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Raven JA, Andrews M. Photon costs of shoot and root NO 3-, and root NH 4+, assimilation in terrestrial vascular plants considering associated pH regulation, osmotic and ontogenetic effects. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 155:127-137. [PMID: 36418758 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The photon costs of photoreduction/assimilation of nitrate (NO3-) into organic nitrogen in shoots and respiratory driven NO3- and NH4+ assimilation in roots are compared for terrestrial vascular plants, considering associated pH regulation, osmotic and ontogenetic effects. Different mechanisms of neutralisation of the hydroxyl (OH-) ion necessarily generated in shoot NO3- assimilation are considered. Photoreduction/assimilation of NO3- in shoots with malic acid synthesis and either accumulation of malate in leaf vacuoles or transport of malate to roots and catabolism there have a similar cost which is around 35% less than that for root NO3- assimilation and around 20% less than that for photoreduction/assimilation of NO3-, oxalate production and storage of Ca oxalate in leaf vacuoles. The photon cost of root NH4+ assimilation with H+ efflux to the root medium is around 70% less than that of root NO3- assimilation. These differences in photon cost must be considered in the context of the use of a combination of locations of NO3- assimilation and mechanisms of acid-base regulation, and a maximum of 4.9-9.1% of total photon absorption needed for growth and maintenance that is devoted to NO3- assimilation and acid-base regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Mitchell Andrews
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
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Li P, Liu C, Luo Y, Shi H, Li Q, PinChu C, Li X, Yang J, Fan W. Oxalate in Plants: Metabolism, Function, Regulation, and Application. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16037-16049. [PMID: 36511327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Characterized by strong acidity, chelating ability, and reducing ability, oxalic acid, a low molecular weight dicarboxylic organic acid, plays important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development, the response to both biotic and abiotic stresses such as plant defense and heavy metals detoxification, and food quality. The metabolism of oxalic acid has been well-studied in microorganisms, fungi, and animals but remains less understood in plants. However, excessive accumulation of oxalic acid is detrimental to plants. Therefore, the level of oxalic acid has to be precisely controlled in plant tissues. In this review, we summarize the metabolism, function, and regulation of oxalic acid in plants, and we discuss solutions such as agricultural practices and plant biotechnology to manipulate oxalic acid metabolism to regulate plant responses to both external stimuli and internal developmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yu Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Huineng Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Cier PinChu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jianli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Joshi V, Penalosa A, Joshi M, Rodriguez S. Regulation of Oxalate Metabolism in Spinach Revealed by RNA-Seq-Based Transcriptomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105294. [PMID: 34069886 PMCID: PMC8157348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is considered to be one of the most nutrient-rich leafy vegetables, it is also a potent accumulator of anti-nutritional oxalate. Reducing oxalate content would increase the nutritional value of spinach by enhancing the dietary bioavailability of calcium and other minerals. This study aimed to investigate the proposed hypothesis that a complex network of genes associated with intrinsic metabolic and physiological processes regulates oxalate homeostasis in spinach. Transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) analysis of the leaf and root tissues of two spinach genotypes with contrasting oxalate phenotypes was performed under normal physiological conditions. A total of 2308 leaf- and 1686 root-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the high-oxalate spinach genotype. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs identified molecular functions associated with various enzymatic activities, while KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment of the metabolic and secondary metabolite pathways. The expression profiles of genes associated with distinct physiological processes suggested that the glyoxylate cycle, ascorbate degradation, and photorespiratory pathway may collectively regulate oxalate in spinach. The data support the idea that isocitrate lyase (ICL), ascorbate catabolism-related genes, and acyl-activating enzyme 3 (AAE3) all play roles in oxalate homeostasis in spinach. The findings from this study provide the foundation for novel insights into oxalate metabolism in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-830-988-6137
| | - Arianne Penalosa
- College of Science, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (A.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Madhumita Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA;
| | - Sierra Rodriguez
- College of Science, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (A.P.); (S.R.)
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The Effect of Nitrogen Fertigation and Harvesting Time on Plant Growth and Chemical Composition of Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta (DC.) Runemark. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143175. [PMID: 32664565 PMCID: PMC7397137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertigation (0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm of total nitrogen) and harvesting time (9 March 2018 and 19 April 2018) on the plant growth, chemical composition, and bioactive properties of Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta plants. The highest yield of fresh leaves was observed for the treatment of 200 ppm of N without compromising nutritional value. The increasing nitrogen levels resulted in an increase of α- and total tocopherols and sugars content, especially in the second harvest for tocopherols and in the first harvest for sugars. Similarly, total organic acids and oxalic acid content increased with increasing nitrogen levels in both harvests, while fatty acids composition had a varied response to the tested factors. Pinocembrin neohesperidoside and pinocembrin acetyl neohesperidoside isomer II were the most abundant phenolic compounds with the highest content being observed in the control treatment of the first and second harvest, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the control and the 600 ppm treatments of the second harvest for the OxHLIA and TBARS assays, respectively, probably due to the high content of pinocembrin acetyl neohesperidoside isomer II and α-tocopherol, respectively. Finally, cytotoxic effects and antimicrobial properties showed a varied response depending on the treatment. In conclusion, C. raphanina subsp. mixta has low requirements of nitrogen to achieve the highest yield, while a varied response to the tested fertigation treatments and harvesting time was observed in terms of the chemical composition and the bioactive properties.
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Evaluation of variation in essential nutrients and hazardous materials in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) genotypes grown on contaminated soil for human consumption. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Cai X, Ge C, Xu C, Wang X, Wang S, Wang Q. Expression Analysis of Oxalate Metabolic Pathway Genes Reveals Oxalate Regulation Patterns in Spinach. Molecules 2018; 23:E1286. [PMID: 29861493 PMCID: PMC6100029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is one of most important leafy vegetables because of its high nutritional value and high oxalate content, which can be toxic with negative effects on human nutrition. Ammonium and nitrate can effectively regulate oxalate accumulation, although the mechanisms underlying the oxalate biosynthesis and regulation are still undetermined in plants. In the present study, we identified 25 putative genes that are involved in the oxalate biosynthetic and degradation pathway, before analyzing the oxalate content and the expression levels of the corresponding proteins under normal growth conditions, with or without ammonium and nitrate treatments, using high and low oxalate-accumulated spinach genotypes. The two cultivars exhibited different profiles of total oxalate and soluble oxalate accumulation. The high oxalate concentrations in spinach were as a result of the high transcription levels of the genes that are involved in oxalate biosynthesis under normal growth conditions, such as SoGLO2, SoGLO3, three SoOXACs, SoMLS, SoMDH1, SoMDH2, and SoMDH4. The results revealed that the ammonium and nitrate were able to control the oxalate content in leaves, possibly because of the different transcription levels of the genes. The oxalate content is regulated by complex regulatory mechanisms and is varied in the different varieties of spinach. The results from this research may be used to assist the investigation of the mechanism of oxalate regulation and breeding for reduced oxalate content in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Cai
- Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Chenhui Ge
- Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Shui Wang
- Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Quanhua Wang
- Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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Liu XX, Zhou K, Hu Y, Jin R, Lu LL, Jin CW, Lin XY. Oxalate synthesis in leaves is associated with root uptake of nitrate and its assimilation in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2105-2116. [PMID: 25243598 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive accumulation of oxalate in numerous vegetables adversely affects their quality as food. While it is known that nitrate could effectively stimulate oxalate accumulation in many vegetables, little information is available about the mechanism of nitrate-induced oxalate accumulation. In this study, we examined the association of oxalate synthesis with nitrate uptake and assimilation in two genotypes of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), Heizhenzhu and Weilv. RESULTS Increasing nitrate levels resulted in enhanced synthesis of oxalate, as well as increased root uptake of nitrate and leaf activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) for both genotypes. Correlation analysis revealed that oxalate accumulation in spinach leaves was positively related with rate of nitrate uptake by roots, as well as leaf activities of NR and GS. Addition of plasmalemma H(+)-ATPase inhibitor sodium vanadate (Na3VO4) significantly decreased leaf oxalate accumulation in both genotypes. Presence of NR or GS inhibitors led to reduction of leaf oxalate contents, GS/NR activities and decreased nitrate uptake rate. Significantly higher levels of nitrate root uptake, leaf NR and GS activities were observed in the high-oxalate genotype Heizhenzhu than in Weilv. CONCLUSION Oxalate synthesis in leaves of spinach is not only positively associated with root uptake of nitrate, but also with its assimilation within the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xia Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Agricultural Experimental Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling Li Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chong Wei Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xian Yong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Agricultural Experimental Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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