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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Gropp J, Mulder P, Oswald IP, Woutersen R, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Rovesti E, Hoogenboom L(R. Risks for animal health related to the presence of ergot alkaloids in feed. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8496. [PMID: 38264299 PMCID: PMC10804272 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to provide an update of the 2012 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) on the risks for animal health related to the presence of ergot alkaloids (EAs) in feed. EAs are produced by several fungi of the Claviceps and Epichloë genera. This Opinion focussed on the 14 EAs produced by C. purpurea (ergocristine, ergotamine, ergocornine, α- and β-ergocryptine, ergometrine, ergosine and their corresponding 'inine' epimers). Effects observed with EAs from C. africana (mainly dihydroergosine) and Epichloë (ergovaline/-inine) were also evaluated. There is limited information on toxicokinetics in food and non-food producing animals. However, transfer from feed to food of animal origin is negligible. The major effects of EAs are related to vasoconstriction and are exaggerated during extreme temperatures. In addition, EAs cause a decrease in prolactin, resulting in a reduced milk production. Based on the sum of the EAs, the Panel considered the following as Reference Points (RPs) in complete feed for adverse animal health effects: for pigs and piglets 0.6 mg/kg, for chickens for fattening and hens 2.1 and 3.7 mg/kg, respectively, for ducks 0.2 mg/kg, bovines 0.1 mg/kg and sheep 0.3 mg/kg. A total of 19,023 analytical results on EAs (only from C. purpurea) in feed materials and compound feeds were available for the exposure assessment (1580 samples). Dietary exposure was assessed using two feeding scenarios (model diets and compound feeds). Risk characterisation was done for the animals for which an RP could be identified. The CONTAM Panel considers that, based on exposure from model diets, the presence of EAs in feed raises a health concern in piglets, pigs for fattening, sows and bovines, while for chickens for fattening, laying hens, ducks, ovines and caprines, the health concern related to EAs in feed is low.
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Rizvi A, Ahmed B, Khan MS, Umar S, Lee J. Sorghum-Phosphate Solubilizers Interactions: Crop Nutrition, Biotic Stress Alleviation, and Yield Optimization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:746780. [PMID: 34925401 PMCID: PMC8671763 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.746780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a highly productive, gluten-free cereal crop plant that can be used as an alternative energy resource, human food, and livestock feed or for biofuel-ethanol production. Phosphate fertilization is a common practice to optimize sorghum yield but because of high cost, environmental hazards, and soil fertility reduction, the use of chemical P fertilizer is discouraged. Due to this, the impetus to search for an inexpensive and eco-friendly microbiome as an alternative to chemical P biofertilizer has been increased. Microbial formulations, especially phosphate solubilizing microbiome (PSM) either alone or in synergism with other rhizobacteria, modify the soil nutrient pool and augment the growth, P nutrition, and yield of sorghum. The use of PSM in sorghum disease management reduces the dependence on pesticides employed to control the phytopathogens damage. The role of PSM in the sorghum cultivation system is, however, relatively unresearched. In this manuscript, the diversity and the strategies adopted by PSM to expedite sorghum yield are reviewed, including the nutritional importance of sorghum in human health and the mechanism of P solubilization by PSM. Also, the impact of solo or composite inoculations of biological enhancers (PSM) with nitrogen fixers or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is explained. The approaches employed by PSM to control sorghum phytopathogens are highlighted. The simultaneous bio-enhancing and biocontrol activity of the PS microbiome provides better options for the replacement of chemical P fertilizers and pesticide application in sustainable sorghum production practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfa Rizvi
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Mohammad Saghir Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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Uhlig S, Rangel-Huerta OD, Divon HH, Rolén E, Pauchon K, Sumarah MW, Vrålstad T, Renaud JB. Unraveling the Ergot Alkaloid and Indole Diterpenoid Metabolome in the Claviceps purpurea Species Complex Using LC-HRMS/MS Diagnostic Fragmentation Filtering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7137-7148. [PMID: 34148344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea sensu lato produces sclerotia containing toxic ergot alkaloids and uncharacterized indole diterpenoids in grasses including cereals. The aim of this study was to detect as many peptide ergot alkaloids and indole diterpenoids in ergot sclerotia as possible by using a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) approach and applying filtering of diagnostic fragment ions for data extraction. The sample set consisted of 66 Claviceps sclerotia from four different geographic locations in southeastern Norway as well as Saskatchewan, Canada. The host plants included both wild grasses and important cereal grains such as rye. DNA sequencing showed that the sclerotia were from three Claviceps species, i.e., Claviceps purpurea sensu stricto (s.s.), Claviceps humidiphila, and Claviceps arundinis (former C. purpurea genotypes G1, G2, and G2a, respectively). All sclerotia from cereal grains were from C. purpurea s.s. Diagnostic fragment filtering was based on detecting specific product ions in MS/MS data sets that are well-conserved across the different ergot alkaloid subgroups and indole diterpenoids of the paspaline/paxilline type. The approach extracted mass spectra from 67 peptide ergot alkaloids (including C-8 epimers and lactam variants) and five indole diterpenoids. In addition, three clavines were detected by using targeted analysis. The sum of the peak areas for ergot alkaloids, which have been assigned as "major" analogues by the European Food Safety Authority (ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, α-ergocryptine, ergocornine, ergocristine, and their 8-S epimers), accounted for at least 50% of the extracted total ergot alkaloid metabolome. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses showed that several of the alkaloids were specific for certain species within the C. purpurea species complex and could be used as chemotaxonomic markers for species assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Hege H Divon
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Elin Rolén
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Kari Pauchon
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Science, Universitetstunet 3, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Trude Vrålstad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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Holderied I, Rychlik M, Elsinghorst PW. Optimized Analysis of Ergot Alkaloids in Rye Products by Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection Applying Lysergic Acid Diethylamide as an Internal Standard. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E184. [PMID: 30925708 PMCID: PMC6520901 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of ergot alkaloids remains a topic of importance and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has encouraged laboratories to provide monitoring data for the further evaluation of their occurrence in food and feed. While LC-MS/MS has dominated developments in recent years, LC-FLD is still more widespread, especially in developing countries. To improve the analysis of ergot alkaloids by LC-FLD, we developed an improved protocol introducing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for internal standardization. Several aspects such as the composition and pH of the extraction medium, type of sorbent and conditions applied for solid-phase extraction/clean-up, use of a keeper during final evaporation and the type of syringe filter used for filtration prior to injection were thoroughly investigated. Optimized conditions comprise extraction by ethyl acetate, methanol and 28% aqueous ammonia in combination with basic aluminum oxide for extract clean-up. Use of a keeper was found inappropriate as LC-FLD analysis was significantly affected by co-eluting keeper components. Similar observations were made with some of the investigated syringe filters, where polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) proved to be the most suitable. Validation and application of the optimized methodology to real samples provided limits of detection and quantification suitable for the evaluation of relevant ergot alkaloid contaminations in rye and bakery products with superior precision that was facilitated by the introduced internal standard, LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Holderied
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 102, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Paul W Elsinghorst
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 102, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Misihairabgwi J, Ishola A, Quaye I, Sulyok M, Krska R. Diversity and fate of fungal metabolites during the preparation of oshikundu, a Namibian traditional fermented beverage. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sorghum and pearl millet, ingredients for the popular Namibian traditional fermented beverage oshikundu, are prone to fungal infection, raising concerns for consumer health from mycotoxin exposure. This study aimed at determining the diversity of fungal metabolites in street-vended ingredients and their transfer rates into oshikundu. A total of 105 samples (40 sorghum malt, 40 pearl millet, 25 oshikundu) were analysed for 700 fungal, bacterial and plant metabolites, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of 98 quantified metabolites, 84 were fungal, some being mycotoxins. Aspergillus metabolites were most prevalent (50%, n=42), including aflatoxins, aflatoxin precursors, cyclopiazonic acid and 3-nitropropionic acid from Aspergillus flavus; helvolic acid, gliotoxin and fumiquinazolines from Aspergillus fumigatus and cytochalasin E, patulin and tryptoquivalines from Aspergillus clavatus. High levels of up to 2,280 μg/kg for cyclopiazonic acid and 11,900 μg/kg for 3-nitropropionic acid were quantified in sorghum malts. Other metabolites included fumonisins, curvularin, alternariol and dihydroergosine produced by Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria and Claviceps genera, respectively. European Union legislated mycotoxins occurred in cereals at a prevalence range of 3-75%, while none were quantifiable in oshikundu. Aflatoxin B1 was quantified in pearl millet meals (13%) and sorghum malts (50%), with 15% sorghum malts having levels above the European Union regulatory limit of 5 μg/kg. Fumonisin B1 was quantified in pearl millet meals (50%) and sorghum malts (75%) at maximum levels of 3,060 μg/kg and 123 μg/kg respectively, and levels in 5% pearl millet meals were above the European Union regulatory limit of 2,000 μg/kg. Zearalenone and ochratoxin A were quantified in the cereals at levels below European Union regulatory limits. For most metabolites quantifiable in oshikundu, transfer rates from cereals to oshikundu were above 50%, necessitating the use of good quality ingredients for preparing oshikundu and assessment of consumer exposure to mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Misihairabgwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - A. Ishola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - I. Quaye
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - M. Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - R. Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen´s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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Berthiller F, Cramer B, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Stroka J, Tittlemier S. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2016-2017. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2016 and mid-2017. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed LC-MS based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of the presented methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - B. Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M.H. Iha
- Nucleous of Chemistry and Bromatology Science, Adolfo Lutz Institute of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Minas 866, CEP 14085-410, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- Department of Contaminants and Authenticity, Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - S.A. Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
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