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Afe AE, Shen ZJ, Guo X, Xing W, Li K, Zhou R. Development of a highly reproducible GC-HRMS method for determination of Skatole in pig tissues. Food Chem X 2024; 24:101686. [PMID: 39377083 PMCID: PMC11456897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a sensitive and reproducible mass spectrometry method for quantifying skatole in porcine adipose tissue, muscle, and serum samples applicable for abattoirs and laboratories. Leveraging gas chromatography-high-resolution Orbitrap microscopy and microwave-assisted liquefication of the adipose tissue, the method demonstrates robust performance across key parameters. Impressive linearity (R2) values of 0.9999 and 0.9996 for adipose tissue and serum, respectively. Notably, the method exhibits a low Limit of Detection (LoD) of 0.5 ppb for adipose tissue and 0.9 ppb for serum, with corresponding Limits of Quantification (LoQ) at 1.65 ppb and 3.04 ppb, respectively. The method showed significant reproducibility of 5.9% and repeatability (RSD%) of 8.78% for adipose tissue and 4.08% for serum, with recovery rates of 90% and 87%, respectively. This streamlined method offers promising, effective quantification of boar taint compounds, emphasizing its sensitivity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoola Ebenezer Afe
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhao-ji Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Weihai Xing
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Kui Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Islam P, Hossain MI, Khatun P, Masud RI, Tasnim S, Anjum M, Islam MZ, Nibir SS, Rafiq K, Islam MA. Steroid hormones in fish, caution for present and future: A review. Toxicol Rep 2024; 13:101733. [PMID: 39323426 PMCID: PMC11422134 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The misuse and overuse of steroid hormones in fish is an emerging problem worldwide. The data on hormonal residue in fish was less due to a lack of effective monitoring programs on hormonal use in fish production. This review revealed the findings of previously published data on different hormonal use and their residue and impact. Steroid hormones were frequently used in fish production to promote growth and reproduction. It was suggested that hormones should be used carefully to ensure environmental, biological, and food safety. The most commonly used steroid hormones in fish production were testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and cortisol. However, the indiscriminate use left residue in the fish flesh above the FAO/WHO permissible limits. This residue in fish caused many health hazards in consumers, like early puberty in children, advances in bone age, negative repercussions on growth, modification of sexual characteristics, and cancer development such as breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer. It also harmed fish and the aquatic environment. The most common detection methods for these hormones were GC-MS, LC-MS, and UHPLC-MS. Many countries permitted the use of hormones in fish production upon monitoring, whereas many countries prohibited it. Moreover, many countries did not have any rules and regulations on the use of hormones in fish production. Thus, this review is a wake-up call for researchers, policymakers and consumers on the impacts of hormonal residues in food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purba Islam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Md Imran Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Popy Khatun
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Rony Ibne Masud
- Department of Microbiology & Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Shadia Tasnim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Mahir Anjum
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zahorul Islam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Salman Shahriar Nibir
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Rafiq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Md Anwarul Islam
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
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Evaluation of the Effect of Surgical and Immunological Castration of Male Pigs on Boar Taint Compounds in Oral Fluid and Fat Tissue by LC-MS/MS Method. J Vet Res 2020; 64:557-565. [PMID: 33367145 PMCID: PMC7734676 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An effective way of preventing undesirable boar taint in pork meat caused by the presence of androstenone, skatole and indole is surgical castration of piglets. This, however, arouses growing social opposition. An alternative method of inhibiting the development of unpleasant odour is immune castration. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of both methods of castration for the elimination of the compounds responsible and to assess the suitability of oral fluid for pre-slaughter predictive testing for boar taint. Material and Methods The research material was pooled oral fluid and fat samples taken from gilts and surgically and immunologically castrated piglets. The samples were tested with a liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry method developed in this research. Results The compounds giving rise to boar taint were found only sporadically above the accepted limits; only one sample of oral fluid contained skatole at a concentration above 200 μg L−1 and one contained indole more concentrated than 100 μg L−1. Indole above the limit value was also detected in one fat sample. In none of the tested samples was androstenone found. Conclusion The results indicate the similar effectiveness of both methods of piglet castration on the reduction of compounds generating boar taint. The usefulness of testing oral fluid for the ante-mortem prediction of boar taint has not been fully confirmed and further investigation is needed.
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Abrão LCDC, Silveira AT, de Faria HD, Machado SC, Mendes TV, Plácido RV, Marciano LPDA, Martins I. Toxicological analyses: analytical method validation for prevention or diagnosis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 31:18-32. [PMID: 33081560 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1839612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The need for reliable results in Toxicological Analysis is recognized and required worldwide. The analytical validation ensures that a method will provide trustworthy information about a particular sample when applied in accordance with a predefined protocol, being able to determine a specific analyte at a distinct concentration range for a well-defined purpose. The driving force for developing method validation for bioanalytical projects comes from the regulatory agencies. Thus, the approach of this work is to present theoretical and practical aspects of method validation based on the analysis objective, whether for prevention or diagnosis. Although various legislative bodies accept differing interpretations of requirements for validation, the process for applying validation criteria should be adaptable for each scientific intent or analytical purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Thalison Silveira
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analysis, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Henrique Dipe de Faria
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analysis, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Simone Caetani Machado
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analysis, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Tássia Venga Mendes
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analysis, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Vicentino Plácido
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analysis, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
| | | | - Isarita Martins
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analysis, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
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Gu X, Feng L, Zhu J, Li Y, Tu K, Dong Q, Pan L. Application of gas sensors for modelling the dynamic growth of Pseudomonas in pork stored at different temperatures. Meat Sci 2020; 171:108282. [PMID: 32858421 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas have a faster growth rate over other bacteria in chilled meat under aerobic conditions. A non-destructive method for modelling the dynamic growth of Pseudomonas in pork stored at different temperatures using gas sensors was presented in our work. Based on selected gas sensor data, the first-order kinetic equations (Gompertz and Logistic Functions) combined with the secondary model (Square-root Function) effectively simulated Pseudomonas growth in pork at different temperatures with R2 and RMSE values of 0.71-0.97 and 0.27-0.84, respectively. Additionally, these models showed high accuracy with correlation coefficients greater than 0.90, in addition to several individual accuracy values. Furthermore, HS-SPME/GC-MS results demonstrated the presence of identified key volatiles in samples inoculated with Pseudomonas, including three amine compounds (mercaptamine, 1-octanamine and 1-heptadecanamine), phenol and indole. Our work showed that gas sensors are a rapid, easy and non-destructive method with acceptable feasibility in modelling the dynamic growth of spoilage microorganisms in meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Gu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Li Feng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Kang Tu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jun Gong Rd., Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Leiqing Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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Rational selection of the monomer for molecularly imprinted polymer preparation for selective and sensitive detection of 3-methylindole in water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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López-García M, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Determination of steroid hormones and their metabolite in several types of meat samples by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1540:21-30. [PMID: 29397061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-HRMS) has been developed for the determination of steroid hormones (hydrocortisone, cortisone, progesterone, prednisone, prednisolone, testosterone, melengesterol acetate, hydrocortisone-21-acetate, cortisone-21-acetate, testosterone propionate, 17α-methyltestosterone, 6α-methylprednisolone and medroxyprogesterone) and their metabolite (17α-hydroxyprogesterone) in three meat samples (chicken, pork and beef). Two different extraction approaches were tested (QuEChERS "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe" and "dilute and shoot"), observing that the QuEChERS method provided the best results in terms of recovery. A clean-up step was applied comparing several sorbents, obtaining the best results when florisil and aluminum oxide were used. The optimized method was validated, obtaining suitable results for all validation parameters in the three meat matrices evaluated. Recovery values ranged from 70% to 103% (except for prednisone in beef samples), meanwhile repeatability and reproducibility were obtained at values lower than 18% and 21%, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was established for most of the compounds at 1.0 μg/kg, except for testosterone in chicken and hydrocortisone-21-acetate and cortisone-21-acetate in pork at 2.0 μg/kg. Decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) values ranged from 1.0-2.7 μg/kg and 1.9-5.5 μg/kg, respectively, in the three matrices. Finally, thirty one meat samples were analyzed and two hormones, progesterone and hydrocortisone, were detected in a beef and pork sample at 1.7 and 2.8 μg/kg respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-García
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, E-04120, Almería, Spain.
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Jin M, Zhang X, Zhen Q, He Y, Chen X, Lyu W, Han R, Ding M. An electrochemical sensor for indole in plasma based on MWCNTs-chitosan modified screen-printed carbon electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 98:392-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Verplanken K, Wauters J, Vercruysse V, Aluwé M, Vanhaecke L. Sensory evaluation of boar-taint-containing minced meat, dry-cured ham and dry fermented sausage by a trained expert panel and consumers. Food Chem 2017; 233:247-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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WU D, YANG JJ, YANG F, ZHANG BY, DU J, WANG YF, XU RQ. Analysis of Alkaline and Neutral Volatile Metabolites in Feces by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wauters J, Verplanken K, Vercruysse V, Ampe B, Aluwé M, Vanhaecke L. Sensory evaluation of boar meat products by trained experts. Food Chem 2017; 237:516-524. [PMID: 28764028 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rearing entire male pigs, one of the alternatives for surgical castration, entails the possible occurrence of boar taint. This study aimed at the investigation of the acceptability of meat from entire male pigs in 8 different meat products (cutlets, bacon, blade loin, tenderloin, dry fermented sausage, cooked ham, dry-cured ham and minced meat) by trained assessors. Generally, the sensory evaluation of meat samples was affected the most in the androstenone (AEON) group, indicating that AEON is the most offensive boar taint compound for sensitive assessors. Differences between the meat products showed the highest potential for processing tainted meat in cold meat products, which was most likely due to the serving temperature on the one hand and production-related influences on the other. However, more insights regarding reducing and masking effects of production-related factors on boar taint are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jella Wauters
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kaat Verplanken
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Vicky Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Ampe
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Marijke Aluwé
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Wauters J, Vercruysse V, Aluwé M, Verplanken K, Vanhaecke L. Boar taint compound levels in back fat versus meat products: Do they correlate? Food Chem 2016; 206:30-6. [PMID: 27041294 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surgical castration of male pigs will soon be abandoned, turning a major advantage of this practice, the elimination of boar taint, into the biggest challenge for pig industry when raising intact male pigs becomes common practice. To map the (economical) consequences in relation to boar-taint consumer acceptance, as well as offer a processing strategy for tainted carcasses to stockholders, the current study investigated not only back fat boar taint levels, but additionally generated information on the levels of boar taint compounds recovered after the production of commercially relevant meat products using UHPLC-HRMS laboratory analysis. Our results demonstrate that levels of androstenone, skatole and indole in back fat and meat products tend to correlate strongly, particularly in fatty meat products (generally r>0.80). Concentration values in the edible (lean) meat fraction were significantly lower compared to back fat and fat sampled from fresh or processed meat (p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jella Wauters
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Vicky Vercruysse
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Marijke Aluwé
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - Kaat Verplanken
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Simirgiotis MJ, Quispe C, Bórquez J, Areche C, Sepúlveda B. Fast Detection of Phenolic Compounds in Extracts of Easter Pears (Pyrus communis) from the Atacama Desert by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/MS/MS). Molecules 2016; 21:92. [PMID: 26784158 PMCID: PMC6273977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A small Chilean variety of pears growing in the town of Toconao, an oasis located at the northeastern edge of the Salar de Atacama, northern Chile, was studied by means of modern PDA and high resolution mass spectral data (UHPLC-PDA-HESI-orbitrap-MS/MS). In addition, the antioxidant features of the fruits were compared with the varieties Packhman’s Triumph and Abate Fetel and correlated with the presence of phenolic compounds. The non-pigmented phenolics were fingerprinted and related to the antioxidant capacities measured by the bleaching of the DPPH radical, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the superoxide anion scavenging activity assay (SA), and total content of phenolics and flavonoids measured by spectroscopic methods. The machine allowed a fast separation of 15 min employing a flow rate of 1 mL per minute and could accurately identify 25 compounds, including several isorhamnetin derivatives and phenolic acids, present in the peel and pulps of this Chilean variety for the first time. The compounds were monitored using a wavelength range of 210–800 nm. The native small Chilean pear showed the highest antioxidant activity measured as the bleaching of the DPPH radical, the ferric reducing antioxidant power and superoxide anion scavenging activity (8.61 ± 0.65 μg/mL, 712.63 ± 12.12 micromols trolox equivalents (μmol/TE)/100 g FW, and 82.89% ± 2.52% at 100 μg/mL, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Simirgiotis
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Coloso S-N, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile.
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1110939, Chile.
| | - Jorge Bórquez
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Coloso S-N, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile.
| | - Carlos Areche
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago 7800024, Chile.
| | - Beatriz Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Campus Viña del Mar, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile.
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