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Chunkrua P, Leschonski KP, Gran-Scheuch AA, Vreeke GJC, Vincken JP, Fraaije MW, van Berkel WJH, de Bruijn WJC, Kabel MA. Prenylation of aromatic amino acids and plant phenolics by an aromatic prenyltransferase from Rasamsonia emersonii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:421. [PMID: 39023782 PMCID: PMC11258057 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Dimethylallyl tryptophan synthases (DMATSs) are aromatic prenyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of a prenyl moiety from a donor to an aromatic acceptor during the biosynthesis of microbial secondary metabolites. Due to their broad substrate scope, DMATSs are anticipated as biotechnological tools for producing bioactive prenylated aromatic compounds. Our study explored the substrate scope and product profile of a recombinant RePT, a novel DMATS from the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii. Among a variety of aromatic substrates, RePT showed the highest substrate conversion for L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine (> 90%), yielding two mono-prenylated products in both cases. Nine phenolics from diverse phenolic subclasses were notably converted (> 10%), of which the stilbenes oxyresveratrol, piceatannol, pinostilbene, and resveratrol were the best acceptors (37-55% conversion). The position of prenylation was determined using NMR spectroscopy or annotated using MS2 fragmentation patterns, demonstrating that RePT mainly catalyzed mono-O-prenylation on the hydroxylated aromatic substrates. On L-tryptophan, a non-hydroxylated substrate, it preferentially catalyzed C7 prenylation with reverse N1 prenylation as a secondary reaction. Moreover, RePT also possessed substrate-dependent organic solvent tolerance in the presence of 20% (v/v) methanol or DMSO, where a significant conversion (> 90%) was maintained. Our study demonstrates the potential of RePT as a biocatalyst for the production of bioactive prenylated aromatic amino acids, stilbenes, and various phenolic compounds. KEY POINTS: • RePT catalyzes prenylation of diverse aromatic substrates. • RePT enables O-prenylation of phenolics, especially stilbenes. • The novel RePT remains active in 20% methanol or DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimvisuth Chunkrua
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai P Leschonski
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro A Gran-Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J C Vreeke
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Aribisala JO, S'thebe NW, Sabiu S. In silico exploration of phenolics as modulators of penicillin binding protein (PBP) 2× of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8788. [PMID: 38627456 PMCID: PMC11021432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae remain the leading cause of pneumonia-related deaths in children < 5 years globally, and mutations in penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2 × have been identified as the major cause of resistance in the organism to beta-lactams. Thus, the development of new modulators with enhanced binding of PBP2x is highly encouraged. In this study, phenolics, due to their reported antibacterial activities, were screened against the active site of PBP2x using structure-based pharmacophore and molecular docking techniques, and the ability of the top-hit phenolics to inhibit the active and allosteric sites of PBP2x was refined through 120 ns molecular dynamic simulation. Except for gallocatechin gallate and lysidicichin, respectively, at the active and allosteric sites of PBP2x, the top-hit phenolics had higher negative binding free energy (ΔGbind) than amoxicillin [active site (- 19.23 kcal/mol), allosteric site (- 33.75 kcal/mol)]. Although silicristin had the best broad-spectrum effects at the active (- 38.41 kcal/mol) and allosteric (- 50.54 kcal/mol) sites of PBP2x, the high thermodynamic entropy (4.90 Å) of the resulting complex might suggest the need for its possible structural refinement for enhanced potency. Interestingly, silicristin had a predicted synthetic feasibility score of < 5 and quantum calculations using the DFT B3LYP/6-31G+ (dp) revealed that silicristin is less stable and more reactive than amoxicillin. These findings point to the possible benefits of the top-hit phenolics, and most especially silicristin, in the direct and synergistic treatment of infections caused by S. pneumoniae. Accordingly, silicristin is currently the subject of further confirmatory in vitro research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamiu Olaseni Aribisala
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Nosipho Wendy S'thebe
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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3
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Dinteren SV, Araya-Cloutier C, Robaczewska E, den Otter M, Witkamp R, Vincken JP, Meijerink J. Switching the polarity of mouse enteroids affects the epithelial interplay with prenylated phenolics from licorice ( Glycyrrhiza) roots. Food Funct 2024; 15:1852-1866. [PMID: 38086658 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The utility of 3D-small intestinal organoid (enteroid) models for evaluating effects of e.g. food (related) compounds is limited due to the apical epithelium facing the interior. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel 3D-apical-out enteroid model for mice, which allows apical exposure. Using this model, we evaluated the effects on the enteroids' intestinal epithelium (including cytotoxicity, cell viability, and biotransformation) after exposure to glabridin, a prenylated secondary metabolite with antimicrobial properties from licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Apical-out enteroids were five times less sensitive to glabridin exposure compared to conventional apical-in enteroids, with obtained cytotoxicities of 1.5 mM and 0.31 mM, respectively. Apical-out enteroids showed a luminal/apical layer of fucose rich mucus, which may contribute to the protection against potential cytotoxicity of glabridin. Furthermore, in apical-in enteroids IC50 values for cytotoxicity were determined for licochalcone A, glycycoumarin, and glabridin, the species-specific prenylated phenolics from the commonly used G. inflata, G. uralensis, and G. glabra, respectively. Both enteroid models differed in their functional phase II biotransformation capacity, where glabridin was transformed to glucuronide- and sulfate-conjugates. Lastly, our results indicate that the prenylated phenolics do not show cytotoxicity in mouse enteroids at previously reported minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against a diverse set of Gram positive bacteria. Altogether, we show that apical-out enteroids provide a better mimic of the gastrointestinal tract compared to conventional enteroids and are consequently a superior model to study effects of food (related) compounds. This work revealed that prenylated phenolics with promising antibacterial activity show no harmful effects in the GI-tract at their MICs and therefore may offer a new perspective to control unwanted microbial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Dinteren
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edyta Robaczewska
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mellody den Otter
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Reed KB, Pruitt E, Hansa Raj KC, Sharma AR, Medina-Bolivar F, Shields RC. Effect of peanut stilbenoids, arachidin-1 and arachidin-3, on Streptococcus mutans growth and acid production. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38225899 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2302316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the effect of prenylated peanut stilbenoids on the growth, biofilm accumulation and acid production of the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Prior research with the non-prenylated stilbenes, resveratrol and piceatannol, has shown that these molecules are active against S. mutans. Here we sought to determine if the addition of a prenyl group to the stilbene backbone increased anti-S. mutans activities. Two prenylated stilbenes, arachidin-1 and arachidin-3, were produced using a peanut hairy root production system. Compared to resveratrol and piceatannol, both arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 led to greater inhibition of S. mutans planktonic growth. This effect also led to reduced biofilm formation, by inhibiting growth, instead of a specific action against biofilm cells. Lastly, sub-MIC concentrations of arachidin-3 reduced the acid production of S. mutans above the 'critical pH' that leads to tooth enamel erosion. In summary, stilbenoids have anti-S. mutans activity, and prenylation enhances this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Bryant Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Erin Pruitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - K C Hansa Raj
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Fabricio Medina-Bolivar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
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5
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Bombelli A, Araya-Cloutier C, Boeren S, Vincken JP, Abee T, den Besten HMW. Effects of the antimicrobial glabridin on membrane integrity and stress response activation in Listeria monocytogenes. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113687. [PMID: 38128979 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Glabridin is a prenylated isoflavan which can be extracted from liquorice roots and has shown antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. However, its application may be hindered due to limited information about its mode of action. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mode of action of glabridin using a combined phenotypic and proteomic approach on Listeria monocytogenes. Fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy of cells exposed to glabridin showed membrane permeabilization upon treatment with lethal concentrations of glabridin. Comparative proteomics analysis of control cells and cells exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of glabridin showed upregulation of proteins related to the two-component systems LiaSR and VirRS, confirming cell envelope damage during glabridin treatment. Additional upregulation of SigmaB regulon members signified activation of the general stress response in L. monocytogenes during this treatment. In line with the observed upregulation of cell envelope and general stress response proteins, sub-lethal treatment of glabridin induced (cross)protection against lethal heat and low pH stress and against antimicrobials such as nisin and glabridin itself. Overall, this study sheds light on the mode of action of glabridin and activation of the main stress responses to this antimicrobial isoflavan and highlights possible implications of its use as a naturally derived antimicrobial compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bombelli
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Heidy M W den Besten
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Aribisala JO, Sabiu S. Cheminformatics identification of phenolics as modulators of penicillin-binding protein-3 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa towards interventive antibacterial therapy. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:298-313. [PMID: 36974951 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2192808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance to β-lactams in microorganisms has been attributed majorly to alterations in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) coupled with β-lactams' inactivation by β-lactamase. Consequently, the identification of a novel class of therapeutics with improved modulatory action on the PBPs is imperative and plant secondary metabolites, including phenolics, have found relevance in this regard. For the first time in this study, the over 10,000 phenolics currently known were computationally evaluated against PBP3 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a superbug implicated in several nosocomial infections. In doing this, a library of phenolics with an affinity for PBP3 of P. aeruginosa was screened using structure-activity relationship-based pharmacophore and molecular docking approaches. Subsequent thermodynamic screening of the top five phenolics with higher docking scores, more drug-likeness attributes, and feasible synthetic accessibility was achieved through a 120 ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. Four of the top five hits had higher binding free energy than cefotaxime (-18.72 kcal/mol), with catechin-3-rhamside having the highest affinity (-28.99 kcal/mol). All the hits were stable at the active site of the PBP3, with catechin-3-rhamside being the most stable (2.14 Å), and established important interactions with Ser294, implicated in the catalytic activity of PBP3. Also, PBP3 became more compact with less fluctuation of the active site amino acid residues following the binding of the hits. These observations are indicative of the potential of the test compounds as PBP3 inhibitors, with catechin-3-rhamside being the most prominent of the compounds that could be further improved for enhanced druggability against PBP3 in vitro and in vivo.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamiu Olaseni Aribisala
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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7
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Ika Irianti M, Vincken JP, van Dinteren S, Ter Beest E, Pos KM, Araya-Cloutier C. Prenylated isoflavonoids from Fabaceae against the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22548. [PMID: 38110428 PMCID: PMC10728173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of NorA efflux pumps plays a pivotal role in the multidrug-resistance mechanism in S. aureus. Here, we investigated the activities of prenylated isoflavonoids, present in the legume plant family (Fabaceae), as natural efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) in fluoroquinolone-resistant S. aureus. We found that four prenylated isoflavonoids, namely neobavaisoflavone, glabrene, glyceollin I, and glyceollin III, showed efflux pump inhibition in the norA overexpressing S. aureus. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, neobavaisoflavone (6.25 µg/mL, 19 µM) and glabrene (12.5 µg/mL, 39 µM), showed up to 6 times more Eth accumulation in norA overexpressing S. aureus than in the control. In addition, these two compounds boosted the MIC of fluoroquinolones up to eightfold. No fluoroquinolone potentiation was observed with these isoflavonoids in the norA knockout strain, indicating NorA as the main target of these potential EPIs. In comparison to the reported NorA EPI reserpine, neobavaisoflavone showed similar potentiation of fluoroquinolone activity at 10 µM, higher Eth accumulation, and less cytotoxicity. Neobavaisoflavone and glabrene did not exhibit membrane permeabilization effects or cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the prenylated isoflavonoids neobavaisoflavone and glabrene are promising phytochemicals that could be developed as antimicrobials and resistance-modifying agents to treat fluoroquinolone-resistant S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ika Irianti
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah van Dinteren
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Ter Beest
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Martinus Pos
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kalli S, Vallieres C, Violet J, Sanders JW, Chapman J, Vincken JP, Avery SV, Araya-Cloutier C. Cellular Responses and Targets in Food Spoilage Yeasts Exposed to Antifungal Prenylated Isoflavonoids. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0132723. [PMID: 37428107 PMCID: PMC10433819 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01327-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenylated isoflavonoids are phytochemicals with promising antifungal properties. Recently, it was shown that glabridin and wighteone disrupted the plasma membrane (PM) of the food spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces parabailii in distinct ways, which led us to investigate further their modes of action (MoA). Transcriptomic profiling with Z. parabailii showed that genes encoding transmembrane ATPase transporters, including Yor1, and genes homologous to the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) subfamily in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were upregulated in response to both compounds. Gene functions involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism, proteostasis, and DNA replication processes were overrepresented among genes upregulated by glabridin and/or wighteone. Chemogenomic analysis using the genome-wide deletant collection for S. cerevisiae further suggested an important role for PM lipids and PM proteins. Deletants of gene functions involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids (constituents of PM sphingolipids) and ergosterol were hypersensitive to both compounds. Using lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, we corroborated roles for sphingolipids and ergosterol in prenylated isoflavonoid action. The PM ABC transporter Yor1 and Lem3-dependent flippases conferred sensitivity and resistance, respectively, to the compounds, suggesting an important role for PM phospholipid asymmetry in their MoAs. Impaired tryptophan availability, likely linked to perturbation of the PM tryptophan permease Tat2, was evident in response to glabridin. Finally, substantial evidence highlighted a role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cellular responses to wighteone, including gene functions associated with ER membrane stress or with phospholipid biosynthesis, the primary lipid of the ER membrane. IMPORTANCE Preservatives, such as sorbic acid and benzoic acid, inhibit the growth of undesirable yeast and molds in foods. Unfortunately, preservative tolerance and resistance in food spoilage yeast, such as Zygosaccharomyces parabailii, is a growing challenge in the food industry, which can compromise food safety and increase food waste. Prenylated isoflavonoids are the main defense phytochemicals in the Fabaceae family. Glabridin and wighteone belong to this group of compounds and have shown potent antifungal activity against food spoilage yeasts. The present study demonstrated the mode of action of these compounds against food spoilage yeasts by using advanced molecular tools. Overall, the cellular actions of these two prenylated isoflavonoids share similarities (at the level of the plasma membrane) but also differences. Tryptophan import was specifically affected by glabridin, whereas endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress was specifically induced by wighteone. Understanding the mode of action of these novel antifungal agents is essential for their application in food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kalli
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy Vallieres
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Violet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Chapman
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon V. Avery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Bombelli A, Araya-Cloutier C, Vincken JP, Abee T, den Besten HMW. Impact of food-relevant conditions and food matrix on the efficacy of prenylated isoflavonoids glabridin and 6,8-diprenylgenistein as potential natural preservatives against Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 390:110109. [PMID: 36806890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated isoflavonoids can be extracted from plants of the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family and have shown remarkable antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive food-borne pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes. Promising candidates from this class of compounds are glabridin and 6,8-diprenylgenistein. This research aimed to investigate the potential of glabridin and 6,8-diprenylgenistein as food preservatives against L. monocytogenes. Their antimicrobial activity was tested in vitro at various conditions relevant for food application, such as different temperatures (from 10 °C to 37 °C), pH (5 and 7.2), and in the presence or absence of oxygen. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of glabridin and 6,8-diprenylgenistein in vitro were between 0.8 and 12.5 μg/mL in all tested conditions. Growth inhibitory activities were similar at 10 °C compared to higher temperatures, although bactericidal activities decreased when the temperature decreased. Notably, lower pH (pH 5) increased the growth inhibitory and bactericidal activity of the compounds, especially for 6,8-diprenylgenistein. Furthermore, similar antimicrobial efficacies were shown anaerobically compared to aerobically at the tested conditions. Glabridin showed a more stable inhibitory and bactericidal activity when the temperature decreased compared to 6,8-diprenylgenistein. Therefore, we further determined the antimicrobial efficacy of glabridin against L. monocytogenes growth on fresh-cut cantaloupe at 10 °C. In these conditions, concentrations of glabridin of 50, 100 and 250 μg/g significantly reduced the growth of L. monocytogenes compared to the control, resulting on average in >1 Log CFU/g difference after 4 days compared to the control. Our results further underscored the importance of considering the food matrix when assessing the activity of novel antimicrobials. Overall, this study highlights the potential of prenylated isoflavonoids as naturally derived food preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bombelli
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Heidy M W den Besten
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Aribisala JO, Sabiu S. Cheminformatics Identification of Phenolics as Modulators of Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a of Staphylococcus aureus: A Structure–Activity-Relationship-Based Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091818. [PMID: 36145565 PMCID: PMC9503099 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2a in resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus allows for the continuous production of cell walls even after the inactivation of intrinsic PBPs. Thus, the discovery of novel therapeutics with enhanced modulatory activity on PBP2a is crucial, and plant secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, have found relevance in this regard. In this study, using computational techniques, phenolics were screened against the active site of PBP2a, and the ability of the lead phenolics to modulate PBP2a’s active and allosteric sites was studied. The top-five phenolics (leads) identified through structure–activity-based screening, pharmacokinetics and synthetic feasibility evaluations were subjected to molecular dynamics simulations. Except for propan-2-one at the active site, the leads had a higher binding free energy at both the active and allosteric sites of PBP2a than amoxicillin. The leads, while promoting the thermodynamic stability of PBP2a, showed a more promising affinity at the allosteric site than the active site, with silicristin (−25.61 kcal/mol) and epicatechin gallate (−47.65 kcal/mol) having the best affinity at the active and allosteric sites, respectively. Interestingly, the modulation of Tyr446, the active site gatekeeper residue in PBP2a, was noted to correlate with the affinity of the leads at the allosteric site. Overall, these observations point to the leads’ ability to inhibit PBP2a, either directly or through allosteric modulation with conventional drugs. Further confirmatory in vitro studies on the leads are underway.
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11
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Li L, Zhou P, Wang Y, Pan Y, Chen M, Tian Y, Zhou H, Yang B, Meng H, Zheng J. Antimicrobial activity of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-lauric acid ester against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Food Chem 2022; 383:132410. [PMID: 35182879 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic acylation of anthocyanin with fatty acid improves its lipophilic solubility and application potential. Nevertheless, evaluation of functional properties of product is premise for application. This study investigated the antimicrobial potential and the underlying mechanisms of an acylated anthocyanin, namely, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-lauric acid ester (C3G-LA), to provide guidelines for its application. C3G-LA exhibited outstanding antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 0.3125 mg/mL] and modest activity against Escherichia coli (MIC = 5 mg/mL). Moreover, C3G-LA manifested bactericide ability against S. aureus at 0.625 mg/mL. Decreases in membrane integrity (by 96% and 92% at MIC in S. aureus and E. coli, respectively), intracellular ATP concentration (by 96% and 92%) and intracellular pH (by 11% and 9%) and changes in cellular morphology altogether indicated the dysfunction of cell membrane under C3G-LA treatment. These findings demonstrated that C3G-LA could be adopted as an alternative food preservative against foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China; InnoStar Bio-Tech Nantong Site, Nantong 226133, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yidi Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Hecheng Meng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China; Zhongshan Hongli Health Food Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong, China.
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12
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de Souza AH, Mendonça HDOP, de Paula ACCFF, Augusti R, Fante CA, Melo JOF, Carlos LDA. Influence of Harvest Time on the Chemical Profile of Pereskia aculeate Mill. Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134276. [PMID: 35807521 PMCID: PMC9268433 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and the production of bioactive compounds of Pereskia aculeata Mill. at different harvest times. Here, we performed a qualitative evaluation of the chemical profile by paper spray mass spectrometry (PSMS), the phenolic acid and flavonoid profile by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), antioxidant activity, total carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, color characteristics, total soluble solids (TSS), total solids (TS), pH, and total titratable acidity (TTA). The chemical profile was not affected, with the exception of 4,5-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene and azelaic acid, which was only identified in the leaves harvested during the winter. The content of four phenolic acids and three flavonoids were analyzed; out of these, no significant amounts of ellagic acid and quercetin were detected. There was no difference in production of bioactive compounds between seasons, reflecting the antioxidant activity, which also did not differ. Brightness, chroma, and leaf pH were the only physicochemical characteristics that did not vary between seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Henrique de Souza
- Agricultural Sciences Department, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.H.d.S.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (L.d.A.C.)
| | - Henrique de Oliveira Prata Mendonça
- Agricultural Sciences Department, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.H.d.S.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (L.d.A.C.)
| | | | - Rodinei Augusti
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Camila Argenta Fante
- Food Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Júlio Onésio Ferreira Melo
- Agricultural Sciences Department, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.H.d.S.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (L.d.A.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lanamar de Almeida Carlos
- Agricultural Sciences Department, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.H.d.S.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (L.d.A.C.)
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13
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Bo S, Chang SK, Zhu H, Jiang Y, Yang B. Naturally occurring prenylated stilbenoids: food sources, biosynthesis, applications and health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8083-8106. [PMID: 35373665 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2056131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated stilbenoids are a unique class of natural phenolic compounds consisting of C6-C2-C6 skeleton with prenyl substitution. They are potential nutraceuticals and dietary supplements presented in some edible plants. Prenylated stilbenoids demonstrate promising health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activities. This review reports the structure, bioactivity and potential application of prenylated stilbeniods in food industry. Edible sources of these compounds are compiled and summarized. Structure-activity relationship of prenylated stilbenoids are also highlighted. The biosynthesis strategies of prenylated stilbenoids are reviewed. The findings of these compounds as food preservative, nutraceuticals and food additive are discussed. This paper combines the up-to-date information and gives a full image of prenylated stilbenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Bo
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Prenylated (iso)flavonoids as antifungal agents against the food spoiler Zygosaccharomyces parabailii. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Pang D, Liao S, Zhou P, Liu F, Zou Y. The pyran ring isopentene group: an overlooked antimicrobial active group in prenylated flavonoids. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:5894-5898. [PMID: 34986725 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2023142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenylated flavonoids show antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Previous studies have suggested that the prenyl side-chain is an important active group for antimicrobial activity. However, prenylated flavonoids also often contain a pyran ring isopentene group. Few studies have explored the contribution of the pyran ring isopentene group to antibacterial activity. In this study, the antibacterial activities of structurally related flavonoid compounds from mulberry root bark were studied by detecting the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and colony counting. These flavonoid compounds all exhibited antibacterial activities against S. aureus ATCC6538, S. aureus ATCC25923 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC43300 with MIC values of 7.3-248.2 μmol/L, 7.3-330.9 μmol/L, and 7.3-330.9 μmol/L, respectively. Structure-activity relationship analyses demonstrated that the pyran ring isopentene group plays an important role in antibacterial activity. Thus, the pyran ring isopentene group is an overlooked antimicrobial active group in prenylated flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daorui Pang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sentai Liao
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuxiao Zou
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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van Dinteren S, Meijerink J, Witkamp R, van Ieperen B, Vincken JP, Araya-Cloutier C. Valorisation of liquorice ( Glycyrrhiza) roots: antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of prenylated (iso)flavonoids and chalcones from liquorice spent ( G. glabra, G. inflata, and G. uralensis). Food Funct 2022; 13:12105-12120. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02197h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prenylated phenolics are antimicrobials found in liquorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Dinteren
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bo van Ieperen
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhou Q, Wu W, Xing T. Study on the mechanism of laccase-catalyzed polydopamine rapid dyeing and modification of silk. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3763-3773. [PMID: 35425371 PMCID: PMC8979264 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08807f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the polymerization of dopamine and its modification on the surface of materials has received extensive attention. In this work, the process of laccase catalyzing the rapid polymerization of dopamine and in situ dyeing of silk fabric were studied. The results showed that laccase catalyzed dyeing for 3 h under acidic conditions could achieve the dyeing effect of 24 h under an alkaline environment, and the enzyme catalyzed polydopamine showed better deposition uniformity on the substrate surface. According to molecular simulation analysis, dopamine oligomers were easily combined with the amorphous regions of silk fibroin, and dopamine oligomers and amino acids of silk fibroin could form hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions. Dopamine oligomers could form intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds through amino groups and hydroxyl groups. In addition, dopamine oligomers would aggregate in the process of binding to silk fibroin and adsorbed to the surface of silk fibroin in the form of aggregates, and Michael addition reaction would also occur between dopamine oligomers and silk fibroin. Finally, the silk fabrics loaded with polydopamine were reacted with different kinds of metal salt solutions to form particles with different morphologies and crystal structures on the surface of the silk fibers, and the modified silk fabrics showed good hydrophobicity. Dopamine oligomers are easily combined with amorphous regions of silk fibroin, they can form hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions, and undergo Michael addition reactions. The oligomers will aggregate in the process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Tieling Xing
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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18
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Synergistic Antibiofilm Effect of Thymol and Piperine in Combination with Aminoglycosides Antibiotics against Four Salmonella enterica Serovars. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1567017. [PMID: 34745275 PMCID: PMC8566057 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1567017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms related to human infection have high levels of pathogenicity due to their resistance to antimicrobial agents. The discovery of antibiofilm agents is necessary. One approach to overcome this problem is the use of antibiotics agents' combination. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the combination of natural products thymol and piperine with three aminoglycosides antibiotics, amikacin, kanamycin, and streptomycin against biofilm-forming Salmonella enterica. The microtiter plate assay method was used to evaluate the biofilm-producing capacity of the isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by the broth microdilution method. The inhibition of biofilm formation and biofilm eradication was determined using the microtiter broth method. The checkerboard method was used to determine the combined effects of natural products with aminoglycosides antibiotics. All the tested isolates showed various levels of biofilm formation. Overall, combinations provided 43.3% of synergy in preventing the biofilm formation and 40% of synergy in eradicating preformed biofilms, and in both cases, no antagonism was observed. The combination of thymol with kanamycin showed a synergistic effect with 16- to 32-fold decrease of the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of kanamycin. The interaction of piperine with amikacin and streptomycin also revealed a synergistic effect with 16-fold reduction of the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The combination of thymol with the three antibiotics showed a strong synergistic effect in both inhibiting the biofilm formation and eradicating the preformed biofilm. This study demonstrates that thymol and piperine potentiate the antibiofilm activity of amikacin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. These combinations are a promising approach therapeutic to overcome the problem of Salmonella enterica biofilm-associated infections. In addition, these combinations could help reduce the concentration of individual components, thereby minimizing the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides antibiotics.
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19
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Bisso Ndezo B, Tokam Kuaté CR, Dzoyem JP. Synergistic Antibiofilm Efficacy of Thymol and Piperine in Combination with Three Aminoglycoside Antibiotics against Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilms. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2021; 2021:7029944. [PMID: 34790281 PMCID: PMC8592759 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7029944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymol and piperine are two naturally occurring bioactive compounds with several pharmacological activities. In this study, their antibiofilm potential either alone or in combination with three aminoglycoside antibiotics was evaluated against a biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae. METHODS Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the broth microdilution method. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the microtiter plate method. Antibiofilm activity was determined using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay. The combination studies were performed by the checkerboard microdilution method. RESULTS The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of streptomycin was reduced by 16- to 64-fold when used in combination with thymol, while the MBIC of kanamycin was reduced by 4-fold when combined with piperine. The minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values of streptomycin, amikacin, and kanamycin were, respectively, 16- to 128-fold, 4- to 128-fold, and 8- to 256-fold higher than the planktonic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Thymol combined with streptomycin or kanamycin showed synergic effects against the preformed biofilm with 16- to 64-fold reduction in the minimum biofilm eradication concentration values of each antibiotic in combination. Piperine acted also synergically with kanamycin with an 8- to 16-fold reduction in the minimum biofilm eradication concentration values of kanamycin in combination. CONCLUSION The association of thymol with antibiotics showed a strong synergistic effect both in the inhibition of biofilm formation and the destruction of the preformed biofilm of K. pneumoniae. This study suggests that a combination of thymol with streptomycin, amikacin, or kanamycin could be a promising alternative therapy to overcome the problem of K. pneumoniae biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borel Bisso Ndezo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Christian Ramsès Tokam Kuaté
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Jean Paul Dzoyem
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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20
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Mayyas A, Azzam H, Tayseer I, Al-Karablieh N, Aburjai T. Evaluation of the synergistic antimicrobial effect of folk medicinal plants with clindamycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:735-740. [PMID: 34569634 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a major worldwide priority, and identifying natural antimicrobial compounds may help overcome this problem. In this study, ethanolic extracts of 12 plants commonly used in traditional medicine were tested against two strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591 and ATCC 43300) in terms of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Furthermore, the effect of combining plant extracts with clindamycin antibiotic was also investigated using the checkerboard method. Among the tested plants, Camellia sinensis, Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis exhibited potent inhibitory activity against both strains with MICs ranges (125-500 µg ml-1 ). Synergistic activity was confirmed for the four plants combined with clindamycin with fractional inhibitory concentration index <0·5. However, no antagonistic activity was found for these combinations. Our findings suggest that using an antibiotics-plants combination might be a successful technique to reduce antibiotic consumption, which would overcome the antibiotics resistance or delay its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mayyas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan
| | - H Azzam
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - I Tayseer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - N Al-Karablieh
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - T Aburjai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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21
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Schrank CL, Wilt IK, Monteagudo Ortiz C, Haney BA, Wuest WM. Using membrane perturbing small molecules to target chronic persistent infections. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1312-1324. [PMID: 34458737 PMCID: PMC8372208 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After antibiotic treatment, a subpopulation of bacteria often remains and can lead to recalcitrant infections. This subpopulation, referred to as persisters, evades antibiotic treatment through numerous mechanisms such as decreased uptake of small molecules and slowed growth. Membrane perturbing small molecules have been shown to eradicate persisters as well as render these populations susceptible to antibiotic treatment. Chemotype similarities have emerged suggesting amphiphilic heteroaromatic compounds possess ideal properties to increase membrane fluidity and such molecules warrant further investigation as effective agents or potentiators against persister cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid K Wilt
- Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | | | | | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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22
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Dias EDJS, Cantanhede Filho AJ, Carneiro FJC, da Rocha CQ, da Silva LCN, Santos JCB, Barros TF, Santos DM. Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from the Humiria balsamifera (Aubl). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1479. [PMID: 34371681 PMCID: PMC8309364 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Humiria balsamifera (Aubl), commonly known as "mirim", is a plant of the Humiriaceae family, which consists of 39 species divided between eight genera: Duckesia, Endopleura, Humiria, Humiriastrum, Hylocara, Sacoglottis, Schistostemon, and Vantenea. This study aimed to characterize H. balsamifera extracts by LC-MS/MS and evaluate their antimicrobial potential through in vitro and in vivo assays. The leaves and stem bark of H. balsamifera were collected and dried at room temperature and then ground in a knife mill. The extracts were prepared with organic solvents in order to increase the polarity index (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol). The antimicrobial effects of these extracts were evaluated against the following bacterial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. The best activity was observed in the ethyl acetate (EALE = 780 µg/mL), methanol (MLE = 780 µg/mL), and hexane (HLE = 1560 µg/mL) leaf extracts against S. aureus. Considering the results for both antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, the EALE extract was chosen to proceed to the infection assays, which used Tenebrio molitor larvae. The EALE treatment was able to extend the average lifespan of the larvae (6.5 days) in comparison to S. aureus-infected larvae (1 day). Next, the samples were characterized by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, allowing the identification of 11 substances, including seven flavonoids, substances whose antimicrobial activity is already well-reported in the literature. The number of bioactive compounds found in the chemical composition of H. balsamifera emphasizes its significance in both traditional medicine and scientific research that studies new treatments based on substances from the Brazilian flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edelson de J. S. Dias
- Chemistry Graduate Program, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, Avenida Getúlio Vargas 04, Monte Castelo, São Luís 65030-005, MA, Brazil; (A.J.C.F.); (F.J.C.C.)
| | - Antônio J. Cantanhede Filho
- Chemistry Graduate Program, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, Avenida Getúlio Vargas 04, Monte Castelo, São Luís 65030-005, MA, Brazil; (A.J.C.F.); (F.J.C.C.)
| | - Fernando J. C. Carneiro
- Chemistry Graduate Program, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, Avenida Getúlio Vargas 04, Monte Castelo, São Luís 65030-005, MA, Brazil; (A.J.C.F.); (F.J.C.C.)
| | - Cláudia Q. da Rocha
- Chemistry Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966—Vila Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil;
| | - Luís Cláudio N. da Silva
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, Rua Josué Montello, 1—Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.B.S.); (T.F.B.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Joice C. B. Santos
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, Rua Josué Montello, 1—Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.B.S.); (T.F.B.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Thayná F. Barros
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, Rua Josué Montello, 1—Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.B.S.); (T.F.B.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Deivid M. Santos
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, Rua Josué Montello, 1—Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.B.S.); (T.F.B.); (D.M.S.)
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23
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Kalli S, Araya-Cloutier C, Hageman J, Vincken JP. Insights into the molecular properties underlying antibacterial activity of prenylated (iso)flavonoids against MRSA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14180. [PMID: 34244528 PMCID: PMC8270993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High resistance towards traditional antibiotics has urged the development of new, natural therapeutics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Prenylated (iso)flavonoids, present mainly in the Fabaceae, can serve as promising candidates. Herein, the anti-MRSA properties of 23 prenylated (iso)flavonoids were assessed in-vitro. The di-prenylated (iso)flavonoids, glabrol (flavanone) and 6,8-diprenyl genistein (isoflavone), together with the mono-prenylated, 4'-O-methyl glabridin (isoflavan), were the most active anti-MRSA compounds (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) ≤ 10 µg/mL, 30 µM). The in-house activity data was complemented with literature data to yield an extended, curated dataset of 67 molecules for the development of robust in-silico prediction models. A QSAR model having a good fit (R2adj 0.61), low average prediction errors and a good predictive power (Q2) for the training (4% and Q2LOO 0.57, respectively) and the test set (5% and Q2test 0.75, respectively) was obtained. Furthermore, the model predicted well the activity of an external validation set (on average 5% prediction errors), as well as the level of activity (low, moderate, high) of prenylated (iso)flavonoids against other Gram-positive bacteria. For the first time, the importance of formal charge, besides hydrophobic volume and hydrogen-bonding, in the anti-MRSA activity was highlighted, thereby suggesting potentially different modes of action of the different prenylated (iso)flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kalli
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Hageman
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Biometris, Applied Statistics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Eungsuwan N, Chayjarung P, Pankam J, Pilaisangsuree V, Wongshaya P, Kongbangkerd A, Sriphannam C, Limmongkon A. Production and antimicrobial activity of trans-resveratrol, trans-arachidin-1 and trans-arachidin-3 from elicited peanut hairy root cultures in shake flasks compared with bioreactors. J Biotechnol 2020; 326:28-36. [PMID: 33359213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining large-scale hairy root cultures is a major challenge to increasing root biomass and secondary metabolite production. Enhanced production of stilbene compounds such as trans-resveratrol, trans-arachidin-1 and trans-arachidin-3 was achieved using an elicitor treatment procedure. Two different hairy root inoculum densities were investigated and compared between shake flask and bioreactor cultures. The lowest growth index was observed using a 20 g/L inoculum size in the bioreactor, which differed significantly from bioreactor of 5 g/L. Increasing the hairy root inoculum size from 5 g/L to 20 g/L in both the shake flask and bioreactor significantly improve antioxidant activity, phenolic content and stilbene compound levels. The highest ABTS and FRAP antioxidant activity, and levels of total phenolic compounds, trans-arachidin-1 and trans-arachidin-3 in the crude extract were demonstrated in shake flask cultures with a 20 g/L inoculum after elicitation for 72 h. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the crude extract to inhibit growth of foodborne microbes, S. aureus, S. typhimurium and E. coli, were 187.5, 250 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. This was due to the ability of the crude extract to disrupt the cell membrane, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showing ruptured pores on the S. aureus and S. typhimurium cell surfaces. Moreover, the E. coli cell division process could be inhibited by the crude extract, which promoted an increase in cell size. A DNA nicking assay indicated that a 50 μg/mL concentration of the crude extract caused plasmid DNA damage that might be due to a genotoxic effect of the pro-oxidant activity of the crude extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichanan Eungsuwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Phadtraphorn Chayjarung
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Jintana Pankam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Vijakhana Pilaisangsuree
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Pakwuan Wongshaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Anupan Kongbangkerd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Chayaphon Sriphannam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Apinun Limmongkon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
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25
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Andini S, Araya-Cloutier C, Waardenburg L, den Besten HM, Vincken JP. The interplay between antimicrobial activity and reactivity of isothiocyanates. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Ofosu FK, Daliri EBM, Elahi F, Chelliah R, Lee BH, Oh DH. New Insights on the Use of Polyphenols as Natural Preservatives and Their Emerging Safety Concerns. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.525810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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27
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Ansari A, Ibrahim F, Pervez S, Aman A. Inhibitory mechanism of BAC-IB17 against β-lactamase mediated resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and application as an oncolytic agent. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104499. [PMID: 32956794 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a foremost cause of deaths worldwide, despite several advances in the medical science. The conventional chemotherapeutic methods are not only harmful for normal body cells but also become inactive due to the development of resistance by cancer cells. Therefore, the demand of safe anticancer agents is increasing and enforced the bottomless research on the bacteriocins. Several studies have reported the selective anticancer property of bacteriocins. Current research is the contribution to explore the exact mechanism of action and in vitro application of bacteriocin (BAC-IB17) as an oncolytic agent. In this study, β-lactamase mediated resistance of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was studied and inhibitory mechanism of MRSA by BAC-IB17 was investigated. Cytotoxic studies were conducted to analyze the anticancerous potential of BAC-IB17. Results revealed that BAC-IB17 inhibited the β-lactamase and produced profound effect on the membrane integrity of MRSA confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed the changes in the functional groups of bacterial cells before and after treatment with BAC-IB17. BAC-IB17 also found anticancer in nature as it kills HeLa cell lines with the IC50 value of 12.5 μg mL-1 with no cytotoxic effect on normal cells at this concentration. This specific anticancer property of BAC-IB17 will make it a promising candidate for the treatment of cancer after further clinical trials. Moreover, BAC-IB17 may control MDR bacteria responsible for the secondary complications in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ansari
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Fariha Ibrahim
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Pervez
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Afsheen Aman
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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28
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Aelenei P, Rimbu CM, Horhogea CE, Lobiuc A, Neagu AN, Dunca SI, Motrescu I, Dimitriu G, Aprotosoaie AC, Miron A. Prenylated phenolics as promising candidates for combination antibacterial therapy: Morusin and kuwanon G. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1172-1181. [PMID: 33132710 PMCID: PMC7584796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination of antibiotics with natural products is a promising strategy for potentiating antibiotic activity and overcoming antibiotic resistance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether morusin and kuwanon G, prenylated phenolics in Morus species, have the ability to enhance antibiotic activity and reverse antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Commonly used antibiotics (oxacillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, clindamycin) were selected for the combination studies. Checkerboard and time-kill assays were used to investigate potential bacteriostatic and bactericidal synergistic interactions, respectively between morusin or kuwanon G and antibiotics. According to both fractional inhibitory concentration index and response surface models, twenty combinations (14 morusin-antibiotic combinations, six kuwanon G-antibiotic combinations) displaying bacteriostatic synergy were identified, with 4–512-fold reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration values of antibiotics in combination. Both morusin and kuwanon G reversed oxacillin resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, morusin reversed tetracycline resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis. At half of the minimum inhibitory concentrations, combinations of morusin with oxacillin or gentamicin showed bactericidal synergy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Fluorescence and differential interference contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed an increase in the membrane permeability and massive leakage of cellular content in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed to morusin or kuwanon G. Overall, our findings strongly indicate that both prenylated compounds are good candidates for the development of novel antibacterial combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petruta Aelenei
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, Iasi 700115, Romania.,Regulatory Affairs Department, Fiterman Pharma LLC, Pacurari Road 127, Iasi 700544, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Rimbu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, Mihail Sadoveanu Al. 8, Iasi 700489, Romania
| | - Cristina Elena Horhogea
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, Mihail Sadoveanu Al. 8, Iasi 700489, Romania
| | - Andrei Lobiuc
- Human Health and Development Department, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Universitatii Str. 13, Suceava 720229, Romania.,Integrated Research Centre for Environmental Studies in the N-E Area - CERNESIM, L2 Laboratory, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I Bd. 20A, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I Bd. 20A, Iasi 700505, Romania
| | - Simona Isabela Dunca
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I Bd. 20A, Iasi 700505, Romania
| | - Iuliana Motrescu
- Science Department & Research Institute for Agriculture and Environment, Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, Mihail Sadoveanu Al. 3, Iasi 700490, Romania
| | - Gabriel Dimitriu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Ana Clara Aprotosoaie
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, Iasi 700115, Romania
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29
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Ceruso M, Clement JA, Todd MJ, Zhang F, Huang Z, Anastasio A, Pepe T, Liu Y. The Inhibitory Effect of Plant Extracts on Growth of the Foodborne Pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E319. [PMID: 32545188 PMCID: PMC7344723 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen responsible for about 1600 illnesses each year in the United States (US) and about 2500 confirmed invasive human cases in European Union (EU) countries. Several technologies and antimicrobials are applied to control the presence of L. monocytogenes in food. Among these, the use of natural antimicrobials is preferred by consumers. This is due to their ability to inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogens but not prompt negative safety concerns. Among natural antimicrobials, plant extracts are used to inactivate L. monocytogenes. However, there is a large amount of these types of extracts, and their active compounds remain unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes of about 800 plant extracts derived from plants native to different countries worldwide. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to verify how the plant extracts affected L. monocytogenes at the microscopic level. Results showed that 12 of the plant extracts had inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes. Future applications of this study could include the use of these plant extracts as new preservatives to reduce the risk of growth of pathogens and contamination in the food industry from L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ceruso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.A.); (T.P.)
| | - Jason A. Clement
- Natural Products Discovery Institute, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA 18960, USA; (J.A.C.); (M.J.T.)
| | - Matthew J. Todd
- Natural Products Discovery Institute, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA 18960, USA; (J.A.C.); (M.J.T.)
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA; (F.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zuyi Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA; (F.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Aniello Anastasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.A.); (T.P.)
| | - Tiziana Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.A.); (T.P.)
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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30
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Obi G, Chukwujekwu JC, van Heerden FR. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of new prenylated 2-pyrone derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1718710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Obi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Jude C. Chukwujekwu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Fanie R. van Heerden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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31
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Antimicrobial activity of resveratrol-derived monomers and dimers against foodborne pathogens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19525. [PMID: 31862939 PMCID: PMC6925292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant polyphenolic compounds are considered a promising source for new antibacterial agents. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of a collection of resveratrol-derived monomers and dimers screened as single molecules against a panel of nine foodborne pathogens. The results demonstrated that two monomers (i.e., pterostilbene 2 and (E)-3-hydroxy-4′,5-dimethoxystilbene 9) and three dimers (i.e., δ-viniferin 10, viniferifuran 14 and dehydro-δ-viniferin 15) were endowed with significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. The exposure of gram-positive foodborne pathogens to 100 µg/mL of 2, 9 and 15 induced severe cell membrane damage, resulting in the disruption of the phospholipid bilayer. The most promising dimeric compound, dehydro-δ-viniferin 15, was tested against Listeria monocytogenes, resulting in a loss of cultivability, viability and cell membrane potential. TEM analysis revealed grave morphological modifications on the cell membrane and leakage of intracellular content, confirming that the cell membrane was the principal biological target of the tested derivative.
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32
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Levisson M, Araya-Cloutier C, de Bruijn WJC, van der Heide M, Salvador López JM, Daran JM, Vincken JP, Beekwilder J. Toward Developing a Yeast Cell Factory for the Production of Prenylated Flavonoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13478-13486. [PMID: 31016981 PMCID: PMC6909231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated flavonoids possess a wide variety of biological activities, including estrogenic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Hence, they have potential applications in food products, medicines, or supplements with health-promoting activities. However, the low abundance of prenylated flavonoids in nature is limiting their exploitation. Therefore, we investigated the prospect of producing prenylated flavonoids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As a proof of concept, we focused on the production of the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin. Introduction of the flavonoid prenyltransferase SfFPT from Sophora flavescens in naringenin-producing yeast strains resulted in de novo production of 8-prenylnaringenin. We generated several strains with increased production of the intermediate precursor naringenin, which finally resulted in a production of 0.12 mg L-1 (0.35 μM) 8-prenylnaringenin under shake flask conditions. A number of bottlenecks in prenylated flavonoid production were identified and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Levisson
- Laboratory
of Plant Physiology and Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. C. de Bruijn
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Menno van der Heide
- Laboratory
of Plant Physiology and Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - José Manuel Salvador López
- Laboratory
of Plant Physiology and Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Laboratory
of Plant Physiology and Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
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33
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Yang J, Zhang Z, Pang W, Chen H, Yan G. Polyamidoamine dendrimers functionalized magnetic carbon nanotubes as an efficient adsorbent for the separation of flavonoids from plant extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Hošek J, Leláková V, Bobál P, Pížová H, Gazdová M, Malaník M, Jakubczyk K, Veselý O, Landa P, Temml V, Schuster D, Prachyawarakorn V, Pailee P, Ren G, Zpurný F, Oravec M, Šmejkal K. Prenylated Stilbenoids Affect Inflammation by Inhibiting the NF-κB/AP-1 Signaling Pathway and Cyclooxygenases and Lipoxygenase. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1839-1848. [PMID: 31268709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stilbenoids are important components of foods (e.g., peanuts, grapes, various edible berries), beverages (wine, white tea), and medicinal plants. Many publications have described the anti-inflammatory potential of stilbenoids, including the widely known trans-resveratrol and its analogues. However, comparatively little information is available regarding the activity of their prenylated derivatives. One new prenylated stilbenoid (2) was isolated from Artocarpus altilis and characterized structurally based on 1D and 2D NMR analysis and HRMS. Three other prenylated stilbenoids were prepared synthetically (9-11). Their antiphlogistic potential was determined by testing them together with known natural prenylated stilbenoids from Macaranga siamensis and Artocarpus heterophyllus in both cell-free and cell assays. The inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) was also shown by simulated molecular docking for the most active stilbenoids in order to elucidate the mode of interaction between these compounds and the enzyme. Their effects on the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling pathway were also analyzed. The THP1-XBlue-MD2-CD14 cell line was used as a model for determining their anti-inflammatory potential, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 induced a signaling cascade leading to the activation of NF-κB/AP-1. The ability of prenylated stilbenoids to attenuate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was further evaluated using LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karolina Jakubczyk
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany , Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 263 , 16502 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Veselý
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany , Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 263 , 16502 Prague , Czech Republic
- Department of Quality of Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources , Czech University of Life Sciences Prague , Kamýcká 129 , 16521 Prague 6-Suchdol , Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Landa
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany , Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 263 , 16502 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Temml
- Department of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80-82 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg , Strubergasse 21 , 2020 Salzburg , Austria
| | | | - Phanruethai Pailee
- Chulabhorn Research Institute , Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road , Laksi, Bangkok 10210 , Thailand
| | - Gang Ren
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine , Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang 330004 , People's Republic of China
| | - Filip Zpurný
- Botanical Garden Teplice , J. Suka 1388/18 , 41501 Teplice , Czech Republic
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Bělidla 986/4a , 60300 Brno , Czech Republic
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35
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Guo L, Sun Q, Gong S, Bi X, Jiang W, Xue W, Fei P. Antimicrobial Activity and Action Approach of the Olive Oil Polyphenol Extract Against Listeria monocytogenes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1586. [PMID: 31396167 PMCID: PMC6663969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive oil polyphenol extract (OOPE) has been reported to have antibacterial activity; however, its effect on Listeria monocytogenes is less studied so far. This study, thus, aimed to reveal its antimicrobial activity and action approach against L. monocytogenes via evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as well as the changes of intracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) concentration, cell membrane potential, bacterial protein, DNA, and cell morphology. The results showed that OOPE could inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes with a measured MIC of 1.25 mg/ml. L. monocytogenes cells treated by OOPE showed significant reduction in intracellular ATP concentrations, bacterial protein, or DNA (p < 0.05), in comparison with those without any treatment. In addition, OOPE was observed to depolarize strain cells and alter cell morphology, resulting in damaged cell membrane and, thereby, leakage of cell fluid. These findings demonstrated that OOPE had inhibition on L. monocytogenes via its action on cells, suggesting its potential as a natural preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shaoying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Bi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- National Agricultural Standardization Monitoring and Research Center (Heilongjiang), Harbin, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Metrology Institute of Measurement and Verification (Heilongjiang), Harbin, China
| | - Peng Fei
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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36
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Pang D, Liao S, Wang W, Mu L, Li E, Shen W, Liu F, Zou Y. Destruction of the cell membrane and inhibition of cell phosphatidic acid biosynthesis inStaphylococcus aureus: an explanation for the antibacterial mechanism of morusin. Food Funct 2019; 10:6438-6446. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01233h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morusin from mulberry inhibits the growth ofS. aureusby destroying its cell membrane and further moderating the phosphatidic acid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daorui Pang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Sentai Liao
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Weifei Wang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Lixia Mu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Erna Li
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Weizhi Shen
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Fan Liu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
| | - Yuxiao Zou
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
- Guangzhou 510610
- China
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37
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Ng KR, Lyu X, Mark R, Chen WN. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of phenolic metabolites from flavonoid-producing yeast: Potential as natural food preservatives. Food Chem 2018; 270:123-129. [PMID: 30174025 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of phenolic metabolites secreted from a naringenin-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (a GRAS organism), against the pure flavonoid naringenin and its prenylated derivatives, to assess their potential as natural food preservatives. Agar disc diffusion assay was used to analyse the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, while DMPD chemiluminescence assay was used to analyse antioxidant activity, based on DMPD+-scavenging activity. Our results showed that the engineered yeast metabolites exhibited both strong antimicrobial and DMPD+-scavenging activity, particularly the metabolite phenylacetaldehyde. Pure naringenin had poor antimicrobial and DMPD+-scavenging effects. Prenylated varieties, 6-prenylnaringenin and 8-prenylnaringenin, inhibited only S. aureus, while only 8-prenylnaringenin exhibited moderate DMPD+-scavenging activity. Our results suggested that phenolic metabolites secreted from naringenin-producing yeast would be a sustainable source of natural food preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Rei Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
| | - Rita Mark
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
| | - Wei Ning Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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QSAR-based molecular signatures of prenylated (iso)flavonoids underlying antimicrobial potency against and membrane-disruption in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9267. [PMID: 29915354 PMCID: PMC6006161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenylated flavonoids and isoflavonoids are phytochemicals with remarkable antibacterial activity. In this study, 30 prenylated (iso)flavonoids were tested against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli (the latter in combination with an efflux pump inhibitor). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the most active compounds ranged between 6.3–15.0 µg/mL. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) analysis was performed and linear regression models were proposed with R2 between 0.77–0.80, average R2m between 0.70–0.75, Q2LOO between 0.66–0.69, and relatively low amount of descriptors. Shape descriptors (related to flexibility and globularity), together with hydrophilic/hydrophobic volume and surface area descriptors, were identified as important molecular characteristics related to activity. A 3D pharmacophore model explaining the effect of the prenyl position on the activity of compounds was developed for each bacterium. These models predicted active compounds with an accuracy of 71–88%. With regard to the mode of action, good antibacterial prenylated (iso)flavonoids with low relative hydrophobic surface area caused remarkable membrane permeabilization, whereas those with higher relative hydrophobic surface area did not. Based on the QSAR and membrane permeabilization studies, the mode of action of antibacterial prenylated (iso)flavonoids was putatively rationalized.
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