1
|
Tan J, Ma Q, Li J, Liu Q, Zhuang Y. Bioavailability and Antioxidant Activity of Rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum) Peel Polyphenols during in Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion, Caco-2 Monolayer Cell Model Application, and Colonic Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15829-15841. [PMID: 37827988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of rambutan peel polyphenols (RPPs) was studied via in vitro simulated digestion, a Caco-2 monolayer cell model, and colonic fermentation. Total phenolic content of RPPs decreased with the progress of the simulated digestion. A total of 38 phenolic compounds were identified during the digestion and colonic fermentation, of which 12 new metabolites were found during colonic fermentation. The possible biotransformation pathways were inferred. Geraniin was transformed into corilagin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid during the digestion and colonic fermentation. Ellagic acid could be further transformed into urolithin under the action of intestinal microbiota. The transformation of ellagitannins could be beneficial to transport on Caco-2 monolayer cell. The antioxidant capacity of RPPs increased with the progress of gastrointestinal digestion. Furthermore, RPPs could increase the yield of short-chain fatty acids, decrease the pH value, promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, and inhibit the growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli/Shigella during colonic fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Tan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qiuming Liu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yongliang Zhuang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grohmann T, Walker AW, Russell WR, Hoggard N, Zhang X, Horgan G, de Roos B. A grape seed and bilberry extract reduces blood pressure in individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes: the PRECISE study, a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over intervention study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1139880. [PMID: 37351191 PMCID: PMC10283353 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1139880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for the development of cardiometabolic diseases. T2DM prevention is largely based on weight-loss and whole diet changes, but intervention with dietary plant bioactives may also improve metabolic health. Objective To assess whether supplementation with bilberry and grape seed extract for 12 weeks improves cardiometabolic outcomes in individuals at risk of developing T2DM, and to determine whether individual treatment response is associated with differences in gut microbiota composition and levels of phenolic metabolites in blood and feces. Methods In the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over PRECISE intervention study, 14 participants, aged ≥45 years, with a BMI >28 kg/m2, and having an increased risk of T2DM, received a supplement containing 250 mg of bilberry plus 300 mg of grape seed extract, or 550 mg of a control extract, per day, for 12 weeks each. Blood samples were obtained for the assessment of HbA1c, fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, insulin, glucagon levels, total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and phenolic acids. We also assessed advanced glycation end products in the skin, ambulatory 24 hours blood pressure, 7-day dietary intake by weighed food diaries, fecal levels of phenolic metabolites using LC-MS/MS and gut microbiota composition using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Results The combined bilberry and grape seed extract did not affect glucose and cholesterol outcomes, but it decreased systolic and diastolic ambulatory blood pressure by 4.7 (p < 0.001) and 2.3 (p = 0.0009) mmHg, respectively. Eight out of fourteen participants were identified as blood pressure 'responders'. These responders had higher levels of phenylpropionic and phenyllactic acids in their fecal samples, and a higher proportional abundance of Fusicatenibacter-related bacteria (p < 0.01) in their baseline stool samples. Conclusion Long-term supplementation with bilberry and grape seed extract can improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure in individuals at risk of T2DM. Individual responsiveness was correlated with the presence of certain fecal bacterial strains, and an ability to metabolize (epi)catechin into smaller phenolic metabolites.Clinical trial registry number: Research Registry (number 4084).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Grohmann
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan W. Walker
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy R. Russell
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Hoggard
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graham Horgan
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Baukje de Roos
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bešlo D, Golubić N, Rastija V, Agić D, Karnaš M, Šubarić D, Lučić B. Antioxidant Activity, Metabolism, and Bioavailability of Polyphenols in the Diet of Animals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1141. [PMCID: PMC10294820 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the world’s population grows, so does the need for more and more animal feed. In 2006, the EU banned the use of antibiotics and other chemicals in order to reduce chemical residues in food consumed by humans. It is well known that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes must be combated to achieve higher productivity. The adverse effects of the use of pharmaceuticals and other synthetic compounds on animal health and product quality and safety have increased interest in phytocompounds. With the use of plant polyphenols in animal nutrition, they are gaining more attention as a supplement to animal feed. Livestock feeding based on a sustainable, environmentally friendly approach (clean, safe, and green agriculture) would also be a win–win for farmers and society. There is an increasing interest in producing healthier products of animal origin with a higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to saturated fatty acids by modulating animal nutrition. Secondary plant metabolites (polyphenols) are essential chemical compounds for plant physiology as they are involved in various functions such as growth, pigmentation, and resistance to pathogenic organisms. Polyphenols are exogenous antioxidants that act as one of the first lines of cell defense. Therefore, the discoveries on the intracellular antioxidant activity of polyphenols as a plant supplement have contributed significantly to the improvement of antioxidant activity, as polyphenols prevent oxidative stress damage and eliminate excessively produced free radicals. To achieve animal welfare, reduce stress and the need for medicines, and increase the quality of food of animal origin, the addition of polyphenols to research and breeding can be practised in part with a free-choice approach to animal nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drago Bešlo
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Nataša Golubić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Vesna Rastija
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Dejan Agić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Maja Karnaš
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Domagoj Šubarić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.G.); (V.R.); (D.A.); (M.K.); (D.Š.)
| | - Bono Lučić
- NMR Center, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tamargo A, de Llano DG, Cueva C, Del Hierro JN, Martin D, Molinero N, Bartolomé B, Victoria Moreno-Arribas M. Deciphering the interactions between lipids and red wine polyphenols through the gastrointestinal tract. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112524. [PMID: 36869526 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the mutual interactions between lipids and red wine polyphenols at different stages of the gastrointestinal tract by using the simgi® dynamic simulator. Three food models were tested: a Wine model, a Lipid model (olive oil + cholesterol) and a Wine + Lipid model (red wine + olive oil + cholesterol). With regard to wine polyphenols, results showed that co-digestion with lipids slightly affected the phenolic profile after gastrointestinal digestion. In relation to lipid bioaccessibility, the co-digestion with red wine tended to increase the percentage of bioaccessible monoglycerides, although significant differences were not found (p > 0.05). Furthermore, co-digestion with red wine tended to reduce cholesterol bioaccessibility (from 80 to 49 %), which could be related to the decrease in bile salt content observed in the micellar phase. For free fatty acids, almost no changes were observed. At the colonic level, the co-digestion of red wine and lipids conditioned the composition and metabolism of colonic microbiota. For instance, the growth [log (ufc/mL)] of lactic acid bacteria (6.9 ± 0.2) and bifidobacteria (6.8 ± 0.1) populations were significantly higher for the Wine + Lipid food model respect to the control colonic fermentation (5.2 ± 0.1 and 5.3 ± 0.2, respectively). Besides, the production of total SCFAs was greater for the Wine + Lipid food model. Also, the cytotoxicity of the colonic-digested samples towards human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-116 and HT-29) was found to be significantly lower for the Wine and Wine + Lipid models than for the Lipid model and the control (no food addition). Overall, the results obtained using the simgi® model were consistent with those reported in vivo in the literature. In particular, they suggest that red wine may favourably modulate lipid bioaccessibility - a fact that could explain the hypocholesterolemic effects of red wine and red wine polyphenols observed in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Tamargo
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Cueva
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Diana Martin
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Molinero
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bartolomé
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang S, Mao B, Cui S, Zhang Q, Zhao J, Tang X, Chen W. Absorption, metabolism, bioactivity, and biotransformation of epigallocatechin gallate. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6546-6566. [PMID: 36728926 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2170972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a typical flavone-3-ol polyphenol containing eight free hydroxyl groups, is associated with a variety of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antibacterial activities. However, the poor bioavailability of EGCG restricts its use. In this review, we discuss the processes involved in the absorption and metabolism of EGCG, with a focus on its metabolic interactions with the gut microbiota. Next, we summarize the bioactivities of some key metabolites, describe the biotransformation of EGCG by different microorganisms, and discuss its catabolism by specific bacteria. A deeper understanding of the absorption, metabolism, and biotransformation of EGCG may enable its disease-preventive and therapeutic properties to be better utilized. This review provides a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of EGCG and its metabolites for improving the gut microbiota and physiological health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sandner G, Stadlbauer V, Sadova N, Neuhauser C, Schwarzinger B, Karlsberger L, Hangweirer K, Antensteiner K, Stallinger A, Aumiller T, Weghuber J. Grape seed extract improves intestinal barrier integrity and performance: Evidence from in vitro, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster experiments and a study with growing broilers. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
|
7
|
Metabolic Fate of Orally Ingested Proanthocyanidins through the Digestive Tract. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010017. [PMID: 36670878 PMCID: PMC9854439 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs), which are oligomers or polymers of flavan-3ols with potent antioxidative activity, are well known to exert a variety of beneficial health effects. Nonetheless, their bioaccessibility and bioavailability have been poorly assessed. In this review, we focused on the metabolic fate of PACs through the digestive tract. When oligomeric and polymeric PACs are orally ingested, a large portion of the PACs reach the colon, where a small portion is subjected to microbial degradation to phenolic acids and valerolactones, despite the possibility that slight depolymerization of PACs occurs in the stomach and small intestine. Valerolactones, as microbiota-generated catabolites of PACs, may contribute to some of the health benefits of orally ingested PACs. The remaining portion interacts with gut microbiota, resulting in improved microbial diversity and, thereby, contributing to improved health. For instance, an increased amount of beneficial gut bacteria (e.g., Akkermansia muciniphila and butyrate-producing bacteria) could ameliorate host metabolic functions, and a lowered ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes at the phylum level could mitigate obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
8
|
Di Pede G, Bresciani L, Brighenti F, Clifford MN, Crozier A, Del Rio D, Mena P. In Vitro Faecal Fermentation of Monomeric and Oligomeric Flavan-3-ols: Catabolic Pathways and Stoichiometry. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101090. [PMID: 35107868 PMCID: PMC9786279 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The study evaluates the influence of flavan-3-ol structure on the production of phenolic catabolites, principally phenyl-γ-valerolactones (PVLs), and phenylvaleric acids (PVAs). METHODS AND RESULTS A set of 12 monomeric flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins (degree of polymerization (DP) of 2-5), are fermented in vitro for 24 h using human faecal microbiota, and catabolism is analyzed by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Up to 32 catabolites strictly related to microbial catabolism of parent compounds are detected. (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin have the highest molar mass recoveries, expressed as a percentage with respect to the incubated concentration (75 µmol L-1 ) of the parent compound, for total PVLs and PVAs, both at 5 h (about 20%) and 24 h (about 40%) of faecal incubation. Only A-type dimer and B-type procyanidins underwent the ring fission step, and no differences are found in total PVL and PVA production (≃1.5% and 6.0% at 5 and 24 h faecal incubation, respectively) despite the different DPs. CONCLUSION The flavan-3-ol structure strongly affects the colonic catabolism of the native compounds, influencing the profile of PVLs and PVAs produced in vitro. This study opens new perspectives to further elucidate the colonic fate of oligomeric flavan-3-ols and their availability in producing bioactive catabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Pede
- Human Nutrition UnitDepartment of Food and Drug University of ParmaVia Volturno 39Parma43125Italy
| | - Letizia Bresciani
- Human Nutrition UnitDepartment of Food and Drug University of ParmaVia Volturno 39Parma43125Italy
| | - Furio Brighenti
- Human Nutrition UnitDepartment of Food and Drug University of ParmaVia Volturno 39Parma43125Italy
| | - Michael N. Clifford
- School of Bioscience and MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK,Department of NutritionDietetics and FoodSchool of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthFaculty of MedicineNursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityBASE Facility, 264 Ferntree Gully RoadNotting HillVictoria3168Australia
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of ChemistryKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11451Saudi Arabia,School of MedicineDentistry and NursingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition UnitDepartment of Food and Drug University of ParmaVia Volturno 39Parma43125Italy,Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParco Area delle Scienze 11/AParma43124Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition UnitDepartment of Food and Drug University of ParmaVia Volturno 39Parma43125Italy,Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParco Area delle Scienze 11/AParma43124Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tamargo A, Cueva C, Silva M, Molinero N, Miralles B, Bartolomé B, Moreno-Arribas MV. Gastrointestinal co-digestion of wine polyphenols with glucose/whey proteins affects their bioaccessibility and impact on colonic microbiota. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
10
|
Mohamedshah Z, Hayes M, Chadwick-Corbin S, Neilson AP, Ferruzzi MG. Bioaccessibility, gut microbial metabolism and intestinal transport of phenolics from 100% Concord grape juice and whole grapes are similar in a simulated digestion and fecal fermentation model. Food Funct 2022; 13:4315-4330. [PMID: 35297910 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic rich 100% grape juice has been associated with many health benefits, but its place in dietary guidance is controversial relative to whole fruit. Direct comparisons of phenolic profiles and bioavailability between these food forms are needed. Phenolic bioaccessibility and metabolism from Concord (CG) and Niagara (NG) grapes and corresponding 100% juices were investigated using an in vitro digestion coupled with anaerobic gut fermentation model. Intestinal transport of resulting bioaccessible phenolics and microbial metabolites was estimated using a Caco-2 cell model. Total bioaccessible phenolics from both upper and lower digestion were similar (P > 0.05) between NG (400.9 ± 26.3 μmol per 100 g) and NGJ (349.5 ± 8.3 μmol per 100 g) and significantly different (P < 0.05) between CG (417.2 ± 24.4 μmol per 100 g) and CGJ (294.3 ± 45.4 μmol per 100 g) total cellular transport of phenolics was similar (P > 0.05) between whole grapes (89.4 ± 5.3 μmol per 100 g for CG, and 71.8 ± 2.4 μmol per 100 g for NG) and 100% juices (88.0 ± 5.6 μmol per 100 g for CGJ, and 85.3 ± 9.4 μmol per 100 g for NGJ). Differences were observed between the location of phenolic metabolism, bioaccessibility and subsequent cellular transport of individual phenolics between grapes and juice matrices. Specifically, greater amounts of phenolics were transported from grape juices than whole grapes from the upper tract. However, cumulative bioaccessibility and transport from upper and lower GI digestion/fermentation together indicates that the absorbable phenolics from 100% grape juice is similar to that of whole grapes, suggesting that phenolic-mediated health benefits from consumption of whole fruit and juice may be similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Mohamedshah
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA. .,Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Micaela Hayes
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA. .,Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Sydney Chadwick-Corbin
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA. .,Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA. .,Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Donor-Dependent and Colon-Region-Dependent Metabolism of (+)-Catechin by Colonic Microbiota in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010073. [PMID: 35011305 PMCID: PMC8746996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal absorption of dietary catechins is quite low, resulting in most of them being metabolized by gut microbiota in the colon. It has been hypothesized that microbiota-derived metabolites may be partly responsible for the association between catechin consumption and beneficial cardiometabolic effects. Given the profound differences in gut microbiota composition and microbial load between individuals and across different colon regions, this study examined how microbial (+)-catechin metabolite profiles differ between colon regions and individuals. Batch exploration of the interindividual variability in (+)-catechin microbial metabolism resulted in a stratification based on metabolic efficiency: from the 12 tested donor microbiota, we identified a fast- and a slow-converting microbiota that was subsequently inoculated to SHIME, a dynamic model of the human gut. Monitoring of microbial (+)-catechin metabolites from proximal and distal colon compartments with UHPLC-MS and UPLC-IMS-Q-TOF-MS revealed profound donor-dependent and colon-region-dependent metabolite profiles with 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone being the largest contributor to differences between the fast- and slow-converting microbiota and the distal colon being a more important region for (+)-catechin metabolism than the proximal colon. Our findings may contribute to further understanding the role of the gut microbiota as a determinant of interindividual variation in pharmacokinetics upon (+)-catechin ingestion.
Collapse
|
12
|
Metabotypes of flavan-3-ol colonic metabolites after cranberry intake: elucidation and statistical approaches. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1299-1317. [PMID: 34750642 PMCID: PMC8921115 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Extensive inter-individual variability exists in the production of flavan-3-ol metabolites. Preliminary metabolic phenotypes (metabotypes) have been defined, but there is no consensus on the existence of metabotypes associated with the catabolism of catechins and proanthocyanidins. This study aims at elucidating the presence of different metabotypes in the urinary excretion of main flavan-3-ol colonic metabolites after consumption of cranberry products and at assessing the impact of the statistical technique used for metabotyping. Methods Data on urinary concentrations of phenyl-γ-valerolactones and 3-(hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid derivatives from two human interventions has been used. Different multivariate statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), have been considered. Results Data pre-treatment plays a major role on resulting PCA models. Cluster analysis based on k-means and a final consensus algorithm lead to quantitative-based models, while the expectation–maximization algorithm and clustering according to principal component scores yield metabotypes characterized by quali-quantitative differences in the excretion of colonic metabolites. PLS-DA, together with univariate analyses, has served to validate the urinary metabotypes in the production of flavan-3-ol metabolites and to confirm the robustness of the methodological approach. Conclusions This work proposes a methodological workflow for metabotype definition and highlights the importance of data pre-treatment and clustering methods on the final outcomes for a given dataset. It represents an additional step toward the understanding of the inter-individual variability in flavan-3-ol metabolism. Trial registration The acute study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02517775, August 7, 2015; the chronic study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02764749, May 6, 2016. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02692-z.
Collapse
|
13
|
Pérez-Jiménez M, Muñoz-González C, Pozo-Bayón MÁ. Specificity of Saliva Esterases by Wine Carboxylic Esters and Inhibition by Wine Phenolic Compounds Under Simulated Oral Conditions. Front Nutr 2021; 8:761830. [PMID: 34805247 PMCID: PMC8599952 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.761830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The specificity of human esterase activity (EA) from the stimulated (SS) and non-stimulated (NSS) saliva toward different typical wine odorant carboxylic esters and its inhibition by the wine phenolic compounds has been evaluated. For the specificity, six p-nitrophenyl linked esters with different carbon chain lengths (from 2 to 12 carbons) were employed. The five single phenolic compounds (catechin, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and resveratrol) at typical wine concentrations were assayed in the salivary EA inhibition study. Additionally, the inhibition exerted by the mixtures of wine polyphenols was evaluated using four commercial phenolic extracts [a grape seed extract (GSE), the monomers and oligomer fraction of the GSE, and a red wine extract (RWE)]. Finally, the saliva EA under the wine consumption conditions (pH = 5 and 11.3% ethanol) was evaluated. The results showed a higher EA in SS than NSS. It was also shown that the EA was higher toward the smaller than bigger esters regardless of the saliva types (SS or NSS). However, the inhibition exerted on saliva EA by the individual and mixtures of phenolic compounds was proven. Catechin was the phenolic compound that mostly inhibited saliva EA, while resveratrol showed the lowest EA inhibition. This inhibition was mainly related to the concentration of the phenolic compounds, but also with its structure. Finally, under simulated wine consumption, a decrease in EA was produced, which was mainly provoked by the decrease in the salivary pH. Nonetheless, since salivary pH recovers a few seconds after wine consumption, saliva EA might be relevant for the long-lasting perception of wine esters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Ángeles Pozo-Bayón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), Consejo Superior de Investiagciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Osborn LJ, Claesen J, Brown JM. Microbial Flavonoid Metabolism: A Cardiometabolic Disease Perspective. Annu Rev Nutr 2021; 41:433-454. [PMID: 34633856 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-120420-030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is a leading cause of death worldwide and encompasses the inflammatory metabolic disorders of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant metabolites that are abundantly present in fruits and vegetables and have biologically relevant protective effects in a number of cardiometabolic disorders. Several epidemiological studies underscored a negative association between dietary flavonoid consumption and the propensity to develop CMD. Recent studies elucidated the contribution of the gut microbiota in metabolizing dietary intake as it relates to CMD. Importantly, the biological efficacy of flavonoids in humans and animal models alike is linked to the gut microbial community. Herein, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of leveraging flavonoid intake as a potential strategy to prevent and treat CMD in a gut microbe-dependent manner, with special emphasis on flavonoid-derived microbial metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Osborn
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences and Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; , , .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jan Claesen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences and Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; , , .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences and Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; , , .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marcinczyk N, Gołaszewska A, Gromotowicz-Poplawska A, Misztal T, Strawa J, Tomczyk M, Kasacka I, Chabielska E. Multidirectional Effects of Tormentil Extract on Hemostasis in Experimental Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:682987. [PMID: 34025439 PMCID: PMC8131833 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we showed that ellagitannin- and procyanidin-rich tormentil extract (TE) decreased experimental arterial thrombosis in normoglycemic rats through platelet inhibition. TE also slightly increased coagulation and attenuated fibrinolysis; however, these effects did not nullify the antithrombotic effect of TE. The present study aimed to assess whether TE exerts antithrombotic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, which is characterized by pre-existing increased coagulation and impaired fibrinolysis, in vivo and ex vivo thrombosis assays. TE (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg, p. o.) was administered for 14 days to STZ-induced diabetic rats and mice. TE at 100 mg/kg dose decreased the thrombus area in the mice model of laser-induced thrombosis through its potent antiplatelet effect. However, TE at 200 mg/kg dose increased thrombus weight in electrically induced arterial thrombosis in rats. The prothrombotic effect could be due to increased coagulation and attenuated fibrinolysis. TE at 400 mg/kg dose also improved vascular functions, which was mainly reflected as an increase in the arterial blood flow, bleeding time prolongation, and thickening of the arterial wall. However, TE at 400 mg/kg dose did not exert antithrombotic effect. Summarizing, the present results show that TE may exert multidirectional effects on hemostasis in STZ-induced diabetic rats and mice. TE inhibited platelet activity and improved endothelial functions, but it also showed unfavorable effects by increasing the activity of the coagulation system and by inhibiting fibrinolysis. These contrasting effects could be the reason for model-specific influence of TE on the thrombotic process in STZ-induced diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Marcinczyk
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agata Gołaszewska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Misztal
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jakub Strawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Irena Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Chabielska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fernández-Jalao I, Balderas C, Calvo MV, Fontecha J, Sánchez-Moreno C, De Ancos B. Impact of High-Pressure Processed Onion on Colonic Metabolism Using a Dynamic Gastrointestinal Digestion Simulator. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050262. [PMID: 33922352 PMCID: PMC8145356 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Onions are the main dietary source of flavonols that have been associated with important health-promoting properties. Onion treated by high-pressure processing (HPP-treated onion) was subjected to a dynamic gastrointestinal digestion and colon fermentation simulator (DGID-CF) to study the effect on the gut microbiota metabolism in the three colon regions (ascending—AC, transverse—TC, and descending—DC) by means of chronic feeding with 27 g/day for 14 days. HPP-treated onion presented a high content of the flavonols quercetin-3,4’-diglucoside and quercetin-4’-glucoside, and a large percentage of them reached the AC without change. TC and DC progressively increased the total phenolic metabolites 2.5 times respective to day 2, mainly 3-hydroxyphenylacetic, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acids. In addition, the chronic feeding increased the beneficial colon bacteria Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. and the production of total SCFAs (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) 9 times (AC), 2.2 times (TC), and 4.4 times (DC) respective to day 1. A multivariate analysis (principal component analysis, PCA) showed a clear separation between the three colon regions based on their phenolic composition (precursors and metabolites). These results showed that HPP-treated onion modulated the human gut microbiota’s metabolism and the DGID-CF is a good system to study these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fernández-Jalao
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.F.-J.); (C.B.); (C.S.-M.)
| | - Claudia Balderas
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.F.-J.); (C.B.); (C.S.-M.)
| | - María V. Calvo
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Concepción Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.F.-J.); (C.B.); (C.S.-M.)
| | - Begoña De Ancos
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Safety, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.F.-J.); (C.B.); (C.S.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915-492-300
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oesterle I, Braun D, Berry D, Wisgrill L, Rompel A, Warth B. Polyphenol Exposure, Metabolism, and Analysis: A Global Exposomics Perspective. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:461-484. [PMID: 33351643 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-062220-090807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are generally known for their health benefits and estimating actual exposure levels in health-related studies can be improved by human biomonitoring. Here, the application of newly available exposomic and metabolomic technology, notably high-resolution mass spectrometry, in the context of polyphenols and their biotransformation products, is reviewed. Comprehensive workflows for investigating these important bioactives in biological fluids or microbiome-related experiments are scarce. Consequently, this new era of nontargeted analysis and omic-scale exposure assessment offers a unique chance for better assessing exposure to, as well as metabolism of, polyphenols. In clinical and nutritional trials, polyphenols can be investigated simultaneously with the plethora of other chemicals to which we are exposed, i.e., the exposome, which may interact abundantly and modulate bioactivity. This research direction aims at ultimately eluting into atrue systems biology/toxicology evaluation of health effects associated with polyphenol exposure, especially during early life, to unravel their potential for preventing chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Oesterle
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; , , .,Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dominik Braun
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; , ,
| | - David Berry
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; .,The Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Annette Rompel
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dong R, Liu S, Xie J, Chen Y, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhao E, Wang Z, Xu H, Yu Q. The recovery, catabolism and potential bioactivity of polyphenols from carrot subjected to in vitro simulated digestion and colonic fermentation. Food Res Int 2021; 143:110263. [PMID: 33992364 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carrot powder digestion was researched utilizing an in vitro standardized static model associated with an in vitro colonic fermentation method to analyze the recovery, catabolism, and potential bioactivity of polyphenols from carrot. Twenty-seven polyphenols and their metabolites (hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and its derivatives, etc.) were identified in samples before and after digestion/colonic fermentation, and the possible colonic pathways for major polyphenols were proposed. Polyphenols had low recovery during different phases of in vitro digestion (oral: -51.4%; gastric: -38%; intestinal: -35.3%, respectively). However, the concentration of polyphenols (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid) increased significantly after colonic fermentation for 12 h with 1391.7% recovery, then significantly declined after 48 h. Meanwhile, the released and catabolized polyphenols showed antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity (IC50 = 9.91 μg GAE/mL). The microbe community structure was regulated by fecal fermented carrot powder through improving relative abundance (RA) of beneficial microbiota and suppressed RA of various harmful bacteria. This work indicated that polyphenols from carrot potentially play a role in gastrointestinal and colonic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xingjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - En Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zipei Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Makarewicz M, Drożdż I, Tarko T, Duda-Chodak A. The Interactions between Polyphenols and Microorganisms, Especially Gut Microbiota. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:188. [PMID: 33525629 PMCID: PMC7911950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the comprehensive knowledge about the bidirectional relationship between polyphenols and the gut microbiome. The first part is related to polyphenols' impacts on various microorganisms, especially bacteria, and their influence on intestinal pathogens. The research data on the mechanisms of polyphenol action were collected together and organized. The impact of various polyphenols groups on intestinal bacteria both on the whole "microbiota" and on particular species, including probiotics, are presented. Moreover, the impact of polyphenols present in food (bound to the matrix) was compared with the purified polyphenols (such as in dietary supplements) as well as polyphenols in the form of derivatives (such as glycosides) with those in the form of aglycones. The second part of the paper discusses in detail the mechanisms (pathways) and the role of bacterial biotransformation of the most important groups of polyphenols, including the production of bioactive metabolites with a significant impact on the human organism (both positive and negative).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aleksandra Duda-Chodak
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-149 Kraków, Poland; (M.M.); (I.D.); (T.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Evaluation of the Effect of a Grape Seed Tannin Extract on Wine Ester Release and Perception Using In Vitro and In Vivo Instrumental and Sensory Approaches. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010093. [PMID: 33466484 PMCID: PMC7824827 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of a commercial grape seed tannin extract (GSE) fully characterized (53% monomers, 47% procyanidins) on wine ester release and perception using a global approach. The behavior of two esters (ethyl hexanoate, ethyl decanoate) was studied in a control wine or in the same wine supplemented with the GSE in preconsumption (in vitro headspace-stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SBSE-GC/MS) and orthonasal perception) and consumption (intraoral-HS-SBSE-GC/MS and dynamic retronasal perception) conditions. For the compound ethyl hexanoate, no significant differences (p > 0.05) among wines were observed in the in vitro analyses while they were observed in the three in vivo experiments (p < 0.05). Thus, the wine supplemented with the GSE showed lower (35%) in vivo release and ortho (36%) and retronasal (16%) perception scores than the control wine. Overall, this suggests that components of the GSE could interact with this compound, directly and/or through complexes with oral components, affecting its release and conditioning its perception. However, perceptual interactions and effects of polyphenols on oral esterases cannot be discarded. On the contrary, the compound ethyl decanoate was not significantly affected by the addition of GSE. In conclusion, the addition of tannin extracts to wines can modulate aroma perception in a compound-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
21
|
García CJ, Beltrán D, Tomás-Barberán FA. Human Gut Microbiota Metabolism of Dietary Sesquiterpene Lactones: Untargeted Metabolomics Study of Lactucopicrin and Lactucin Conversion In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000619. [PMID: 32970341 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Gut microbiota converts dietary phytochemicals into metabolites and modulates their health effects. The microbial metabolism of dietary terpenoids, as the sesquiterpene lactones of leafy vegetables, is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro fermentation of lactucopicrin, lactucin, and romaine lettuce with gut microbiota from independent donors, show their extensive metabolism through untargeted metabolomics of the fecal incubations. Dehydroxylations and double bond hydrogenations are the main catabolic reactions. Isomers of dihydrolactucopicrin, tetrahydrolactucopicrin, and deoxylactucin, are observed after lactucopicrin metabolism. Tetrahydrolactucin and hexahydrolactucin are also found after lactucin metabolism. Lettuce fermentation shows similar metabolic conversions. Phase II conjugates of most of these metabolites are detected in the urine of healthy volunteers after escarole salad intake. Glucuronides, and sulfates, of dihydrolactucopicrin, tetrahydrolactucopicrin, dihydrolactucin, and deoxylactucin, are detected in the urine although with large inter-subject variability. CONCLUSION This is the first report on the gut microbiota metabolism of sesquiterpene lactones in humans, and one of the first reports to describe that dietary terpenoids of widely consumed leafy vegetables are extensively catabolized by human gut microbiota. A large inter-subject variation in the metabolism of sesquiterpene lactones also reflects differences in gut microbiota composition. It suggests that inter-individual differences in their health effects should be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J García
- Research group of Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - David Beltrán
- Research group of Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Research group of Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Murcia, 30100, Spain
- Catholic University San Antonio, UCAM, Guadalupe, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu Z, de Bruijn WJC, Bruins ME, Vincken JP. Reciprocal Interactions between Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and Human Gut Microbiota In Vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9804-9815. [PMID: 32808768 PMCID: PMC7496747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of tea phenolics with gut microbiota may play an integral role in the health benefits of these bioactive compounds, yet this interaction is not fully understood. Here, the metabolic fate of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and its impact on gut microbiota were integrally investigated via in vitro fermentation. As revealed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS), EGCG was promptly degraded into a series of metabolites, including 4-phenylbutyric acid, 3-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, and 3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, through consecutive ester hydrolysis, C-ring opening, A-ring fission, dehydroxylation, and aliphatic chain shortening. Microbiome profiling indicated that, compared to the blank, EGCG treatment resulted in stimulation of the beneficial bacteria Bacteroides, Christensenellaceae, and Bifidobacterium. Additionally, the pathogenic bacteria Fusobacterium varium, Bilophila, and Enterobacteriaceae were inhibited. Furthermore, changes in concentrations of metabolites, including 4-phenylbutyric acid and phenylacetic acid, were strongly correlated with changes in the abundance of specific gut microbiota. These reciprocal interactions between EGCG and gut microbiota may collectively contribute to the health benefits of EGCG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Liu
- Laboratory of Food
Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Food Science & Technology, Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Wouter J. C. de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food
Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke E. Bruins
- Food &
Biobased Research, Wageningen University
& Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food
Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- . Tel: +31-317482234
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Di Pede G, Bresciani L, Calani L, Petrangolini G, Riva A, Allegrini P, Del Rio D, Mena P. The Human Microbial Metabolism of Quercetin in Different Formulations: An In Vitro Evaluation. Foods 2020; 9:E1121. [PMID: 32823976 PMCID: PMC7466208 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is one of the main dietary flavonols, but its beneficial properties in disease prevention may be limited due to its scarce bioavailability. For this purpose, delivery systems have been designed to enhance both stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds. This study aimed at investigating the human microbial metabolism of quercetin derived from unformulated and phytosome-formulated quercetin through an in vitro model. Both ingredients were firstly characterized for their profile in native (poly)phenols, and then fermented with human fecal microbiota for 24 h. Quantification of microbial metabolites was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (uHPLC-MSn) analyses. Native quercetin, the main compound in both products, appeared less prone to microbial degradation in the phytosome-formulated version compared to the unformulated one during fecal incubation. Quercetin of both products was bioaccessible to colonic microbiota, resulting in the production of phenylpropanoic acid, phenylacetic acid and benzoic acid derivatives. The extent of the microbial metabolism of quercetin was higher in the unformulated ingredient, in a time-dependent manner. This study opened new perspectives to investigate the role of delivery systems on influencing the microbial metabolism of flavonols in the colonic environment, a pivotal step in the presumed bioactivity associated to their intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Pede
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.D.P.); (L.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Letizia Bresciani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Luca Calani
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.D.P.); (L.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Giovanna Petrangolini
- Research and Development Department, Indena S.p.A., Viale Ortles, 12-20139 Milano, Italy; (G.P.); (A.R.); (P.A.)
| | - Antonella Riva
- Research and Development Department, Indena S.p.A., Viale Ortles, 12-20139 Milano, Italy; (G.P.); (A.R.); (P.A.)
| | - Pietro Allegrini
- Research and Development Department, Indena S.p.A., Viale Ortles, 12-20139 Milano, Italy; (G.P.); (A.R.); (P.A.)
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Pedro Mena
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.D.P.); (L.C.); (P.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dietary Fibres Differentially Impact on the Production of Phenolic Acids from Rutin in an In Vitro Fermentation Model of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061577. [PMID: 32481553 PMCID: PMC7352394 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are often ingested alongside dietary fibres. They are both catabolised by, and may influence, the intestinal microbiota; yet, interactions between them and the impact on their resultant microbial products are poorly understood. Dietary fibres (inulin, pectin, psyllium, pyrodextrin, wheat bran, cellulose—three doses) were fermented in vitro with human faeces (n = 10) with and without rutin (20 µg/mL), a common dietary flavonol glycoside. Twenty-eight phenolic metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured over 24 h. Several phenolic metabolites were produced during fibre fermentation, without rutin. With rutin, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4diOHPAA), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3OHPAA), 3-(3 hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (3OHPPA) and 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (3,4diOHPPA; DOPAC) were produced, with 3,4diOHPAA the most abundant, confirmed by fermentation of 13C labelled quercetin. The addition of inulin, wheat bran or pyrodextrin increased 3,4diOHPAA 2 2.5-fold over 24 h (p < 0.05). Rutin affected SCFA production, but this depended on fibre, fibre concentration and timepoint. With inulin, rutin increased pH at 6 h from 4.9 to 5.6 (p = 0.01) but increased propionic, butyric and isovaleric acid (1.9, 1.6 and 5-fold, p < 0.05 at 24 h). Interactions between fibre and phenolics modify production of phenolic acids and SCFA and may be key in enhancing health benefits.
Collapse
|
25
|
María PJ, Carolina MG, María Ángeles PB. Understanding human salivary esterase activity and its variation under wine consumption conditions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24352-24361. [PMID: 35516217 PMCID: PMC9055122 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04624h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary esterase enzymes have been related to the in vitro hydrolysis of carboxylic esters associated with fruity and pleasant aroma nuances in many types of wine. However, very little is known about human total salivary esterase activity (TSEA) under physiological conditions. The purpose of this study is to gain understanding of TSEA and its relevance under wine consumption conditions. To do this, a methodology for TSEA measurement was optimised and applied to examine inter-individual differences (n = 10). Furthermore, TSEA was correlated with other salivary parameters (flow, pH, total protein content). The effect of the oral exposure to different types of wine-like solutions with different composition (ethanol, phenolic and aroma compounds) on TSEA was also assessed. Results showed large inter-individual differences, up to 86%, on TSEA values. Additionally, TSEA was positively correlated with the total salivary protein content (TPC) and negatively correlated with salivary pH and flow. After the oral exposure to wine-like solutions, the combined presence of ethanol, carboxylic esters and phenolic compounds produced the highest TSEA value. Results from this work prove that human salivary esterase is active during wine consumption, and adds support to the involvement of this enzymatic activity on wine aroma perception during wine intake, which will require future studies. Human salivary esterase is active during wine consumption supporting its potential involvement on the perception of odorant esters during wine intake.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pérez-Jiménez María
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL)
- CSIC-UAM
- Madrid
- Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mena P, Bresciani L, Brindani N, Ludwig IA, Pereira-Caro G, Angelino D, Llorach R, Calani L, Brighenti F, Clifford MN, Gill CIR, Crozier A, Curti C, Del Rio D. Phenyl-γ-valerolactones and phenylvaleric acids, the main colonic metabolites of flavan-3-ols: synthesis, analysis, bioavailability, and bioactivity. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:714-752. [PMID: 30468210 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1958 to June 2018 Phenyl-γ-valerolactones (PVLs) and their related phenylvaleric acids (PVAs) are the main metabolites of flavan-3-ols, the major class of flavonoids in the human diet. Despite their presumed importance, these gut microbiota-derived compounds have, to date, in terms of biological activity, been considered subordinate to their parent dietary compounds, the flavan-3-ol monomers and proanthocyanidins. In this review, the role and prospects of PVLs and PVAs as key metabolites in the understanding of the health features of flavan-3-ols have been critically assessed. Among the topics covered, are proposals for a standardised nomenclature for PVLs and PVAs. The formation, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of PVLs and PVAs from different types of flavan-3-ols are discussed, taking into account in vitro and animal studies, as well as inter-individual differences and the existence of putative flavan-3-ol metabotypes. Synthetic strategies used for the preparation of PVLs are considered and the methodologies for their identification and quantification assessed. Metabolomic approaches unravelling the role of PVLs and PVAs as biomarkers of intake are also described. Finally, the biological activity of these microbial catabolites in different experimental models is summarised. Knowledge gaps and future research are considered in this key area of dietary (poly)phenol research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mena
- Department of Food & Drugs, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Krishnamoorthy R, Adisa AR, Periasamy VS, Athinarayanan J, Pandurangan SB, Alshatwi AA. Colonic Bacteria-Transformed Catechin Metabolite Response to Cytokine Production by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120830. [PMID: 31817548 PMCID: PMC6995598 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut microbes are a profitable tool for the modification of food compounds into biologically active metabolites. The biological properties of catechins have been extensively investigated. However, the bioavailability of catechin in human blood plasma is very low. This study aimed to determine the biotransformed catechin metabolites and their bioactive potentials for modulating the immune response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Biotransformation of catechin was carried out using in-vitro gut microbial biotransformation method, the transformed metabolites were identified and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Present observations confirmed that the catechin was biotransformed into 11 metabolites upon microbial dehydroxylation and C ring cleavage. Further, immunomodulatory potential of catechin metabolites was analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We found up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4, IL-10) and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory (IL-16, IL-12B) cytokine may be due to Th2 immune response. In conclusion, biotransformed catechin metabolites enhance anti-inflammatory cytokines which is beneficial for overcoming inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdulraheem R. Adisa
- Correspondence: (A.R.A.); (A.A.A.); Tel.: +966-543617783 (A.R.A.); +966-504236535 (A.A.A.)
| | | | | | | | - Ali A. Alshatwi
- Correspondence: (A.R.A.); (A.A.A.); Tel.: +966-543617783 (A.R.A.); +966-504236535 (A.A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Polyphenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Uncaria tomentosa Commercial Bark Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090339. [PMID: 31450810 PMCID: PMC6770501 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncaria tomentosa, which is widely commercialized as an herbal medicine, constitutes an important source of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities. For instance, we have previously reported, for the first time, of a polyphenolic profile rich in proanthocyanidins from extracts of U. tomentosa plants, as well as their antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity on aerial bacteria, and cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines. These promising results prompted this research to evaluate the polyphenolic contents of U. tomentosa commercial products. We report a detailed study on the polyphenolic composition of extracts from U. tomentosa bark products (n = 18) commercialized in Costa Rica and Spain. Using HPLC-DAD/TQ-ESI-MS, a total of 25 polyphenolic compounds were identified, including hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ol monomers, procyanidin dimers, procyanidin trimers, as well as propelargonidin dimers. Our findings on the polyphenolic profile for all commercial samples show analogous composition to previous reports on U. tomentosa bark material, for instance a 41–49% content of procyanidin dimers and the presence of propelargonidin dimers (8–15%). However, most of the 18 commercial samples exhibit low proanthocyanidin contents (254.8–602.8 µg/g), more similar to previous U. tomentosa inner bark reports, while some exhibit better results, with one sample (SP-2) showing the highest contents (2386.5 µg/g) representing twice the average value of all 18 commercial products. This sample also exhibits the highest total phenolics (TP) and total proanthocyanidins (PRO) contents, as well as the highest Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) value (1.31 µg TE/g). One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey post hoc test indicated significant difference (p < 0.05) between products from Costa Rica and Spain for TP and PRO findings, with samples from Spain exhibiting a higher average value. In addition, Pearson correlation analysis results showed a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between TP, PRO, and ORAC results, and an especially important correlation between ORAC antioxidant values and procyanidin dimers (r = 0.843, p < 0.05), procyanidin trimers (r = 0.847, p < 0.05), and propelargonidin dimers (r = 0.851, p < 0.05) contents. Finally, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results indicated some variability in the composition regardless of their origin. However, only one sample (SP-2) stands out significatively, showing the highest PC1 because of its particularly high proanthocyanidins contents, which could be attributed to the 15% bark polyphenolic extract labeled in this commercial product, which differentiate this sample from all other 17 commercial samples. Therefore, our findings confirmed previous results on the value of extracts in the elaboration of potential commercial products from U. tomentosa, rich in proanthocyanidins and exhibiting high antioxidant activity.
Collapse
|
29
|
Chamorro S, Romero C, Brenes A, Sánchez-Patán F, Bartolomé B, Viveros A, Arija I. Impact of a sustained consumption of grape extract on digestion, gut microbial metabolism and intestinal barrier in broiler chickens. Food Funct 2019; 10:1444-1454. [PMID: 30768097 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary supplementation with grape extract (GE) at 2.5 and 5.0 g kg-1 of feed on intestinal utilization of polyphenols and gut health of broiler chickens was determined. The ileal digestibility of grape polyphenols was higher for flavan-3-ol monomers [(+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin] than for dimers (Procyanidins B1 and B2) and galloylated compounds [(-)-epicatechingallate] and no differences among 2.5 and 5.0 g GE per kg dietary treatments were observed. The excreta concentration of benzoic, phenylacetic, phenylpropionic, and cinnamic acids and phenyl-γ-valerolactone phenolic metabolites was higher in birds fed GE, confirming hence the microbial metabolism of grape polyphenols to a relevant extent. Gut morphology and the total ileal mucin content were not modified by the dietary inclusion of GE, but a lower sialic acid concentration was observed in those birds fed a higher concentration of GE. Escherichia coli and lactic-acid bacteria ileal counts were reduced in birds fed GE. Overall, these results prove the extensive intestinal utilization and microbial metabolism of grape polyphenols in broiler chickens. Some antimicrobial and mucin-modulation effects were also observed after a sustained consumption of grape polyphenols during 21 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Chamorro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Individual differences and effect of phenolic compounds in the immediate and prolonged in-mouth aroma release and retronasal aroma intensity during wine tasting. Food Chem 2019; 285:147-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
31
|
Sánchez MC, Ribeiro-Vidal H, Esteban-Fernández A, Bartolomé B, Figuero E, Moreno-Arribas MV, Sanz M, Herrera D. Antimicrobial activity of red wine and oenological extracts against periodontal pathogens in a validated oral biofilm model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:145. [PMID: 31226983 PMCID: PMC6588849 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous research findings support an antimicrobial effect of polyphenols against a variety of pathogens, but there is no evidence of this effect against periodontal pathogens in complex biofilms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of red wine and oenological extracts, rich in polyphenols, against the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Fusobacterium nucleatum and total bacteria growing in an in vitro oral biofilm static model. Methods A previously validated biofilm model, including Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella parvula, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans was developed on sterile hydroxyapatite discs. Red wine (and dealcoholized wine), and two polyphenols-rich extracts (from wine and grape seeds) were applied to 72 h biofilms by dipping the discs during 1 and 5 min in the wine solutions and during 30 s and 1 min in the oenological extracts. Resulting biofilms were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and viable bacteria (colony forming units/mL) were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction combined with propidium monoazide. A generalized linear model was constructed to determine the effect of the tested products on the viable bacterial counts of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, as well on the total number of viable bacteria. Results The results showed that red wine and dealcoholized red wine caused reduction in viability of total bacteria within the biofilm, with statistically significant reductions in the number of viable P. gingivalis after 1 min (p = 0.008) and in A. actinomycetemcomitans after 5 min of exposure (p = 0.011) with red wine. No evidence of relevant antibacterial effect was observed with the oenological extracts, with statistically significant reductions of F. nucleatum after 30 s of exposure to both oenological extracts (p = 0.001). Conclusions Although moderate, the antimicrobial impact observed in the total bacterial counts and counts of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, encourage further investigations on the potential use of these natural products in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tao W, Zhang Y, Shen X, Cao Y, Shi J, Ye X, Chen S. Rethinking the Mechanism of the Health Benefits of Proanthocyanidins: Absorption, Metabolism, and Interaction with Gut Microbiota. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:971-985. [PMID: 33336996 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins, as the oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol, are widely discovered in plants such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, nuts, and leaves, presenting a major part of dietary polyphenols. Although proanthocyanidins exert several types of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective activity, their exact mechanisms remain unclear. Due to the complexity of the structure of proanthocyanidins, such as their various monomers, different linkages and isomers, investigation of their bioavailability and metabolism is limited, which further hinders the explanation of their bioactivities. Since the large molecular weight and degree of polymerization limit the bioavailability of proanthocyanidins, the major effective site of proanthocyanidins is proposed to be in the gut. Many studies have revealed the effects of proanthocyanidins from different sources on changing the composition of gut microbiota based on in vitro and in vivo models and the bioactivities of their metabolites. However, the metabolic routes of proanthocyanidins by gut microbiota and their mutual interactions are still sparse. Thus, this review summarizes the chemistry, absorption, and metabolic pathways of proanthocyanidins ranging from monomers to polymers, as well as the mutual interactions between proanthocyanidins and gut microbiota, in order to better understand how proanthocyanidins exert their health-promoting functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Tao
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuemin Shen
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business Univ. (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - John Shi
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhao D, Yuan B, Carry E, Pasinetti GM, Ho L, Faith J, Mogno I, Simon J, Wu Q. Development and validation of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method for analyzing microbial-derived grape polyphenol metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1099:34-45. [PMID: 30241072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the health impact of dietary phenolic compounds, including the principal grape-derived polyphenols, (+)‑catechin and (-)‑epicatechin, is exerted by not only the parent compounds but also their phenolic metabolites generated by the gut microbiota. In this work, a new high-throughput, sensitive and reproducible analytical method was developed employing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) for the simultaneous analysis of 16 microbial-generated phenolic acid metabolites (PAMs) along with their precursors, catechin and epicatechin. Following optimizing the solvent system, LC conditions and MS parameters, method validation was carried out to evaluate the sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and precision of the proposed method, and to ensure promising recovery of all analytes extracted from the matrix prior to bioanalysis. Results showed that the optimized analytical method allowed successful confirmation and quantitation of all analytes under dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mode using trans‑cinnamic acid‑d7 as an internal standard (I.S.). Excellent sensitivity and linearity were obtained for all analytes, with lower limits of detection (LLODs) and lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) in the ranges of 0.225-2.053 ng/mL and 0.698-8.116 ng/mL, respectively. By examining blank matrix spiked with standard mixture at different concentration levels, promising recoveries at two spiking levels (low level, 91.2-115%; high level 90.2-121%), and excellent precision (RSD < 10%) were obtained. This method was then successfully applied to an in vitro study where catechin/epicatechin-enriched broth samples were anaerobically fermented with gut microbes procured from healthy human donors. All sources of bacteria employed showed remarkable activity in metabolizing grape polyphenols and distinct variations in the production of PAMs. The successful application of this method in the in vitro fermentation assays demonstrates its suitability for high-throughput analysis of polyphenol metabolites, particularly catechin/epicatechin-derived PAMs, in biological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyue Zhao
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bo Yuan
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Eileen Carry
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernst Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Giulio M Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Lap Ho
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Jeremiah Faith
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ilaria Mogno
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jim Simon
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernst Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Qingli Wu
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernst Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Polyphenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from Uncaria tomentosa Bark and Leaves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7050065. [PMID: 29751684 PMCID: PMC5981251 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7050065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncaria tomentosa constitutes an important source of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities mainly attributed until recently to alkaloids and triterpenes. We have previously reported for the first-time the polyphenolic profile of extracts from U. tomentosa, using a multi-step process involving organic solvents, as well as their antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity on aerial bacteria, and cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines. These promising results prompted the present study using food grade solvents suitable for the elaboration of commercial extracts. We report a detailed study on the polyphenolic composition of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of U. tomentosa bark and leaves (n = 16), using High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/TQ-ESI-MS). A total of 32 compounds were identified, including hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols monomers, procyanidin dimers and trimers, flavalignans⁻cinchonains and propelargonidin dimers. Our findings showed that the leaves were the richest source of total phenolics and proanthocyanidins, in particular propelargonidin dimers. Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated that the contents of procyanidin and propelargonidin dimers were significantly different (p < 0.05) in function of the plant part, and leaves extracts showed higher contents. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) values indicated higher antioxidant capacity for the leaves (p < 0.05). Further, correlation between both methods and procyanidin dimers was found, particularly between ORAC and propelargonidin dimers. Finally, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis results clearly indicated that the leaves are the richest plant part in proanthocyanidins and a very homogenous material, regardless of their origin. Therefore, our findings revealed that both ethanol and water extraction processes are adequate for the elaboration of potential commercial extracts from U. tomentosa leaves rich in proanthocyanidins and exhibiting high antioxidant activity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Esteban-Fernández A, Zorraquín-Peña I, Ferrer MD, Mira A, Bartolomé B, González de Llano D, Moreno-Arribas MV. Inhibition of Oral Pathogens Adhesion to Human Gingival Fibroblasts by Wine Polyphenols Alone and in Combination with an Oral Probiotic. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2071-2082. [PMID: 29464948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several benefits have been described for red wine polyphenols and probiotic strains in the promotion of colonic metabolism and health. On the contrary, knowledge about their role in the management of oral health is still scarce. In this work, the antiadhesive capacity of selected red wine polyphenols and oenological extracts against the oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus mutans in an in vitro model of human gingival fibroblasts has been explored as well as their complementary action with the candidate oral probiotic Streptococcus dentisani. Results highlighted the antiadhesive capacity of caffeic and p-coumaric acids as well as grape seed and red wine oenological extracts. Both, caffeic and p-coumaric acids increased their inhibition potential against S. mutans adhesion when combined with S. dentisani. Additionally, UHPLC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated the oral metabolism of wine phenolics due to both, cellular and bacterial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaida Esteban-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , CSIC-UAM , c/Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Irene Zorraquín-Peña
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , CSIC-UAM , c/Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Maria D Ferrer
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health , FISABIO Foundation , 46020 Valencia , Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health , FISABIO Foundation , 46020 Valencia , Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Begoña Bartolomé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , CSIC-UAM , c/Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Dolores González de Llano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , CSIC-UAM , c/Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - M Victoria Moreno-Arribas
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) , CSIC-UAM , c/Nicolás Cabrera, 9 , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Navarro M, Moreira I, Arnaez E, Quesada S, Azofeifa G, Alvarado D, Monagas MJ. Proanthocyanidin Characterization, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Three Plants Commonly Used in Traditional Medicine in Costa Rica: Petiveria alliaceae L., Phyllanthus niruri L. and Senna reticulata Willd. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6040050. [PMID: 29048336 PMCID: PMC5750626 DOI: 10.3390/plants6040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The phenolic composition of aerial parts from Petiveria alliaceae L., Phyllanthus niruri L. and Senna reticulata Willd., species commonly used in Costa Rica as traditional medicines, was studied using UPLC-ESI-TQ-MS on enriched-phenolic extracts. Comparatively, higher values of total phenolic content (TPC), as measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, were observed for P. niruri extracts (328.8 gallic acid equivalents/g) than for S. reticulata (79.30 gallic acid equivalents/g) whereas P. alliaceae extract showed the lowest value (13.45 gallic acid equivalents/g). A total of 20 phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins were identified in the extracts, including hydroxybenzoic acids (benzoic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, gallic, prochatechuic, salicylic, syringic and vanillic acids); hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids); and flavan-3-ols monomers [(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin)]. Regarding proanthocyanidin oligomers, five procyanidin dimers (B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5) and one trimer (T2) are reported for the first time in P. niruri, as well as two propelargonidin dimers in S. reticulata. Additionally, P. niruri showed the highest antioxidant DPPH and ORAC values (IC50 of 6.4 μg/mL and 6.5 mmol TE/g respectively), followed by S. reticulata (IC50 of 72.9 μg/mL and 2.68 mmol TE/g respectively) and P. alliaceae extract (IC50 >1000 μg/mL and 1.32 mmol TE/g respectively). Finally, cytotoxicity and selectivity on gastric AGS and colon SW20 adenocarcinoma cell lines were evaluated and the best values were also found for P. niruri (SI = 2.8), followed by S. reticulata (SI = 2.5). Therefore, these results suggest that extracts containing higher proanthocyanidin content also show higher bioactivities. Significant positive correlation was found between TPC and ORAC (R2 = 0.996) as well as between phenolic content as measured by UPLC-DAD and ORAC (R2 = 0.990). These findings show evidence for the first time of the diversity of phenolic acids in P. alliaceae and S. reticulata, and the presence of proanthocyanidins as minor components in latter species. Of particular relevance is the occurrence of proanthocyanidin oligomers in phenolic extracts from P. niruri and their potential bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha Navarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Rodrigo Facio Campus, San Pedro Montes Oca, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Ileana Moreira
- Department of Biology, Technological University of Costa Rica (TEC), Cartago 7050, Costa Rica.
| | - Elizabeth Arnaez
- Department of Biology, Technological University of Costa Rica (TEC), Cartago 7050, Costa Rica.
| | - Silvia Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Rodrigo Facio Campus, San Pedro Montes Oca, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Gabriela Azofeifa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Rodrigo Facio Campus, San Pedro Montes Oca, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Diego Alvarado
- Department of Biology, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Rodrigo Facio Campus, San Pedro Montes Oca, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Maria J Monagas
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gil-Sánchez I, Ayuda-Durán B, González-Manzano S, Santos-Buelga C, Cueva C, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Sanz-Buenhombre M, Guadarrama A, Moreno-Arribas MV, Bartolomé B. Chemical characterization and in vitro colonic fermentation of grape pomace extracts. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3433-3444. [PMID: 28026017 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is growing interest in extracts derived from winery by-products because of their beneficial health properties, which are associated with the presence of bioactive compounds. In this paper, we have carried out the chemical characterization and in vitro colonic fermentation of four grape pomace (GP) extracts rich in polyphenols and dietary fibre. RESULT Firstly, phenolic and dietary fibre composition of the GP extracts was determined. The highest individual phenolic concentrations corresponded to gallic and ellagic acids, followed by catechins and flavonols. The non-digestible fibre fraction ranged from 66% to 83% of the GP extracts, which indicated that they mainly contained non-digestible cell wall components. Secondly, when GP extracts were subjected to fermentation by faecal microbiota, a total of 16 bacterial phenolic metabolites were found in the fermented samples, confirming that polyphenols contained in the GP extracts were metabolized to different active metabolites by microbiota. In addition, the GP extracts tended to promote the growth of intestinal microbiota, although it was only significant for the Enterococcus group. CONCLUSION These findings, together with other information available in the literature, support the high added value of products obtained from winery by-products. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Begoña Ayuda-Durán
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | - Carolina Cueva
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Begoña Bartolomé
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Navarro M, Zamora W, Quesada S, Azofeifa G, Alvarado D, Monagas M. Fractioning of Proanthocyanidins of Uncaria tomentosa. Composition and Structure-Bioactivity Relationship. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6030060. [PMID: 28788071 PMCID: PMC5618088 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, the detailed low-molecular weight polyphenolic profile of the different plant parts (leaves, stem, bark and wood) of Uncaria tomentosa was reported, the leaves being the plant part with the highest phenolic content and presenting the most heterogenous proanthocyanidin composition. Further, cytotoxicity of leaves extracts in two cancer cell lines was also found to be higher than in the remaining parts of the plant. In the present study, fractioning of U. tomentosa leaves polyphenolic extracts was performed using Diaion® HP-20 resin and a detailed characterization and quantification of fractions (n = 5) was achieved using advanced analytical techniques such as Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electrospray Ionization and Triple Quadrupole (TQD) Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC/TQ-ESI-MS) and 13C-NMR. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and cytotoxicity on gastric adenocarcinoma AGS and colon adenocarcinoma SW20 cell lines were also determined in the different fractions. Results showed selective distribution of 32 non-flavonoid and flavonoid phenolics among the different fractions. ORAC varied between 3.2 and 11.8 μmol TE/mg in the different fractions, whereas IC50 of cytotoxicity on gastric adenocarcinoma AGS and colon adenocarcinoma SW20 cell lines best values were between 71.4 and 75.6 µg/mL. Fractions rich in proanthocyanidins also showed the highest bioactivity. In fact, significant positive correlation was found between total proanthocyanidins (TP) quantified by UPLC-DAD and ORAC (R2 = 0.970), whereas significant negative correlation was found between TP and cytotoxicity towards AGS (R2 = 0.820) and SW620 (R2 = 0.843) adenocarcinoma cell lines. Among proanthocyanidins, propelargonidin dimers were of particular interest, showing significant correlation with cytotoxic selectivity on both gastric AGS (R2 = 0.848) and colon SW620 (R2 = 0.883) adenocarcinoma cell lines. These results show further evidence of the bioactivity of U. tomentosa proanthocyanidin extracts and their potential health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha Navarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - William Zamora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Silvia Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Gabriela Azofeifa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Diego Alvarado
- Department of Biology, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Maria Monagas
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gutiérrez-Díaz I, Fernández-Navarro T, Salazar N, Bartolomé B, Moreno-Arribas MV, de Andres-Galiana EJ, Fernández-Martínez JL, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Gueimonde M, González S. Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Influences the Fecal Metabolic Profile of Microbial-Derived Phenolics in a Spanish Cohort of Middle-Age and Older People. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:586-595. [PMID: 28029051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the evidence regarding the influence of certain polyphenol food sources on the metabolic profile in feces, the association between the different phenolics provided by the diet and the fecal phenolic profile has not been elucidated. In this study, the composition of phenolic metabolites in fecal solutions was analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS in 74 volunteers. This fecal phenolic profile showed a high interindividual variation of the different compounds analyzed, phenylacetic and phenylpropionic acids being the major classes of phenolic metabolites excreted in feces. Subjects with higher adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern presented greater fecal concentrations of benzoic and 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, positively correlated with the intake of the principal classes and subclasses of polyphenols and fibers, and higher levels of Clostridium cluster XVIa and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. These results provide a link among the Mediterranean dietary pattern, the bioactive compounds of the diet, and the fecal metabolic phenolic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gutiérrez-Díaz
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo , C/Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) , Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain
| | - Tania Fernández-Navarro
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo , C/Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) , Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) , Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain
| | - Begoña Bartolomé
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM-CSIC , C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Victoria Moreno-Arribas
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM-CSIC , C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) , Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) , Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain
| | - Sonia González
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo , C/Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Polyphenols with Antioxidant Activity in Sour Guava (Psidium friedrichsthalianum Nied.) Fruit. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010011. [PMID: 28025550 PMCID: PMC6155605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psidium is a genus of tropical bushes belonging to the Myrtaceae family distributed in Central and South America. The polar extract of Psidium friedrichsthalianum Nied. was partitioned with ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, and the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu and ABTS assays, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited both the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Due to the complexity of this fraction, an analytical method for the comprehensive profiling of phenolic compounds was done by UPLC-ESI/QqQ in MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) mode. In this targeted analysis, 22 phenolic compounds were identified, among which several hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were found. This is the first time that (+)-catechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, and (−)-epicatechin have been reported as constituents of sour guava. A fractionation by exclusion size, C18-column chromatography, and preparative RRLC (rapid resolution liquid chromatography) allowed us to confirm the presence of ellagic acid and isomeric procyanidins B, well-known bioactive compounds. The content of phenolic compounds in this fruit shows its potential for the development of functional foods.
Collapse
|
41
|
Total antioxidant capacity of new natural powdered seasonings after gastrointestinal and colonic digestion. Food Chem 2016; 211:707-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
42
|
Serre E, Boutin Y, Langevin ME, Lutin F, Pedneault K, Lacour S, Bazinet L. Deacidification of cranberry juice protects against disruption of in-vitro intestinal cell barrier integrity. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
43
|
Liu H, Tayyari F, Edison AS, Su Z, Gu L. NMR-based metabolomics reveals urinary metabolome modifications in female Sprague–Dawley rats by cranberry procyanidins. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 34:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
44
|
Brenes A, Viveros A, Chamorro S, Arija I. Use of polyphenol-rich grape by-products in monogastric nutrition. A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
45
|
Navarro Hoyos M, Sánchez-Patán F, Murillo Masis R, Martín-Álvarez PJ, Zamora Ramirez W, Monagas MJ, Bartolomé B. Phenolic Assesment of Uncaria tomentosa L. (Cat's Claw): Leaves, Stem, Bark and Wood Extracts. Molecules 2015; 20:22703-17. [PMID: 26694348 PMCID: PMC6332257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenolic composition of extracts from Uncaria tomentosa L. from different regions of Costa Rica was studied using advanced analytical techniques such as UPLC/TQ-ESI-MS and 13C-NMR. Samples from leaves, stems, bark and wood (n = 22) were subjected to extraction to obtain phenolic and alkaloid extracts, separately. Comparatively, higher values of total phenolic content were observed for leaves, stems and bark (225–494 gallic acid equivalents/g) than for wood extracts (40–167 gallic acid equivalents/g). A total of 32 non-flavonoid and flavonoid compounds were identified in the phenolic extracts: hydroxybenzoic acids (benzoic, salicylic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, prochatechuic, gallic, syringic and vanillic acids), hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and isoferulic acids), flavan-3-ols monomers [(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin)], procyanidin dimers (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B7 and two other of unknown structure) and trimers (C1, T2 and one of unknown structure), flavalignans (four unknown structures pertaining to the cinchonain family) and propelargonidin dimers (four unknown structures, reported for the first time in U. tomentosa). Additionally, alkaloid extracts obtained from the plant residue after phenolic extraction exhibited a content of tetracyclic and pentacyclic alkaloids ranging between 95 and 275 mg/100 g of dry material for bark extracts, and between 30 and 704 mg/100 g for leaves extracts. In addition, a minor alkaloid was isolated and characterized, namely 18,19-dehydrocorynoxinoic acid. Our results confirmed the feasibility of U. tomentosa as a suitable raw material for obtaining phenolic- and alkaloid-rich extracts of potential interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha Navarro Hoyos
- Department of Chemistry at the University of Costa Rica (UCR), Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Patán
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Renato Murillo Masis
- Department of Chemistry at the University of Costa Rica (UCR), Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Pedro J Martín-Álvarez
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - William Zamora Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry at the University of Costa Rica (UCR), Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Maria J Monagas
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Begoña Bartolomé
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ge ZZ, Dong XQ, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Li CM. Metabolites and Changes in Antioxidant Activity of A-Type and B-Type Proanthocyanidin Dimers after Incubation with Rat Intestinal Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8991-8998. [PMID: 26420512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of B-type EC dimer, A-type EC dimer, A-type ECG dimer, and A-type EGCG dimer was compared in vitro after incubation with rat intestinal microbiota for 0-24 h. A "dimeric" catabolite (m/z 815.6) was detected in four procyanthocyanidin dimers. Although the early cleavage of the C4-C8 interflavan bond and the reductive cleavage of the C-ring occurred in both B-type and A-type dimers, the degradation routes of these two types of dimers might somewhat differ. A dimeric catabolite C1 and more low molecular weight phenolic acids were detected in the metabolites of A-type EC dimer, but not in B-type EC dimer. The antioxidant capabilities of the A-type dimers were enhanced significantly after incubation for 6 h, whereas the antioxidant capacity of B-type EC dimer decreased. The results suggested that changes in antioxidant activity of procyanidin dimers after bioconversion by rat intestinal microbiota were not only structure dependent but also incubation condition dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-zhen Ge
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China 430070
| | - Xiao-qian Dong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China 430070
| | - Wei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China 430070
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China 430070
| | - Chun-mei Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, China 430070
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Food Science (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education , Wuhan, China 430070
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mosele JI, Macià A, Motilva MJ. Metabolic and Microbial Modulation of the Large Intestine Ecosystem by Non-Absorbed Diet Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Molecules 2015; 20:17429-68. [PMID: 26393570 PMCID: PMC6331829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds represent a diverse group of phytochemicals whose intake is associated with a wide spectrum of health benefits. As consequence of their low bioavailability, most of them reach the large intestine where, mediated by the action of local microbiota, a series of related microbial metabolites are accumulated. In the present review, gut microbial transformations of non-absorbed phenolic compounds are summarized. Several studies have reached a general consensus that unbalanced diets are associated with undesirable changes in gut metabolism that could be detrimental to intestinal health. In terms of explaining the possible effects of non-absorbed phenolic compounds, we have also gathered information regarded their influence on the local metabolism. For this purpose, a number of issues are discussed. Firstly, we consider the possible implications of phenolic compounds in the metabolism of colonic products, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), sterols (cholesterol and bile acids), and microbial products of non-absorbed proteins. Due to their being recognized as affective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, the ability of phenolic compounds to counteract or suppress pro-oxidant and/or pro-inflammatory responses, triggered by bowel diseases, is also presented. The modulation of gut microbiota through dietetic maneuvers including phenolic compounds is also commented on. Although the available data seems to assume positive effects in terms of gut health protection, it is still insufficient for solid conclusions to be extracted, basically due to the lack of human trials to confirm the results obtained by the in vitro and animal studies. We consider that more emphasis should be focused on the study of phenolic compounds, particularly in their microbial metabolites, and their power to influence different aspects of gut health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juana I Mosele
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
| | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
| | - Maria-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu H, Garrett TJ, Tayyari F, Gu L. Profiling the metabolome changes caused by cranberry procyanidins in plasma of female rats using (1) H NMR and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS global metabolomics approaches. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2107-18. [PMID: 26264887 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The objective was to investigate the metabolome changes in female rats gavaged with partially purified cranberry procyanidins (PPCP) using (1) H NMR and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS metabolomics approaches, and to identify the contributing metabolites. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into two groups and administered PPCP or partially purified apple procyanidins (PPAP) for three times using a 250 mg extracts/kg body weight dose. Plasma was collected 6 h after the last gavage and analyzed using (1) H NMR and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS. No metabolome difference was observed using (1) H NMR metabolomics approach. However, LC-HRMS metabolomics data show that metabolome in the plasma of female rats administered PPCP differed from those gavaged with PPAP. Eleven metabolites were tentatively identified from a total of 36 discriminant metabolic features based on accurate masses and/or product ion spectra. PPCP caused a greater increase of exogenous metabolites including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, phenol, phenol-sulphate, catechol sulphate, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylvaleric acid, and 4'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin-3'-O-beta-glucuronide in rat plasma. Furthermore, the plasma level of O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin-O-glucuronide, 4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid-O-sulphate, 5-(hydroxyphenyl)-ϒ-valerolactone-O-sulphate, 4-hydroxydiphenylamine, and peonidin-3-O-hexose were higher in female rats administered with PPAP. CONCLUSION The metabolome changes caused by cranberry procyanidins were revealed using an UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS global metabolomics approach. Exogenous and microbial metabolites were the major identified discriminate biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fariba Tayyari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liwei Gu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Comparative in vitro fermentations of cranberry and grape seed polyphenols with colonic microbiota. Food Chem 2015; 183:273-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
50
|
Application of a new Dynamic Gastrointestinal Simulator (SIMGI) to study the impact of red wine in colonic metabolism. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|