An inclusion complex of eugenol into β-cyclodextrin: Preparation, and physicochemical and antifungal characterization

Dynamics of eugenol included in β-cyclodextrin by nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular simulations

Eugenol-β-cyclodextrin complex has been widely used because of the enhanced stability and conservation of the properties of eugenol. Applications in food and health sciences have been shown previously, which makes this complex an excellent model to understand and develop methodologies for the analysis and prediction of physical properties. In this work, the dynamics of eugenol incorporated into β-cyclodextrin are presented, using NMR relaxation rates, and the predictive capabilities of molecular dynamics simulations are discussed. Results show a hindered rotation of eugenol around the principal inertial axes when located inside β-cyclodextrin. Moreover, a translational movement of the whole complex is demonstrated.

Preparation and characterization of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare miller) essential oil/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and its application for chilled pork preservation

Fennel essential oil (FEO) a natural spice that has versatile biological activities. However, the direct use of FEO is limited due to its water insolubility and poor stability. Chilled pork is prone to spoilage during storage. To solve these problems, this study aimed to prepare an inclusion complex (IC) of FEO with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin via co-precipitation and apply it to the preservation of chilled pork. Results indicated that the optimal parameters were encapsulating temperature 37 °C, wall-core ratio 14:1 g/mL, stirring speed 600 r/min, and encapsulating time 240 min, obtaining an encapsulation efficiency of 83.75%. The results of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrated the successful preparation of IC. The release of FEO from IC was controllable through adjusting the different temperatures and relative humidities. Furthermore, IC effectively delayed the spoilage of chilled pork and extended its shelf life by 6 days at 4 °C.

Triphenylphosphine Derivatives of Allylbenzenes Express Antitumor and Adjuvant Activity When Solubilized with Cyclodextrin-Based Formulations

Allylbenzenes (apiol, dillapiol, myristicin and allyltetramethoxybenzene) are individual components of plant essential oils that demonstrate antitumor activity and can enhance the antitumor activity of cytotoxic drugs, such as paclitaxel, doxorubicin, cisplatin, etc. Triphenylphosphine (PPh3) derivatives of allylbenzenes are two to three orders of magnitude more potent than original allylbenzenes in terms of IC50. The inhibition of efflux pumps has been reported for allylbenzenes, and the PPh3 moiety is deemed to be responsible for preferential mitochondrial accumulation and the depolarization of mitochondrial membranes. However, due to poor solubility, the practical use of these substances has never been an option. Here, we show that this problem can be solved by using a complex formation with cyclodextrin (CD-based molecular containers) and polyanionic heparin, stabilizing the positive charge of the PPh3 cation. Such containers can solubilize both allylbenzenes and their PPh3 derivatives up to 0.4 mM concentration. Furthermore, we have observed that solubilized PPh3 derivatives indeed work as adjuvants, increasing the antitumor activity of paclitaxel against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) by an order of magnitude (in terms of IC50) in addition to being quite powerful cytostatics themselves (IC50 in the range 1-10 µM). Even more importantly, CD-solubilized PPh3 derivatives show pronounced selectivity, being highly toxic for the A549 tumor cell line and minimally toxic for HEK293T non-tumor cells, red blood cells and sea urchin embryos. Indeed, in many cancers, the mitochondrial membrane is more prone to depolarization compared to normal cells, which probably explains the observed selectivity of our compounds, since PPh3 derivatives are known to act as mitochondria-targeting agents. According to the MTT test, 100 µM solution of PPh3 derivatives of allylbenzenes causes the death of up to 85% of A549 cancer cells, while for HEK293T non-cancer cells, only 15-20% of the cells died. The hemolytic index of the studied substances did not exceed 1%, and the thrombogenicity index was < 1.5%. Thus, this study outlines the experimental foundation for developing combined cytostatic medications, where effectiveness and selectivity are achieved through decreased concentration of the primary ingredient and the inclusion of adjuvants, which are safe or practically harmless substances.

Mucosal Adhesive Chitosan Nanogel Formulations of Antibiotics and Adjuvants (Terpenoids, Flavonoids, etc.) and Their Potential for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Bacterial infections are usually found in the stomach and the first part of the small intestine in association with various pathologies, including ulcers, inflammatory diseases, and sometimes cancer. Treatment options may include combinations of antibiotics with proton pump inhibitors and anti-inflammatory drugs. However, all of them have high systemic exposure and, hence, unfavorable side effects, whereas their exposure in stomach mucus, the predominant location of the bacteria, is limited. Chitosan and nanogels based on chitosan presumably are not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and are known to adhere to the mucus. Therefore, they can serve as a basis for the local delivery of antibacterial drugs, increasing their exposure at the predominant location of therapeutic targets, thus improving the risk/benefit ratio. We have used E. coli ATCC 25922 (as a screening model of pathogenic bacteria) and Lactobacilli (as a model of a normal microbiome) to study the antibacterial activity of antibacterial drugs entrapped in a chitosan nanogel. Classical antibiotics were studied in a monotherapeutic regimen as well as in combination with individual terpenoids and flavonoids as adjuvants. It has been shown that levofloxacin (LF) in combination with zephirol demonstrate synergistic effects against E. coli (cell viability decreased by about 50%) and, surprisingly, a much weaker effect against Lactobacilli. A number of other combinations of antibiotic + adjuvant were also shown to be effective. Using FTIR and UV spectroscopy, it has been confirmed that chitosan nanogels with the drug are well adsorbed on the mucosal model, providing prolonged release at the target location. Using an ABTS assay, the antioxidant properties of flavonoids and other drugs are shown, which are potentially necessary to minimize the harmful effects of toxins and radicals produced by pathogens. In vivo experiments (on sturgeon fish) showed the effective action of antibacterial formulations developed based on LF in chitosan nanogels for up to 11 days. Thus, chitosan nanogels loaded with a combination of drugs and adjuvants can be considered as a new strategy for the treatment of infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Complexation of phycocyanin with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and its application in blue beer containing quinoa saponins as foaming agents

Introduction

With the increasing importance attached to human health, the inclusion complex (IC) of phycocyanin (PC) into hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) have been devoted to developing the use of food preservation in this study.

Methods

In this experiment, the IC of PC into HP-β-CD was prepared by the freeze-drying method and characterized by OM, TEM, UV, FTIR and TG/DSC methods.

Results and discussion

The spectroscopic features were evaluated by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirming that PC was located in the hydrophobic cavity of HP-β-CD. Consistent with the structural properties, optical microscopy (OM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observed that the addition of PC subjected the IC to an aggregation state with irregular lamellar structures. Stability assessment showed that pH, heat and light tolerance of PC significantly regulated and improved due to the PC/HP-β-CD complexation. The formation of ICs was helpful to enhancing the antioxidant activity of PC. Molecular modeling suggested that the D-pyrrole ring and its associated C=C group of phycocyanin entered the HP-β-CD cavity from the wider edge. On this basis, the development of blue beer with quinoa saponins as foaming agent and ICs as colorant was explored. The addition of quinoa saponins made the foam richer and more delicate without destroying the overall taste coordination of beer. Moreover, the protective effect of HP-β-CD presents a positive impact on the stability of blue beer pigment. Hence, PC encapsulated into HP-β-CD will be an impressive approach in food-related application of PC.

Antibacterial drugs and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: a patent review

INTRODUCTION

Bacterial antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria mutate and escape the effect of antibiotics, which makes the antibiotics no longer effective in treating infections. New solutions for bacterial infections are a persistent need including the identification of drugs with better pharmacological profiles, more potent, and safer. Cyclodextrins inclusion complexes have been able to improve the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the formulation molecules, resulting in new alternatives with better efficacy.

AREAS COVERED

The patents analyzed in the review used treatments based on antibiotics already on the market, natural products, and synthesized molecules composed of the formulation with cyclodextrins. The combination between cyclodextrin and nanostructures also were presented in the patents review process. Moreover, inclusion complexes have been an alternative in developing treatment mainly in China by the pharmaceutical industries in several countries such as Germany, Hungary, the United States of America, Japan and China.

EXPERT OPINION

This review is broad and complete since it considers the first patent involving cyclodextrins and antibacterial drugs. Therefore, the various inclusion complexes and antibacterial drugs alternatives presented in this review offer therapeutic options to fight bacterial infections. If shown to be effective, these drugs may be extremely important in the current clinical practice.

The Solubility Studies and the Complexation Mechanism Investigations of Biologically Active Spiro[cyclopropane-1,3'-oxindoles] with β-Cyclodextrins

In this work, we first improved the aqueous solubility of biologically active spiro[cyclopropane-1,3′-oxindoles] (SCOs) via their complexation with different β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs) and proposed a possible mechanism of the complex formation. β-CDs significantly increased the water solubility of SCOs (up to fourfold). Moreover, the nature of the substituents in the β-CDs influenced the solubility of the guest molecule (MβCD > SBEβCD > HPβCD). Complexation preferably occurred via the inclusion of aromatic moieties of SCOs into the hydrophobic cavity of β-CDs by the numerous van der Waals contacts and formed stable supramolecular systems. The phase solubility technique and optical microscopy were used to determine the dissociation constants of the complexes (Kc~102 M−1) and reveal a significant decrease in the size of the formed crystals. FTIR-ATR microscopy, PXRD, and 1H-1H ROESY NMR measurements, as well as molecular modeling studies, were carried out to elucidate the host−guest interaction mechanism of the complexation. Additionally, in vitro experiments were carried out and revealed enhancements in the antibacterial activity of SCOs due to their complexation with β-CDs.

Assessment of host-guest molecular encapsulation of eugenol using β-cyclodextrin

Eugenol is a natural compound with well-known repellent activity. However, its pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications are limited, since this compound is highly volatile and thermolabile. Nanoencapsulation provides protection, stability, conservation, and controlled release for several compounds. Here, eugenol was included in β-cyclodextrin, and the complex was characterized through X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, we used molecular dynamics simulations to explore the eugenol-β-cyclodextrin complex stability with temperature increases. Our computational result demonstrates details of the molecular interactions and conformational changes of the eugenol-β-cyclodextrin complex and explains its stability between temperatures 27°C and 48°C, allowing its use in formulations that are subjected to varied temperatures.

Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes and Their Application in Food Safety Analysis: Recent Developments and Future Prospects

Food safety issues are a major threat to public health and have attracted much attention. Therefore, exploring accurate, efficient, sensitive, and economical detection methods is necessary to ensure consumers' health. In this regard, cyclodextrins (CDs) are promising candidates because they are nontoxic and noncaloric. The main body of CDs is a ring structure with hydrophobic cavity and hydrophilic exterior wall. Due to the above characteristics, CDs can encapsulate small guest molecules into their cavities, enhance their stability, avoid agglomeration and oxidation, and, at the same time, interact through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Additionally, they can selectively capture the target molecules to be detected and improve the sensitivity of food detection. This review highlights recent advances in CD inclusion technology in food safety analysis, covering various applications from small molecule and heavy metal sensing to amino acid and microbial sensing. Finally, challenges and prospects for CDs and their derivatives are presented. The current review can provide a reference and guidance for current research on CDs in the food industry and may inspire breakthroughs in this field.

Control Efficacy of Salicylic Acid Microcapsules against Postharvest Blue Mold in Apple Fruit

Salicylic acid (SA) is a natural inducer of disease resistance in fruit, but its application in the food industry is limited due to low water solubility. Here, SA was encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) via the host-guest inclusion complexation method, and the efficacy of SA microcapsules (SAM) against blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum in postharvest apple fruit was elucidated. It was observed that SAM was the most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. expansum in vitro. SAM was also superior to SA for control of blue mold under in vivo conditions. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that both SA and SAM enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) in apple fruit, whereas SAM led to higher SOD activities than SA. Total phenolic contents in the SAM group were higher than those in the SA group at the early stage of storage. SAM also improved fruit quality by retarding firmness loss and maintaining higher total soluble solids (TSS) contents. These findings indicate that microcapsules can serve as a promising formulation to load SA for increasing P. expansum inhibition activity and improving quality attributes in apple fruit.

γ-Cyclodextrin-Encapsulated Cinnamaldehyde for Citrus Preservation and Its Potential Mechanisms against Penicillium digitatum

In this study, a γ-cyclodextrin-cinnamaldehyde inclusion compound (γ-CDCL) was prepared to control green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum (P. digitatum) in citrus. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of γ-CDCL against the mycelial growth of P. digitatum were 2.0 g L−1 and 4.0 g L−1, respectively. Simultaneously, eight × MFC γ-CDCL could effectively reduce the incidence of green mold in citrus fruit without impairment of the fruit qualities, meanwhile, eight × MFC γ-CDCL was comparable to Prochloraz in controlling fruit under natural storage conditions. The structure of γ-CDCL was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. Results showed that the successful preparation of γ-CDCL was due to the spatial interaction between H-4,8 of cinnamaldehyde and H-5′ of γ-cyclodextrin. Meanwhile, the cell membrane permeability of P. digitatum was impaired by γ-CDCL through massive accumulation of reactive oxygen species, whereas the cell wall integrity was barely affected. These results indicated that γ-CDCL might inhibit the growth of P. digitatum through a membrane damage mechanism and it is a promising alternative to chemical fungicides in controlling the post-harvest citrus decay.

Effect and mechanism of eugenol on storage quality of fresh-peeled Chinese water chestnuts

The study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of eugenol treatment on fresh-peeled Chinese water chestnuts (CWCs). The results found that eugenol treatment maintained the appearance of fresh-peeled CWCs, accompanied by higher L* value, total solids and O₂ contents, as well as lower browning degree, weight loss rate, CO₂ content, a* and b* values. In addition, eugenol treatment significantly reduced the activities of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and polyphenol oxidase, as well as the total content of soluble quinone in fresh-peeled CWCs. Meanwhile, fresh-peeled CWCs treated with eugenol showed markedly lower content of total flavonoids, which may be related to yellowing. Furthermore, eugenol treatment suppressed the rates of O₂·^- and OH·^- production as well as the contents of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde in fresh-peeled CWCs. During the storage, eugenol treatment not only increased the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase as well as the DPPH free radical scavenging rate, but also increased the total phenolics, ascorbic acid and glutathione contents. In summary, eugenol treatment delayed the surface discoloration of fresh-peeled CWCs by improving the antioxidant capacity, inhibiting the phenolic compound metabolism and scavenging ROS, thus effectively maintaining the quality of fresh-peeled CWCs while extending their shelf life.

Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides-Coated Paclitaxel-Casein Nanoparticles with Enhanced Stability and Antitumor Activity

This study aims to develop specific-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides-coated paclitaxel-loaded casein nanoparticles (HA-PT-Cas NPs) via chemical conjugation to increase the stability and antitumor effects. Optimized HA-PT-Cas NPs (HA/casein of 3:1) were obtained with a mean size of 235.3 nm and entrapment efficiency of 93.1%. HA-PT-Cas exhibited satisfactory stability at 4 °C for 12 days and 37 °C for 3 h; paclitaxel was retained at rates of 81.4% and 64.7%, respectively, significantly higher than those of PT-Cas (only 27.8% at 4 °C after 16 h and 20.3% at 37 °C after 3 h). HA-PT-Cas exhibited high efficiency (61.3%) in inhibiting A375 tumor owing to the enhanced stability of HA oligosaccharides barrier, which was comparable with that of 10 μg/mL cis-platinum (64.9%). Mice experiments showed the 74.6% tumor inhibition of HA-PT-Cas by intravenously administration, significantly higher than that of PT-casein (39.8%). Therefore, this work provides an effective carrier for drug delivery via HA oligomers-coated modification.

Electrospun Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Nanofibrous Mat Loaded with Green Propolis Extract, Chitosan and Nystatin as an Innovative Wound Dressing Material

Purposes

The objective of this work was to produce and characterise biodegradable poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibre loaded with green propolis extract (GPE), chitosan (CS) and nystatin (NYS) alone and in mixtures as a potential wound dressing material.

Methods

The GPE, NYS and CS1% were loaded in electrospinning compositions based on PVA 7%, 8% and 12% solubilised in milli-Q water or a mixture of water and glacial acetic acid. The electrospinning compositions without actives (blank) and those loaded with actives were characterised by determining the pH, electrical conductivity and rheological properties. An image analysis procedure applied to photomicrographs obtained by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) allowed the determination of the nanofibres' diameter distribution and average surface porosity. The disintegration time and swelling ratio of the nanofibre mats were also determined.

Results

The physicochemical parameters of the electrospinning compositions (pH, electrical conductivity and rheology) and the incorporated active ingredients (GPE, CS and NYS) affected the electrospun nanofibre mats properties. The electrospun nanofibres' mean diameters and surface porosity ranged from 151.5 to 684.5 nm and from 0.29 ± 0.04 to 0.50 ± 0.05. The PVA/CS electrospun nanofibres fibres exhibited the smallest diameters, high surface porosity, water absorption capacity and disintegration time. The characteristics of the PVA/CS nanofibres mat associated with the biodegradability of the polymers make them a novel material with the potential to be applied as wound and burn dressings.

γ-Terpinene complexed with β-cyclodextrin attenuates spinal neuroactivity in animals with cancer pain by Ca2+ channel block

OBJECTIVES

Considering that γ-terpinene (γ-TPN) is a monoterpene found in Cannabis oil, with high lipophilicity and limited pharmacokinetics, our objective was to evaluate whether its complexation in β-cyclodextrin (γ-TPN/β-CD) could improve its physicochemical properties and action on cancer pain, as well as verify the mechanisms of action involved.

METHODS

The γ-TPN/β-CD was prepared and submitted to physicochemical characterization. Animals with sarcoma 180 were treated (vehicle, γ-TPN 50 mg/kg, γ-TPN/β-CD 5 mg/kg or morphine) and assessed for hyperalgesia, TNF-α and IL-1β levels, iNOS and c-Fos activity. The effects of γ-TPN on calcium channels were studied by patch-clamp and molecular docking.

RESULTS

β-CD improved the physicochemical properties and prolonged the anti-hyperalgesic effect of γ-TPN. This compound also reduced the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS in the tumour, and c-Fos protein in the spinal cord. In addition, it reduced Ca2+ current, presenting favourable chemical interactions with different voltage-dependent calcium channels.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that the complexation of γ-TPN into β-CD increases its stability and time effect, reducing spinal neuroactivity and inflammation by blocking calcium channels.

Plant Alkylbenzenes and Terpenoids in the Form of Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes as Antibacterial Agents and Levofloxacin Synergists

Allylpolyalkoxybenzenes (APABs) and terpenoids from plant essential oils exhibit a range of remarkable biological effects, including analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and others. Synergistic activity with antibiotics of different classes has been reported, with inhibition of P-glycoprotein and impairment of bacterial cell membrane claimed as probable mechanisms. Clearly, a more detailed understanding of APABs’ biological activity could help in the development of improved therapeutic options for a range of diseases. However, APABs’ poor solubility in water solutions has been a limiting factor for such research. Here, we found that complex formation with β-cyclodextrins (CD) is an efficient way to transform the APABs into a water-soluble form. Using a combination of spectroscopic (FTIR, NMR, UV) methods, we have estimated the binding constants, loading capacity, and the functional groups of both APABs and monoterpenes involved in complex formation with CD: ethylene, aromatic, methoxy and hydroxy groups. In the presence of a molar excess of CD (up to 5 fold) it was possible to achieve the complete dissolution of APABs and terpenoids in an aqueous medium (at 90–98% encapsulation) higher by 10–1000 times. Further, we have demonstrated that CD-APABs, if used in combination with levofloxacin (Lev), can be antagonistic, indifferent, additive, or synergistic, mostly depending on the concentration ratio: at high Lev concentration with the addition of APAB is typically neutral or even antagonistic; while at a Lev concentration below MIC, the addition of CD-APAB is either additive or synergistic (according to FICI criteria). An over three-fold increase in Lev antibacterial activity was observed in combination with eugenol (EG), as per the growth inhibition diameter measurement in agar. Interestingly, a synergistic effect could be observed with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. So, obviously, the APAB-CD and terpenoid-CD mechanism of action is not limited to their interaction with the bacterial membrane, which has been shown earlier for CDs. Further research may open new prospects for the development of adjuvants to improve the therapeutic regimens with existing, as well as with new anti-infective drugs.

Eugenol treatment delays the flesh browning of fresh-cut water chestnut (Eleocharis tuberosa) through regulating the metabolisms of phenolics and reactive oxygen species

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1.5 % EUG exhibited best inhibitory effect on browning in fresh-cut water chestnut.

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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase of surface tissue was inhibited after eugenol treatment.

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Eugenol inhibited browning in fresh-cut water chestnut by regulating ROS metabolism.

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Eugenol enhanced ROS-scavenging enzymes and antioxidant capacity in surface tissue.

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Eugenol increased phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of inner tissue.

The potential mechanism behind the browning inhibition in fresh-cut water chestnuts (FWC) after eugenol (EUG) treatment was investigated by comparing the difference in browning behavior between surface and inner tissues. EUG treatment was found to inactivate browning-related enzymes and reduce phenolic contents in surface tissue. Molecular docking further confirmed the hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding between EUG and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Moreover, EUG also enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzyme activities, ultimately decreasing the O₂^- generation rates. Regarding inner tissue, EUG induced the accumulation of colorless phenolic compounds and increased the antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, 1.5 % EUG exhibited the best inhibitory effect on FWC browning, which partly attribute to the direct inhibitory effects on PAL activity. Furthermore, EUG could also enhance the enzymatic/non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity and alleviate the ROS damage to membranes, thereby, preventing the contact between oxidative enzymes and phenols and indirectly inhibiting the enzymatic browning in FWC.

Spectroscopy Approach for Highly-Efficient Screening of Lectin-Ligand Interactions in Application for Mannose Receptor and Molecular Containers for Antibacterial Drugs

Rational search of a ligand for a specific receptor is a cornerstone of a typical drug discovery process. However, to make it more “rational” one would appreciate having detailed information on the functional groups involved in ligand-receptor interaction. Typically, the 3D structure of a ligand-receptor complex can be built on the basis of time-consuming X-ray crystallography data. Here, a combination of FTIR and fluorescence methods, together with appropriate processing, yields valuable information about the functional groups of both the ligand and receptor involved in the interaction, with the simplicity of conventional spectrophotometry. We have synthesized the “molecular containers” based on cyclodextrins, polyethyleneimines (PEI) or spermine with mannose-rich side-chains of different molecular architecture (reticulated, star-shaped and branched) with variable parameters to facilitate delivery to alveolar macrophages. We have shown that synthetic mannose-rich conjugates are highly affine to the model mannose receptor ConA: K_d ≈ 10⁻⁵–10⁻⁷ M vs. natural ligand trimannoside (10⁻⁵ M). Further, it was shown that molecular containers effectively load levofloxacin (dissociation constants are 5·10⁻⁴–5·10⁻⁶ M) and the eugenol adjuvant (up to 15–80 drug molecules for each conjugate molecule) by including them in the cyclodextrins cavities, as well as by interacting with polymer chains. Promising formulations of levofloxacin and its enhancer (eugenol) in star-shaped and polymer conjugates of high capacity were obtained. UV spectroscopy demonstrated a doubling of the release time of levofloxacin into the external solution from the complexes with conjugates, and the effective action time (time of 80% release) was increased from 0.5 to 20–70 h. The synergy effect of antibacterial activity of levofloxacin and its adjuvants eugenol and apiol on Escherichia coli was demonstrated: the minimum effective concentration of the antibiotic was approximately halved.

Essential oils and their nanoformulations as green preservatives to boost food safety against mycotoxin contamination of food commodities: a review

Postharvest food spoilage due to fungal and mycotoxin contamination is a major challenge in tropical countries, leading to severe adverse effects on human health. Because of the negative effects of synthetic preservatives on both human health and the environment, it has been recommended that chemicals that have a botanical origin, with an eco-friendly nature and a favorable safety profile, should be used as green preservatives. Recently, the food industry and consumers have been shifting drastically towards green consumerism because of their increased concerns about health and the environment. Among different plant-based products, essential oils (EOs) and their bioactive components are strongly preferred as antimicrobial food preservatives. Despite having potent antimicrobial efficacy and preservation potential against fungal and mycotoxin contamination, essential oils and their bioactive components have limited practical applicability caused by their high volatility and their instability, implying the development of techniques to overcome the challenges associated with EO application. Essential oils and their bioactive components are promising alternatives to synthetic preservatives. To overcome challenges associated with EOs, nanotechnology has emerged as a novel technology in the food industries. Nanoencapsulation may boost the preservative potential of different essential oils by improving their solubility, stability, and targeted sustainable release. Nanoencapsulation of EOs is therefore currently being practiced to improve the stability and bioactivity of natural products. The present review has dealt extensively with the application of EOs and their nanoformulated products encapsulated in suitable polymeric matrices, so as to recommend them as novel green preservatives against foodborne molds and mycotoxin-induced deterioration of stored food commodities. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities and Toxicity of the Essential Oil from Callistemon viminalis Complexed with β-Cyclodextrin

The essential oil from Callistemon viminalis (EOC) is rich in monoterpenes, with a variety of biological properties: antibacterial, antifungal, insecticide, and antioxidant. Inclusion complexes (ICs) with cyclodextrins (CDs) is an alternative to prevent toxicity, improve the activity, and reduce the concentration to be used. Thus, the objective of this work was to prepare an IC (EOC/β-CD) and evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal and phospholipase activities, as well as the toxicity. Antimicrobial activity used the agar diffusion test and antifungal activity the disc diffusion test. Toxicity tests were carried out using Lactuca sativa L. The inhibition of phospholipase activity using the venom of Bothrops atrox as an inducer was performed. Antibacterial and antifungal tests demonstrated a decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the IC. It was most significantly observed for the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, for which there was a decrease in the MIC from 250 µg mL^-1 to 62.5 µg mL^-1 after complexation, and for the fungus Aspergillus flavus, with a decrease in MIC from 125 µg mL^-1 to 62.5 µg mL^-1 after complexation. Toxicity tests with Lactuca sativa showed a decrease in toxicity after complexation in all parameters analyzed, with no statistical difference from the negative control. Inhibition of phospholipase activity induced by Bothrops atrox venom was more expressive in the highest proportion studied (1:10 m:m), exerting 23% inhibition. The assays demonstrated that the complexation between the EOC and β-CD is a promising alternative for use in different branches, especially in food industry, to fully exploit its application potential.

Superior anti-infective potential of eugenol-casein nanoparticles combined with polyethylene glycol against Colletotrichum musae infections

The aim of this study was to improve the stability of eugenol-casein nanoparticles (EL-CS-NPs) through polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification. The results show that modifying the EL-CS-NPs with PEG after loading with eugenol (EL) gives PEG-EL-CS-NPs, with increased stability. The NPs modified with higher-molecular-weight PEG showed better stability. A CS/PEG ratio of 200 : 1 (w/w) yielded the NPs with the best stability. A PEG20 K-EL-CS-NP dispersion remained stable in cold storage for over one year, and also exhibited stronger inhibitory effects against Colletotrichum musae inoculated on bananas than an EL-CS-NP dispersion, since it showed more prolonged sustained release of EL than the EL-CS-NP dispersion. Lyophilized PEG20 K-EL-CS-NP powder showed better effectiveness against mold on bread than lyophilized EL-CS-NPs powder. Using PEG to modify CS-NPs shows potential for improving the stability of CS-NPs loaded with hydrophobic substances for delivery in the fields of food and agriculture.

The use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals for control of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins

Mycotoxins present a great concern to food safety and security due to their adverse health and socio-economic impacts. The necessity to formulate novel strategies that can mitigate the economic and health effects associated with mycotoxin contamination of food and feed commodities without any impact on public health, quality and nutritional value of food and feed, economy and trade industry become imperative. Various strategies have been adopted to mitigate mycotoxin contamination but often fall short of the required efficacy. One of the promising approaches is the use of bioactive plant components/metabolites synergistically with mycotoxin-absorbing components in order to limit exposure to these toxins and associated negative health effects. In particular, is the fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges encapsulated with bioactive compounds of plant origin to inhibit toxigenic fungi and decontaminate mycotoxins in food and feed without leaving any health and environmental hazard to the consumers. The present paper reviews the use of botanicals extracts and their phytochemicals coupled with β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponge technology to inhibit toxigenic fungal invasion and detoxify mycotoxins.

Interactions between cell wall polysaccharides and polyphenols: Effect of molecular internal structure

Cell wall polysaccharides (CPSs) and polyphenols are major constituents of the dietary fiber complex in plant-based foods. Their digestion (by gut microbiota) and bioefficacy depend not only on their structure and quantity, but also on their intermolecular interactions. The composition and structure of these compounds vary with their dietary source (i.e., fruit or vegetable of origin) and can be further modified by food processing. Various components and structures of CPSs and polyphenols have been observed to demonstrate common and characteristic behaviors during interactions. However, at a fundamental level, the mechanisms that ultimately drive these interactions are still not fully understood. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the internal factors that influence CPS-polyphenol interactions, describes the different ways in which these interactions can be mediated by molecular composition or structure, and introduces the main methods for the analysis of these interactions, as well as the mechanisms involved. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview is provided of recent key findings in the area of CPS-polyphenol interactions. It is becoming clear that these interactions are shaped by a multitude of factors, the most important of which are the physicochemical properties of the partners: their morphology (surface area and porosity/pore shape), chemical composition (sugar ratio, solubility, and non-sugar components), and molecular architecture (molecular weight, degree of esterification, functional groups, and conformation). An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive interactions between CPSs and polyphenols may allow us to better establish a bridge between food processing and the bioavailability of colonic fermentation products from CPSs and antioxidant polyphenols, which could ultimately lead to the development of new guidelines for the design of healthier and more nutritious foods.

Influence of eugenol on algal growth, cell physiology of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and its interaction with signaling molecules

Essential oils (EOs) are naturally occurring substances that have shown great prospect in the field of antimicrobial, antioxidant and pest control by nontoxic mechanisms. In this regard, EOs are considered the promising and eco-friendly approach for controlling harmful algae. In this study, the anti-cyanobacterial activity of EOs eugenol against Microcystis aeruginosa are evaluated from the perspective of photosynthetic efficiency, the behavior of extracellular organic matter (EOM), endogenous plant hormone synthesis, and nitric oxide signaling pathway. Results showed that the photosynthetic activity of M. aeruginosa decreased significantly after eugenol treatments. Eugenol treatment resulted in cells rupture and the release of EOM. Levels of endogenous plant hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were enhanced separately by 2.32 and 2.01 times after 4 d of exposure to eugenol. And the inhibition of SA and JA biosynthesis further promotes the inhibitory effects of eugenol on algae. Additionally, the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) increased significantly by 3.78-fold. Furthermore, the influence of NO on microalgae exposed to eugenol was also determined, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of eugenol stress might be associated with NO generation in M. aeruginosa. These findings will be helpful for the understanding of the fate and potential of eugenol in harmful algae control.

β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Containing Litsea cubeba Essential Oil: Preparation, Optimization, Physicochemical, and Antifungal Characterization

Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO), as naturally plant-derived products, possess good antimicrobial activities against many pathogens, but their high volatility and poor water solubility limit greatly the application in food industry. In this research, inclusion complex based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and LCEO, was prepared by saturated aqueous solution method. An optimum condition using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box–Behnken design (BBD) was obtained with the inclusion time of 2 h and β-CD/LCEO ratio of 4.2 at 44 °C. Under the condition, the greatest yield of 71.71% with entrapment efficiency of 33.60% and loading capacity of 9.07% was achieved. In addition, the structure and characteristic of LCEO/β-CD inclusion complex (LCEO/βCD-IC) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), which indicated that LCEO/βCD-IC was successfully formed. The particle size of LCEO/βCD-IC was determined to be 17.852 μm. Thermal properties of LCEO/βCD-IC evaluated by thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DTA) illustrated better thermal stability of the aimed product compared with the physical mixture. Furthermore, the tests of antifungal activity showed that LCEO/βCD-IC was able to control the growth of Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, and Geotrichum citri-aurantii isolated from postharvest citrus. Our present study confirmed that LCEO/βCD-IC might be further applied as an alternative to chemical fungicides for protecting citrus fruit from postharvest disease.

Covalent linkage of bioactive volatiles to a polysaccharide support as a potential approach for preparing active edible coatings and delivery systems for food products

In this study, a potential of covalent linkage approach for developing active edible coatings was examined. Vanillin and trans-cinnamaldehyde were bound to chitosan by Schiff base reaction and reductive amination. The modified polysaccharides were comprehensively characterized and applied as active coatings on fresh-cut melon. The covalent linkage allowed overcoming solubility problems with the lipophilic vanillin and cinnamaldehyde and neutralizing their volatility, producing well-adhered coatings that enhanced fruit quality and storability without sensorial impairment. The attached hydrophobic moieties also provided new polysaccharides with self-assembling ability. Their aggregates were loaded with antimicrobial citral and added to mandarin juice, resulting in up to 6 log CFU/mL microbial count reduction. Thus, the covalent linkage concept offers several advantages, especially when hydrophobic or volatile active agents are used. Further developed, it may become a safe and effective tool for the formation of advanced active edible coatings and delivery vehicles for direct applications on food products.

Encapsulation of essential oil components with methyl-β-cyclodextrin using ultrasonication: Solubility, characterization, DPPH and antibacterial assay

Essential oils derived from medicinal plants are prosperous sources of active components having high biological potential. Cuminaldehye and isoeugenol, are hydrophobic essential oil components (EOC), are showing drastic limitations in their applications by low water solubility and the respective volatility. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (MβCD-ICs) were prepared in aqueous solution and in solid state with the EOC via the ultrasonication method, an energy saving, high efficiency and eco-friend technique, aim to extend their aqueous solubility and biological properties. UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and computational simulations confirmed the formation of EOC/MβCD-ICs. Result of solubility studies proved the enhanced solubilization of EOC in the presence of MβCD in aqueous and double reciprocal profiles substantiated the guest/host stoichiometry of 1:1. TGA and DSC studies indicated the improved stability of EOC in MβCD-ICs. The efficiency of ICs in terms of the antioxidant activity was verified and the IC displayed higher antioxidant activity compared to that of free EOC, as determined by free radical scavenging assay. Finally, the antibacterial effect of EOC/MβCD-ICs against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria was demonstrated. Overall results not only revealed the potential of MβCD on the bioavailability, solubility and stability, but also that the intensification caused by the IC may be greater that the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of the selected EOC for this study.

Application of essential oils and polyphenols as natural antimicrobial agents in postharvest treatments: Advances and challenges

The use of natural antimicrobial agents is an attractive ecological alternative to the synthetic fungicides applied to control pathogens during postharvest. In order to improve industrial production systems, postharvest research has evolved toward integration with science and technology aspects. Thus, the present review aims to draw attention to the achieved advances and challenges must be overcome, to promote application of essential oils and polyphenols as antimicrobial agents, against phytopathogens and foodborne microorganisms during postharvest. Besides that, it attempts to highlight the use of coating and encapsulation techniques as emerging methods that improve their effectiveness. The integral knowledge about the vegetable systems, molecular mechanisms of pathogens and mechanisms of these substances would ensure more efficient in vitro and in vivo experiences. Finally, the cost-benefit, toxicity, and ecotoxicity evaluation will be guaranteed the successful implementation and commercialization of these technologies, as a sustainable alternative to minimize production losses of vegetable commodities.

Development and physicochemical characterization of chitosan hydrochloride/sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles for cinnamaldehyde entrapment

In this work, the cinnamaldehyde (CA) loaded nanoparticles were synthesized by directly cross-linking chitosan hydrochloride (CSH) and sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD). The CA/SBE-β-CD inclusion complex was firstly prepared, and its highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 86.34%. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope results indicated that the inclusion complex showed massive aggregates with a coarse and fluffy texture and irregular surface. Then, the inclusion complex interacted with CSH to form nanoparticles. The EE of CA in nanoparticles was improved. Atomic force microscopy showed the nanoparticles had regular and spherical morphology. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that CA was mainly encapsulated in the inner place of CSH/SBE-β-CD nanoparticles (CSNs). The enhanced thermal stability of the nanoparticles was found in differential scanning calorimeter. X-ray diffraction implied that CA-CSNs existed in the amorphous state. CA-CSNs had excellent slow release property. Further, the bacteriostatic effect of CA-CSNs was much better than that of CA and CSNs. All the results indicated that CSNs can be used as a promising carrier to encapsulate CA. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: CA is an effective antimicrobial and generally recognized as Safe-GRAS. CA also exhibits many other bioactivities and has been commonly used for digestive, cardiovascular and immune system diseases. However, CA is easy to be oxidized and volatilized during storage for poor water solubility. The nanoencapsulations display the capacities of enhancing solubility of bioactive compounds, protecting them from degradation, and prolonging their residence. In this manuscript, CA loaded nanoparticles were investigated. The results suggested that the nanoencapsulation could benefit for improving water solubility and stability of CA. This strategy could be helpful for its application and development in food preservation.

Inhalation of Tetrandrine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a kind of interstitial lung disease with the features of progressive and often fatal dyspnea. Tetrandrine (TET) is the major active constituent of Chinese herbal Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, which has already applied clinically to treat rheumatism, lung cancer, and silicosis. In this work, a tetrandrine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound (TET-HP-β-CD) was developed for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis via inhalation administration. TET-HP-β-CD was prepared by the freeze-drying method and identified using the cascade impactor, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR). A bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis rat model was used to assess the effects of inhaled TET and TET-HP-β-CD. Animal survival, hydroxyproline content in the lungs, and lung histology were detected. The results showed that inhalation of TET-HP-β-CD alleviated inflammation and fibrosis, limited the accumulation of hydroxyproline in the lungs, regulated protein expression in PF development, and improved postoperative survival. Moreover, nebulized delivery of TET-HP-β-CD accumulated chiefly in the lungs and limited systemic distribution compared with intravenous administration. The present results indicated that inhalation of TET-HP-β-CD is an attractive candidate for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

Effect of β-cyclodextrin encapsulation on cytotoxic activity of acetylshikonin against HCT-116 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines

Acetylshikonin (AcSh), as a red colored pigment found in roots of the plants from family Boraginaceae, showed excellent cytotoxic activity. Due to its hydrophobic nature, and thus poor bioavailability, the aim of this study was to prepare acetylshikonin/β-cyclodextrin (AcSh/β-CD) inclusion complex by using coprecipitation method, characterize obtained system by using UV/VIS, IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, and determine cytotoxic activity. Phase solubility test indicated formation of A_L-type binary system (substrate/ligand ratio was 1:1 M/M), with stability constant Ks of 306.01 M⁻¹. Formation of noncovalent bonds between inner layer of the hole of β-CD and AcSh was observed using spectroscopic methods. Notable changes in chemical shifts of two protons (−0.020 ppm) from naphthoquinone moiety (C₆-H and C₇-H), as well as protons from hydroxyl groups (−0.013 and −0.009, respectively) attached to C₅ and C₈ carbons from naphthoquinone part indicate that the molecule of AcSh enters the β-CD cavity from the aromatic side. Cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines was measured by MTT test and clonogenic assay. Mechanisms of action of free AcSh and inclusion complex were assessed by flow cytometry. In comparison to free AcSh, AcSh/β-CD showed stronger short-term effect on HCT-116 cells and superior long-term effect on both cell lines. Inclusion complex induced more pronounced cell cycle arrest and autophagy inhibition, and induced increase in accumulation of intracellular ROS more effectively than free AcSh. In conclusion, AcSh/β-CD binary system showed better performances regarding cytotoxic activity against tested tumor cell lines.

Antifungal Activity of Selected Natural Preservatives against Aspergillus westerdijkiae and Penicillium verrucosum and the Interactions of These Preservatives with Food Components

The present study examined the influence of primary food components on the antifungal activity of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare, carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde against Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus westerdijkiae. The MIC was determined in food model media enriched with proteins (1, 5, or 10%), carbohydrates (1, 4, or 6%), or oil (1, 5, or 10%). Proteins increased the antifungal activity of O. vulgare essential oil, carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol, whereas the effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde decreased with increasing protein content. The presence of carbohydrates diminished the inhibitory effect of the natural preservatives on A. westerdijkiae; for P. verrucosum, their inhibitory effect increased with carbohydrates. Only the antifungal activity of trans-cinnamaldehyde did not depend on the carbohydrate content. The presence of oil had the strongest influence. At a concentration of 1% oil, the antifungal activity decreased significantly, and at 10% oil, almost no inhibition was observed. To investigate the effect of the antifungal agents on the morphology of the target molds, they were grown on malt extract agar containing carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The hyphae, conidiophores, vesicles, and phialides were severely altered and deformed, and spore formation was clearly suppressed.

Characterization and application of the microencapsulated carvacrol/sodium alginate films as food packaging materials

The carvacrol (CAR) was microencapsulated by β-cyclodextrin (βCD). To extend the shelf-life of white mushrooms against Trichoderma sp., the microencapsulated CAR (βCD-CARM)/sodium alginate (SA) films were prepared and characterized. The antifungal, physical, and mechanical properties of the films were investigated in this study. The results showed that the βCD-CARM with a core-to-wall ratio of 1:10 had better encapsulation efficiency and antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp., which was isolated from postharvest white mushrooms stored at 4 °C. The optimum concentration of βCD-CARM against Trichoderma sp. in vitro was 15 g/L. The water resistance, mechanical properties, light barrier property and heat aging of the film were enhanced after adding βCD-CARM. The films with 30 g/L βCD-CARM could efficiently against Trichoderma sp. The performance of βCD-CARM/SA films was confirmed to control the release of CAR for enhanced antifungal activity. Besides, the βCD-CARM/SA films increased the activities of active free-radical scavenging enzymes to alleviate oxidative damage and delay senescence of the postharvest white mushrooms.

Encapsulation of Essential Oils for the Development of Biosourced Pesticides with Controlled Release: A Review

Essential oil (EO) encapsulation can be carried out via a multitude of techniques, depending on applications. Because of EOs’ biological activities, the development of biosourced pesticides with EO encapsulation is of great interest. A lot of methods have been developed; they are presented in this review, together with the properties of the final products. Encapsulation conserves and protects EOs from outside aggression, but also allows for controlled release, which is useful for applications in agronomy. The focus is on the matrices that are of interest for the controlled release of their content, namely: alginate, chitosan, and cyclodextrin. Those three matrices are used with several methods in order to create EO encapsulation with different structures, capacities, and release profiles.

Cytosporone B as a Biological Preservative: Purification, Fungicidal Activity and Mechanism of Action against Geotrichum citri-aurantii

To prevent citrus decay caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii, 12 natural products were isolated from two endophytic fungi, in which cytosporone B was shown to have excellent bioactivity for control of G. citri-aurantii with median effect concentration (EC₅₀) of 26.11 μg/mL and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 105 μg/mL, and also significantly reduced the decay of sugar orange during the in vivo trials. In addition, cytosporone B could alter the morphology of G. citri-aurantii by causing distortion of the mycelia and loss of membrane integrity. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between cytosporone B-treated and -untreated samples were revealed by Illumina sequencing, including 3540 unigenes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that most DEGs were related to metabolic production and cell membrane. These findings suggest cytosporone B is a promising biological preservative to control citrus decay and reveal the action mechanism of cytosporone B in relation to the destruction of the fungal cell membrane at both morphological and molecular levels.

Antifungal and physicochemical properties of inclusion complexes based on β-cyclodextrin and essential oil derivatives

Inclusion complexes based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and antimicrobial compounds, were prepared by co-precipitation method, and characterized by entrapment efficiency (EE), thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, ¹H NMR spectroscopy, and water sorption. In addition, experiments associated to evaluate the effect of relative humidity on the release of active compounds and antifungal tests were performed. The analysis evidenced the encapsulation of active compounds into the β-CD structure with EE of 91 ± 4.1% and 66 ± 2.1% for β-CD/cinnamaldehyde and β-CD/eugenol complexes, respectively. Additionally, high relative humidities favored the release of active compounds from inclusion complexes. On the other hand, inclusion complexes were able to control the growth of B. cinerea, which was evidenced by a reduction of its mycelialradial growth. Finally, specific interactions between the active compounds and β-CD were evaluated through molecular dynamics simulation techniques. According to the obtained results, these complexes could be applied as additives in the design of antifungal packaging.

Organophosphorus hydrolase-poly-β-cyclodextrin as a stable self-decontaminating bio-catalytic material for sorption and degradation of organophosphate pesticide

A region suffering from an attack of a nerve agent requires not only a highly sorptive material but also a fast-acting catalyst to decontaminate the lethal chemical present. The product should be capable of high sorptive capacity, selectivity and quick response time to neutralize the long lasting harmful effects of nerve agents. Herein, we have utilized organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) as a non-toxic bio-catalytic material held in with the supporting matrix of poly-β-cyclodextrin (PCD) as a novel sorptive reinforced self-decontaminating material against organophosphate intoxication. OPH coated PCD (OPH-PCD) will not only be providing support for holding enzyme but also would be adsorbing methyl paraoxon (MPO) used as a simulant, in a host-guest inclusion complex formation. Sorption trend for PCD revealed preference towards the more hydrophobic MPO against para-nitrophenol (pNP). The results show sorption capacity of 1.26 mg/g of 100 μM MPO with PCD which was 1.7 times higher compared to pNP. The reaction rate with immobilized OPH-PCD was found to be 23% less compared to free enzyme. With the help of OPH-PCD, continuous hydrolysis (100%) of MPO into pNP was observed for a period of 24 h through packed bed reactor with good reproducibility and stability of enzyme. The long-term stability also confirmed its stable nature for the investigation period of 4 days where it maintained activity. Combined with its fast and reactive nature, the resulting self-decontaminating regenerating material provides a promising strategy for the neutralization of nerve agents and preserving the environment.