1
|
Stobernack T, Höper T, Herfurth UM. How processing affects marker peptide quantification - A comprehensive estimation on bovine material relevant for food and feed control. Food Chem 2024; 454:139768. [PMID: 38820638 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Processing food and feed challenges official control e.g. by modifying proteins, which leads to significant underestimation in targeted, MS-based protein quantification. Whereas numerous studies identified processing-induced changes on proteins in various combinations of matrices and processing conditions, studying their impact semi-quantitatively on specific protein sequences might unveil approaches to improve protein quantification accuracy. Thus, 335 post-translational modifications (e.g. oxidation, deamidation, carboxymethylation, Amadori, acrolein adduction) were identified by bottom-up proteomic analysis of 37 bovine materials relevant in food and feed (meat, bone, blood, milk) with varying processing degrees (raw, spray-dried, pressure-sterilized). To mimic protein recovery in a targeted analysis, peak areas of marker and reference peptides were compared to those of their modified versions, which revealed peptide-specific recoveries and variances across all samples. Detailed analysis suggests that incorporating two modified versions additionally to the unmodified marker may significantly improve quantification accuracy in targeted MS-based food and feed control in processed matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stobernack
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Animal Protein in Feed, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioanalytics, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tessa Höper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Animal Protein in Feed, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta M Herfurth
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Animal Protein in Feed, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schlachter S, Tadus K, Weiss R, Reiter E, Strnad I, Cichna-Markl M, D'Amico S. Simultaneous Determination of Animal Products from Ruminant, Pig, Poultry, and Fish in Feedingstuff by Targeted High-Resolution LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15357-15365. [PMID: 38941278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The prohibition of processed animal proteins (PAPs) has been relaxed gradually since 2007. The official control method for PAPs in feedingstuff, a combination of light microscopy (LM) followed by PCR, is no longer sufficient. Thus, a targeted LC-MS/MS method was developed, which enables a tissue-specific distinction between egg and dairy products, gelatine, and PAPs derived from blood or muscle tissue of the species ruminants, pigs, poultry, and fish. Tissue-specific proteins were analyzed after tryptic digestion to peptides with high-resolution ESI-QTOF-MS. A targeted method was developed based on untargeted proteomics approaches and the selection of specific peptides (45 unique peptides in total). Proficiency testing of blank and spiked samples revealed excellent results for trueness and selectivity. Furthermore, sensitivity was achieved at a level of 0.1% (w/w) for assessed peptides. Summing up, the developed method seems to be suitable for routine analysis after verification by ring trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schlachter
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaudia Tadus
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Weiss
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Reiter
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irmengard Strnad
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Cichna-Markl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefano D'Amico
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ji Z, Zhang J, Deng C, Guo T, Han R, Yang Y, Zang C, Chen Y. Identification of pasteurized mare milk and powder adulteration with bovine milk using quantitative proteomics and metabolomics approaches. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101265. [PMID: 38468636 PMCID: PMC10926301 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Adulteration in dairy products presents food safety challenges, driven by economic factors. Processing may change specific biomarkers, thus affecting their effectiveness in detection. In this study, proteomics and metabolomics approaches were to investigate the detection of bovine milk (BM) constituents adulteration in pasteurized mare milk (PMM) and mare milk powder (MMP). Several bovine proteins and metabolites were identified, with their abundances in PMM and MMP increasing upon addition of BM. Proteins like osteopontin (OPN) and serotransferrin (TF) detected adulteration down to 1 % in PMM, whereas these proteins in MMP were utilized to identify 10 % adulteration. Biotin and N6-Me-adenosine were effective in detecting adulteration in PMM as low as 10 % and 1 % respectively, while in MMP, their detection limits extend down to 0.1 %. These findings offer insights for authenticating mare milk products and underscore the influence of processing methods on biomarker levels, stressing the need to consider these effects in milk product authentication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Ji
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junyu Zhang
- Institute of Feed Research, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chunxia Deng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Tongjun Guo
- Institute of Feed Research, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rongwei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Changjiang Zang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lecrenier MC, Plasman L, Cordonnier A, Baeten V. Preliminary Feed Sedimentation Step for the Sensitive and Specific Detection of Processed Animal Proteins by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15774-15784. [PMID: 37824504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The circular economy is one of the main building blocks of the European Green Deal. In this context, the use of former foodstuffs containing ruminant gelatin was recently authorized in nonruminant feed. This minor modification makes it more challenging, if not impossible, to interpret the analytical results of the official control for animal proteins. The presence of ruminant DNA from authorized byproducts (i.e., milk and/or gelatin) may hide the use of prohibited byproducts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of sedimentation to increase the sensitivity and specificity of bovine-processed animal proteins (PAPs) detection by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Both approaches (standard versus optimized method) were evaluated by UHPLC-MS/MS on various animal feeds and samples from an interlaboratory study. The optimized method was able to achieve the adulteration level below the level of 0.1% PAPs required by the European Commission. This approach presents a simple and economical solution to improve the method without the need for new equipment or expertise since it is already in place in the control laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Lecrenier
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Lisa Plasman
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Cordonnier
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Quality and Authentication Unit, Agricultural Product Knowledge and Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anselmo A, Veys P, Fumière O, Lecrenier MC, Cordonnier A, Michez D, Baeten V. Challenges related to the application of analytical methods to control insect meals in the context of European legislation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37163652 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2211677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since their approval for use in aquaculture in 2017, processed insect proteins have been extensively studied for their nutritional quality in animal feed. This new type of meal is highly promising but requires, as for other products used in animal feed, strict sanitary control in accordance with European legislation. Within this legal framework, light microscopy and PCR remain the official methods but have some analytical limitations that other methods could overcome. This paper aims to provide an overview of the European legislation concerning use of processed insect proteins, but also to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the official methods for their analysis. It also points out other analytical methods, which have already proved their worth for the analysis of processed animal proteins, which could be used as complementary methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigaël Anselmo
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
- University of Mons (UMons), Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Veys
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Olivier Fumière
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marie-Caroline Lecrenier
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Cordonnier
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Denis Michez
- University of Mons (UMons), Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Mons, Belgium
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Raamsdonk LWD, Genouel C, Weiner A, Prins TW, Jardy N, Vonsovic S, Barbu IM, Bescond M, Paprocka I, Kwiatek K. Development and application of criteria for classification of hydrolysed proteins in the framework of feed safety. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1674-1690. [PMID: 35997510 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In the view of a circular economy, there is an increasing need for (re-)using animal by-products that have a wide range of applications and sufficient safety. Hydrolysates of animal proteins (HPs) are frequently used as feed ingredients. Nevertheless, clear criteria for legal use and methods for monitoring feed applications are not available. Here, a range of methods have been used and evaluated for characterizing a set of 26 samples of hydrolysed proteins, 'hydrolysed' feather meals and processed animal proteins (PAPs), with verification based on an additional set of eight samples. Methods included determination of ash content, sediment (mineral fraction) content, protein content, species identity, solubility, protein solubility, size exclusion chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). After a comparison of results obtained with water and SDS, water was chosen as the solvent for environmental and occupational reasons. Typical HP samples have a protein content higher than 60%, a solubility exceeding 50% and a virtual absence of a mineral fraction. The first discrimination between HPs and PAPs could be based on the absence or presence, respectively, of a mineral fraction. An approach for HP characterization is designed using a Hydrolysation Index (HI) based on the fraction of peptides smaller than 10 kDa, the solubility of the sample and the fraction of soluble proteins. A simplified version (HIs), exclusively based on the fraction of peptides smaller than 10 kDa and the solubility of the sample, shows a trend among the samples highly comparable to HI. Values for HI and HIs exceeding 60% would characterise HPs. Feather meals, which are heat treated instead of treatment by a chemical process of hydrolysation, range among the PAPs and should not be indicated as "hydrolysed." The HIs can be used as an easy parameter for classifying HPs and for legal enforcement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Weiner
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Theo W Prins
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nelly Jardy
- Service Commun des Laboratoires, Rennes, France
| | | | - Ioana M Barbu
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kennedy K, Cole L, Witt M, Sealey M, Francese S. Forensic Discrimination of Differentially Sourced Animal Blood Using a Bottom-Up Proteomics Based MALDI MS Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072039. [PMID: 35408438 PMCID: PMC9000818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently published work has reported the development and application of a bottom-up proteomic approach to distinguish between human and animal blood (down to animal species level), by rapid screening using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (MALDI MS). In that study, it was additionally observed that intravenous animal blood exhibits different spectral profiles from blood collected within the animal chest cavity as well as from the diluted blood collected within packets of meat. In this follow-up study we explored the resulting hypothesis that, depending on how blood is shed or collected, protein biomarker profiles vary to the extent of systematically permitting a distinction between possible sources of blood (for example, flesh wound versus packaged meat). This intelligence may be important in reconstructing the dynamics of the crime. The combination of statistical analysis and tandem mass spectrometry has yielded additional animal blood markers as well as confirming the ability to correctly determine the animal species from which blood derived, regardless of the retailer selling it (amongst the five investigated). These data confirm the initial hypothesis and demonstrate the opportunity for the proteomics-MALDI combined approach to provide additional intelligence to the investigation of violent crimes when examining blood evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Kennedy
- Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; (K.K.); (L.C.)
| | - Laura Cole
- Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; (K.K.); (L.C.)
| | - Matthias Witt
- Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, 28359 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Mark Sealey
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratories (DSTL), Porton Down SP4 0JQ, UK;
| | - Simona Francese
- Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; (K.K.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Varunjikar MS, Moreno-Ibarguen C, Andrade-Martinez JS, Tung HS, Belghit I, Palmblad M, Olsvik PA, Reyes A, Rasinger JD, Lie KK. Comparing novel shotgun DNA sequencing and state-of-the-art proteomics approaches for authentication of fish species in mixed samples. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
9
|
Belghit I, Varunjikar M, Lecrenier MC, Steinhilber A, Niedzwiecka A, Wang Y, Dieu M, Azzollini D, Lie K, Lock EJ, Berntssen M, Renard P, Zagon J, Fumière O, van Loon J, Larsen T, Poetz O, Braeuning A, Palmblad M, Rasinger J. Future feed control – Tracing banned bovine material in insect meal. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Lecrenier MC, Marien A, Veys P, Belghit I, Dieu M, Gillard N, Henrottin J, Herfurth UM, Marchis D, Morello S, Oveland E, Poetz O, Rasinger JD, Steinhilber A, Baeten V, Berben G, Fumière O. Inter-laboratory study on the detection of bovine processed animal protein in feed by LC-MS/MS-based proteomics. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
11
|
Stachniuk A, Sumara A, Montowska M, Fornal E. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY BOTTOM-UP PROTEOMIC METHODS IN ANIMAL SPECIES ANALYSIS OF PROCESSED MEAT FOR FOOD AUTHENTICATION AND THE DETECTION OF ADULTERATIONS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:3-30. [PMID: 31498909 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review offers an overview of the current status and the most recent advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques with both high-resolution and low-resolution tandem mass analyzers applied to the identification and detection of heat-stable species-specific peptide markers of meat in highly processed food products. We present sets of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, which turned out to be the source of 105 heat-stable peptides, detectable in processed meat using LC-MS/MS. A list of heat-stable species-specific peptides was compiled for eleven types of white and red meat including chicken, duck, goose, turkey, pork, beef, lamb, rabbit, buffalo, deer, and horse meat, which can be used as markers for meat authentication. Among the 105 peptides, 57 were verified by multiple reaction monitoring, enabling identification of each species with high specificity and selectivity. The most described and monitored species by LC-MS/MS so far are chicken and pork with 26 confirmed heat-stable peptide markers for each meat. In thermally processed samples, myosin, myoglobin, hemoglobin, l-lactase dehydrogenase A and β-enolase are the main protein sources of heat-stable markers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachniuk
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Sumara
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Montowska
- Department of Meat Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland
| | - Emilia Fornal
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lecrenier MC, Veys P, Fumière O, Berben G, Saegerman C, Baeten V. Official Feed Control Linked to the Detection of Animal Byproducts: Past, Present, and Future. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8093-8103. [PMID: 32614586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the expansion of the human population, availability of food, and in extension of animal feed, is a big issue. Favoring a circular economy by the valorization of byproducts is a sustainable way to be more efficient. Animal byproducts are an interesting source of feed materials due to their richness in proteins of high nutritional value. Prevention and control efforts have allowed a gradual lifting of the feed ban regarding the use of animal byproducts. Nevertheless, the challenge remains the development of analytical methods enabling a distinction between authorized and unauthorized feed materials. This Review focuses on the historical and epidemiological context of the official control, the evaluation of current and foreseen legislation, and the available methods of analysis for the detection of constituents of animal origin in feedingstuffs. It also underlines the analytical limitations of the approach and discusses some prospects of novel methods to ensure food and feed safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Lecrenier
- Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), University of Liège (ULiège), Boulevard de Colonster 20 B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal Veys
- Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Olivier Fumière
- Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Berben
- Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), University of Liège (ULiège), Boulevard de Colonster 20 B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Proteomics based approach for edible insect fingerprinting in novel food: Differential efficiency according to selected model species. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
14
|
Karahalil E. Principles of halal-compliant fermentations: Microbial alternatives for the halal food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Stader C, Judas M, Jira W. A rapid UHPLC-MS/MS screening method for the detection of the addition of porcine blood plasma to emulsion-type pork sausages. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6697-6709. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
16
|
Belghit I, Lock EJ, Fumière O, Lecrenier MC, Renard P, Dieu M, Berntssen MHG, Palmblad M, Rasinger JD. Species-Specific Discrimination of Insect Meals for Aquafeeds by Direct Comparison of Tandem Mass Spectra. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E222. [PMID: 31067722 PMCID: PMC6562778 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect protein has the potential to become a sustainable feed ingredient for the rapidly growing aquaculture industry. In the European Union, insect derived protein is placed under the same legislation as processed animal proteins (PAP). It is therefore of interest to develop methods for regulatory use, which unambiguously identify the species origin of insect-based ingredients. We performed (i) total protein quantification of insect samples using the traditional nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25 and the sum of anhydrous amino acids, (ii) quantitative amino acid profiling and (iii) high-throughput tandem mass spectrometry to describe and differentiate 18 different commercial-grade insect meal samples derived from Hermetia illucens (8), Tenebrio molitor (5), Alphitobius diaperinus (3) and Acheta domesticus (2). In addition, we investigated and compared different protein extraction and digestion protocols for proteomic analysis. We found that irrespective of sample preparation, shotgun proteomics in combination with direct spectral comparison were able to differentiate insect meal according to their taxonomic classification. The insect specific spectral libraries created in the present work can in future be used to develop more sensitive targeted methods of insect PAP identification and quantification in commercial feed mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Belghit
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Olivier Fumière
- Centre Wallon de Recherches agronomiques (CRA-W), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | | | - Patricia Renard
- University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Marc Dieu
- University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
- University of Namur, mass spectrometry facility (MaSUN), rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Magnus Palmblad
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, 2316 Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Josef D Rasinger
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Niedzwiecka A, Boucharef L, Hahn S, Zarske M, Steinhilber A, Poetz O, Zagon J, Seidler T, Braeuning A, Lampen A. A novel antibody-based enrichment and mass spectrometry approach for the detection of species-specific blood peptides in feed matrices. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
18
|
Steinhilber AE, Schmidt FF, Naboulsi W, Planatscher H, Niedzwiecka A, Zagon J, Braeuning A, Lampen A, Joos TO, Poetz O. Application of Mass Spectrometry-Based Immunoassays for the Species- and Tissue-Specific Quantification of Banned Processed Animal Proteins in Feeds. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3902-3911. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E. Steinhilber
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Felix F. Schmidt
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | | | | | - Alicia Niedzwiecka
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Jutta Zagon
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Thomas O. Joos
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Oliver Poetz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
van Raamsdonk LWD, Prins TW, Meijer N, Scholtens IMJ, Bremer MGEG, de Jong J. Bridging legal requirements and analytical methods: a review of monitoring opportunities of animal proteins in feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:46-73. [PMID: 30608892 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1543956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Availability and safety of food ranks among the basic requirements for human beings. The importance of the food producing sector, inclusive of feed manufacturing, demands a high level of regulation and control. This paper will present and discuss the relationships in the triangle of legislation, the background of hazards with a biological nature, and opportunities for monitoring methods, most notable for prion-based diseases as primary issue. The European Union legislation for prevention of prion-based diseases since 2000 is presented and discussed. The definitions and circumscriptions of groups of species will be analysed in the view biological classification and evolutionary relationships. The state of the art of monitoring methods is presented and discussed. Methods based on visual markers (microscopy), DNA-based methods (PCR), protein-based methods (ELISA, mass spectroscopy, proteomics), near infrared oriented methods and combinations thereof are being evaluated. It is argued that the use in legislation of non-homogeneous groups of species in a biological sense will hamper the optimal design of monitoring methods. Proper definitions are considered to act as bridges between legal demands and suitable analytical methods for effective monitoring. Definitions including specified groups of species instead of single species are more effective for monitoring in a range of cases. Besides the desire of precise circumscription of animal groups targeted by legislation, processed products need well defined definitions as well. Most notable examples are blood versus blood products, and hydrolysis of several types of material. The WISE principle for harmonising the design of legislation and of analytical methods is discussed. This principle includes the elements Witful (reasonable legal principles), Indicative (clear limits between prohibition and authorisation), Societal demands (public health, environment, economy), and Enforceable (presence of suited monitoring methods) in order to promote a balanced effort for reaching the desired level of safety in the food production chain.
Collapse
|
20
|
Veys P, Baeten V. Protocol for the isolation of processed animal proteins from insects in feed and their identification by microscopy. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
21
|
Lecrenier MC, Baeten V, Taira A, Abbas O. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy for detecting blood meal and blood products. Talanta 2018; 189:166-173. [PMID: 30086902 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful method for protein analysis. Its sensitivity and selectivity allow its use for the detection of blood meal and blood products. This study proposes a novel approach for the detection of hemoglobin in animal feed by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS). The objective was to develop a fast and easy method to detect hemoglobin powder and blood meal. Analyses were carried out on standard reference material (hemoglobin and albumin) in order to optimize SFS method conditions for hemoglobin detection. The method was then applied to protein extracts of commercial feed material and compound feed. The results showed that SFS spectra of blood meal and blood products (hemoglobin powder and plasma powder) could be used to characterize hemoglobin. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to area-normalized SFS spectra of artificially adulterated samples made it possible to define a limit of detection of hemoglobin powder or blood meal of 0.5-1% depending on the feed material. The projection in the PCA graphs of SFS spectra of real commercial compound feeds known to contain or to be free from blood-derived products showed that it was possible to discriminate samples according to the presence of hemoglobin. These results confirmed that SFS is a promising screening method for the detection of hemoglobin in animal feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Lecrenier
- Food and Feed Quality Unit of Agricultural Product Valorisation Department - Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium; University of Liège - ULiège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Food and Feed Quality Unit of Agricultural Product Valorisation Department - Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium; Catholic University of Louvain - UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Taira
- Catholic University of Louvain - UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ouissam Abbas
- Food and Feed Quality Unit of Agricultural Product Valorisation Department - Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Marchis D, Altomare A, Gili M, Ostorero F, Khadjavi A, Corona C, Ru G, Cappelletti B, Gianelli S, Amadeo F, Rumio C, Carini M, Aldini G, Casalone C. LC-MS/MS Identification of Species-Specific Muscle Peptides in Processed Animal Proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10638-10650. [PMID: 29125749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An innovative analytical strategy has been applied to identify signature peptides able to distinguish among processed animal proteins (PAPs) derived from bovine, pig, fish, and milk products. Proteomics was first used to elucidate the proteome of each source. Starting from the identified proteins and using a funnel based approach, a set of abundant and well characterized peptides with suitable physical-chemical properties (signature peptides) and specific for each source was selected. An on-target LC-ESI-MS/MS method (MRM mode) was set up using standard peptides and was then applied to selectively identify the PAP source and also to distinguish proteins from bovine carcass and milk proteins. We believe that the method described meets the request of the European Commission which has developed a strategy for gradually lifting the "total ban" toward "species to species ban", therefore requiring official methods for species-specific discrimination in feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marchis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Altomare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marilena Gili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Ostorero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Amina Khadjavi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Cristiano Corona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Gianelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Amadeo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiano Rumio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lecrenier MC, Planque M, Dieu M, Veys P, Saegerman C, Gillard N, Baeten V. A mass spectrometry method for sensitive, specific and simultaneous detection of bovine blood meal, blood products and milk products in compound feed. Food Chem 2017; 245:981-988. [PMID: 29287469 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feed sustainability is one of the biggest challenges for the next few years. Solutions have to be found that take feed quality and safety into account. Animal by-products are one valuable source of proteins. However, since the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis, their use has been strictly regulated. The objective of this study was to propose a routine, sensitive and specific method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of blood-derived products and milk powder in feed. Contaminated aquafeeds were analysed in order to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the method. This new method meets both selectivity and sensitivity (0.1% (w/w)) requirements imposed by the European Commission for animal proteins detection methods. It offers an innovative and complementary solution for the simultaneously identification of authorised and unauthorised animal by-products such as processed animal proteins (PAPs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Lecrenier
- Food and Feed Quality Unit, Agricultural Product Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - M Planque
- CER Groupe, Health Department, rue du Point du jour 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Biology (URBC) - NARILIS, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - M Dieu
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Biology (URBC) - NARILIS, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium; MaSUN, Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - P Veys
- Food and Feed Quality Unit, Agricultural Product Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - C Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - N Gillard
- CER Groupe, Health Department, rue du Point du jour 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium.
| | - V Baeten
- Food and Feed Quality Unit, Agricultural Product Valorisation Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Simmons M, Ru G, Casalone C, Iulini B, Cassar C, Seuberlich T. DISCONTOOLS: Identifying gaps in controlling bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:9-21. [PMID: 28795509 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the 2016 update of the DISCONTOOLS project gap analysis on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which was based on a combination of literature review and expert knowledge. Uncertainty still exists in relation to the pathogenesis, immunology and epidemiology of BSE, but provided that infected material is prohibited from entering the animal feed chain, cases should continue to decline. BSE does not appear to spread between cattle, but if new strains with this ability appear then control would be considerably more difficult. Atypical types of BSE (L-BSE and H-BSE) have been identified, which have different molecular patterns and pathology, and do not display the same clinical signs as classical BSE. Laboratory transmission experiments indicate that the L-BSE agent has zoonotic potential. There is no satisfactory conclusion regarding the origin of the BSE epidemic. C-BSE case numbers declined rapidly following strict controls banning ruminant protein in animal feed, but occasional cases still occur. It is unclear whether these more recent cases indicate inadequate implementation of the bans, or the possibility that C-BSE might occur spontaneously, as has been postulated for H- and L-BSE. All of this will have implications once existing bans and levels of surveillance are both relaxed. Immunochemical tests can only be applied post-mortem. There is no immunological basis for diagnosis in the live animal. All aspects of disease control are expensive, particularly surveillance, specified risk material removal and feed controls. There is pressure to relax feed controls, and concurrent pressure from other sources to reduce surveillance. While the cost benefit argument can be applied successfully to either of these approaches, it would be necessary to maintain the ban on intraspecies recycling and some baseline surveillance. However, the potential risk is not limited to intraspecies recycling; recycling with cross-species transmission may be an ideal way to select or/and modify properties of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies agents in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Simmons
- OIE, National and EU Reference Laboratory for BSE and Scrapie, Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - G Ru
- CEA - National Reference Laboratory for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - C Casalone
- CEA - National Reference Laboratory for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Neuropathology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - B Iulini
- CEA - National Reference Laboratory for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Neuropathology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - C Cassar
- OIE, National and EU Reference Laboratory for BSE and Scrapie, Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - T Seuberlich
- NeuroCenter, OIE and National Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
van Raamsdonk LWD, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, de Jong J. New feed ingredients: the insect opportunity. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1384-1397. [PMID: 28393682 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1306883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the framework of sustainability and a circular economy, new ingredients for feed are desired and, to this end, initiatives for implementing such novel ingredients have been started. The initiatives include a range of different sources, of which insects are of particular interest. Within the European Union, generally, a new feed ingredient should comply with legal constraints in terms of 'yes, provided that' its safety commits to a range of legal limits for heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticides, contaminants, pathogens etc. In the case of animal proteins, however, a second legal framework applies which is based on the principle 'no, unless'. This legislation for eradicating transmissible spongiform encephalopathy consists of prohibitions with a set of derogations applying to specific situations. Insects are currently considered animal proteins. The use of insect proteins is a good case to illustrate this difference between a positive, although restricted, modus and a negative modus for allowing animal proteins. This overview presents aspects in the areas of legislation, feed safety, environmental issues, efficiency and detection of the identity of insects. Use of insects as an extra step in the feed production chain costs extra energy and this results in a higher footprint. A measure for energy conversion should be used to facilitate the comparison between production systems based on cold- versus warm-blooded animals. Added value can be found by applying new commodities for rearing, including but not limited to category 2 animal by-products, catering and household waste including meat, and manure. Furthermore, monitoring of a correct use of insects is one possible approach for label control, traceability and prevention of fraud. The link between legislation and enforcement is strong. A principle called WISE (Witful, Indicative, Societal demands, Enforceable) is launched for governing the relationship between the above-mentioned aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J de Jong
- a RIKILT Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|