and immunoglobulin lgG1 levels in CY-treated broilers. The analysis of cecum flora showed that ASPS-PD can promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and reduce the number of harmful bacteria, regulating intestinal flora.

Discussion

Therefore, ASPA-PD may be a potential novel immunomodulator to ameliorate CY-induced immunosuppression and intestinal flora dysregulation in broiler.

A review of the extraction and purification methods, biological activities, and applications of active compounds in Acanthopanax senticosus

Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) is a geo-authentic crude medicinal plant that grows in China, Korea, Russia, and Japan. AS contains bioactive compounds such as eleutherosides, polysaccharides, and flavonoids. It is also a key traditional herb in the Red List of Chinese Species. AS is mainly distributed in Northeast China, specifically in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces. Its active compounds contribute to significant biological activities, including neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-fatigue, and antitumor effects. However, the extraction methods of active compounds are complex, the extraction efficiency is poor, and the structure-activity relationship is unclear. This study focused on the nutrients in AS, including protein, carbohydrates, and lipids. Particularly, the active ingredients (eleutherosides, polysaccharides, and flavonoids) in AS and their extraction and purification methods were analyzed and summarized. The biological activities of extracts have been reviewed, and the mechanisms of anti-oxidation, antitumor, anti-inflammation, and other activities are introduced in detail. The applications of AS in various domains, such as health foods, medicines, and animal dietary supplements, are then reported. Compared with other extraction methods, ultrasonic or microwave extraction improves efficiency, yet they can damage structures. Challenges arise in the recovery of solvents and in achieving extraction efficiency when using green solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents. Improvements can be made by combining extraction methods and controlling conditions (power, temperature, and time). Bioactive molecules and related activities are exposited clearly. The applications of AS have not been widely popularized, and the corresponding functions require further development.

Eco-Friendly and Efficient Extraction of Polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus by Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent

A green extraction method was developed using deep eutectic solvent extraction for the polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus (A. senticosus). Among the eight types of DES prepared, the DES with a ratio of 1:4 L-malic acid to L-proline was found to be a suitable extraction solvent based on the extraction efficiency. The extraction parameters were optimized by Plackett-Burman and response surface methodology (RSM). The best extraction conditions were found for L-malic acid. Under the conditions of an L-malic acid/L-proline ratio of 1:4, ultrasonic power of 240 W, material-liquid ratio of 31.068 g/mL, water content of 32.364%, extraction time of 129.119 min, and extraction temperature of 60 °C, the extraction rate of A. senticosus polysaccharides was 35.452 ± 0.388 mg-g-1. This rate was higher than that of polysaccharides obtained by hot water extraction (13.652 ± 0.09 mg-g-1). The experimental results were best fitted by the quasi-secondary kinetic model when compared to two other kinetic models. Electron microscopic observations showed that DESs were more destructive to plant cells. The polysaccharide extracted from DESs had more monosaccharide components, a lower molecular weight, a higher antioxidant capacity, and superior anti-glycation activity compared to polysaccharides extracted from water (ASPS-PW). This study demonstrates the effectiveness of DESs in obtaining polysaccharides from A. senticosus.

Alsayegh A, Ahmad FA, Akhtar MS, Alavudeen SS, Bantun F, Wahab S, Ahmed A, Ali M, Elbendary EY, Raposo A, Kambal N, H. Abdelrahman M. Ganoderma lucidum: Insight into antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with development of secondary metabolites

Ganoderma lucidum is a versatile mushroom. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the major bioactive compounds and have been used as traditional medicinal mushrooms since ancient times. They are currently used as nutraceuticals and functional foods. G. lucidum extracts and their bioactive compounds have been used as an alternative to antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Secondary metabolites with many medicinal properties make it a possible substitute that could be applied as immunomodulatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic. The miraculous properties of secondary metabolites fascinate researchers for their development and production. Recent studies have paid close attention to the different physical, genetic, biochemical, and nutritional parameters that potentiate the production of secondary metabolites. This review is an effort to collect biologically active constituents from G. lucidum that reveal potential actions against diseases with the latest improvement in a novel technique to get maximum production of secondary metabolites. Studies are going ahead to determine the efficacy of numerous compounds and assess the valuable properties achieved by G. lucidum in favor of antimicrobial and antioxidant outcomes.

Optimization and evaluation of Atrina pectinata polysaccharides recovered by subcritical water extraction: A promising path to natural products

In this study, the recovery of Atrina pectinata posterior adductor polysaccharides (APP-PS) using subcritical water extraction (SWE) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and the physicochemical and biological properties of the recovered APP-PS were evaluated. The optimal extraction conditions, which resulted in a maximum yield of 55.58 ± 1.12 %, were temperature, 152.08 °C; extraction time, 10 min; solid-liquid ratio, 30 g/600 mL. The obtained APP-PS was found to be 88.05 ± 0.17 % total sugar. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses confirmed the presence of the α-coordination of D-glucan in the polymer sample. The analysis of monosaccharide composition, along with thermogravimetric analysis, revealed the typical structure of the sample, composed of glucose alone. Total phenolic contents of APP-PS were measured as 5.47 ± 0.01 mg Gallic acid/g of dry sample and total flavonoids contents were determined to be 0.78 ± 0.06 mg Quercetin/g of dry sample. For biological activities, ABTS+, DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activities were measured to be 20.00 ± 0.71, 2.35 ± 0.05 and 4.02 ± 0.07 μg Trolox equivalent/100 g of dry sample, respectively. Additionally ACE inhibitory was confirmed to be 87.02 ± 0.47 %. These results showed that SWE is an effective method to recover biofunctional materials from marine organisms.

Antioxidant Activity of Auricularia auricula Polysaccharides with Different Molecular Weights and Cytotoxicity Difference of Polysaccharides Regulated CaOx to HK-2 Cells

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the growth of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals regulated by Auricularia auricular polysaccharides (AAPs) with different viscosity-average molecular weights (Mv), the toxicity of AAP-regulated CaOx crystals toward HK-2 cells, and the prevention and treatment capabilities of AAPs for CaOx stones.

Methods

The scavenging capability and reducing capacity of four kinds of AAPs (Mv of 31.52, 11.82, 5.86, and 3.34 kDa) on hydroxyl, ABTS, and DPPH free radicals and their capability to chelate divalent iron ions were detected. AAP-regulated CaOx crystals were evaluated by using zeta potential, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of AAP-regulated crystals was evaluated through examination of cell viability, cell death, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and cell surface hyaluronic acid (HA) expression.

Results

The in vitro antioxidant activities of the four AAPs were observed in the following order: AAP0 < AAP1 < AAP2 < AAP3. Thus, AAP3, which had the smallest Mv, had the strongest antioxidant activity. AAPs can inhibit the growth of CaOx monohydrate (COM), induce the formation of CaOx dihydrate (COD), and reduce the degree of crystal aggregation, with AAP3 exhibiting the strongest capability. Cell experiments showed the lowest cytotoxicity in AAP3-regulated CaOx crystals, along with the lowest MDA content, HA expression, and cell mortality. In addition, COD presented less cytotoxicity than COM. Meanwhile, the cytotoxicity of blunt crystals was less than that of sharp crystals.

Conclusion

AAPs, particularly AAP3, showed an excellent antioxidative capability in vitro, and AAP3-regulated CaOx crystals presented minimal cytotoxicity.

Impact of high pressure pre-treatment and hot water extraction on chemical properties of crude polysaccharide extract obtained from mushroom (Volvariella volvacea)

An examination of the process of extracting crude polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea solely through hot water treatment (HWE) at 60, 80, and 100 °C and through an approach involving high pressure processing (HPP) at 200, 400, and 600 MPa followed by HWE. The physiological properties of the polysaccharides could be explained by the structural analysis performed via FT-IR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy, which revealed the extract composition of the protein-bound polysaccharides connected by β-glycosidic bonds. Under the extraction conditions investigated in this current study, the recommended extraction condition was a combination of HPP (600 MPa, 10 min) and HWE (60 °C, 2 h). This condition gave high crude polysaccharide yields (with a 2-12% increase), and β-glucan content (with a 15-20% increase) without disrupting the β-glycosidic bond, as compared to using HWE alone. High pressure extraction could be an alternative technique for reduced extraction temperatures of active compounds from mushrooms.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Effects of Polysaccharides Extracted from Unripe Carica papaya L. Fruit

This study evaluated the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharides extracted from unripe Carica papaya L. (papaya) fruit. Three papaya polysaccharide (PP) fractions, namely PP-1, PP-2, and PP-3, with molecular weights of 2252, 2448, and 3741 kDa, containing abundant xylose, galacturonic acid, and mannose constituents, respectively, were obtained using diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose™ anion exchange chromatography. The antioxidant capacity of the PPs, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion-chelating assay, and reducing power assay revealed that the PP-3 fraction had the highest antioxidant activity, with an EC50 (the concentration for 50% of the maximal effect) of 0.96 mg/mL, EC50 of 0.10 mg/mL, and Abs700 nm of 1.581 for the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion-chelating assay, and reducing power assay, respectively. In addition, PP-3 significantly decreased reactive oxygen species production by 45.3%, NF-κB activation by 32.0%, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 generation by 33.5% and 34.4%, respectively, in H2O2-induced human epidermal keratinocytes. PP-3 exerts potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects; thus, it is a potential biofunctional ingredient in the cosmetic industry.

Purification of Polysaccharide Produced by the Haploid Yeast Strain of Tremella sanguinea and Its Antioxidant and Prebiotic Activities

Tremella sanguinea is a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible mushroom. Polysaccharides from Tremella mushrooms have received increasing amounts of research attention due to their diverse pharmacological activities. In this study, via the incubation of basidiospores collected from fresh artificially cultivated basidiocarps of T. sanguinea, a haploid yeast strain of T. sanguinea was obtained, and it was found to be a typical loose-slime-forming yeast capable of producing a large amount of exopolysaccharides (EPS). Using DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography, the major polysaccharide, named TSPS-1, was separated and purified from the EPS produced by the haploid yeast strain of T. sanguinea. TSPS-1 was a homogeneous polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 2.5 × 10³ kDa and consisted of rhamnose, glucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid at a molar ratio of 1: 0.7: 62.2: 24.6: 11.5. The bioactivity of the TSPS-1 polysaccharide was evaluated. The results show that TSPS-1 exhibited noticeable antioxidant activity by scavenging hydroxyl radicals (EC₅₀ = 1.92 mg/mL) and superoxide radicals (EC₅₀ = 1.33 mg/mL), and prebiotic activity by promoting the growth of different probiotic strains in the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These results suggest that the cultivation of the haploid yeast strain can be a promising alternative for the efficient production of valuable T. sanguinea polysaccharides with antioxidant and prebiotic potential.

Application of natural polysaccharides and their novel dosage forms in gynecological cancers: therapeutic implications from the diversity potential of natural compounds

Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases. Globally, the number of cancers is nearly 10 million per year. Gynecological cancers (for instance, ovarian, cervical, and endometrial), relying on hidden diseases, misdiagnoses, and high recurrence rates, have seriously affected women's health. Traditional chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy effectively improve the prognosis of gynecological cancer patients. However, with the emergence of adverse reactions and drug resistance, leading to the occurrence of complications and poor compliance of patients, we have to focus on the new treatment direction of gynecological cancers. Because of the potential effects of natural drugs in regulating immune function, protecting against oxidative damage, and improving the energy metabolism of the body, natural compounds represented by polysaccharides have also attracted extensive attention in recent years. More and more studies have shown that polysaccharides are effective in the treatment of various tumors and in reducing the burden of metastasis. In this review, we focus on the positive role of natural polysaccharides in the treatment of gynecologic cancer, the molecular mechanisms, and the available evidence, and discuss the potential use of new dosage forms derived from polysaccharides in gynecologic cancer. This study covers the most comprehensive discussion on applying natural polysaccharides and their novel preparations in gynecological cancers. By providing complete and valuable sources of information, we hope to promote more effective treatment solutions for clinical diagnosis and treatment of gynecological cancers.

Antidiabetic activity of Armillaria mellea polysaccharides: Joint ultrasonic and enzyme assisted extraction

Armillaria mellea polysaccharides (AMPs) were obtained by ultrasonic assisted extraction (U), enzyme assisted extraction (E) and ultrasonic-enzyme assisted extraction (UE), respectively. The yield of UE-AMPs (6.32 ± 0.14%) was 1.64 times higher than that of U-AMPs (3.86 ± 0.11%) and 1.21 times higher than that of E-AMPs (5.21 ± 0.09%); meanwhile, the highest total sugar content and the lowest protein content were found in UE-AMPs. AMPs obtained from the three extraction methods had the same monosaccharide composition but in different proportions, allowing UE-AMPs to have the most potent antioxidant activity. The antidiabetic activity of UE-AMPs was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. UE-AMPs, when given by gavage, greatly prevented weight loss, increased water intake, and considerably decreased blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, which were dose-dependent (P < 0.05). In addition, UE-AMPs also had a positive effect on the reduction of lipid levels in the blood, oxidative damage and liver function impairment. The pathological observation by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) revealed that UE-AMPs protected the organs of mice from diabetic complications (liver disease and nephropathy). Hence, our findings demonstrate that UE-AMPs are a suitable choice for improving diabetes and its complications and have great application prospects in the fields of natural medicine and functional food.

An integrated study on the comprehensive mechanism of Schisandra chinensis polysaccharides mitigating Alzheimer's disease in rats using a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS based serum and urine metabolomics strategy

As a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and functional food, Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) has been proved to possess excellent neuroprotective effects, and particularly the role of the polysaccharide fraction in neuroprotection has been increasingly emphasized. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanism of action of the homogeneous polysaccharide SCP2, isolated and purified from S. chinensis polysaccharide (SCP), on Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats based on a holistic metabolomics approach in serum and urine. The results of the pharmacodynamics study showed that SCP2 significantly improved Aβ_25-35-induced cognitive dysfunction, improved oxidative damage and reduced Aβ deposition in the hippocampus. The holistic metabolomics results of serum and urine showed that the intervention with SCP2 significantly reversed the metabolic profile disorder in AD rats. A total of 40 metabolites (21 serum metabolites and 19 urine metabolites) were identified, which were mainly involved in linoleic acid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. The results obtained in this study will provide new insights into the mechanisms of SCP2 in the treatment of AD and provide a basis for the subsequent structure-activity studies of SCP2.

Purification, structural characterization and antioxidant activities of two neutral polysaccharides from persimmon peel

Two neutral polysaccharides (PPP1-1 and PPP1-2) were purified from persimmon peel. PPP1-1 (21.84 kDa) was mainly composed of arabinose (22.92 %), galactose (21.09 %), glucose (35.13 %), and xylose (19.09 %), while PPP1-2 (10.42 kDa) mainly contained arabinose (32.98 %), galactose (20.81 %), glucose (26.86 %), xylose (10.46 %), and mannose (7.63 %). Methylation and NMR spectra analysis demonstrated that the backbone of PPP1-1 appeared to be →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, and →3,5)-α-L-Araf-(1 → residues with branches consisting of →3)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Manp-(1→, and α-L-Araf-(1 → residues. The main chain of PPP1-2 was composed of →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, and →3,5)-α-L-Araf-(1 → residues with branches consisting of →3)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →1,2)-α-D-Glcp-(6→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, and →4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → residues and terminal of α-L-Araf-(1 → residue. PPP1-2 exhibited stronger antioxidant activities and better thermal stability than PPP1-1. Our results provided the foundation for further investigating the structure and biological activities of persimmon peel polysaccharides and highlighted their potential to become potential antioxidants in functional food.

Physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of grape polysaccharides collected from different cultivars

In this study, four wine grape polysaccharides were extracted and optimized by using an efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction. A three-level, three-factor Box Behnken Design (BBD) combining with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the extraction conditions including ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time and liquid-to-solid ratio. Furthermore, their physicochemical structures, antioxidant and liver protective activity were investigated and compared. Results revealed that the functional groups and monosaccharide compositions of these grape polysaccharides collected from different varieties were similar. Nevertheless, their molecular weights, molar ratios of monosaccharide compositions and surface morphological features were different. And the antioxidant activities of these polysaccharides were screened by free radical scavenging test. 'Beichun' (BC) and 'Benni fuji' (BF) polysaccharides possessed better antioxidant function. Further, the in vivo evaluation indicated that the polysaccharides of BC and BF have a protective effect against myocardial I/R injury in mice by inhibiting myocardial necroptosis mediated by mitochondrial ROS generation. Therefore, BC and BF grapes have potential applications in the medical and food industries.

Antibacterial and antioxidant films based on HA/Gr/TA fabricated using electrospinning for wound healing

Prevention of bacterial contamination, maintenance of redox balance in the environment, and acceleration of wound healing are key requirements for wound dressing. In the present study, hyaluronic acid (HA)/graphene (Gr)-electrospun fibre films loaded with polyphenolic tannic acid (TA) were prepared using electrospinning. The antioxidant activity of the films was then examined to determine whether they contained optimal TA concentrations for subsequent research. Following that, the surface morphology and physicochemical properties of the films were determined and in vitro experiments were conducted to assess their biocompatibility and antibacterial activity. Finally, the in vivo effects of the electrostatically spun fibre films on infected wound healing in mouse models were observed. The HA/Gr/TA-electrospun fibre film with 0.3% w/v TA concentration displayed the best antioxidant activity and better mechanical, water-absorption, water-retention, and degradation properties than the film without TA. In addition, it displayed superior antibacterial activity and biocompatibility, as well acceleration of infected wound healing, than the film without TA. Therefore, the HA/Gr/TA-electrospun fibre film is a promising alternative option for wound dressings.

Effect of Siberian Ginseng Water Extract as a Dietary Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemical Indexes, Lipid Metabolism, and Expression of PPARs Pathway-Related Genes in Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Overnutrition in high-density aquaculture can negatively affect the health of farmed fish. The Chinese herbal medicine Siberian ginseng (Acanthopanax senticosus, AS) can promote animal growth and immunity, and regulate lipid metabolism. Therefore, we conducted an 8-week experiment, in which Oreochromis niloticus was fed with a diet supplemented with different concentrations of AS water extract (ASW) (0‰, 0.1‰, 0.2‰, 0.4‰, 0.8‰, and 1.6‰). The ASW improved the growth performance and increased the specific growth rate (SGR). Linear regression analysis based on the SGR estimated that the optimal ASW amount was 0.74‰. Dietary supplementation with 0.4–0.8‰ ASW reduced the triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the serum and liver, and regulated lipid transport by increasing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and lowering the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. Dietary supplementation with ASW increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver, thereby improving the antioxidant capacity. Moreover, ASW modulated the transcription of genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway in the liver (upregulation of PPARα, APOA1b, and FABP10a and downregulation of PPARγ), thereby regulating fatty acid synthesis and metabolism and slowing fat deposition. These results showed that 0.4–0.8‰ ASW can slow fat deposition and protected the liver from cell damage and abnormal lipid metabolism.

Biocompatible Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles for Lycopene Encapsulation Attenuate Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Damage

In this study, lycopene was successfully encapsulated in polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PEC NPs) fabricated with a negatively charged polysaccharide, TLH-3, and a positively charged sodium caseinate (SC) via electrostatic interactions. Results showed that the lycopene-loaded PEC NPs were spherical in shape, have a particle size of 241 nm, have a zeta potential of −23.6 mV, and have encapsulation efficiency of 93.6%. Thus, lycopene-loaded PEC NPs could serve as effective lycopene carriers which affected the physicochemical characteristics of the encapsulated lycopene and improved its water dispersibility, storage stability, antioxidant capacity, and sustained release ability in aqueous environments when compared with the free lycopene. Moreover, encapsulated lycopene could enhance the cells' viability, prevent cell apoptosis, and protect cells from oxidative damage through the Nrf2/HO-1/AKT signalling pathway, via upregulation of antioxidase activities and downregulation of MDA and ROS levels. Therefore, the biocompatible lycopene-loaded PEC NPs have considerable potential use for the encapsulation of hydrophobic nutraceuticals in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Structural Elucidation, Modification, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Polysaccharides in Chinese Herbs: A Review

Chinese herbal polysaccharides (CHPs) are natural polymers composed of monosaccharides, which are widely found in Chinese herbs and work as one of the important active ingredients. Its biological activity is attributed to its complex chemical structure with diverse spatial conformations. However, the structural elucidation is the foundation but a bottleneck problem because the majority of CHPs are heteropolysaccharides with more complex structures. Similarly, the studies on the relationship between structure and function of CHPs are even more scarce. Therefore, this review summarizes the structure-activity relationship of CHPs. Meanwhile, we reviewed the structural elucidation strategies and some new progress especially in the advanced structural analysis methods. The characteristics and applicable scopes of various methods are compared to provide reference for selecting the most efficient method and developing new hyphenated techniques. Additionally, the principle structural modification methods of CHPs and their effects on activity are summarized. The shortcomings, potential breakthroughs, and developing directions of the study of CHPs are discussed. We hope to provide a reference for further research and promote the application of CHPs.

Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Enzymatic Extraction on Fatty Acid Profiles, Physicochemical Properties, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity of Elaeagnus mollis Oil

Elaeagnus mollis oil extracted from the nuts of Elaeagnus mollis Diels can be used in food and pharmaceutical applications due to its excellent nutritional value. An ultrasound-assisted solvent enzymatic extraction (UASEE) method was used to extract oil from Elaeagnus mollis Diels with n-hexane solvent (1:11.6 g/mL) and 1.1% (w/w) mixed enzymes (neutral protease:hemicellulase:pectinase = 1:1:1, w/w/w). The physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, morphology, and thermal stability of UASEE oil were investigated and compared with soxhlet extraction (SE) oil and cold pressing (CP) oil. The UASEE oil exhibited a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (93.96 ± 0.28%), total tocopherols and tocotrienols (147.32 ± 2.19 mg/100 g), total phytosterols (261.78 ± 5.74 mg/100 g), squalene (96.75 ± 0.31 mg/100 g), total phenolic content (84.76 ± 2.37 mg GAE/kg), and antioxidant activity (12.52 ± 0.28 mg/mL) than SE and CP oil. The lower peroxide value and acid value in UASEE oil indicated its better quality and lower likelihood of rancidity. The oil obtained using UASEE had higher thermal stability as well, as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the UASEE process causes damage to cell walls, and the leakage of substances in the cells facilitates extraction in the following step. Thus, UASEE is a promising processing method for the extraction of Elaeagnus mollis oil.

Shugan Jieyu Capsule in Post-Stroke Depression Treatment: From Molecules to Systems

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common non-cognitive neuropsychiatric complication after stroke, and about a third of patients with stroke have depression. Although a great deal of effort has been made to treat PSD, the efficacy thereof has not been satisfactory, due to the complex pathological mechanism underlying PSD. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, PSD is considered to be a combination of “stroke” and “Yu Zheng.” The holistic, multi-drug, and multi-objective nature of TCM is consistent with the treatment concept of systems medicine for PSD. TCM has a very long history of being used to treat depression, and various TCM prescriptions have been clinically proven to be effective in improving depression. Among the numerous prescriptions for treating depression, Shugan Jieyu capsule (SG) is one of the classic prescriptions. Additionally, clinical studies have increasingly confirmed that using SG alone or in combination with Western medicine can significantly improve the psychiatric symptoms of PSD patients. Here, we reviewed the mechanism of antidepressant action of SG and its targets in PSD pathologic systems. This review provides further insights into the pharmacological mechanism, drug interaction, and clinical application of TCM prescriptions, as well as a basis for the development of new drugs to treat PSD.

Structural characterisation and bioactivity of polysaccharides isolated from fermented Dendrobium officinale

BACKGROUND

A polysaccharide was purified in this study, which was acquired from the fermentation broth of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. We aimed to investigate the structural features and bioactivity of this polysaccharide.

RESULTS

The polysaccharide was purified and the main polysaccharide fraction (i.e., DOP-1) was obtained. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) revealed that the molecular weight of DOP-1 was 447.48 kDa. Galactose, glucose and mannose were found to be present in DOP-1 via monosaccharide composition analysis, at a ratio of 1:1.79:6.71. Methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis indicated that the backbone of DOP-1 was →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-d-Manp-(1 → 4)-α-d-Manp-(1 → 4,6)-α-d-Manp-(1→, and its repeating units were also preliminarily established. In vitro tests proved that DOP-1 not only protects RAW264.7 macrophages from the cytotoxic effect induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but also inhibits cytokines (i.e., interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α) induced by LPS. DOP-1 demonstrated good scavenging activity in vitro toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals, as well as good metal chelating activity. Therefore, DOP-1 has potential antioxidant applications.

CONCLUSION

The structural characteristics of DOP-1 support its favourable biological activities and lay a strong foundation for further exploration of its structure-activity relationships and activity development, providing experimental data for the development and utilisation of fermentation broth of D. officinale. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antioxidant Activity and the Potential Mechanism of the Fruit From Ailanthus altissima Swingle

The fruits of Ailanthus altissima Swingle (AS) possess a variety of pharmacological activities. Its antioxidant activity and the potential mode of action have not yet been investigated. In in vitro studies, AS revealed the strong reducing power and DPPH scavenging effect, but hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and ferrous ions-chelating ability were not strong. Meanwhile, the oxidative stress RAW264.7 cell injury model was established, the low and medium-doses of AS showed significant protective effects on the viability of H₂O₂-treated cells by CCK-8 method. Besides, three doses of AS all increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and decreased the MDA level compared with the H₂O₂ group, suggesting it significantly relieved oxidative stress of cells. The active ingredients and related targets of AS were collected by HERB and Swiss Target Prediction database, the common targets of drugs and diseases database were conducted by GeneCards database platform and the Venny platform. We screened the core targets of AS like threonine kinase1 (AKT1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (MTOR) by STRING database, and the key pathways involved PI3K-AKT and FoxO signaling pathway by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Besides, qRT-PCR revealed AS preconditioning significantly up-regulated the expression level of AKT1, SIRT1, MAPK1, and MTOR in model cells, and the effect was related to the regulation of FoxO and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In summary, AS showed significant antioxidant activity and its potential mechanism was regulating FoxO and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Advances in the Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics and Biological Activities of Eleutherococcus senticosus Polysaccharides: A Promising Medicinal and Edible Resource With Development Value

In recent years, natural polysaccharides have received growing attention and interest in view of their values in food, medical, cosmetics and other fields. Eleutherococcus senticosus (E. senticosus) is a medicine and food homologous plant that possess anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, central nervous system and cardiovascular protection, anti-radiation, enhancement of human microcirculation, improvement of physical fatigue effects, mainly based on lignans, flavonoids and coumarin types. E. senticosus polysaccharides (ESPS), act as a kind of polysaccharide extracted and isolated from the root and rhizome of E. senticosus, have been found in many applications of medicine and food for their unique biological activity. Nevertheless, the existing studies are mostly concerned with small molecules of E. senticosus, less attention is paid to polysaccharides. Moreover, the types and structural characterization of ESPS reported in existing literature were also not summarized. In this paper, the research progress of ESPS is reviewed from the aspects of extraction, separation, structural characterization and biological activity, future perspectives from points of efficient extraction, resource utilization and quality control standards were also proposed, which provide reference for the further development and utilization of ESPS.

Sulfated Modification, Characterization and Potential Bioactivities of Polysaccharide From Ziziphus jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao

In this study, jujube polysaccharide (JP) was extracted from Ziziphus jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao and sulfated JP (SJP) was prepared. The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: reaction temperature 75°C, reaction time 1 h, ratio of chlorosulfonic acid-to-pyridine ( VCSA/ VPyr) 1. The degree of substitution of SJP was 0.664 ± 0.014. JP and SJP were typical heteropolysaccharides, which were composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose, but the molar ratio of monosaccharides was different. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that JP was sulfated successfully. Compared with JP, the molecular weight of SJP increased to 3.17 × 105 Da, its water solubility increased significantly, and its viscosity decreased significantly. When the microstructure of SJP was examined, it was found that the surface of the polysaccharides became loose and porous after sulfation. SJP had a higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity than the unsulfated polysaccharide. Moreover, sulfation enhanced the antibacterial activity of the polysaccharides against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Therefore, sulfation is an effective way to improve the biological activity of the polysaccharide, and SJP can be used as a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in the field of food and medicine.

Acanthopanax senticosus Promotes Survival of Tilapia Infected With Streptococcus iniae by Regulating the PI3K/AKT and Fatty Acid Metabolism Signaling Pathway

Streptococcus has greatly restricted the development of healthy tilapia aquaculture. As a green and efficient feed addition, Acanthopanax senticosus (APS) has been increasingly used in culture, but it is unclear whether it represents a disease-resistant feed. Genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) was fed with a feed supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8‰ APS for 56 days, after which fish were injected with 5.9 × 10⁶ CFU/ml Streptococcus iniae into the abdominal cavity. At 96 h after infection, the cumulative survival of GIFT in control and 0.5‰ APS treatments was significantly lower than in other treatments; at APS supplementation rates of 1 and 2‰, serum glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol contents were all significantly lower than in control treatment fish. Hepatic glycogen and triglyceride contents of 1‰ APS treatment fish were significantly higher than those in fish in control treatment. Transcription levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPAR), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) genes were upregulated, and their expression levels in fish in 1, 2, and 4‰ treatments were significantly higher than those in fish in control treatment at 96 h after S. iniae infection. After 96 h of infection, the red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood cells of fish in 1‰ APS treatment were significantly lower than those of fish in 4 and 8‰ treatments; hepatic catalase activity was activated at 48 h, superoxide dismutase activity was also significantly upregulated at 96 h, and the malondialdehyde content significantly decreased. It is noted that 0.5–2‰ APS treatments significantly activated the expression of PI3K and AKT in the liver, while inhibiting the expression of Caspase-9. Therefore, feed with 1‰ APS can promote hepatic glycogen and lipid metabolism in GIFT after infection with S. iniae, which is beneficial to alleviating oxidative stress damage and cell apoptosis in liver tissue.

Preparation of astaxanthin micelles self-assembled by a mechanochemical method from hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin and glyceryl monostearate with enhanced antioxidant activity

This research aimed to overcome the current challenges in the application of natural carotenoid antioxidants, such as their complex preparation processes, low bioavailability and poor drug stability. Herein, a mechanochemical method was used to prepare an inclusion complex (IC) that self-assembles into micelles in aqueous solution and achieves solid-phase loading of astaxanthin (AST). The NMR analysis, thermodynamics study, particle size analysis and electron microscopy image results showed that AST, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD) and glyceryl monostearate (GMS) formed self-assembled micelles and maintained good stability in aqueous solution. The antioxidant performance experiments showed that the formation of IC increases free radical scavenging activity. The pharmacokinetic studies showed that the bioavailability of the astaxanthin inclusion complex increased 4-fold. The tissue distribution experiments showed that the astaxanthin inclusion complex targets the liver to exert its antioxidant effects. The proposed method uses an innovative preparation technology to produce an efficient drug delivery system without solvents, and it exerts powerful antioxidant activity against astaxanthin.

Production, structural and biochemical characterization relevant to antitumor property of acidic exopolysaccharide produced from Bacillus sp. NRC5

This study targeted the production of exopolysaccharide from Bacillus sp. NRC5 grown in Egyptian seawater to use it as natural antitumor therapy. The biological activities of selected exopolysaccharide (BEPS) as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer have been studied. BEPS was evaluated as an anti-inflammatory in vitro against cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) and evaluated as an anticancer on human breast and prostate cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and PC3). In addition, BEPS antitumor activity was tested against the Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) model. The BEPS presented potent antioxidant activities, consisted of glucose, mannose, and mannuronic acid in a molar ratio of 1.0:1.7:0.8 with a molecular weight of 3.59 × 10⁵ g/mol. BEPS showed a promising COX-2 inhibitory effect in comparison with the reference drug celecoxib. BEPS appeared efficient anticancer property, where it killed 64.20 and 70.20% of MCF-7 and PC3 cells at 100 µg/ml, respectively (IC₅₀, 76.70, and 70.40 µg/ml, respectively). BEPS exhibited antitumor ability as it prolonged the lifespan of mice to reach 75 days instead of 20 days in the tumor control, reduced viable cancer cells count, tumor volume and weight, modulated blood components, and white blood cells differentiation. BEPS produced from Bacillus sp. NRC5 showed its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities and antitumor abilities, which may all be attributed to its unique composition containing sulfated moieties and uronic acids.

Polysaccharides and polyphenol in dried Morinda citrifolia fruit tea after different processing conditions: Optimization analysis using response surface methodology

The increasing popularity of Morinda citrifolia has many medical and health benefits because of its rich polysaccharides (PSC) and polyphenols (PPN). It has become popular to brew the dry M. citrifolia fruit slice as tea in some regions of China. In this study, optimize the extraction parameters of M. citrifolia fruit tea polysaccharides and polyphenols using response surface methodology. The results indicated the highest PSC yield of 17% at 46 °C for 11 min and the ratio of water/M. citrifolia fruit powder was 78 mL/g. The optimum extraction of PPN was at 95 °C for 10 min and the ratio of water/M. citrifolia fruit powder 90 mL/g, with 8.93% yield. Using dry M. citrifolia fruit slices as a tea is reported for the first time. Based on the results, the maximum level of PSC can be obtained under condition by infusing about four dried M. citrifolia fruit slice with average thickness and size in warm boiled water for 11 min, taking a 300 mL cup (300 mL of water) for example. The maximum level of PPN can be obtained by adding three slices of dried M. citrifolia fruit slice to boiled water for 10 min. Considering the powder used in our study, the further pulverization of cutting into powder is more conducive to material precipitation. This study provides a scientific basis for obtaining PSC and PPN from dry M. citrifolia fruit slice tea by brewing.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from the Fruit of Acanthopanaxbrachypus: Physicochemical, Structural and Functional Properties

The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters of total water-soluble polysaccharides (TABPs) from Acanthopanaxbrachypus fruit were optimized by Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of TABPs were investigated by chemical analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), emulsion capacity (EC), emulsion stability (ES), as well as DPPH^. and ABTS^.+ scavenging assays. The results showed that the maximal UAE-yield of TABPs was 3.81±0.18 % under the optimal conditions (ultrasonic power 325 W, extraction temperature 47 °C, extraction time 22 min). TABPs was rich in some beneficial element (Mg, K, Fe, Zn and Na) but little in harmful elements (Hg, Cd, As and Pb), and displayed rough surface with flake-like features and large dents, contained 93.89±0.08 % of total carbohydrate with more different monosaccharides including glucose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, xylose, and uronic acid in a molar ratio of 8.83 : 7.90 : 4.74 : 4.55 : 2.80 : 2.39 : 1.00, respectively. TABPs exhibited broad weight distribution (11.2-133.5 kDa), excellent thermal stability (>280 °C), WHC (0.61±0.08 g water/g sample) and OHC (4.53±0.12 g oil/g sample), as well as higher EC (43.75±1.23 %) and ES (38.32±1.50 %). Furthermore, TABPs also displayed remarkable scavenging activities on DPPH^. and ABTS^.+ in vitro. These findings provide a scientific basis for the applications of TABPs in functional additives for food, medicine, and cosmetics.

Preliminary study on the possible impact of Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forss.) den Hartog acidic polysaccharide fractions against TAA induced liver failure

The water-soluble acidic polysaccharide from Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forss.) den Hartog was successfully extracted, fractionated and purified. The phytochemical profile of the two water-soluble fractions (F1 and F2), were detected using different analytic techniques. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 22 saccharide. Acidic polysaccharide, galacturonic and glucuronic acid were the most abundant. Moreover, paper chromatography and electrophoresis also performed as a preliminary chemical characterization of the polymer. The hepatoprotective activity of the fractions against thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver failure; antioxidant potential and preliminary immunomodulatory activity were assigned in-vivo. The results revealed a potent competence to improve the liver function profile (ALT, AST, total bilirubin, total glyceride, etc.) and a remarkable improvement in liver architecture in comparison to the challenged intoxicated groups. Moreover, they showed high anti-oxidative properties and a promising immunomodulatory influence via Il6. These findings provide new insight into the possible role of polysaccharide purified two fractions in the treatment of acute liver injury.

Antifouling Antioxidant Zwitterionic Dextran Hydrogels as Wound Dressing Materials with Excellent Healing Activities

Hydrogels as wound dressings have received great attention in recent years. It is highly important yet challenging to develop hydrogel dressings that are biocompatible and that can promote wound healing by lowering the risk of inflammatory responses. In this work, we designed and prepared zwitterionic dextran-based hydrogels using carboxybetaine dextran (CB-Dex) and sulfobetaine dextran (SB-Dex) as raw materials, respectively. The efficacy of CB-Dex and SB-Dex hydrogels in promoting wound recovery was evaluated using a mouse skin wound model. Results suggested that the zwitterionic dextran wound dressings showed a faster healing rate than natural dextran hydrogel and a commercial wound dressing (Duoderm film) due to their excellent protein resistance and capacity to scavenge free hydroxyl radicals. In addition, both CB-Dex and SB-Dex hydrogel wound dressings showed excellent cytocompatibility with NIH3T3 and L929 cells, as well as antibacterial adhesion against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, both zwitterionic hydrogels demonstrated self-healing properties and can be stretched to adapt to irregular full-thickness wound beds. More importantly, they can be removed from the wound site painlessly by washing with normal saline. Overall, this work provided a new pathway to fabricate multifunctional polysaccharide hydrogels for wound treatment and pain relief when changing wound dressings.

Growth performance, physiological parameters, and transcript levels of lipid metabolism-related genes in hybrid yellow catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco ♀ × Pseudobagrus vachellii ♂) fed diets containing Siberian ginseng

In high-density aquaculture, fish health can suffer because of excessive feeding, which causes fatty liver disease. Siberian ginseng (Acanthopanax senticosus) has been used as a feed additive to promote animal growth, immunity, and lipid metabolism. In this study, we explored the effects of A. senticosus on the physiology of hybrid yellow catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco ♀ × Pseudobagrus vachellii ♂). A control group and five groups fed diets containing A. senticosus (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g A. senticosus/kg feed) were established and maintained for 8 weeks. Dietary supplementation with A. senticosus at 4 g/kg promoted growth of the hybrid yellow catfish. Serum total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TG) levels at 2 g/kg A. senticosus (TC: 1.31 mmol/L; TG: 1.08 mmol/L) were significantly lower than in the control group (TC: 1.51 mmol/L; TG: 1.41 mmol/L), and 4 g/kg A. senticosus (17.20 μmol/g tissue) reduced the liver TG level compared with the control group (21.36 μmol/g tissue) (P <0.05). Comparative transcriptomic analysis of liver tissue between the control group and the group showing optimum growth (4 g/kg A. senticosus) revealed 820 differentially expressed genes and 44 significantly enriched pathways, especially lipid metabolism pathways such as unsaturated fatty acid and fatty acid metabolism. The transcript levels of five lipid metabolism-related genes were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that 2–4 g/kg A. senticosus supplementation reduced the FADS2, ELOVL2, CYP24a, and PLPP3 transcript levels and 4 g/kg A. senticosus increased the DIO2 transcript level (P <0.05), leading to altered synthesis of TG and thyroxine and reduced fat deposition in the liver. Our results show that dietary A. senticosus affects the regulation of fat metabolism and promotes the growth of hybrid yellow catfish. A. senticosus is a healthy feed additive, and the appropriate dietary supplementation rate is 2–4 g/kg.

The Effect of Stachy sieboldii MIQ. Supplementation on Modulating Gut Microflora and Cytokine Expression in Mice

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The intake of Stachys sieboldii MIQ. has been associated with relieving inflammation and maintaining optimal gut health function. We investigated the diversity and composition of microflora in feces of S. sieboldii MIQ.-fed mice. In addition, we evaluated the production of major cytokines (Interleukin-6 and -10) related to inflammation and fatty acid composition of several tissues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

16S ribosomal DNA sequencing-based microbiome taxonomic profiling analysis was performed using EzBioCloud data base. The total RNA from the mesenteric lymph node was isolated and then synthesized with prime script 1st strand cDNA synthesis kit. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on cDNA samples using the SYBR™ Green PCR Master Mix.

RESULTS

Mice fed on S. sieboldii MIQ. showed significantly reduced counts of aerobic and coliform in the feces compared with control. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis of fecal samples showed that supplementation with S. sieboldii MIQ. increased beneficial intestinal microflora (Ruminococcaceae and Akkermansia muciniphila) and decreased the community of harmful microflora (Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli and Bacteroides sp.) in feces compared with that in the control (P<0.05 for all). Mice showed a significantly lower mRNA expression of cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 in mesenteric lymph node compared with that in control (P<0.05). The fecal fatty acid composition in the S. sieboldii MIQ. group showed a higher percentage of 6:0 and 18:2n-6 compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). The percentages of 6:0 and 20:3n-6 fatty acids were also significantly higher in the intestines of S. sieboldii MIQ. group (P<0.05). No differences were revealed between the two groups in terms of the percentages of total saturated, monounsaturated, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in feces and tissues.

CONCLUSION

The present results showed that supplementation of mice with S. sieboldii MIQ. increased beneficial gut microflora and decreased harmful microflora. Moreover, lower mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph node of supplemented mice might be associated with the lower abundances of harmful fecal microflora.

Characterization of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Roots and their effects on antioxidant activity and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW 264.7 cells

This work presents an investigation on the composition and structure of polysaccharides from the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (THP) and its associated antioxidant activity. It further explores the protective effect of THP on RAW264.7 cells against cytotoxicity induced by H₂O₂. Ion chromatography (IC) revealed that THP contained glucose, arabinose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose and galacturonic acid, in different molar ratios. Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS) was employed to deduce the relative molecular mass (M_w) of the polysaccharide, which was 177.1 ± 1.8 kDa. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Congo red binding assay highlighted that the THP had a steady α-triple helix conformation. Similarly, assays of antioxidant activity disclosed that THP had reasonable concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxidation inhibition ability and ferrous ion chelating potency, in addition to a significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. Moreover, THP could protect RAW264.7 cells against H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing intracellular ROS levels, reducing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Data retrieved from the in vitro models explicitly established the antioxidant capability of polysaccharides from T. hemsleyanum root extracts.

Research Note: Effects of polysaccharide-enriched Acanthopanax senticosus extract on growth performance, immune function, antioxidation, and ileal microbial populations in broiler chickens

Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) is a well-known, highly effective traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Polysaccharides extracted from AS (ASPS) have multiple pharmacologic and biological activities with potential use as additives in broiler chicken feed. This trial evaluated the effects of dietary ASPS on growth performance, immune function, antioxidation, and ileal microbial populations in broiler chickens. A total of 240 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 10 replicates of 6 chicks and fed a corn- and soybean-based diet supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 4 g/kg ASPS. Compared with the control group, supplementation with 1 g/kg ASPS increased ADG and ADFI in the finisher and overall periods and decreased the feed conversion ratio in the finisher period (both P < 0.05). Serum IgA and IgM were significantly increased by supplementation with 1 and 2 g/kg of ASPS (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were increased and malondialdehyde concentration was decreased in birds fed ASPS-supplemented diets compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). Polysaccharides extracted from AS supplementation increased Lactobacillus and decreased Escherichia coli and Salmonella counts in the ileal contents compared with the control diet (both P < 0.05). The results show that dietary ASPS improved growth performance, immune status, and antioxidant capacity and stimulated the growth of beneficial gut bacteria in broiler chickens. In conclusion, ASPS was effective as a natural additive in broiler chicken feed; 1 g/kg can be considered as the optimum dosage.

Sulfated modification, characterization and bioactivities of an acidic polysaccharide fraction from an edible mushroom Pleurotus eous (Berk.) Sacc

The acidic fraction (P3a) of Pleurotus eous was successfully sulfated by sulphur trioxide-pyridine complex method. The effect of sulfate modification (SP3a) on the structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro biological activity of P3 was studied. The structural characteristics were established by UV absorption, FT-IR, HPGPC and GC-MS. Biological studies were carried out, such as in vitro antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti-tumour and antibacterial activities. The sulfation process changed its physicochemical and biological characteristics. Compared with P3a, the molecular weight of SP3a is reduced. P3a and SP3a are composed of galactose, xylose, arabinose with different molar percentages. Sulfated derivatives have strong antioxidant and anticoagulant properties. Compared with P3a, SP3a showed obvious cytotoxicity to Jurkat and HeLa cells. SP3a showed a higher inhibition zone for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This article demonstrates that sulfation is an effective way to enhance biological activity, especially SP3a is a promising candidate for bioactive macromolecules and has great potential for industrial and biomedical applications.

Transcriptome profiling reveal Acanthopanax senticosus improves growth performance, immunity and antioxidant capacity by regulating lipid metabolism in GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus)

Acanthopanax senticosus (APS) is a natural and officinal herb with an impressive range of health benefits for animal. An 8-week feeding trail with different APS levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8‰) was conducted to evaluate the promotive effects of APS in GIFT. Results indicate that APS improved the growth performance, improved specific growth ratio (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER), the optimum APS supplementation was estimated to 1.97‰ based on the regression analysis of SGR. Meanwhile, 2‰ and 4‰ APS improved the immune and antioxidant capacity in some extent evidenced by the plasma and hepatic biomarkers. With the analysis of transcriptome sequencing, 293 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 106 up-regulated and 187 down-regulated. According to the GO and KEGG enrichments, DEGs were mainly involved in lipid metabolism regulation, followed by amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, immunity, and antioxidant response. Transcriptional expression of PPARs signaling and key genes retrieved from transcriptome database confirmed that lipid metabolism was the main active biological process in response to dietary APS administration. These results indicate optimum APS (2‰) could be used as a feed additive that improve the growth performance by regulating lipid metabolism. This may provide insights for Chinese herb additive application in aquaculture production.

Immunomodulatory effect of Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide on immunosuppressed chickens

The immunomodulatory effect of Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASPS) on immunosuppressed chickens induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy) was observed in this study. Four hundred 7-day-old chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups: vaccinated control group (VC group), Cy-challenged control group (Cy group), Cy-challenged + low-dose ASPS group (ASPS_L + Cy group), and Cy-challenged + high-dose ASPS group (ASPS_H + Cy group). All groups except the VC group were injected with Cy at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day of BW for 3 successive days to induce immunosuppression. At the age of 10 d, the ASPS_L + Cy group and ASPS_H + Cy group were intramuscularly injected with 0.2 mL of ASPS at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/mL/day, respectively, once a day for 3 successive days. The Cy group was injected with saline solution in the same way as the 2 ASPS groups. At the age of 14 d, the chickens were vaccinated with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine in all groups. On day 7, 14, 21, and 28 after the vaccination, BW, lymphocyte proliferation, the serum antibody titers of the ND vaccine, the proportion of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes, and the concentrations of interferon gamma and IL-2 were determined. The results showed that chickens were injected with Cy at a dose of 80 mg/kg of BW for 3 d displayed lower immune responses than the control group, indicating that the immunosuppressive model was successfully established. At most time points, both high and low doses of ASPS could significantly promote lymphocyte proliferation; enhance BW, antibody titers, and the proportion of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes; and raised the concentrations of interferon gamma and IL-2 in Cy-treated chickens compared with those in the Cy control group (P < 0.05). These results indicated that ASPS could resist immunosuppression induced by Cy and may be a new-type immune adjuvant to improve vaccination in normal and immunosuppressed chickens.