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Raffo A, Baiamonte I, De Nicola GR, Melini V, Moneta E, Nardo N, Peparaio M, Saggia Civitelli E, Sinesio F. Sensory Attributes Driving Preference for Wild Rocket ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia) Leaves Tasted as a Single Ingredient and as a Part of a Recipe. Foods 2024; 13:1699. [PMID: 38890927 PMCID: PMC11172029 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Two cultivars of wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia), cv. Denver and Marte, were subjected to chemical determination of flavour-related constituents, sensory descriptive analysis, and measurement of liking by consumer test. Consumers evaluated rocket leaves both as a single ingredient and in a recipe formed by a roll of bresaola with also Grana Padano cheese. Sensory analyses showed that Marte was characterized by a more intense bitterness, hotness, and pungency, which corresponded to a higher total GSL content, mainly due to a higher level of dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl GSL. Five clusters of consumers were identified based on their liking scores. When tasting rocket leaves as a single ingredient, three clusters showed a higher liking for the milder cultivar, one cluster showed an opposite preference, while flavour attributes, such as bitterness and hotness, appeared as the main drivers of liking. Differences in liking were no longer found between the two cultivars when rocket leaves were evaluated in the recipe. Therefore, as rocket leaves are generally consumed as a part of a recipe with other ingredients instead of as a single ingredient, in the assessment of consumer preferences, it should not be neglected the influence of the way in which the product is consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Raffo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.B.); (V.M.); (E.M.); (N.N.); (M.P.); (E.S.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Irene Baiamonte
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.B.); (V.M.); (E.M.); (N.N.); (M.P.); (E.S.C.); (F.S.)
| | | | - Valentina Melini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.B.); (V.M.); (E.M.); (N.N.); (M.P.); (E.S.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Moneta
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.B.); (V.M.); (E.M.); (N.N.); (M.P.); (E.S.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Nicoletta Nardo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.B.); (V.M.); (E.M.); (N.N.); (M.P.); (E.S.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Marina Peparaio
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.B.); (V.M.); (E.M.); (N.N.); (M.P.); (E.S.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Eleonora Saggia Civitelli
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.B.); (V.M.); (E.M.); (N.N.); (M.P.); (E.S.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Fiorella Sinesio
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.B.); (V.M.); (E.M.); (N.N.); (M.P.); (E.S.C.); (F.S.)
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Khoramizadeh F, Garibay-Hernández A, Mock HP, Bilger W. Improvement of the Quality of Wild Rocket ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia) with Respect to Health-Related Compounds by Enhanced Growth Irradiance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9735-9745. [PMID: 38648561 PMCID: PMC11066873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
For healthier human nutrition, it is desirable to provide food with a high content of nutraceuticals such as polyphenolics, vitamins, and carotenoids. We investigated to what extent high growth irradiance influences the content of phenolics, α-tocopherol and carotenoids, in wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia), which is increasingly used as a salad green. Potted plants were grown in a climate chamber with a 16 h day length at photosynthetic photon flux densities varying from 20 to 1250 μmol m-2 s-1. Measurements of the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II, FV/FM, and of the epoxidation state of the violaxanthin cycle (V-cycle) showed that the plants did not suffer from excessive light for photosynthesis. Contents of carotenoids belonging to the V-cycle, α-tocopherol and several quercetin derivatives, increased nearly linearly with irradiance. Nonintrusive measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induced by UV-A and blue light relative to that induced by red light, indicating flavonoid and carotenoid content, allowed not only a semiquantitative measurement of both compounds but also allowed to follow their dynamic changes during reciprocal transfers between low and high growth irradiance. The results show that growth irradiance has a strong influence on the content of three different types of compounds with antioxidative properties and that it is possible to determine the contents of flavonoids and specific carotenoids in intact leaves using chlorophyll fluorescence. The results may be used for breeding to enhance healthy compounds in wild rocket leaves and to monitor their content for selection of appropriate genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Khoramizadeh
- Botanical
Institute, Christian-Albrechts University
Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel D-24098, Germany
| | - Adriana Garibay-Hernández
- Molecular
Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Rheinland-Pfälzische
TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich
Straße 23, Kaiserslautern D-67663, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, OT Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz
Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, OT Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Botanical
Institute, Christian-Albrechts University
Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel D-24098, Germany
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Zhong Y, Jia Z, Zhou H, Zhang D, Li G, Yu J. Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds from Four Radish Microgreen Cultivars Based on Ultrasonic Cell Disruption and HS-SPME/GC-MS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14988. [PMID: 37834435 PMCID: PMC10573294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultrasonic cell disruption method was used to efficiently extract isothiocyanates and other volatile compounds from radish microgreens. A total of 51 volatiles were identified and quantified by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) in four radish microgreen cultivars, mainly including alcohols, aldehydes, isothiocyanates, sulfides, ketones, esters, terpenes, and hydrocarbons. The correlation between cultivars and volatile compounds was determined by chemometrics analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering heat maps. The aroma profiles were distinguished based on the odor activity value (OAV), odor contribution rate (OCR), and radar fingerprint chart (RFC) of volatile compounds. This study not only revealed the different flavor characteristics in four cultivars but also established a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of radish microgreen flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Zhilong Jia
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.J.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hailong Zhou
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.J.); (H.Z.)
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Guichen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Jihua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.Z.); (G.L.)
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Malorni L, Cozzolino R, Magri A, Zampella L, Petriccione M. Influence of Plant-Based Biostimulant (BORTAN) on Qualitative and Aromatic Traits of Rocket Salad ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12040730. [PMID: 36840076 PMCID: PMC9961706 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the influence of a new plant-based biostimulant (Bortan) on physiological and aromatic traits of rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L. var. Pamela) was monitored by evaluating physico-chemical parameters (fresh and dry weight, leaf color and chlorophyll content) and biochemical traits (total phenolic compound (TP), total flavonoids (TF), ascorbic acid (AA) and antioxidant activity (AOX). Volatile profiles were also analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, allowing the detection of 32 volatiles belonging to 5 chemical classes. Compared to the control, Bortan application enhanced leaf pigment content, including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids (+10%, +16% and +28%, respectively) and increased TP (+34%), TF (+26%), AA (+19%) amonts and AOX value (+16%). Principal component analysis revealed a significant discrimination between the two samples. Specifically, treated samples were mainly associated with "green-leaf" volatiles, namely hexanal and 2-hexenal, 3-hexenal and 1-penten-3-one, while control rocket was directly correlated with several alcohols and to all isothiocyanates, associated with the sulfur-like odor of rocket. These findings can add further support, both for farmers and the agro-food industry, in choosing PBs as a new and sustainable practice in complementing enhanced yields with premium-quality produce. To confirm these preliminary data, further experiments are needed by enlarging the sample size, testing different concentrations of Bortan and/or using other food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Malorni
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Rosaria Cozzolino
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Anna Magri
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Zampella
- Diachem S.p.A., Via Mozzanica 9/11, 24043 Caravaggio, Italy
| | - Milena Petriccione
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Olive, Fruits, and Citrus Crops, Via Torrino 3, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Raffo A, Aguzzi A, Baiamonte I, Buonocore P, Ferrari Nicoli S, Gambelli L, Moneta E, Nardo N, Peparaio M, Ruggeri S, Sinesio F, Paoletti F. Comparison of nutritional and sensory quality of processed and unprocessed wild rocket leaves during cold storage. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effect of Plasma Activated Water on Selected Chemical Compounds of Rocket-Salad ( Eruca sativa Mill.) Leaves. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247691. [PMID: 34946772 PMCID: PMC8707835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma activated water (PAW) has proven to be a promising alternative for the decontamination of rocket leaves. The impact of PAW on the volatile profile, phytosterols, and pigment content of rocket leaves was studied. Leaves were treated by PAW at different times (2, 5, 10, and 20 min). Compounds of the headspace were detected and quantified using GC–MS analysis. A total of 52 volatile organic compounds of different chemical classes were identified. Glucosinolate hydrolysis products are the major chemical class. PAW application induced some chemical modifications in the volatile compounds. Changes in the content of the major compounds varied with the increase or decrease in the treatment time. However, PAW-10 and -2 were grouped closely to the control. A significant decrease in the content of β-sitosterol and campesterol was observed after PAW treatment, except for PAW-10, which showed a non-significant reduction in both compounds. A significant increase in β carotene, luteolin, and chlorophyll b was observed after the shortest treatment time of PAW-2. A reduction in chlorophyll content was also observed, which is significant only at longer treatment, or PAW-20. Overall, PAW has proven to be a safe alternative for rocket decontamination.
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Sayed Ahmed HI, Elsherif DE, El-Shanshory AR, Haider AS, Gaafar RM. Silver nanoparticles and Chlorella treatments induced glucosinolates and kaempferol key biosynthetic genes in Eruca sativa. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Microalgae and nanoparticles are currently considered promising tools for numerous agricultural and biotechnological applications. The green microalga Chlorella sp. MF1 and its biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used in this study as biofortification agents to enhance glucosinolate and kaempferol levels in Eruca sativa. UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and TEM were comprehensively used for characterizing Chlorella-based AgNPs.
Results
The biosynthesized AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape, with size ranging from 1.45 to 5.08 nm. According to FTIR measurements, silver ions were reduced to AgNPs by functional groups such as amide, hydroxyl and carboxylate. Different experimental treatments were conducted, including either soaking seeds of E. sativa or foliar spray with various concentrations of Chlorella suspension (1, 2, 3 and 4 g L−1) and AgNPs (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg L−1). Expression levels of five key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates (MAM1, SUR1, MYB34 and MYB51) and kaempferol (CHS) were assessed using qRT-PCR. The results indicated an upregulation in the gene expression levels in all treatments compared to control, recording the highest level at 40 mg L−1 AgNPs and 4 g L−1Chlorella suspension. In addition, high glucosinolates and kaempferol content was detected in plants whose leaves were sprayed with AgNPs and Chlorella suspension (40 mg L−1 and 4 g L−1) based on HPLC analysis. Sequence analysis of amplified CHS fragments from E. sativa plants treated with AgNPs (40 mg L−1) showed high sequence similarity to A. thaliana CHS gene. However, there were several CHS regions with sequence polymorphism (SNPs and Indels) in foliar sprayed plants.
Conclusions
Results of this study evidenced that the application of AgNPs and Chlorella suspension increased glucosinolates and kaempferol content in E. sativa through upregulation of key genes in their biosynthetic pathway.
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Raffo A, Senatore M, Moneta E, Paoletti F, Peparaio M, Saggia Civitelli E. Impact of different temperature abuse scenarios on sensory quality and off‐odour formation in ready‐to‐eat salad leaves. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Raffo
- CREA ‐ Research Centre for Food and Nutrition Via Ardeatina Rome546 ‐00178Italy
| | - Massimo Senatore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro‐Food and Forest Systems University of Tuscia Via San Camillo de Lellis snc ‐01100 Viterbo Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moneta
- CREA ‐ Research Centre for Food and Nutrition Via Ardeatina Rome546 ‐00178Italy
| | - Flavio Paoletti
- CREA ‐ Research Centre for Food and Nutrition Via Ardeatina Rome546 ‐00178Italy
| | - Marina Peparaio
- CREA ‐ Research Centre for Food and Nutrition Via Ardeatina Rome546 ‐00178Italy
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Damerum A, Chapman MA, Taylor G. Innovative breeding technologies in lettuce for improved post-harvest quality. POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 168:111266. [PMID: 33012992 PMCID: PMC7397847 DOI: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2020.111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Societal awareness of healthy eating is increasing alongside the market for processed bagged salads, which remain as one of the strongest growing food sectors internationally, including most recently from indoor growing systems. Lettuce represents a significant proportion of this ready-to-eat salad market. However, such products typically have a short shelf life, with decay of post-harvest quality occurring through complex biochemical and physiological changes in leaves and resulting in spoilage, food waste and risks to health. We review the functional and quantitative genetic understanding of lettuce post-harvest quality, revealing that few findings have translated into improved cultivar development. We identify (i) phytonutrient status (for enhanced antioxidant and vitamin status, aroma and flavour) (ii) leaf biophysical, cell wall and water relations traits (for longer shelf life) (iii) leaf surface traits (for enhanced food safety and reduced spoilage) and (iv) chlorophyll, other pigments and developmental senescence traits (for appearance and colour), as key targets for future post-harvest breeding. Lettuce is well-placed for rapid future exploitation to address postharvest quality traits with extensive genomic resources including the recent release of the lettuce genome and the development of innovative breeding technologies. Although technologies such as CRISPR/Cas genome editing are paving the way for accelerated crop improvement, other equally important resources available for lettuce include extensive germplasm collections, bi-parental mapping and wide populations with genotyping for genomic selection strategies and extensive multiomic datasets for candidate gene discovery. We discuss current progress towards post-harvest quality breeding for lettuce and how such resources may be utilised for future crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Damerum
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Mark A Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO179BJ, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO179BJ, UK
- Corresponding author at: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
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GC-olfactometric characterisation of off-odours in commercially packaged rocket leaves. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Clemente-Villalba J, Ariza D, García-Garví JM, Sánchez-Bravo P, Noguera-Artiaga L, Issa-Issa H, Hernández F, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA. Characterization and potential use of Diplotaxis erucoides as food ingredient for a sustainable modern cuisine and comparison with commercial mustards and wasabis. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Spadafora ND, Cocetta G, Ferrante A, Herbert RJ, Dimitrova S, Davoli D, Fernández M, Patterson V, Vozel T, Amarysti C, Rogers HJ, Müller CT. Short-Term Post-Harvest Stress that Affects Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds and Gene Expression in Rocket Salad During Early Post-Harvest Senescence. PLANTS 2019; 9:plants9010004. [PMID: 31861410 PMCID: PMC7020156 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Once harvested, leaves undergo a process of senescence which shares some features with developmental senescence. These include changes in gene expression, metabolites, and loss of photosynthetic capacity. Of particular interest in fresh produce are changes in nutrient content and the aroma, which is dependent on the profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Leafy salads are subjected to multiple stresses during and shortly after harvest, including mechanical damage, storage or transport under different temperature regimes, and low light. These are thought to impact on later shelf life performance by altering the progress of post-harvest senescence. Short term stresses in the first 24 h after harvest were simulated in wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia). These included dark (ambient temperature), dark and wounding (ambient temperature), and storage at 4 °C in darkness. The effects of stresses were monitored immediately afterwards and after one week of storage at 10 °C. Expression changes in two NAC transcription factors (orthologues of ANAC059 and ANAC019), and a gene involved in isothiocyanate production (thiocyanate methyltransferase, TMT) were evident immediately after stress treatments with some expression changes persisting following storage. Vitamin C loss and microbial growth on leaves were also affected by stress treatments. VOC profiles were differentially affected by stress treatments and the storage period. Overall, short term post-harvest stresses affected multiple aspects of rocket leaf senescence during chilled storage even after a week. However, different stress combinations elicited different responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D. Spadafora
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.D.S.); (S.D.); (D.D.); (M.F.); (V.P.); (T.V.); (C.A.); (C.T.M.)
- Markes International Ltd, Gwaun Elai Medi-Science Campus, Llantrisant RCT CF72 8XL, UK
| | - Giacomo Cocetta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Robert J. Herbert
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK;
| | - Simone Dimitrova
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.D.S.); (S.D.); (D.D.); (M.F.); (V.P.); (T.V.); (C.A.); (C.T.M.)
| | - Daniela Davoli
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.D.S.); (S.D.); (D.D.); (M.F.); (V.P.); (T.V.); (C.A.); (C.T.M.)
| | - Marta Fernández
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.D.S.); (S.D.); (D.D.); (M.F.); (V.P.); (T.V.); (C.A.); (C.T.M.)
| | - Valentine Patterson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.D.S.); (S.D.); (D.D.); (M.F.); (V.P.); (T.V.); (C.A.); (C.T.M.)
| | - Tinkara Vozel
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.D.S.); (S.D.); (D.D.); (M.F.); (V.P.); (T.V.); (C.A.); (C.T.M.)
| | - Canesia Amarysti
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.D.S.); (S.D.); (D.D.); (M.F.); (V.P.); (T.V.); (C.A.); (C.T.M.)
| | - Hilary J. Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.D.S.); (S.D.); (D.D.); (M.F.); (V.P.); (T.V.); (C.A.); (C.T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0-2920876352
| | - Carsten T. Müller
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.D.S.); (S.D.); (D.D.); (M.F.); (V.P.); (T.V.); (C.A.); (C.T.M.)
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Xylia P, Botsaris G, Chrysargyris A, Skandamis P, Tzortzakis N. Variation of microbial load and biochemical activity of ready-to-eat salads in Cyprus as affected by vegetable type, season, and producer. Food Microbiol 2019; 83:200-210. [PMID: 31202414 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fresh vegetables are important components of an everyday balanced diet making ready to-eat-salads (RTE) a commodity widely consumed. However, in the past few years these products have been linked with outbreaks of salmonellosis and listeriosis; thus the continuous investigation of their safety is an essential requirement. A total of 216 samples of ready-to-eat salads from the Cypriot market were analysed to determine the microbiological quality and safety, along with physicochemical attributes of the salads and identify possible correlations between them. The samples were randomly collected from four retail outlets and correspond to five different salad producing companies. Furthermore, the effects of season, salad producer and type of salad and/or their interactions with the tested parameters were investigated. The results revealed that the higher microbial load among seasons was observed in samples collected during spring. Escherichia coli was found in 11.57% of samples and 2.62% of isolates were found to be able to produce extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). All samples were found negative for Salmonella enterica, whereas Listeria monocytogenes was present in 3.70% of samples. Higher levels of spoilage bacteria (lactic acid bacteria and Pseudomonas spp.) were detected during winter and spring. Additionally, the %CO2 production was affected by the type of salad, while the interaction between producer and type of salad, affected total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of samples. A positive correlation of phenols and antioxidants with the presence of Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., E. coli and Bacillus cereus was observed, suggesting that excessive handling increases microbial load and plant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Xylia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - George Botsaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Antonios Chrysargyris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis Skandamis
- Faculty of Food Science & Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
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14
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Rocket science: A review of phytochemical & health-related research in Eruca & Diplotaxis species. Food Chem X 2019; 1:100002. [PMID: 31423483 PMCID: PMC6690419 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2018.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent phytochemical research in rocket species is critically reviewed. Glucosinolates and hydrolysis products change over growth and shelf life. Experiments should better consider and account for commercial practices. Research should be focused on providing benefits to the end consumer.
Rocket species (Eruca spp. and Diplotaxis spp.) are becoming increasingly important leafy salad crops across the world. Numerous scientific research papers have been published in recent years surrounding the potential health benefits associated with phytochemicals contained in leaves, such as flavonoids and isothiocyanates. Other research of note has also been conducted into the unique taste and flavour properties of leaves, which can be hot, peppery, bitter, and sweet depending upon the genotype and phytochemical composition. While research into these aspects is increasing, some studies lack cohesion and in-depth knowledge of commercial breeding and cultivation practices that makes interpretation and application of results difficult. This review draws together all significant research findings in these crops over the last five years, and highlights areas that require further exploration and/or resolution. We also advise on experimental considerations for these species to allow for more meaningful utilisation of findings in the commercial sector.
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15
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Mella VSA, Possell M, Troxell-Smith SM, McArthur C. Visit, consume and quit: Patch quality affects the three stages of foraging. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1615-1626. [PMID: 29995984 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Foraging is a three-stage process during which animals visit patches, consume food and quit. Foraging theory exploring relative patch quality has mostly focused on patch use and quitting decisions, ignoring the first crucial step for any forager: finding food. Yet, the decision to visit a patch is just as important as the decision to quit, as quitting theories can only be used if animals visit patches in the first place. Therefore, to better understand the foraging process and predict its outcomes, it is necessary to explore its three stages together. We used the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) as a model to investigate foraging decisions in response to food varying in quality. In particular, we tested whether patch nutritional quality affected the following: (1) patch visits; (2) behaviours at the patch during a foraging visit; and (3) patch quitting decisions (quantified using giving up density-GUD). Free-ranging possums were presented with diets varying in nitrogen content and concomitantly volatile organic compound (VOC) composition at feeding stations in the wild. We found that possums were able to distinguish between different quality foods from afar, despite the location of the diets changed daily. Possums used VOC (i.e. odour cues) emitted by the diets to find and select patches from a distance. High-quality diets with higher protein and lower fibre were visited more often and for longer. Possums spent more time foraging on diets high in nutritional content, resulting in lower GUDs. Our study provides important quantitative evidence that foraging efficiency plays out during all the three stages of the foraging process (i.e. visit, consume and quit), and demonstrates the significance of considering all these stages together in future studies and foraging models. Sensory cues such as food odours play a critical role in helping foragers, including mammalian herbivores, find high-quality food. This allows foragers to make quick, accurate and important decisions about food patches well before patch quitting decisions come into play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina S A Mella
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm Possell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra M Troxell-Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Clare McArthur
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Amaro AL, Spadafora ND, Pereira MJ, Dhorajiwala R, Herbert RJ, Müller CT, Rogers HJ, Pintado M. Multitrait analysis of fresh-cut cantaloupe melon enables discrimination between storage times and temperatures and identifies potential markers for quality assessments. Food Chem 2018; 241:222-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Mastrandrea L, Amodio ML, de Chiara MLV, Pati S, Colelli G. Effect of temperature abuse and improper atmosphere packaging on volatile profile and quality of rocket leaves. Food Packag Shelf Life 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Edelenbos M, Løkke MM, Seefeldt HF. Seasonal variation in color and texture of packaged wild rocket ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.). Food Packag Shelf Life 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Raffo A, Masci M, Moneta E, Nicoli S, Sánchez Del Pulgar J, Paoletti F. Characterization of volatiles and identification of odor-active compounds of rocket leaves. Food Chem 2017; 240:1161-1170. [PMID: 28946238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The volatile profile of crushed rocket leaves (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia) was investigated by applying Headspace Solid-Phase MicroExtraction (HS-SPME), combined with GC-MS, to an aqueous extract obtained by homogenization of rocket leaves, and stabilized by addition of CaCl2. A detailed picture of volatile products of the lipoxygenase pathway (mainly C6-aldehydes) and of glucosinolate hydrolysis (mainly isothiocyanates), and their dynamics of formation after tissue disruption was given. Odor-active compounds of leaves were characterized by GC-Olfactometry (GC-O) and Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis (AEDA): volatile isolates obtained by HS-SPME from an aqueous extract and by Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) from an ethanolic extract were analyzed. The most potent odor-active compounds fully or tentatively identified were (Z)- and (E)-3-hexenal, (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, responsible for green olfactory notes, along with 4-mercaptobutyl and 4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate, associated with typical rocket and radish aroma. Relatively high odor potency was observed for 1-octen-3-one, (E)-2-octenal and 1-penten-3-one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Raffo
- CREA - Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546-00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Masci
- CREA - Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546-00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moneta
- CREA - Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546-00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Nicoli
- CREA - Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546-00178 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavio Paoletti
- CREA - Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546-00178 Rome, Italy
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20
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Rux G, Caleb OJ, Geyer M, Mahajan PV. Impact of water rinsing and perforation-mediated MAP on the quality and off-odour development for rucola. Food Packag Shelf Life 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Changes in rocket salad phytochemicals within the commercial supply chain: Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, amino acids and bacterial load increase significantly after processing. Food Chem 2016; 221:521-534. [PMID: 27979236 PMCID: PMC5176039 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates and amino acids increase significantly over time. Glucoraphanin is not significantly affected by harvesting and processing. Sulforaphane significantly increases after processing in E. sativa cultivars. Bacterial load of leaves is correlated with glucosinolate and amino acid abundance. Commercial processing may increase the nutritional value of E. sativa to consumers.
Five cultivars of Eruca sativa and a commercial variety of Diplotaxis tenuifolia were grown in the UK (summer) and subjected to commercial growth, harvesting and processing, with subsequent shelf life storage. Glucosinolates (GSL), isothiocyanates (ITC), amino acids (AA), free sugars, and bacterial loads were analysed throughout the supply chain to determine the effects on phytochemical compositions. Bacterial load of leaves increased significantly over time and peaked during shelf life storage. Significant correlations were observed with GSL and AA concentrations, suggesting a previously unknown relationship between plants and endemic leaf bacteria. GSLs, ITCs and AAs increased significantly after processing and during shelf life. The supply chain did not significantly affect glucoraphanin concentrations, and its ITC sulforaphane significantly increased during shelf life in E. sativa cultivars. We hypothesise that commercial processing may increase the nutritional value of the crop, and have added health benefits for the consumer.
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