1
|
Reisfield GM, Teitelbaum SA, Jones JT, Mathias K, Lewis B. Urine and hair drug test results associated with daily consumption of codeine-predominant poppy seed food products. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:27-36. [PMID: 37987376 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the urine and hair opiate profiles associated with the daily consumption of presumptive codeine-predominant poppy seed food products. Ten participants consumed one of five food products at breakfast for 10 consecutive days. Baseline urine and hair samples were collected on Day 1. The urine samples were collected 4, 8 and 12 h following poppy seed consumption on Days 1 and 10, and the first morning void urine samples were collected on Days 2-10. A second hair specimen was collected on Day 20 ± 2. Urine drug test results: Three of the food products were associated with opiate-negative urine drug test results at all time points at a 300 ng/mL cut-off. Two of the food products were associated with opiate-positive drug test results at all non-baseline time points at a 300 ng/mL cut-off. Of these, all samples (n = 60) were codeine-positive, and 27 (45%) were morphine-positive. Codeine concentrations exceeded morphine concentrations in every sample and always by multiples. Thirty-nine of the 60 samples (65%) were codeine-positive at a 2,000 ng/mL cut-off, while none of these samples were morphine-positive at this cut-off. None of the 60 samples reached an opiate threshold of 15,000 ng/mL, although one participant produced a maximum codeine concentration of 13,161 ng/mL (13,854 ng/mg creatinine). There was no clear trend toward increasing urinary opiate concentrations over the course of the study. Hair drug test results: The hair samples of two participants produced quantifiable codeine (41 pg/mg and 51 pg/mg), but no sample reached a common reporting threshold of 200 pg/mg for codeine or morphine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Reisfield
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, UF Health Springhill 1, 4037 NW 86th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
| | - Scott A Teitelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
| | - Joseph T Jones
- United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc., 1700 S. Mt. Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
| | - Kent Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
| | - Ben Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Casado-Hidalgo G, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. Design and Optimisation of Sustainable Sample Treatments Based on Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Strong Cation-Exchange Purification with Functionalised SBA-15 for Opium Alkaloids in Ground Poppy Seeds. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:672. [PMID: 38133176 PMCID: PMC10747185 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An analysis methodology was optimised and validated for the quantification of opium alkaloids (OAs) in ground poppy seeds. This involved ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification before analysis using a high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry detector (HPLC-MS/MS). UAE was optimised through the design of experiments with three factors and a three-level full factorial design. For SPE optimisation, a commercial material was compared with a previously synthesised material of SBA-15 silica functionalised with sulfonic groups (SBA-15-SO3-). The synthesised material demonstrated superior efficiency with only 25 mg and proved to be reusable for up to four cycles. The methodology was properly validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection and quantification, and selectivity. Matrix effects were negligible; adequate recovery values (85-100%) and inter-day and intra-day precision (≤15%) were obtained. The greenness of the method was evaluated with the AGREEprep metric scale, being more environmentally friendly compared to OA analysis methods. Finally, the method was applied to different samples of ground poppy seeds and revealed a concentration of 140 mg/kg of morphine equivalents in one of the samples, surpassing the legislatively established limits by sevenfold. This highlights the need to analyse these types of samples to mitigate potential public health issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (G.C.-H.); (S.M.-Z.); (D.P.-Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Avula B, Katragunta K, Adams SJ, Wang YH, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Applicability of LC-QToF and Microscopical Tools in Combating the Sophisticated, Economically Motivated Adulteration of Poppy Seeds. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071510. [PMID: 37048333 PMCID: PMC10094636 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphine and codeine are the two principal opiates found in the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and are therapeutically used for pain management. Poppy seeds with low opiates are primarily used for culinary purposes due to their nutritional and sensory attributes. Intentional adulteration of poppy seeds is common, often combined with immature, less expensive, exhausted, or substituted with morphologically similar seeds, viz., amaranth, quinoa, and sesame. For a safer food supply chain, preventive measures must be implemented to mitigate contamination or adulteration. Moreover, the simultaneous analysis of P. somniferum and its adulterants is largely unknown. Pre- and post-processing further complicate the alkaloid content and may pose a significant health hazard. To address these issues, two independent methods were investigated with eight botanically verified and fifteen commercial samples. Microscopical features were established for the authenticity of raw poppy seeds. Morphine, codeine, and thebaine quantities ranged from 0.8-223, 0.2-386, and 0.1-176 mg/kg, respectively, using LC-QToF. In most cases, conventional opiates have a higher content than papaverine and noscapine. The analytical methodology provided a chemical profile of 47 compounds that can be effectively applied to distinguish poppy seeds from their adulterants and may serve as an effective tool to combat ongoing adulteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kumar Katragunta
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sebastian John Adams
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by purification with SBA-15 for the control of opium alkaloids in biscuits and sponge cakes. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
5
|
Evaluation of Thermal Degradation of Tropane and Opium Alkaloids in Gluten-Free Corn Breadsticks Samples Contaminated with Stramonium Seeds and Baked with Poppy Seeds under Different Conditions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152196. [PMID: 35892780 PMCID: PMC9330423 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the thermal degradation of tropane and opium alkaloids was studied in samples of breadsticks prepared with corn flour, contaminated with seeds of Datura stramonium, and containing seeds of Papaver somniferum L. A total of seven different samples were prepared and eight alkaloids were studied, three tropane (atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine) and five opium (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine) alkaloids. For this purpose, a fast, easy and efficient method based on solid-liquid extraction (SLE) prior to the analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was developed and validated. Thermal degradation studies showed a decrease in the TAs and OAs content under baking (180 °C for 20 min) that was between 7–65% for atropine, depending on the preparation conditions used, between 35–49% for scopolamine and anisodamine, up to 100% for morphine and codeine and between 14–58% for thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine. Results also evidenced that degradation of morphine and codeine was higher when the seeds were added as topping to the breadsticks.
Collapse
|
6
|
Casado-Hidalgo G, Martínez-García G, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. New Validated Method for the Determination of Six Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seed-Containing Bakery Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7594-7606. [PMID: 35674269 PMCID: PMC9228061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bakery products containing poppy seeds are increasingly being commercialized. These seeds may be contaminated with latex from the Papaver somniferum L. plant rich in opium alkaloids (OAs). Therefore, health authorities demand the development of analytical methods to control them. In this study, an efficient and simple method was developed and validated for the first time to analyze six OAs in bakery products by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For this purpose, a solid-liquid extraction was optimized, and then a magnetic material [magnetite surface-modified with Fe(III) terephthalate, denoted as Fe3O4@TPA-Fe] was used for a fast magnetic solid-phase extraction. The method has been validated with adequate recoveries (70-110%) and relative standard deviations (<20%) and without matrix effects. Nine bakery samples (five breadsticks and four sliced bread) were analyzed; breadsticks showed low amounts of OAs, but two sliced bread showed higher amounts of OAs than the new amount (1.5 mg/kg) set by the Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/2142.
Collapse
|
7
|
From Foods to Chemotherapeutics: The Antioxidant Potential of Dietary Phytochemicals. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10061222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food plants have been recognized for their medicinal properties for millennia, a concept supported by epidemiological studies indicating long-term health benefits for people consuming greater amounts of fruits and vegetables. As our technology and instrumentation advance, researchers have the ability to identify promising phytochemicals, and examine their potential benefits, or detriments, to human health. While results from trials investigating single chemical supplementation have sometimes produced negative health results, studies investigating the synergistic action of phytochemicals—either within our diet or as an adjuvant to radiation or chemotherapy—appear promising. Utilizing phytochemicals as synergistic agents may lower the chemotherapeutic doses needed to incur physiological results, while also using chemicals with fewer toxic effects. This review investigates a variety of plant-produced chemicals humans typically ingest, their impacts on overall health patterns, molecular mechanisms associated with their health impacts, and the potential of their synergistic use for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tajabadi F, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F, Ghorbani Nahooji M, Ghiaci-Yekta M, Ghasemi SV. Selective and Simple Determination of Isoquinoline Alkaloids in Papaver Species by Ion Mobility Spectrometry. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2022; 21:e127037. [PMID: 36060910 PMCID: PMC9420235 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-127037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a fast and precise method for determining three opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, and thebaine) in different parts of some Papaver species was developed and validated with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 - 0.20 mg/L. The proposed method was based on three extraction steps by alkaline aqueous solution/chloroform/acidic aqueous solution and analysis by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After optimizing IMS parameters based on an experimental design, IMS was applied to analyze the extracts of seeds, stems, leaves, and capsules of seven Papaver species collected from different regions of Iran. All prepared samples were analyzed by HPLC and IMS at the same time. Then, the obtained results of the two instrumental methods were compared. The HPLC did not detect morphine in the prepared samples, while IMS results showed trace amounts of morphine in the capsules and leaves of four Papaver species. Other results were comparable and showed that IMS is more sensitive, affordable, and faster than HPLC for alkaloid analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Tajabadi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Khalighi-Sigaroodi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.
| | | | - Mona Ghiaci-Yekta
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Vahid Ghasemi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shetge SA, Redan BW. Assessment of Dry Heating, Water Rinsing, and Baking on Concentrations of the Opium Alkaloid Noscapine in Poppy Seeds. ACS FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 2:541-547. [PMID: 35558138 PMCID: PMC9087206 DOI: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.1c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available on methods to reduce concentrations of the opium alkaloid noscapine in poppy seeds. A series of experiment were conducted using poppy seeds to evaluate the impact of thermal treatments, water rinsing, and baking on noscapine concentrations. A sample set of commercially available poppy seeds (n=15) was screened for noscapine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mean and median noscapine concentrations for poppy seed samples above the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 89.9 and 28.4 mg kg-1, respectively. Six out of 15 samples were less than the LOQ. Poppy seed samples containing a mean noscapine concentration of 121 mg kg-1 were subjected to dry heat treatments ranging from 120-200 °C and a 5 min rinse with water. Baking experiments were also done by incorporating the poppy seeds into a muffin batter and baking in an oven at 200 °C. The dry heat treatment experiments showed that noscapine degraded at 160-200 °C, with a 50% loss of noscapine observed after 3.44 ± 0.46 min at 200 °C. Although the mean concentration of noscapine decreased when a muffin containing poppy seeds was baked at 200 °C for 16 min, these changes were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Rinsing the poppy seeds with water did not have a significant effect on noscapine concentrations. Together, these data allow for better characterization of potential dietary exposure to noscapine and indicate that certain thermal treatments can be effective for reduction of noscapine in poppy seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka A. Shetge
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL
| | - Benjamin W. Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Bedford Park, IL,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Casado-Hidalgo G, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I. Mesostructured Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles to Extract Six Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seeds Prior to Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:1587. [PMID: 34359458 PMCID: PMC8307897 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, health authorities have become increasingly concerned about preventing consumer exposure to opium alkaloids present in Papaver somniferum L. poppy seeds. In this study, a simple, rapid and efficient method has been optimised to determine all main opioids in poppy seeds (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine and oripavine) by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. For this purpose, solid-liquid extraction (SLE) of samples was optimised and six magnetic adsorbent materials with a core of Fe3O4 coated with amorphous and mesostructured silica, both functionalised with octadecyl-silane or octyl-silane were characterised and evaluated for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). The material with the best results was non-functionalised mesostructured silica and, with it, the MSPE procedure was optimised. This method was validated and used to quantify six opioids in 14 edible seed samples (eleven poppy seeds and three seed mixes). Considerable amounts were found (1.5-249.0 mg/kg morphine, <0.2 µg/kg-45.8 mg/kg codeine, <2.4 µg/kg-136.2 mg/kg thebaine, <0.2 µg/kg-27.1 mg/kg papaverine, <0.2 µg/kg-108.7 mg/kg noscapine and <240 µg/kg-33.4 mg/kg oripavine), exceeding maximum limits established in some EU countries and the reference level of morphine in the EU. Furthermore, in some commercial samples for human consumption, inadequate labelling was found because significant amounts of alkaloids were detected even though Papaver rhoeas L. seeds were declared on the product label.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T., Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (G.C.-H.); (D.P.-Q.); (S.M.-Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moghtader M, Bahram M, Farhadi K. Derivative Linear Sweep Voltammetry and Discrete Wavelet Transform for the Simultaneous Determination of Codeine and Thebaine by Artificial Neural Networks. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Moghtader
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Morteza Bahram
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Urmia University Urmia Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luhmer K, Schulze-Kaysers N, Feuereisen M, Wirth L, Maretzky F, Wüst M, Blum H, Dörr E, Pude R. Fatty Acid Composition, Tocopherols, Volatile Compounds, and Sensory Evaluation of Low Morphine Yielding Varieties of Poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.) Seeds and Oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3439-3451. [PMID: 33722000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low morphine yielding winter ('Zeno Morphex') and summer ('Viola', 'Mieszko', 'Borowski') poppy varieties were investigated for their chemical composition and sensory properties. The oil content of the 13 seed samples as well as that of fatty acids, tocopherols, and volatile compounds in the respective oils were determined, and the sensory profiles of the seeds and oils were established. Linoleic acid made up 70.7-75.2% of the fatty acids. High amounts of γ-tocopherol were detected, especially in variety 'Viola' (287 ± 34 mg kg-1), while δ-tocopherol was only present in 'Zeno Morphex' (3.9 ± 0.6 mg kg-1). The most abundant volatiles were caproic acid (1.4-148 μg g-1), hexanal (0.9-15.2 μg g-1), 1-hexanol (0.3-20.1 μg g-1), limonene (1.3-9.4 μg g-1), and 2-pentylfuran (1.0-7.8 μg g-1). The sensory panel distinguished samples in particular by fatty/oily, rancid, sweet, and green attributes, the green aroma being correlated to three methoxypyrazines only present in summer poppies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Luhmer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Renewable Resources, Bonn University, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Nadine Schulze-Kaysers
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Molecular Food Technology, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle Feuereisen
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Molecular Food Technology, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Wirth
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Food Chemistry, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Maretzky
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Food Chemistry, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Food Chemistry, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Blum
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Renewable Resources, Bonn University, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Elisa Dörr
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Molecular Food Technology, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Pude
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Renewable Resources, Bonn University, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
- Field Lab Campus Klein-Altendorf, Bonn University, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kleinmeier D, Pettengill E, Redan BW. Commentary: Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds. Front Chem 2021; 8:622488. [PMID: 33553107 PMCID: PMC7856138 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.622488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kleinmeier
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Emily Pettengill
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Benjamin W Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Casado-Hidalgo G, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. Opium alkaloids in food products: Current and future perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
15
|
Composition and quality of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seed oil depending on the extraction method. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Bishop-Freeman SC, Fox L, Winecker RE, Hudson JS. Death from Poppy Tea Consumption. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:734-740. [PMID: 33043985 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The historical practice of brewing poppy tea for its opioid-like effects is reoccurring with modern-day substance users. We present four postmortem cases with toxicology results that serve as case studies for the potential hazards of poppy tea ingestion. There is limited information regarding the risks of this practice due to the variability of the morphine content of the opium exuded from the plant. While internet tea recipes offer guidance, differences in poppy cultivation, washing, and infusing time are some of the reasons why the beverage may contain inconsistent and clinically significant alkaloid concentrations for each preparation. Variability in opioid tolerance along with additional drugs taken will impact the overall degree of toxicity experienced from the opiates in the tea. Advancements in the genetic modification of the poppy plant could greatly alter the ratio of alkaloids seen in biological fluids and will be highly dependent on the source of the poppy product. The blood concentrations of free morphine and free codeine in cases 1-3 where the toxicity from the tea was considered the primary cause of death were 0.94 and 0.11 mg/L, 0.62 and 0.034 mg/L, and 0.16 and 0.010 mg/L, respectively. The urine concentrations of morphine and codeine were 13 and 0.94 mg/L in case 1 and 16 and 1.6 mg/L in case 2, respectively. The opium alkaloids thebaine and laudanosine were identified qualitatively by our routine organic base/neutral drug detection procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Bishop-Freeman
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 4312 District Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,UNC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 160 Medical Dr., Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA
| | - Lauren Fox
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 4312 District Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Ruth E Winecker
- Center for Forensic Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jason S Hudson
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 4312 District Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen W, Yang L, Yan C, Yao B, Lu J, Xu J, Liu G. Surface-Confined Building of Au@Pt-Centered and Multi-G-Quadruplex/Hemin Wire-Surrounded Electroactive Super-nanostructures for Ultrasensitive Monitoring of Morphine. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2644-2651. [PMID: 32633121 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Overuse and abuse of morphine (MOP), one of the main components of pericarpium papaveris, have attracted increasing attention in the medical field owing to its pharmacological and toxicological activity. Herein, we proposed a new electrochemical nano-biosensor for MOP detection based on surface-confined building of Au@Pt-centered and multi-G-quadruplex/hemin wire-surrounded electroactive super-nanostructures. The center Au@Pt was flower-shaped and irregularly protruded, allowing substantial loading of multiple G-quadruplex wire/hemin complexes on its surface to accomplish the assembly of electroactive super-nanostructures. Interestingly, as the super-nanostructures were closely confined on the electrode surface, a significantly amplified electrochemical signal was thus obtained in the absence of MOP. In contrast, the introduction of target MOP can induce an intense competitive effect and strongly destroy the assembly process, resulting in the reduction of the electrochemical response that is correlated with the logarithmic concentration of MOP. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical nano-biosensor is capable of highly sensitive detection of MOP in a dynamic concentration range from 1 ppt to 500 ppb. The limit of detection is achieved as low as 0.69 ppt, and the practical application was confirmed by examining MOP from chafing dish condiments. We expect the electrochemical platform utilizing this unique nanoarchitecture to provide rational guidelines to design high-performance analytical tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bioprocess, MOE, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Bioprocess, MOE, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Bioprocess, MOE, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Research Center for Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health, Anhui Science & Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Bangben Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Bioprocess, MOE, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Anhui Province Institute of Product Quality Supervision & Inspection, Hefei 230051, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Bioprocess, MOE, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Bioprocess, MOE, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Research Center for Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health, Anhui Science & Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carlin MG, Dean JR, Ames JM. Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds. Front Chem 2020; 8:737. [PMID: 33195013 PMCID: PMC7482649 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine) have been detected on poppy seeds; they are widely used by the food industry for decoration and flavor but can introduce opium alkaloids into the food chain. Of the opium alkaloids found on poppy seeds, morphine, and codeine are the most pharmacologically active and have been detected in biological matrices collected in workplace and roadside drug testing resulting in positive opiate results. The European Food Safety Authority introduced an acute reference dose of 10 μg morphine/kg of body weight as a safe level for morphine in food products. In this work, it was found that in harvested poppy seeds, and thermally processed poppy seeds (with and without a food matrix), if used in normal levels would not exceed the recommended acute reference dose. It was also shown that the levels of all alkaloids reduce when thermally processed, in comparison with harvested, untreated seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Carlin
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John R Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M Ames
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shetge SA, Dzakovich MP, Cooperstone JL, Kleinmeier D, Redan BW. Concentrations of the Opium Alkaloids Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine in Poppy Seeds are Reduced after Thermal and Washing Treatments but are Not Affected when Incorporated in a Model Baked Product. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5241-5248. [PMID: 32302121 PMCID: PMC9087216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Limited information exists on the effectiveness of potential treatments to reduce levels of opium alkaloids that may be present in seeds from poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Poppy seeds containing morphine at relatively lower (14.7 mg kg-1) and higher (210.0 mg kg-1) concentrations were subjected to dry heat and steam treatments, water washing, and baking. Sample extracts were then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the opium alkaloids morphine, codeine, and thebaine. The results indicated that thermal treatment promoted opium alkaloid degradation in poppy seed samples, with a 50% loss of morphine observed after 30-40 min at 200 °C. Water washing reduced concentrations of opium alkaloids in poppy seeds by approximately 50-80%, while steam treatment resulted in reduction of morphine in only one sample type. Importantly, baking had no significant effect on concentrations of opium alkaloids. Overall, these results indicate that opium alkaloids may not be significantly affected by baking or steam application and that poppy seeds may require water washing or extended thermal treatment to promote reduction of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka A. Shetge
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL
| | - Michael P. Dzakovich
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jessica L. Cooperstone
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Daria Kleinmeier
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Plant Products and Beverages, College Park, MD
| | - Benjamin W. Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Bedford Park, IL
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Montgomery MT, Conlan XA, Theakstone AG, Purcell SD, Barnett NW, Smith ZM. Extraction and Determination of Morphine Present on the Surface of Australian Food Grade Poppy Seeds Using Acidic Potassium Permanganate Chemiluminescence Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
22
|
Eisenreich A, Sachse B, Gürtler R, Dusemund B, Lindtner O, Schäfer B. What do we know about health risks related to thebaine in food? Food Chem 2020; 309:125564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
23
|
Yen YT, Chang YJ, Lai PJ, Chang CL, Chen TY, Chyueh SC. A Study of Opiate, Opiate Metabolites and Antihistamines in Urine after Consumption of Cold Syrups by LC-MS/MS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25040972. [PMID: 32098143 PMCID: PMC7070706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studying the origin of opiate and/or opiate metabolites in individual urine specimens after consumption of cold syrups is vital for patients, doctors, and law enforcement. A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using "dilute-and-shoot" analysis without the need for extraction, hydrolysis and/or derivatization has been developed and validated. The approach provides linear ranges of 2.5-1000 ng mL-1 for 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, chlorpheniramine, and carbinoxamine, 2.5-800 ng mL-1 for morphine and morphine-3-β-d-glucuronide, and 2.5-600 ng mL-1 for morphine-6-β-d-glucuronide and codeine-6-β-d-glucuronide, with excellent correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.995) and matrix effects (< 5%). Urine samples collected from the ten participants orally administered cold syrups were analyzed. The results concluded that participants consuming codeine-containing cold syrups did not routinely pass urine tests for opiates, and their morphine-codeine concentration ratios (M/C) were not always < 1. In addition, the distribution map of the clinical total concentration of the sum of morphine and codeine against the antihistamines (chlorpheniramine or carbinoxamine) were plotted for discrimination of people who used cold syrups. The 15 real cases have been studied by using M/C rule, cutoff value, and distribution map, further revealing a potential approach to determine opiate metabolite in urine originating from cold syrups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Te Yen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2911-2241 (ext. 3714)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Casado N, Gañán J, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I. New Advanced Materials and Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques as Strategies in Sample Preparation to Improve the Determination of Natural Toxins in Food Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:E702. [PMID: 32041287 PMCID: PMC7038030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural toxins are chemical substances that are not toxic to the organisms that produce them, but which can be a potential risk to human health when ingested through food. Thus, it is of high interest to develop advanced analytical methodologies to control the occurrence of these compounds in food products. However, the analysis of food samples is a challenging task because of the high complexity of these matrices, which hinders the extraction and detection of the analytes. Therefore, sample preparation is a crucial step in food analysis to achieve adequate isolation and/or preconcentration of analytes and provide suitable clean-up of matrix interferences prior to instrumental analysis. Current trends in sample preparation involve moving towards "greener" approaches by scaling down analytical operations, miniaturizing the instruments and integrating new advanced materials as sorbents. The combination of these new materials with sorbent-based microextraction technologies enables the development of high-throughput sample preparation methods, which improve conventional extraction and clean-up procedures. This review gives an overview of the most relevant analytical strategies employed for sorbent-based microextraction of natural toxins of exogenous origin from food, as well as the improvements achieved in food sample preparation by the integration of new advanced materials as sorbents in these microextraction techniques, giving some relevant examples from the last ten years. Challenges and expected future trends are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, E.S.C.E.T, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (J.G.); (S.M.-Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Skopikova M, Hashimoto M, Richomme P, Schinkovitz A. Matrix-Free Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry as an Efficient Tool for the Rapid Detection of Opiates in Crude Extracts of Papaver somniferum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:884-891. [PMID: 31825610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Having a long history of traditional medicinal applications, Papaver somniferum is also known as a source of various pharmacologically highly active opiates. Consequently, their detection from plant extracts is an important analytical task and generally addressed by methods of GC-MS and LC-MS. However, opiates do also show structural similarities to matrix molecules used in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (LDI) and may therefore ionize upon simple laser irradiation. Following this analytical approach, the present work thoroughly evaluated the direct detection of opiates by matrix-free LDI in crude extracts of P. somniferum. The method facilitated the identification of 10 reported opiates by their molecular formulas without any chromatographic prepurification. Moreover, a principal component analysis based on LDI-MS data permitted the correct grouping of all extracts according to their inherent chemistry. Concluding experiments on serial dilutions of thebaine further evaluated potential quantitative applications of the method. Overall results highlight the promising potential of LDI-MS for the swift detection of opiates in complex mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Skopikova
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | | | - Pascal Richomme
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Andreas Schinkovitz
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chitosan functionalized magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite for the sensitive and effective determination of alkaloids in hotpot. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:343-352. [PMID: 31904461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan functionalized magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2@CS/GO) was successfully fabricated via a facile amide reaction between chitosan and graphene oxide. A novel extraction method using Fe3O4@SiO2@CS/GO as nanoadsorbent was developed and applied to the efficient extraction and determination of multiple alkaloids from the complex matrix. The composition and structure of the nanoadsorbent was systematically characterized by various techniques. The nanoadsorbent possesses performances of high efficiency, easy operation, superparamagnetism, environment friendly and economic feasibility. The adsorption mechanism for alkaloids included π-π electron-donor-acceptor interaction, cation-π interaction and hydrogen bonding. The principal parameters influencing extraction procedure such as adsorbent dosage, pH, adsorption time, desorption conditions and regeneration cycles were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the method exhibited good linear dynamic range with correlation coefficient (r2) higher than 0.997 and the limit of detection (LOD) was among 0.016--0.092 μg kg-1. Intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were <10%. These results indicated that the developed method was successfully applied for simultaneous detection of alkaloids in hotpot. This study provided valuable guidance and effective method for the analysis of alkaloids in intricate interference system.
Collapse
|
27
|
Knapp-Gisclon A, Fabresse N, Fuss-Ohlen I, Dugues P, Martin M, Larabi IA, Etting I, Mayer C, Alvarez JC. Graines de pavot présentes sur du pain anormalement contaminées aux alcaloïdes de l’opium en France. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
28
|
Profiling of morphine and codeine in urine after the ingestion of curry containing poppy seed as an evidence for opiates defence in Malaysia. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109865. [PMID: 31279278 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of curry containing poppy seeds has raised an issue concerning the opiate content in the urine that might exceed the cut-off value (300ng/mL). The main objective of this study was to examine the morphine and codeine contents in the urine of the consumers after partaking poppy seed-enriched curry in. The volunteers were asked to partake: (a) a single meal and their urines were collected within 24h, or (b) Two meals a day for three consecutive days and their urines were collected within 72h. Two different dosages were also tested in this study: (a) low dosage: 1g/100ml curry (containing 138μg of morphine and 66μg of codeine) and (b) high dosage: 5g/100ml curry (containing 690μg of morphine and 330μg of codeine). The subjects were randomised into the groups using the method of stratified randomization with age and gender groups as covariates. A total of 6 subjects was allocated for each group and placebos were used as control. Results showed that all subjects who consumed low dosage of poppy seeds either in single meal or multiple meals experiment were found negative. However, 1 out of 6high dosage subjects was confirmed positive at a period of 3-6h after the consumption of curry in the single meal study. This outlier maybe due to the lack of water consumption after consuming the curry, thus the low volume of urine was collected and the opiate was concentrated in the urine. On the other hand, 5 out of 6high dosage subjects in the multiple meals experiment were found positive. Majority of these subjects were found positive on the second and third day of the experiment after the second curry meal was consumed. The outlier (negative) in this group might be due to the high consumption of water throughout the experiment and the subject's urine volumes and frequency of urine collection were much higher compared to other subjects. From the result of this study, it can be concluded that partaking high dosages of poppy seed in curry could give a positive response (>300ng/ml+uncertainty of measurement) in the urine, and the water consumption after partaking curry has significant influence for the opiate contents in the urine.
Collapse
|
29
|
Li L, Panicker S, Casale EM. UHPLC–MS/MS quantitation of porphyroxine in opium and application of porphyroxine‐acetylated products as signature markers for heroin. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:999-1008. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Special Testing and Research LaboratoryU.S. Drug Enforcement Administration 22624 Dulles Summit Court Dulles Virginia 20166 USA
| | - Sini Panicker
- Special Testing and Research LaboratoryU.S. Drug Enforcement Administration 22624 Dulles Summit Court Dulles Virginia 20166 USA
| | - Ellen M. Casale
- Special Testing and Research LaboratoryU.S. Drug Enforcement Administration 22624 Dulles Summit Court Dulles Virginia 20166 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zay K, Gere A. Sensory acceptance of poppy seed-flavored white chocolates using just-about-right method. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Liu C, Xu X, Hu W, Yang X, Zhou P, Qiu G, Ye W, Li Y, Jiang C. Synthesis of Clean Cabbagelike (111) Faceted Silver Crystals for Efficient Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensing of Papaverine. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9805-9812. [PMID: 30051706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Clean cabbagelike (111) faceted silver crystals were synthesized via a facile galvanic replacement reaction of [Ag(NH3)2]OH and a commercial aluminum foil, a surfactant-free formation process. The cabbagelike silver crystals consisted of interconnected nanoplates and exhibited a single-crystal structure along with preferential (111) facet oriented growth. These silver crystals showed high and reliable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity due to electromagnetic mechanism, and they could be easily transferred onto other rigid or flexible surfaces, making their SERS applications more versatile. Since Ag (111) with low surface energy could preferentially adsorb papaverine molecules, which was verified by molecular dynamics simulation, the cabbagelike silver crystals were further employed as a promising SERS assay for efficient sensing of papaverine, a nonnarcotic alkaloid. A linear range of 0.1-1000 μM was achieved, along with a detection limit of 10 nM and good selectivity relative to other excitability drugs. This SERS assay has successfully been used to determine the concentration of papaverine in hot pot seasonings and drugs with satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Lanzhou Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | | | | | | | - Guoyu Qiu
- Lanzhou Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | | | | | - Chaoyang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Fluorinated Functional Materials , University of South Dakota , Vermillion , South Dakota 57069 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Benford D, Calò G, Dahan A, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Németh-Zámboriné É, Arcella D, Baert K, Cascio C, Levorato S, Schutte M, Vleminckx C. Update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05243. [PMID: 32625895 PMCID: PMC7009406 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poppy seeds are obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). They are used as food and to produce edible oil. The opium poppy plant contains narcotic alkaloids such as morphine and codeine. Poppy seeds do not contain the opium alkaloids, but can become contaminated with alkaloids as a result of pest damage and during harvesting. The European Commission asked EFSA to provide an update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. The assessment is based on data on morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, noscapine and papaverine in poppy seed samples. The CONTAM Panel confirms the acute reference dose (ARfD) of 10 μg morphine/kg body weight (bw) and concluded that the concentration of codeine in the poppy seed samples should be taken into account by converting codeine to morphine equivalents, using a factor of 0.2. The ARfD is therefore a group ARfD for morphine and codeine, expressed in morphine equivalents. Mean and high levels of dietary exposure to morphine equivalents from poppy seeds considered to have high levels of opium alkaloids (i.e. poppy seeds from varieties primarily grown for pharmaceutical use) exceed the ARfD in most age groups. For poppy seeds considered to have relatively low concentrations of opium alkaloids (i.e. primarily varieties for food use), some exceedance of the ARfD is also seen at high levels of dietary exposure in most surveys. For noscapine and papaverine, the available data do not allow making a hazard characterisation. However, comparison of the dietary exposure to the recommended therapeutical doses does not suggest a health concern for these alkaloids. For thebaine and oripavine, no risk characterisation was done due to insufficient data. However, for thebaine, limited evidence indicates a higher acute lethality than for morphine and the estimated exposure could present a health risk.
Collapse
|