Is imiquimod a promising drug to treat oral mucosa diseases? A scoping review and new perspectives

Imiquimod (IMQ) is a chemotherapeutic and immunostimulant drug that is applied topically, demonstrating antitumor and antiviral activities. The objective of this review was to compile data on the off-label use of IMQ in oral mucosal diseases. IMQ has exhibited effectiveness in the treatment of various oral mucosal conditions, including oral carcinogenic lesions, neoplasms, HPV-related lesions and autoimmune disorders. Although IMQ holds promise as a potential strategy for addressing oral mucosal lesions, it is important to note that significant side effects have been frequently reported. Nonetheless, it is crucial to develop and test new technological systems, such as the combination of nanotechnology with innovative drug delivery platforms. These advancements aim to minimize side effects and prolong the drug's contact time with the mucosa, preventing its removal by salivary flow.

Devices for osteoarthritis symptoms treatment: a patent review

INTRODUCTION

Osteoarthritis is a musculoskeletal disease that can lead to the loss and inability of those affected to perform normal daily functions, which leads to a decrease in quality of life. The main symptoms of osteoarthritis are tenderness, joint pain, stiffness, crepitus, limited movement, and local inflammation.

AREAS COVERED

The selected patents were deposited from 2010 to April 2022 involving 57 documents that were in line with the study objective in the final selection. The patents were classified in years, country, and applicants. Also, the therapeutic fields that presented the most documents were electrical stimulation, phototherapy, and ultrasound, followed by magnetic, electromagnetic, and thermotherapy. Therefore, the most current therapies used in the documents are already on the market.

EXPERT OPINION

Although the OA is cureless, non-surgical treatments are classified as the primary management approach for this disease. The pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are employed to reduce its prevalence and ensure the effectiveness of treatments. A strategy for relieving OA symptoms is non-pharmacological treatment, which can be based on exercise and patient education, combined with other alternative therapies. These therapies are used as supplements to the main OA treatments, enhancing the effectiveness of treatment outcomes.

Synthesis of films based on chitosan and protic ionic liquids to be used as wound dressing on the oral mucosa

Oral mucosal ulcerations expose connective tissue to different pathogens and this can progress to systemic infection. This study aimed to synthesize environmentally-friendly films with chitosan and protic ionic liquids, possessing mucoadhesive properties, activity against opportunistic microorganisms, enhanced malleability and mechanical resistance to be used as a wound dressing on the oral mucosa. Therefore, films with chitosan and 10, 35, and 50 % (wt/wt) of 2-hydroxy diethylammonium lactate, salicylate, and maleate protic ionic liquids were synthesized. Thickness measurements and mechanical properties analysis were performed. In addition, oral mucoadhesion, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity properties were investigated. Results showed that the addition of 35wt% and 50wt% of all kinds of protic ionic liquids tested presented significant improvements in film thickness and mechanical properties. Films based on chitosan and the protic ionic liquid 2-hydroxy diethylammonium salicylate at percentages of 35 and 50wt% exhibited superior mucoadhesive properties, antimicrobial activity on opportunistic microorganisms and an improvement in their flexibility after immersion in synthetic saliva. Cytotoxicity results suggest that all kinds of chitosan/protic ionic liquids films tested are safe for intra-oral use. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that these materials could be good candidates for efficient and environmentally-friendly wound dressing films on the oral mucosa.

The management of osteoarthritis symptomatology through nanotechnology: a patent review

Osteoarthritis is considered a degenerative joint disease that is characterised by inflammation, chronic pain, and functional limitation. The increasing development of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems has provided new ideas and methods for osteoarthritis therapy. This review aimed to evaluate patents that have developed innovations, therapeutic strategies, and alternatives using nanotechnology in osteoarthritis treatment. The results show patents deposited from 2015 to November 2021 in the online databases European Patent Office and World Intellectual Property Organisation. A total of 651 patents were identified for preliminary assessment and 16 were selected for full reading and discussion. The evaluated patents are focused on the intraarticular route, oral route, and topical route for osteoarthritis treatment. The intraarticular route presented a higher patent number, followed by the oral and topical routes, respectively. The development of new technologies allows us to envision a promising and positive future in osteoarthritis treatment.

Chemoprevention in oral leukoplakia: challenges and current landscape

Oral potentially malignant disorders have the potential to transform into oral cancer. Oral leukoplakia is a prevalent OPMD with a 9.8% malignant transformation rate. The standard management for OL involves surgical excision, but its efficacy in preventing clinical recurrence and malignant transformation is limited. Therefore, alternative strategies such as chemoprevention modalities have emerged as a promising approach to inhibit the carcinogenesis process. The aim of this review was to identify human studies that investigated the effectiveness of chemopreventive agents in preventing the progression of oral leukoplakia and to provide guidance for future research. Several systemic and topical agents have been evaluated for their potential chemopreventive effects in oral leukoplakia. Systemic agents that have been investigated include vitamin A, lycopene, celecoxib, green tea extract, ZengShengPing, Bowman Birk inhibitor, beta-carotene, curcumin, erlotinib, and metformin. In addition, topical agents tested include bleomycin, isotretinoin, ONYX-015 mouthwash, ketorolac, and dried black raspberry. Despite numerous agents that have already been tested, evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited. To improve the search for an ideal chemopreventive agent for oral leukoplakia, we propose several strategies that can be implemented. Oral leukoplakia chemoprevention presents a promising opportunity for decreasing the incidence of oral cancer. Identifying new chemopreventive agents and biomarkers for predicting treatment response should be a focus of future research.

Antibacterial drugs and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: a patent review

INTRODUCTION

Bacterial antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria mutate and escape the effect of antibiotics, which makes the antibiotics no longer effective in treating infections. New solutions for bacterial infections are a persistent need including the identification of drugs with better pharmacological profiles, more potent, and safer. Cyclodextrins inclusion complexes have been able to improve the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the formulation molecules, resulting in new alternatives with better efficacy.

AREAS COVERED

The patents analyzed in the review used treatments based on antibiotics already on the market, natural products, and synthesized molecules composed of the formulation with cyclodextrins. The combination between cyclodextrin and nanostructures also were presented in the patents review process. Moreover, inclusion complexes have been an alternative in developing treatment mainly in China by the pharmaceutical industries in several countries such as Germany, Hungary, the United States of America, Japan and China.

EXPERT OPINION

This review is broad and complete since it considers the first patent involving cyclodextrins and antibacterial drugs. Therefore, the various inclusion complexes and antibacterial drugs alternatives presented in this review offer therapeutic options to fight bacterial infections. If shown to be effective, these drugs may be extremely important in the current clinical practice.

Hesperetin-Based Hydrogels Protect the Skin against UV Radiation-Induced Damage

UV radiation can cause damages, such as erythema, skin photoaging, and carcinogenesis. The adoption of protective measures against sun exposure is essential to prevent these damages, and the interest in using natural substances as an alternative for photoprotection is growing. Thus, hesperetin with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties is a promising substance to be used with photochemopreventive action and to protect the skin from damage induced by UV radiation. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a topical formulation based on AAMVPC gel containing hesperetin and evaluate its photoprotective effect on the skin of rats exposed to UVA-UVB radiation. The animals were submitted to the irradiation protocol UVA-UVB, and at the end, erythema, lipid peroxidation, and activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase and superoxide dismutase were evaluated. Additionally, it evaluated the activity of myeloperoxidase and histological changes. The formulation presented a rheological and spreadability profile suitable for cutaneous application. In vivo results demonstrated that the topical formulation of AAMVPC gel containing hesperetin at a concentration of 10% protected the skin from damage induced by UVA-UVB radiation, with the absence of erythema, lipid lipoperoxidation, and inflammation (low myeloperoxidase activity), and increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. The morphology and architecture of the dermo-epidermal tissue of these animals were like those observed under normal conditions (non-irradiated animals). Thus, the results showed that hesperetin was able to protect the animals' skin against UV radiation-induced skin damage and the protection mechanisms may be related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of this natural product.

Evaluation of an efficient and skin-adherent semisolid sunscreen nanoformulation

INTRODUCTION

Sunscreens are substances applied on the skin surface to protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV light. Nanoparticles can increase the retention time of the sunscreen on the skin surface and its efficacy, by acting as physical barriers. The present investigation aimed to prepare and characterize benzophenone-3-loaded lipid core nanocapsules coated with chitosan (CH-LNC) and, after obtaining a suitable semisolid formulation for skin application, to evaluate the influence of the nanocapsules chitosan-coating on the skin adhesion and photoprotective effect of the sunscreen.

METHODS

CH-LNC were obtained by the interfacial deposition of pre-formed polymer. The semisolid formulation was obtained using hydroxyethyl cellulose as gel-forming polymer. Skin adhesion experiments were performed by keeping skin membranes with formulation under water at 32oC for up to 60 minutes. Photoprotective effect was analyzed by the capacity of the formulations to protect a photo unstable substance (resveratrol) from degradation under UV light.

RESULTS

CH-LNC presented size of around 150nm, with low polydispersity, positive zeta potential, due to chitosan, and benzophenone-3 encapsulation efficiency of close to 100% (3mg/mL). The proposed gel presented suitable consistence and pH for skin application. Although coated and uncoated LNC increased benzonphenone-3 skin adhesion after 10 minutes of water immersion, only the nanoparticles coated with chitosan were able to do so after 60 minutes. CH-LNC increased the photoprotection of the sunscreen under UVA and UVB light after 60 minutes of exposure, probably due to the bioadhesion and film-forming properties of chitosan.

CONCLUSION

The chitosan coating of benzophenone-3-loaded LNC increased the skin adhesion and the photoprotective effect of the sunscreen.

Mapping of New Pharmacological Alternatives in the Face of the Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in COVID-19 Patents Treated for Opportunistic Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens

BACKGROUND

The increase in bacterial resistance against antibiotics is thought to be another type of pandemic after COVID-19. Emergency treatment based on antibiotics is a major influence in increasing this resistance. Bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, are the most affected by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, since they are resistant to most antibiotics currently available on the market.

OBJECTIVE

This review aimed to evaluate patents of new drugs and formulations, for the treatment of infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

METHODS

The present patent review was carried out through a specialized search database Espacenet. The selection was based on the criteria of patents published from 2010 to May 2021, in any language, and containing the keywords in title or abstract. Also, a research was performed on the PubMed database, using the inclusion criteria.

RESULTS

Twenty-two patents were selected for the analysis according to the aim of the study. The advance of new patents has been mostly observed in the World Intellectual Property Organization, China, and United States. The results showed that the main approach was the drug association, followed by drug carriers, new isolated products, and vaccines.

CONCLUSION

It has been observed that few studies use new drug alternatives for the treatment, probably due to the higher cost of the development and lack of investments. The effectiveness and safety of these therapies depend on the acceptance, the correct prescription, and rational use of medicines. Therefore, this review can further develop new treatments as alternatives against Klebsiella pneumoniae and pneumonia caused by it.

New nanotechnological formulation based on amiodarone-loaded lipid core nanocapsules displays anticryptococcal effect

Cryptococcus neoformans is the etiological agent of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. The recommended available treatment has low efficiency, with high toxicity and resistance as recurrent problems. In the search of new treatment protocols, the proposal of new pharmacological approaches is considered an innovative strategy, mainly nanotechnological systems considering fungal diseases. The antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone has demonstrated antifungal activity against a range of fungi, including C. neoformans. Here, considering the importance of calcium storage mediated by transporters on cryptococcal virulence, we evaluated the use of the calcium channel blocker amiodarone as an alternative therapy for cryptococcosis. C. neoformans displayed high sensitivity to amiodarone, which was also synergistic with fluconazole. Amiodarone treatment influenced some virulence factors, interrupting the calcium-calcineurin signaling pathway. Experiments with murine cryptococcosis models revealed that amiodarone treatment increased the fungal burden in the lungs, while its combination with fluconazole did not improve treatment compared to fluconazole alone. In addition, we have developed different innovative nanotechnological formulations, one of which combining two drugs with different mechanisms of action. Lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC) loaded with amiodarone (LNC_AMD), fluconazole (LNC_FLU) and both (LNC_AMD+FLU) were produced to achieve a better efficacy in vivo. In an intranasal model of treatment, all the LNC formulations had an antifungal effect. In an intraperitoneal treatment, LNC_AMD showed an enhanced anticryptococcal effect compared to the free drug, whereas LNC_FLU or LNC_AMD+FLU displayed no differences from the free drugs. In this way, nanotechnology using amiodarone formulations could be an effective therapy for cryptococcal infections.

Pharmaceuticals agents for preventing NSAID-induced gastric ulcers: a patent review

INTRODUCTION

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of drugs widely used due to their pharmacological potential, demonstrating anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or antipyretic activity. However, prolonged use of these medications can lead to the development of gastric ulcers in patients. This review aimed to find patents for drugs with an anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective character to treat NSAID-induced gastric ulcers.

AREAS COVERED

For the treatment of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, formulations with different action mechanisms were found, including donors of nitric oxide, heterocyclic compounds, and natural products.

EXPERT OPINION

Many of the structures found have already been used in clinic settings and others, and according to the results found, they are promising for the treatment of gastric ulcers.

Mapping the technological landscape of SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

PURPOSE

The last two decades have seen the emergence of several viral outbreaks. Some of them are the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV2) - the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ever, vaccines for emergency use have been authorized for the control and prevention of COVID-19. Currently, there is an urgent need to develop a vaccine for prophylaxis of COVID-19 and for other future epidemics.

METHODS

This review describes patented vaccines for SARS and MERS-CoV and vaccines developed and approved for emergency use against the new coronavirus (COVID-19). The European Patent Office and the World Intellectual Property Organization were the patent databases used using specific terms. In addition, another search was carried out in the Clinical Trials in search of ongoing clinical studies focused on the COVID-19 vaccine.

RESULTS

The patent search showed that most vaccines are based on viral vector platforms, nucleic acids, or protein subunits. The review also includes an overview of completed and ongoing clinical trials for SARS-CoV-2 in several countries.

CONCLUSION

The information provided here lists vaccines for other types of coronavirus that have been used in the development of vaccines for COVID-19.

[To the question of genetic predisposition to the development of professional sensorineural hearing loss]

Objective was to study single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in CAT, NCL, HSPA1L, PCDH15, and PON2 genes and their associations with hearing impairment among the people working among noise-exposed workers of the mashine-building plant (JSC «Krasmash», Krasnoyarsk, Eastern Siberia, Russia).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The 443 employees of Krasmash JSC, who have been working under conditions of increased noise for at least 1 year, were surveyed and examined. A hearing study was performed by speech and tonal audiometry. Tonal audiometry was carried out in accord with according to a standard method in the frequency range 125-8000 Hz. People with chronic hearing impairment, survivors of meningitis and family history of hearing impairment were excluded from the study. The allelic composition of the studied genes was determined in the remaining group of 288 workers (study group). Polymorphisms were detected using bioluminescent method, developed by the authors earlier. The study group comprised 122 people with hearing impairment (experimental group) and 166 people without impairment (control group).

RESULTS

The genotyping results of on allelic variants rs494024 (CAT), rs7598759 (NCL), rs2227956 (HSPA1L), rs7095441 (PCDH15) and rs7785846 (PON2) showed that their frequencies in the study group did not differ and were comparable with those for the European population. No statistically significant differences were revealed in the distribution of the genotypes of the studied mutations between the experimental and control groups. Also no statistically significant associations we found between hearing impairment and availability of two or several SNPs, or these SNPs and clinical characteristics of the disease (degree of hearing impairment, tinnitus). In the group of workers with an experience of 5 to 16 years, an association was found for hearing impairment and SNP rs494024, as well as when it is combined with rs7598759.

CONCLUSIONS

The associations between SNP rs7598759, rs2227956, and rs7095441 and hearing impairment were not found. In the group of workers with 5-16 year experience, this association was found for SNP rs494024, as well as when it is combined with rs7598759. Discovered associations require further study.

Technological Scenario for Masks in Patent Database During Covid-19 Pandemic

Since January 2020, the World Health Organization announces COVID-19 outbreak a case of public health emergency of international interest, and declaring it a pandemic on March. Due to the high transmission of this disease, rate precautions have been implemented, such as the use of masks by the population, personal protective equipment (PPE), and safety protocols, mainly to health workers. Thus, we performed a patent review to evaluate the current patents related to the protective mask. The review was carried out in the patent database in the period of May 2019 to May 2020. After the process of screening and eligibility, 563 patents were selected for our analysis according to the aim of the study which used masks such as a PPE against dust particles and pathogens, mostly when it is about airborne transmission, such as viruses and bacteria. Here, an overview of the main materials used in the mask manufacturing and their efficiency was described. The results of the review showed that most of the masks used cotton, nylon, silver fiber fabrics, among others as fabrics to develop the masks. It also makes an analysis of masks composed of nanotechnology which provide high filtration efficiency. Moreover, the review also brought possibilities of masking the population, which already have been done in countries such as China and Korea and ways of sterilization for reuse of PPE during COVID-19 outbreak. Thus, this review can further researchers in the developing of masks to decrease the spread of a pandemic disease. Graphical abstract.

Innovative hydrogel containing polymeric nanocapsules loaded with phloretin: Enhanced skin penetration and adhesion

Dermatological applications of phloretin are restricted by its poor aqueous solubility. Nanotechnology has been proposed as strategy to increase the apparent drug solubility in aqueous media. This study aimed to develop, characterize, and evaluate the antitumoral effects and safety of polymeric nanocapsules containing phloretin (NCPhl). Further, to incorporate NC-Phl in an innovative semi-solid formulation (HG-NCPhl) to evaluate its performance using porcine skin model. NC-Phl was prepared and the effects in MRC5, HACAT, and SK-mel28 cells were evaluated. Hydrogels were prepared with Lecigel ® and characterized for their nanotechnological properties, adhesion (in vitro washability), and penetration/permeation studies in porcine skin. NC-Phl had a cytotoxic effect against Sk-Mel-28 cells and the population doubling time was increased upon treatment with NC-Phl for longer culture periods; notably when cells were treated for 72 h and then followed for 7 days after the treatment was removed (p < 0.05). HG-NC-Phl was considered adhesive and had a higher capacity to penetrate all skin layers compared with HG-Phl (p < 0.05). The innovative hydrogel HGNC-Phl promoted a drug-reservoir in the stratum corneum and higher penetration of the flavonoid into the epidermis. Therefore, this approach can be considered as a platform to establish versatile dermatological solutions for both cosmeceutics and melanoma therapy.

Altered aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor signalling affects regulatory and effector cell immunity in autoimmune hepatitis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

In autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), the imbalance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T-helper type 17 (Th17) cells has been linked to low levels of CD39, an ectoenzyme that hydrolyses ATP, ultimately generating immunosuppressive adenosine. Upregulation of CD39 results from activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which mediates toxin responses to modulate T-cell immunity. In this study, we investigated whether altered AHR signalling underlies defective CD39 expression and function in AIH Tregs and Th17 cells, therefore contributing to regulatory/effector cell imbalance.

METHODS

Tregs and Th17 cells, obtained from the peripheral blood of 49 patients with AIH and 21 healthy individuals (HI), were tested for response to endogenous and exogenous AHR ligands.

RESULTS

When compared to those of HI, AIH-derived Tregs and Th17 cells displayed impaired responses to AHR activation, reflected by impaired upregulation of CD39, delayed increase in ectoenzymatic activity, and defective Treg suppressive function. These impairments resulted, at least in part, from heightened levels of AHRR and Erα in Tregs and high HIF-1α in Th17 cells, and were reverted upon molecular blockade. Importantly, in AIH-derived Tregs, the binding affinity of AHR was higher for Erα than ARNT.

CONCLUSIONS

In AIH, high levels of AHRR and HIF-1α inhibit AHR signalling in Tregs and Th17 cells. AHR non-canonical binding to Erα further amplifies the lack of effective CD39 upregulation. Blockade of these inhibitory and/or non-canonical activation pathways represents a potential therapeutic approach to restore CD39 and immunohomeostasis in AIH.

LAY SUMMARY

In patients with autoimmune hepatitis, the imbalance between regulatory T cells and T helper type-17 cells is linked to dysfunction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, resulting from aberrant inhibition or non-canonical activation. These alterations impair Treg- and Th17 cell-induced upregulation of CD39, an ectoenzyme key to immunoregulation. Blockade of excessive inhibition or non-canonical activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to control inflammation while restoring immune balance in autoimmune hepatitis.

Dermatological applications of the flavonoid phloretin

Botanical molecules are known to have the ability to counteract ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage. The interest in the development of natural compound-based products for the prevention of solar ultraviolet radiation-induced skin photoaging, melasma, and photocarcinogenesis has been increasing. Recently, the flavonoid phloretin has attracted the attention of researchers in the dermatological field for application in cosmetics and therapeutics. In addition to its antioxidant activity, phloretin has been shown to have properties such as anti-aging and depigmenting effects. In this study, we review the dermatological treatments with phloretin for conditions such as melasma, photoaging, acne, and melanoma. Phloretin has been shown to inhibit elastase and matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity, to reduce cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content, and induce apoptosis in B16 mouse melanoma 4A5 cells. An in vivo study showed that phloretin, applied topically to the dorsal skin of mice, suppressed the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced expression of COX-2, a critical molecular target of many chemopreventive, as well as anti-inflammatory agents. Phloretin can penetrate the skin; nevertheless, its penetration profile in different skin layers has not yet been evaluated. Despite its health benefits, phloretin application has been limited because of its photoinstability and poor aqueous solubility, among other limitations. Therefore, we reviewed the recent advances in pharmaceutical applications such as the use of nanotechnology, in order to improve the cutaneous availability of phloretin. In this review, we also focus on the oral application, product development challenges, and recent progress and future research directions on phloretin.

Otoliths-composed gelatin/sodium alginate scaffolds for bone regeneration

Evidence that otoliths, mineral-rich limestone concrescences present in the inner ear of bone fishes, can accelerate bone formation in vivo has been previously reported. The goal of this work was the development, characterization, and evaluation of the cytocompatibility of otoliths-incorporated sodium alginate and gelatin scaffolds. Cynoscion acoupa-derived otoliths were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FRX), particle size, free lime, and weight loss by calcination. Furthermore, otoliths were incorporated into sodium alginate (ALG/OTL-s) or gelatin (GEL/OTL-s) scaffolds, previously developed by freeze-drying. Then, the scaffolds were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), swelling tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cytotoxicity assays were run against J774.G8 macrophages and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Data obtained from TGA/DTG, DSC, and FTIR analyses confirmed the interaction between otoliths and the polymeric scaffolds. SEM showed the homogeneous porous 3D structure rich in otolith micro-fragments in both scaffolds. Swelling of the GEL/OTL-s (63.54 ± 3.0%) was greater than of ALG/OTL-s (13.36 ± 9.9%) (p < 0.001). The viability of J774.G8 macrophages treated with both scaffolds was statistically similar to the group treated with DMEM only (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than that treated with Triton-X (p < 0.01) at 72 h. Both scaffolds showed approximately 100% growth of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts by 24 h, similarly to control (p > 0.05). However, by 48 h, only ALG/OTL-s showed growth similar to control (p > 0.05), whereas GEL/OTL showed a significantly lower growth index (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the physicochemical profiles suggest proper interaction between the otoliths and the two developed polymeric 3D scaffolds. Moreover, both materials showed cytocompatibility with J774.G8 macrophages but the growth of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts was higher when exposed to ALG/OTL-s. These data suggest that sodium alginate/otoliths scaffolds are potential biomaterials to be used in bone regeneration applications. Graphical abstract.

Analytical techniques to recognize inclusion complexes formation involving monoterpenes and cyclodextrins: A study case with (-) borneol, a food ingredient

Monoterpenes are non-polar secondary metabolites widely used by industry due to their excellent therapeutic, food-ingredient and cosmetic properties. However, their low solubility in water limits their use. In this sense, cyclodextrins (CDs) have been widely used to solve these technological challenges. Thus, this study aims to use (-)-borneol as a monoterpene model to prepare inclusion complexes between β-CD and hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD) through different ways and characterize them in order to choose the best inclusion method to improve physicochemical properties of monoterpenes. To achieve this goal, the samples were prepared by physical mixture (PM), paste complex (PA) and freeze-drying complex (FD) and then, extensively characterized by thermal analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, size particle, X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance. The physicochemical results showed that freeze-drying was more effective to form inclusion complexes between (-)-borneol with both CDs. This research highlights the importance of recognizing the best method to prepare inclusion complexes, including food additives as (-)-borneol, to achieve better results in food preparations.

(-)-linalool-Loaded Polymeric Nanocapsules Are a Potential Candidate to Fibromyalgia Treatment

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disease that has as main characteristic generalized musculoskeletal pain, which can cause physical and emotional problems to patients. However, pharmacological therapies show side effects that hamper the adhesion to treatment. Given this, (-)-linalool (LIN), a monoterpene with several therapeutic properties already reported in scientific literature as anti-depressive, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperalgesic also demonstrated therapeutic potential in the treatment of FM. Nevertheless, physicochemical limitations as high volatilization and poor water-solubility make its use difficult. In this perspective, this present research had performed the incorporation of LIN into polymeric nanocapsules (LIN-NC). Size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, cytotoxicity, and drug release were performed. The antihyperalgesic effect of LIN-NC was evaluated by a chronic non-inflammatory muscle pain model. The results demonstrated that the polymeric nanocapsules showed particle size of 199.1 ± 0.7 nm with a PDI measurement of 0.13 ± 0.01. The drug content and encapsulation efficiency were 13.78 ± 0.05 mg/mL and 80.98 ± 0.003%, respectively. The formulation did not show cytotoxicity on J774 macrophages. The oral treatment with LIN-NC and free-LIN increased the mechanical withdrawal threshold on all days of treatment in comparison with the control group. In conclusion, LIN-NC is a promising proposal in the development of phytotherapy-based nanoformulations for future clinical applications.

New pectin-based hydrogel containing imiquimod-loaded polymeric nanocapsules for melanoma treatment

We developed a pectin-based hydrogel containing nanocapsules as a new strategy for melanoma treatment. Our first objective was to evaluate the nanoencapsulation effect of imiquimod on melanoma. Imiquimod-loaded polymeric nanocapsules (NCimiq) showed significant time-dependent decrease in cell viability after treatment at 3 μmol L^-1 (79% viable cells in 24 h and 55% in 72 h), which was not observed in cells treated with the solution of the drug (IMIQ) (99% viable cells in 24 h and 91% in 72 h). The second objective was to develop the hydrogel containing the drug-loaded nanocapsules (PEC-NCimiq). In vitro release study showed that 63% of imiquimod was released from the pectin-based hydrogel containing the drug (PEC-imiq) after 2 h, while 60% of the drug was released from PEC-NCimiq after 8 h. In the permeation study, 2.5 μg of imiquimod permeated the skin within 8 h after the initial contact of PEC-NCimiq, whereas only 2.1 μg of drug permeated after 12 h of contact when PEC-imiq was assayed. Pectin-based hydrogels enabled the drug penetration in all skin layers, especially the dermis (PEC-NCimiq = 6.8 μg and PEC-imiq = 4.3 μg). In the adhesion study, PEC-NCimiq showed the highest adhesiveness (42% removed from the skin) in comparison to PEC-imiq (71% removed from the skin). In conclusion, the nanoencapsulation provided a higher cytotoxic effect of imiquimod in SK-MEL-28, and the incorporation of the drug-loaded nanocapsules in pectin-based hydrogel showed higher adhesiveness and deeper penetration of the drug into the skin. Graphical abstract.

Anti-HPV Nanoemulsified-Imiquimod: A New and Potent Formulation to Treat Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is associated with the human papilloma virus (HPV) and nowadays is the fourth most frequent cancer among women. One of the treatments for this disease is based on the application of imiquimod. In this study, we postulated that the use of imiquimod in nanoemulsion results in a better antitumoral effect than the drug administered in its nonencapsulated form for the treatment of cervical cancer. Permeability studies using vaginal mucosa, as membrane, and in vitro studies involving cervical cancer cells (viability, clonogenic assay, and cell death analysis) were performed. We showed that low amount of encapsulated imiquimod permeated the vaginal mucosa. However, a higher percentage of cells died after the treatment with low amount (3.0 μmol L^-1) of the formulation compared to the free drug. In addition, the innovative formulation presented a combinatory mechanism of cell death involving autophagy and apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that the imiquimod-loaded nanoemulsioncan be an alternative product for the treatment of cervical cancer validating the hypothesis.

Direct effects of poly(ε-caprolactone) lipid-core nanocapsules on human immune cells

Aim: Poly(ε-caprolactone) lipid-core nanocapsules (LNCs) are efficient drug carriers and drug-free LNCs display therapeutic effects, inhibiting tumor growth and neutrophil activities. Herein, we investigated the direct actions of LNCs on human immune cells, to guide their therapeutic application. Materials & methods: LNC’s uptake, cytokine release, cell migration, proliferation and intracellular pathways under inflammatory stimulation were investigated. Results & conclusion: LNCs quickly penetrated leukocytes without cytotoxicity; inhibited mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine release and leukocyte migration under inflammatory stimulation, which were associated with inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway and intracellular calcium influx. Hence, we showed LNCs as a down-regulatory agent on immune cells, suggesting that either the particles themselves or their application as a drug carrier can halt non-desired inflammatory processes.

Advances of nanosystems containing cyclodextrins and their applications in pharmaceuticals

For many years, researchers have worked with supramolecular structures involving inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins. These studies have resulted in new commercially available drugs which have been of great benefit. More recently, studies using nanoparticles, including nanosystems containing cyclodextrins, have become a focus of academic research due to the versatility of the systems and their remarkable therapeutic potential. This review focuses on studies published between 2002 and 2018 involving nanosystems containing cyclodextrins. We consider the type of nanosystems, their importance in a health context, the physicochemical techniques used to show the quality of these systems and their potential for the development of novel pharmaceutical formulations. These have been developed in recent studies which have mainly been focusing on basic science with no clinical trials as yet being performed. This is important to note because it means that the studies do not include any toxicity tests. Despite this limitation, the characterization assays performed suggest that these new formulations may have therapeutic potential. However, more research is required to assess the efficacy and safety of these nanosystems.

Mucoadhesive Properties of Eudragit®RS100, Eudragit®S100, and Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanocapsules: Influence of the Vehicle and the Mucosal Surface

The use of polymers as mucoadhesive materials has been explored in several drug delivery systems. It is well known that the resulting mucoadhesiveness not only depends on the polymers by themselves, but also on the way they are delivered and on the application target. However, little attention has been given to the combined effect of such characteristics. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the mucoadhesion resulting from combined effects of nanocapsules produced with polymers of different ionic properties, Eudragit®RS100, Eudragit®S100, or poly(ε-caprolactone), when they are incorporated into different vehicles (suspension, hydrogel, and powder) and applied on different mucosal surfaces (mucin, porcine vaginal, and buccal mucosa). Mucoadhesion was measured by a tensile stress tester. Our findings show that polymeric self-assembling as nanocapsules improved the mucoadhesion of the polymers. Eudragit®RS100 nanocapsules have the best performance, independently of the vehicle and surface used. Regarding the vehicle, hydrogels showed higher adhesion when compared to suspensions and powders. When considering different types of surfaces, mucin presented a similar pattern like the animal mucosa, but it overestimated the mucoadhesiveness of all formulations. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the best strategy to achieve high mucoadhesive formulations is by incorporating Eudragit®RS100 nanocapsules in hydrogels. Moreover, mucin is a suitable substrate to compare and screen different formulations but not as a conclusive estimation of the mucoadhesion values that can be achieved. These results are summarized in a decision tree that can help to understand different strategies of combination of these factors and the expected outcomes.

[The genetic aspects of occupational hearing impairment]

This article was designed to be the overview of the current literature publications concerning the identification of the genetic markers of susceptibility to the noise-induced loss of hearing. The analysis of these data has demonstrated that the major gene polymorphisms associated with the development of this pathological condition are localized in the genes encoding for the antioxidant systems, potassium homeostasis, and adhesion molecules as well as in the genes involved in intercellular coupling, the mechanisms underlying the cellular response to stress, activation and regulation of heat shock proteins, and signaling function of the immune system. It is concluded that the further investigations into the genetic aspects of the full-genome sequencing techniques and the search for genomic associations could greatly contribute to the development of personalized medicine and the reduction of risks of occupational noise-induced sensorineural impairment of hearing.

Extended low-dose dexamethasone suppression test for diagnosis of atypical Cushing's syndrome in dogs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate extension of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression (LDDS) test from 8 h to 12 h to detect possible hypercortisolemia associated with atypical hyperadrenocorticism (AHAC). Twelve client-owned dogs were enrolled in the study: 6 healthy dogs (group 1) and 6 dogs with suspected AHAC (group 2). Baseline EDTA plasma samples were collected for endogenous ACTH determination using an immunoradiometric assay. Serum samples were collected before and at 4, 8, 10, and 12 h post-administration of 0.01 mg/kg dexamethasone IV for cortisol concentration determination via chemiluminescent assay. Mean endogenous ACTH concentration did not differ between groups (group 1: 22.4 pg/mL, group 2: 20.0 pg/mL; P > 0.2). Mean baseline cortisol concentration also did not differ significantly between groups (group 1: 3.03 μg/dL, group 2: 4.95 μg/dL; P > 0.2) nor was there any difference in mean cortisol concentration between the groups at any other time point (P > 0.2). The cortisol concentration from 1 dog in group 2 suppressed to 0.7 μg/dL at 8 h but increased to 1.5 μg/dL at 10 h and 3.7 μg/dL at 12 h post-dexamethasone. Based on results of this study, use of an extended LDDS test could not differentiate between healthy dogs and dogs with AHAC. Diagnosis of AHAC should continue to be based on prior established criteria until new testing has been identified.

Hesperetin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules in polyamide: a new textile formulation for topical drug delivery

Chronic venous insufficiency is characterized by chronic reflux disorder of blood from the peripheral to the central vein, with subsequent venous hypertension and resulting changes in the skin. Traditionally, nonsurgical treatments relied on the use of compression therapy, and more recently a variety of flavonoids have been shown to have positive effects. There have also been developments of more effective drug delivery systems using various textiles and nanotechnology to provide new therapeutic options. Our objective was to use nanotechnology to develop a new formulation containing hesperetin (Hst), a substance not previously used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, impregnated into textile fibers as a possible alternative treatment of venous diseases. We prepared the nanocapsules using the interfacial deposition of preformed polymer method with an Hst concentration of 0.5 mg/mL and then characterized the size and distribution of particles. To quantify the Hst in the samples, we developed an analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography. Studies of encapsulation efficiency (98.81%±0.28%), microscopy, drug release (free-Hst: 104.96%±12.83%; lipid-core nanocapsule-Hst: 69.90%±1.33%), penetration/permeation, drug content (0.46±0.01 mg/mL) and the effect of washing the textile after drug impregnation were performed as part of the study. The results showed that nanoparticles of a suitable size and distribution with controlled release of the drug and penetration/permeation into the skin layers were achieved. Furthermore, it was established that polyamide was able to hold more of the drug, with a 2.54 times higher content than the cotton fiber; after one wash and after five washes, this relation was 2.80 times higher. In conclusion, this is a promising therapeutic alternative to be further studied in clinical trials.

Production of Isotonic, Sterile, and Kinetically Stable Lipid-Core Nanocapsules for Injectable Administration

Lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC) were designed and prepared as a colloidal system for drug targeting to improve the stability of drugs and allow their controlled release. For parenteral administration, it is necessary to ensure formulation sterility. However, sterilization of nanotechnological devices using an appropriate technique that keeps the supramolecular structure intact remains a challenge. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of autoclaving on the physicochemical characteristics of LNC. Formulations were prepared by the self-assembling method, followed by isotonization and sterilization at varying times and temperatures. The isotonicity was confirmed by determining the freezing temperature, which was -0.51°C. The formulation was broadly characterized, and the diameter of the particles was determined utilizing complementary methods. To evaluate the chemical stability of poly(ε-caprolactone), its molecular weight was determined by size exclusion chromatography. The physicochemical characteristics (average diameter, viscosity, and physical stability) of the formulation were similar before and after adding glycerol and conducting the sterilization at the highest temperature (134°C) and the shorter exposure time (10 min). After autoclaving, the sterility test was performed and showed no detectable microbial growth. Multiple light scattering demonstrated that the formulations were kinetically stable, and the mean diameter was constant for 6 months, corroborating this result. The polymer was chemically stable in the sterilized formulation. Isotonic and sterile LNC aqueous suspensions were produced using glycerol and autoclaving. Briefly, the results open an opportunity to produce an isotonic and sterile LNC aqueous dispersion applicable as nanomedicine for intravenous administration in clinical trials.

Ni(2+)-zeolite/ferrosphere and Ni(2+)-silica/ferrosphere beads for magnetic affinity separation of histidine-tagged proteins

Magnetic Ni(2+)-zeolite/ferrosphere and Ni(2+)-silica/ferrosphere beads (Ni-ferrosphere beads - NFB) of a core-shell structure were synthesized starting from coal fly ash ferrospheres having diameters in the range of 0.063-0.050 mm. The strategy of NFB fabrication is an oriented chemical modification of the outer surface preserving the magnetic core of parent beads with the formation of micro-mesoporous coverings. Two routes of ferrosphere modification were realized, such as (i) hydrothermal treatment in an alkaline medium resulting in a NaP zeolite layer and (ii) synthesis of micro-mesoporous silica on the glass surface using conventional methods. Immobilization of Ni(2+) ions in the siliceous porous shell of the magnetic beads was carried out via (i) the ion exchange of Na(+) for Ni(2+) in the zeolite layer or (ii) deposition of NiO clusters in the zeolite and silica pores. The final NFB were tested for affinity in magnetic separation of the histidine-tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP) directly from a cell lysate. Results pointed to the high affinity of the magnetic beads towards the protein in the presence of 10 mM EDTA. The sorption capacity of the ferrosphere-based Ni-beads with respect to GFP was in the range 1.5-5.7 mg cm(-3).

[ Bioluminescent assay to detect melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) polymorphisms (R160W, R151C, and D294H)]

Several polymorphisms in melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene are shown to have associations with melanoma risk. In particular, rs1805007, rs1805008, and rs1805009 mutations causing the corresponding R151C, R160W, and D294H changes and associated with the phenotype ("red-hair mutations") are connected with melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risks. The work describes the approach to detect these polymorphisms based on primer extension reaction with the following dual bioluminescent assay. Model plasmids with polymorphic MC1R fragments as well as several clinical DNA samples were tested using the developed technique. The results were in good correlation with those obtained by Sanger sequencing.

Serum cortisol concentrations in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and atypical hyperadrenocorticism

Background

Atypical hyperadrenocorticism (AHAC) is considered when dogs have clinical signs of hypercortisolemia with normal hyperadrenocorticism screening tests.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To compare cortisol concentrations and adrenal gland size among dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH), atypical hyperadrenocorticism (AHAC), and healthy controls.

Animals

Ten healthy dogs, 7 dogs with PDH, and 8 dogs with AHAC.

Method

Dogs were prospectively enrolled between November 2011 and January 2013. Dogs were diagnosed with PDH or AHAC based on clinical signs and positive screening test results (PDH) or abnormal extended adrenal hormone panel results (AHAC). Transverse adrenal gland measurements were obtained by abdominal ultrasound. Hourly mean cortisol (9 samplings), sum of hourly cortisol measurements and adrenal gland sizes were compared among the 3 groups.

Results

Hourly (control, 1.4 ± 0.6 μg/dL; AHAC, 2.9 ± 1.3; PDH, 4.3 ± 1.5) (mean, SD) and sum (control, 11.3 ± 3.3; AHAC, 23.2 ± 7.7; PDH, 34.7 ± 9.9) cortisol concentrations differed significantly between the controls and AHAC (P < .01) and PDH (P < .01) groups. Hourly (P < .01) but not sum (P = .27) cortisol concentrations differed between AHAC and PDH dogs. Average transverse adrenal gland diameter of control dogs (5.3 ± 1.2 mm) was significantly less than dogs with PDH (6.4 ± 1.4; P = .02) and AHAC (7.2 ± 1.5; P < .01); adrenal gland diameter did not differ (P = .18) between dogs with AHAC and PDH.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Serum cortisol concentrations in dogs with AHAC were increased compared to controls but less than dogs with PDH, while adrenal gland diameter was similar between dogs with AHAC and PDH. These findings suggest cortisol excess could contribute to the pathophysiology of AHAC.

[The detection of Leiden mutation using technique of enzymatic extension of allele-specific primer with double bioluminescent detection (PED-Biolum)]

The article deals with comparing technique of detection of Leiden mutation on the basis of PEXT-reaction with subsequent bioluminescent microanalysis of products with technique based on RT-PCR. The sampling for testing comprised 83 specimen of genome DNA including 35 specimens with known Leiden heterozygote mutation. The commercial kit "SNP-express-PB" (Litex) was used as a comparison test. It is demonstrated that proposed approach is a simple in its application, effective and relatively inexpensive technique of detection of Leiden one-nucleotide polymorphism in gene V of blood coagulation factor. The technique "PED-Biolum" has no differences in comparison with commercial technique RT-PCR concerning ability to detect mutant allele and matches it in parameters of economic effectiveness.

[Bioluminescent reporters to identify gene allelic variants]

The method of single nucleotide polymorphism identification based on primer extension reaction (PEXT) with the following bioluminescent solid-phase microassay was developed. The recombinant Ca2+-regulated photoprotein obelin and coelenterazine-dependent luciferase Renilla muelleri were used as reporters. Factor V Leiden polymorphism 1691 G-->A (R506Q) of human F5 gene genotyping was used for investigation. Genomic DNA was amplified by PCR using primers, flanking polymorphic site of 140 base pairs. PCR products were used as a template for two PEXT reaction using two primers with 3'-end nucleotides, complementary either normal or mutant alleles. At complementarity of template and allelic-typical primer its extension with DNA-polymerase takes place. The products carried biotin due to availability ofbiotinylated dUTP in the reactions mixture. The assay was carried out using obelin-streptavidin chemical conjugates. Optimal PEXT-reaction conditions providing high reliability of SNP genotyping were found. A new approach to determine both alleles in one well was developed applying two bioluminescent reporters. Availability of the proposed approach was shown in the study of clinical DNA samples.

[A highly sensitive and rapid method for the detection of DNA fragments using the photoprotein obelin as a reporter]

The recombinant Ca2+-activated photoprotein obelin was used as a reporter protein in a solid-phase bioluminescent hybridization DNA assay. Oligonucleotide probes were immobilized on the surface of a fine-grained polymer or microbiological plates of different types. A 30-mer oligonucleotide or its derivative with a biotin residue on the 3'-terminus, as well as a denatured double-stranded PCR fragment of the hepatitis C virus with the sequence of the 30-mer oligonucleotide, was used as a DNA template. The probe in the hybridization complex was labeled by elongation of the chain using Taq DNA polymerase in the presence of biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate. The results of the bioluminescent assay were compared with the results of colorimetric analysis obtained with alkaline phosphatase as a reporter protein. It was shown that the use of the bioluminescent obelin label substantially accelerates the DNA detection procedure, ensures a high sensitivity of the assay (no less than 10(-15) mol of DNA template), and enables quantitative determination of the amount of DNA template in the tested sample.

[Affine magnetic sorbents supported on coal ash microspheres for recombinant protein isolation]

The results of the development and utilization of an affine magnetic sorbent with Ni2+ ions immobilized on coal ash microspheres are reported. The applicability of the material in the isolation of Histag proteins is demonstrated by examples of the recombinant green fluorescent protein from Clytia gregarium and the Ca2+ regulated photoprotein obelin from Obelia longissima. The specific sorption capacity of the sorbent was 2-7 mg/cm3 for medium-size proteins (20-30 kDa). The particles are suitable for chromatography with the presence of chaotropic agents and EDTA. They are easy to manipulate as isolation of a target protein takes 30-35 min. On one hand, the elevated affinity of the sorbent to proteins rich in native histidines may result in a high degree of irreversible sorption; on the other hand, it allows isolation of such proteins without the introduction of artificial polyhistidine tracts.

[Calcium-regulated photoproteins of marine coelenterates]

Ca(2+)-regulated photoproteins are bioluminescent proteins responsible for bioluminescence of marine coelenterates. The photoprotein molecule is a stable enzyme-substrate complex consisting of a single polypeptide chain and an oxygen "pre-activated" substrate, 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine, which is tightly but non-covalently bound with a protein. The bioluminescence is triggered by calcium ions and originates from an oxidative decarboxylation of a protein bound substrate. The review provides current data on the photoproteins structure, the mechanism of bioluminescent reaction, the function of some amino acid residues of an active site in the catalysis and the formation of the emitter, as well as on applications of these proteins in a bioluminescent analysis.

Conjugates of the Сa2+-Regulated Photoprotein Obelin with Immunoglobulins: Synthesis and Use as Labels in Bioluminescent Immunoassay

An efficient procedure for obelin conjugation with immunoglobulins was developed. The possibility was shown of using the resulting conjugates instead of a radioisotope label for the immunoassay of thyroid stimulating hormone in sera; the conjugates provide a sensitivity of 0.01 microIU/ml. The results of bioluminescent immunoassay (sera of 34 patients) satisfactorily correlate with the results of radioisotope assay (R 0.99).

Steroid hormone concentration profiles in healthy intact and neutered dogs before and after cosyntropin administration

The purpose of this study was to determine steroid hormone concentration profiles in healthy intact and neutered male and female dogs. Seventeen intact female dogs, 20 intact male dogs, 30 spayed female dogs, and 30 castrated male dogs were used in this study. Serum samples were collected before and 1h after cosyntropin administration, and serum concentrations were determined for cortisol, progesterone, 17-OH progesterone (17-OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, testosterone, and estradiol. Intact male dogs had greater concentrations of DHEAS, androstenedione, and testosterone. Intact female dogs had greater concentrations of progesterone. There was no significant difference in estradiol concentration among the four groups. Intact male dogs had lower concentrations of cortisol post-stimulation. DHEAS and testosterone did not increase in response to ACTH in intact males, and estradiol concentrations did not increase in response to ACTH in any group. Results from this study will enhance interpretation of suspected adrenal and/or gonadal disorders of dogs. Because estradiol concentrations were similar in all groups of dogs, measuring estradiol may not be a useful diagnostic test. Cortisol concentrations for intact male dogs with hyperadrenocorticism may be lower than those of female or neutered dogs.

Role of conservative residue Cys158 in the formation of an active photoprotein complex of obelin

Using site directed mutagenesis, the conservative residue Cys158 of recombinant apoobelin was substituted for serine (C158S, S-mutant) or alanine (C158A, A-mutant). These point mutations resulted in significant changes in the apoobelin structure accompanied by slowing of photoprotein complex formation, decrease of its stability, and changing of its bioluminescence characteristics. The enzymatic properties of the photoprotein decreased in the series: wild-type protein > S-mutant > A-mutant. This is consistent with rank of nucleophilicity SH > OH > CH(3) of cysteine, serine, and alanine side chain functional groups, respectively. Possible mechanisms of the involvement of the apoobelin Cys158 SH-group in the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex are considered.

Steroidogenic response of adrenal tissues after administration of ACTH to dogs with hypercortisolemia

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate adrenal sex hormone concentrations in neutered dogs with hypercortisolemia.

DESIGN

Case series.

ANIMALS

11 neutered dogs with hypercortisolemia.

PROCEDURE

Serum samples obtained before and 1 hour after administration of ACTH were evaluated for concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or androstenedione or both, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone.

RESULTS

For all dogs, concentrations of 1 or more adrenal sex hormones were substantially greater than reference range values before or after administration of ACTH. Testosterone concentration was not greater than reference range values in any of the dogs.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Results emphasize the importance of ruling out hypercortisolemia before measuring adrenal sex hormone concentrations as a means of diagnosing adrenal hyperplasia syndrome (alopecia X) in dogs.

Cortisol concentrations following stimulation of healthy and adrenopathic dogs with two doses of tetracosactrin

A prospective study was undertaken to compare intravenous tetracosactrin at doses of 5 microg/kg and 250 microg for diagnosing hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Both healthy dogs and dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism were evaluated with the two doses of the drug, and serum cortisol concentrations were compared at 60 minutes post-stimulation. Some of the dogs had additional samples taken at 90 and 120 minutes. For four dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, timed samples were also obtained at 150, 180 and 240 minutes post-injection. Cortisol concentrations 60 minutes after stimulation with either 5 microg/kg or 250 microg intravenous tetracosactrin were similar for both healthy dogs and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. The lower dose can therefore be used for diagnosing hyperadrenocorticism in dogs.

Effect of oral melatonin administration on sex hormone, prolactin, and thyroid hormone concentrations in adult dogs

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effect of oral melatonin (MT) administration on serum concentrations of sex hormones, prolactin, and thyroxine in dogs.

DESIGN

Prospective study.

ANIMALS

8 male and 8 female adult sexually intact dogs.

PROCEDURE

5 male and 5 female dogs were treated with MT (1.0 to 1.3 mg/kg [0.45 to 0.59 mg/lb] of body weight), PO, every 12 hours for 28 days; the other 6 dogs were used as controls. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, and 28, and serum concentrations of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HP), dihydroepiandrostenedione sulfate (DHEAS), prolactin, and thyroxine were determined. On day 5, serum MT concentrations were measured before and periodically for up to 8 hours after MT administration in 4 treated dogs.

RESULTS

Female dogs treated with MT had significant decreases in serum estradiol, testosterone, and DHEAS concentrations between days 0 and 28. Male dogs treated with MT had significant decreases in serum estradiol and 17-HP concentrations between days 0 and 28. Serum MT concentrations increased significantly after MT administration and remained high for at least 8 hours. Prolactin and thyroxine concentrations were unaffected by treatment.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Melatonin is well absorbed following oral administration and may alter serum sex hormone concentrations.