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Peng H, Li H, Li X, Wei B, Du Z, Wei G, Wang S. Determination of multi-residue pesticides in dairy products using single-step emulsification/demulsification clean-up strategy combined with low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2024; 458:140246. [PMID: 38954952 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, sensitive, and rapid method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 99 kinds of pesticides in fatty milk samples. This novel emulsification-demulsification clean-up approach, coupled with an automatic demulsification-dehydration cartridge, allowed rapid single-step clean-up operation and high throughput. It also achieved effective and selective removal of lipids. The analysis was performed using low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LPGC-MS/MS). Based on the optimal conditions, the targeted pesticides showed good linearity in the range of 5-250 μg/kg, with recoveries of 70-120% at spiking levels of 5, 10, and 20 μg/kg in cow milk, goat milk, and almond milk, respectively. The limit of quantification for most pesticides was 5 μg/kg, and the RSDs were lower than 20%. Analysis of real dairy products obtained from local markets revealed a potential risk in plant-derived almond milk, but no significant risks were found for cow and goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Peng
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianjiang Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bochen Wei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guoying Wei
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China.
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2
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Bian Y, Zhang Y, Feng XS, Gao HY. Marine toxins in seafood: Recent updates on sample pretreatment and determination techniques. Food Chem 2024; 438:137995. [PMID: 38029684 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Marine toxins can lead to varying degrees of human poisoning, often resulting in fatal symptoms and causing significant economic losses in seafood-producing regions. To gain a deeper comprehension of the role of marine toxins in seafood and their impact on the environment, it is imperative to develop rapid, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient methods for sample pretreatment and determination to mitigate adverse impacts of marine toxins. This review presents a comprehensive overview of advancements made in sample pretreatment and determination techniques for marine toxins since 2017. The advantages and disadvantages of various technologies were critically examined. Additionally, the current challenges and future development strategies for the analysis of marine toxins are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bian
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Hui-Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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3
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhu P, Liu S, Wang M, Liu Y, Wang Z, Chen W, Qu Z, Du L, Wu C. A 2D carbon nitride-based electrochemical aptasensor with reverse amplification for highly sensitive detection of okadaic acid in shellfish. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1538-1545. [PMID: 38404181 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is one of the main virulence factors of diarrheal shellfish toxins (DSP). It is of great significance to detect OA with an accurate, specific and cost-effective technique in the fields of seafood safety and water quality control. In this work, an electrochemical aptasensor with reverse amplification was developed for the sensitive detection of OA. A two-dimensional graphite-phase nanomaterial (carbon nitride) modified with an anti-OA aptamer and thionine (Th) was immobilized onto the surface of the electrochemical electrode as the sensitive element to capture target OA molecules. ssDNA-modified carbon nitride was used as the reverse amplification element by hybridizing with non-OA linked aptamers. The preparation of the electrochemical aptasensor was well characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), zeta potential detection, UV-Vis absorption, Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) measurements, and electrochemical measurements. The quantitative assessment of OA was achieved by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Experimental results indicated that this aptasensor showed a concentration-dependent response to OA with a good detection performance including in terms of selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and stability. It exhibited 100-fold selectivity between OA and other toxins including dinophysistoxins (DTX), pectenotoxins (PTX), and yessotoxins (YTX). In addition, it showed a much wider quantification range, which is 10-13 M-10-10 M (0.080-80.50 pg mL-1). The detection limit was as low as 10-13 M (0.080 pg mL-1). The aptasensor also successfully achieved significant practicality on real shellfish samples contaminated by OA. All these results demonstrated that the reverse amplification strategy for marine toxin detection may provide a label-free and rapid detection approach for portable applications in the fields of environmental monitoring and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Shuge Liu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Yage Liu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Zhiyao Wang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Zhan Qu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Liping Du
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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4
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Casado N, Berenguer CV, Câmara JS, Pereira JAM. What Are We Eating? Surveying the Presence of Toxic Molecules in the Food Supply Chain Using Chromatographic Approaches. Molecules 2024; 29:579. [PMID: 38338324 PMCID: PMC10856495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumers in developed and Western European countries are becoming more aware of the impact of food on their health, and they demand clear, transparent, and reliable information from the food industry about the products they consume. They recognise that food safety risks are often due to the unexpected presence of contaminants throughout the food supply chain. Among these, mycotoxins produced by food-infecting fungi, endogenous toxins from certain plants and organisms, pesticides, and other drugs used excessively during farming and food production, which lead to their contamination and accumulation in foodstuffs, are the main causes of concern. In this context, the goals of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the presence of toxic molecules reported in foodstuffs since 2020 through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) portal and use chromatography to address this challenge. Overall, natural toxins, environmental pollutants, and food-processing contaminants are the most frequently reported toxic molecules, and liquid chromatography and gas chromatography are the most reliable approaches for their control. However, faster, simpler, and more powerful analytical procedures are necessary to cope with the growing pressures on the food chain supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Casado
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina V. Berenguer
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
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Li J, Sun Y, Man Y, Zhang T, Feng X, Yang Z, Zhao H, Zhao R, He L. A Novel and Highly Efficient Microextraction Method for the Determination of Aflatoxin Precursor Averantin in Fatty Grain Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1330-1338. [PMID: 38173280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Averantin (AVN) is an important aflatoxin biosynthetic precursor and has been listed in the screening range of mycotoxins. Herein, a novel ionic liquid-based one-, two-, and three-phase transition microextraction (IL-OTTPTME) method was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the extraction and determination of AVN in fatty grain samples. The formation of a homogeneous solution and three-phase system during the IL-OTTPTME process allowed both efficient extraction and coextracted lipid cleanup. Density functional theory calculations and distribution coefficient determination results demonstrated that AVN extraction by IL mainly occurred through hydrogen-bond and π-π interactions. Under optimized conditions, the LOD and LOQ of the proposed method were 0.5 and 1.5 ng/g, respectively. Finally, the method was used to determine AVN in several grains with different fat contents, achieving satisfactory relative recoveries (86.0-107.8%) and RSDs (1.2-6.2%, n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingna Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yaming Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yong Man
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaxing Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hailiang Zhao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Renyong Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lijun He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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6
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Fang L, Qiu F. Determination of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with dispersive solid phase extraction. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21610. [PMID: 37954300 PMCID: PMC10638005 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An innovative method based on dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) in conjunction with LC-MS/MS had been developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of three brevetoxins (BTXs), which can result in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), in shellfish. The toxins were extracted with a 50 % acetonitrile (v/v) and cleaned by alumina-neutral sorbent. After chromatographic separation on a C18 column, the analytes were qualitatively and quantitatively detected using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive ionization mode. The created approach was validated by SANTE 11312/2021. The LOQs were 5 μg/kg for each toxin, below the advised regulatory limit of 800 μg BTX-2/kg. The mean recoveries of brevetoxins were in the range of 75.9 %-114.1 %, and the ranges of their intra- and inter-day precisions were 0.9-9.7 % and 0.6-7.2 %, respectively. The matrix effects for three BTXs in four shellfish matrices were in the range of 85.6 %-114.8 %. The method demonstrated great consistency and high sensitivity, and it can meet the requirements of daily monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province (Zhoushan Municipal District Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Zhoushan, PR China
| | - Fengmei Qiu
- Putuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, PR China
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7
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Deolindo CTP, Kleemann CR, Bosch-Orea C, Molognoni L, Daguer H, Hoff RB, Costa ACO. Sample pooling and incurred samples improve analytical throughput and quality control of lipophilic phycotoxins screening in bivalve mollusks. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5023-5034. [PMID: 37349647 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMBs) are one of the main risks associated with the consumption of mussels and oysters. Sanitary and analytical control programs are developed to detect the occurrence of these toxins in seafood before they reach toxic levels. To ensure quick results, methods must be easy and fast to perform. In this work, we demonstrated that incurred samples were a viable alternative to validation and internal quality control studies for the analysis of LMBs in bivalve mollusks. These samples were used to optimize, validate, and monitor a simple and fast ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure. An internal quality control material containing okadaic acid (227 ± 46 µg kg-1) was produced and characterized. This material had its homogeneity and stability verified and was included as a quality control in all batches of analytical routine. Besides, a sample pooling protocol for extracts analysis was developed, based on tests for COVID-19. Up to 10 samples could be analyzed simultaneously, reducing the instrumental time of analysis by up to 80%. The UAE and sample pooling approaches were then applied to more than 450 samples, of which at least 100 were positive for the okadaic acid group of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Turnes Pasini Deolindo
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Cristian Rafael Kleemann
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Cristina Bosch-Orea
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Molognoni
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil.
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Interino N, Comito R, Simoni P, Franzellitti S, Palladino G, Rampelli S, Mosendz A, Gotti R, Roda A, Candela M, Porru E, Fiori J. Extraction method for the multiresidue analysis of legacy and emerging pollutants in marine mussels from the Adriatic Sea. Food Chem 2023:136453. [PMID: 37271683 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The release of hazardous chemicals into aquatic environments has long been a known problem, but its full impact has only recently been realized. This study presents a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for detecting pharmaceutical and pesticide residues in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). An innovative MS-compatible extraction method was developed and validated, demonstrating successful recovery rates for analytes at three different concentration levels (25-95%). The method detected the target analytes at ng/g concentrations with high accuracy (-7% to 11%) and low relative standard deviation (<10%) for both intra-day and inter-day analyses. After validation, the method was applied to mussel samples collected from a commercial farm near Senigallia, Adriatic Sea, detecting different contaminants in the range of 2-40 ng/g (dry weight). The study provides a valuable tool for investigating the potential threats posed by diverse contaminant classes with high annual tonnage, including analytes with known persistence and/or illegal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Interino
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossana Comito
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Simoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Franzellitti
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Palladino
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anastasiia Mosendz
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; INBB, National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems, Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Porru
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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9
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Mycotoxins in Seafood: Occurrence, Recent Development of Analytical Techniques and Future Challenges. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in aquatic food commodities has recently become a source of severe worldwide food insecurity since these toxicants may damage human health. The consumption of aquatic food itself represents a relatively novel and non-negligible source of mycotoxins. Mycotoxins in seafood lead to important human genotoxins, carcinogens, and immunosuppressors. Consequently, it is crucial to quantify and characterize these contaminants in aquatic food products subject to extensive consumption and develop new regulations. The present paper provides an overview of recent advancements in liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry and the coupling of these techniques for identifying and characterizing mycotoxins in various fresh, comestible, and treated marine products. The disposable data display that a multiplicity of fungal species and further mycotoxins have been detected in seafood, comprising aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and trichothecenes. In addition, a wider and up-to-date overview of global occurrence surveys of mycotoxin occurrence in seafood in 2017–2022 is explored. In this regard, the predominant occurrence of enniatins has been documented in seafood products. Likewise, special attention has been given to current EU seafood legal and existing national regulations of mycotoxins in seafood. In this way, rigorous national and international guidelines are needed for palpable and effective measures in the future. Nevertheless, controlling mycotoxins in aquatic foods is an ambitious aim for scientists and industry stakeholders to ensure sustainable global food safety.
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10
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Finlayson KA, Limpus CJ, van de Merwe JP. Temporal changes in chemical contamination of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) foraging in a heavily industrialised seaport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152848. [PMID: 35007578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Port Curtis, a major shipping port, has undergone significant expansion in the last decade, with plans for further development into the future. These activities may result in an increase of contaminant concentrations, threatening local wildlife including sea turtles. This study used a species-specific in vitro bioassay to examine spatial and temporal differences in exposure to, and effects of, organic contaminants in green sea turtles foraging in Port Curtis. Blood was collected from 134 green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from five locations in the port over four years. Organic contaminants were extracted from blood, and the cytotoxicity of the extracts to primary green sea turtle cells was assessed. Results indicated spatially similar chemical contamination throughout Port Curtis, at levels significant to sea turtle health, and with signs that chemical contamination may be increasing over time. These results can provide valuable information on the health of green turtles as further development occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin J Limpus
- Department of Environment and Science, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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11
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Louzao MC, Vilariño N, Vale C, Costas C, Cao A, Raposo-Garcia S, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030198. [PMID: 35323497 PMCID: PMC8950113 DOI: 10.3390/md20030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine phycotoxins are a multiplicity of bioactive compounds which are produced by microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web. Phycotoxins affect the ecosystem, pose a threat to human health, and have important economic effects on aquaculture and tourism worldwide. However, human health and food safety have been the primary concerns when considering the impacts of phycotoxins. Phycotoxins toxicity information, often used to set regulatory limits for these toxins in shellfish, lacks traceability of toxicity values highlighting the need for predefined toxicological criteria. Toxicity data together with adequate detection methods for monitoring procedures are crucial to protect human health. However, despite technological advances, there are still methodological uncertainties and high demand for universal phycotoxin detectors. This review focuses on these topics, including uncertainties of climate change, providing an overview of the current information as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Celia Costas
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Cao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Sandra Raposo-Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
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D’Amore T, Lo Magro S, Vita V, Di Taranto A. Optimization and Validation of a High Throughput UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of the EU Regulated Lipophilic Marine Toxins and Occurrence in Fresh and Processed Shellfish. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030173. [PMID: 35323472 PMCID: PMC8953077 DOI: 10.3390/md20030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the name of lipophilic marine toxins, there are included more than 1000 toxic secondary metabolites, produced by phytoplankton, with the common chemical property of lipophilicity. Due to toxicological effects and geographical distribution, in European legislation relevant compounds are regulated, and their determination is accomplished with the reference liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In this study a modified ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the identification and quantification of EU-regulated lipophilic toxins. The method optimization included a refinement of SPE-C18 clean-up, in order to reduce matrix interferences. Improved LC conditions and upgraded chromatographic ammonia-based gradient ensured the best separation of all analytes and, in particular, of the two structural isomers (OA and DTX2). Also, different MS parameters were tested, and confirmation criteria finally established. The validation studies confirmed that all parameters were satisfactory. The requirements for precision (RSD% < 11.8% for each compound), trueness (recoveries from 73 to 101%) and sensitivity (limits of quantification in the range 3−8 µg kg−1) were fulfilled. The matrix effect, ranging from −9 to 19%, allowed the use of a calibration curve in solvent (3−320 µg kg−1 in matrix) for quantification of real samples. Method relative uncertainty ranged from 12 to 20.3%. Additionally, a total of 1000 shellfish samples was analysed, providing a first preliminary surveillance study that may contribute to the knowledge of lipophilic marine toxins contamination. Increase in algae proliferation events and intoxication cases, EFSA suggestions for modification of maximum permitted levels and toxicity equivalency factors, and new studies of important toxic effects underline that implementation of reference methods still represents an important task for health and food safety laboratories.
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Ji Y, Yan G, Wang G, Liu J, Tang Z, Yan Y, Qiu J, Zhang L, Pan W, Fu Y, Li T, Luo X, Lan W, Wang Z, Li W, Li A. Prevalence and distribution of domoic acid and cyclic imines in bivalve mollusks from Beibu Gulf, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127078. [PMID: 34523496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Beibu Gulf is an important shellfish aquaculture area in the northwest of the South China Sea, China. In this study, the toxin profile and spatial-temporal distribution of domoic acid (DA) and 10 lipophilic phycotoxins were systematically analyzed in the bivalve mollusks collected in Beibu Gulf from October 2018 to October 2020. Neurotoxin DA was first detected in the mollusks from the investigative regions with a prevalence of 17.7%, peaking at 401 µg kg-1. Cyclic imines (CIs) including gymnodimine-A (GYM-A, 46.6%) and 13-desmethyl-spirolide-C (SPX1, 15.8%) predominated the lipophilic phycotoxins in shellfish, peaking at 10.1 µg kg-1 and 19.6 µg kg-1, respectively. Gymnodimine-A partially accompanied by SPX1 was detected in all batches of shellfish samples, suggesting that Alexandrium ostenfeldii and Karenia selliformis were possible sources of CIs-group toxins in Beibu Gulf. During the investigative period, relatively higher levels of DA occurred in shellfishes from March to August, while slightly higher contents of CIs in mollusks appeared in October and December. Spatial distribution of the targeted phycotoxins demonstrated that shellfishes tended to accumulate relatively higher contents of toxins in Lianzhou, Qinzhou and Tieshan bays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guowang Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhixuan Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yeju Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wanyu Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yilei Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tianshen Li
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Wenlu Lan
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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14
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The QuEChERS method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of diuretics in animal-derived foods. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Prata R, Petrarca MH, Filho JT, Godoy HT. Simultaneous determination of furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone in baby foods available in the Brazilian market. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Determination of lipophilic marine biotoxins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in five shellfish species from Washington State, USA. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461902. [PMID: 33486447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Low extraction efficiency (60-81%) of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX1) was obtained for 4 out of 5 shellfish species from Washington State (WA), USA, during application of a standard extraction method for determination of lipophilic marine biotoxins by LC-MS/MS as recommended by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins (EURLMB). OA and total OA including esters, DTX1, DTX2, and total DTX including esters, azaspiracid 1, 2, and 3 (AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3), pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2), and yessotoxin (YTX) were the toxins examined. Matrix-matched standards prepared from the same control samples used for spike-and-recovery tests were employed to evaluate toxin extraction efficiency and sample clean-up procedures. We adjusted the EURLMB extraction method by either using an acidified methanol extraction or pre-cooking shellfish homogenates at 70 °C for 20 min before EURLMB extraction. Extraction efficiency was improved markedly for OA and DTX1 with both modified methods and for YTX with the pre-cooking step included. However, recoveries were lower for YTX using the acidified methanol extraction and for PTX2 in non-mussel samples with the pre-cooking step. A hexane wash was applied to clean water-diluted non-hydrolyzed samples and a hexane wash was combined with solid-phase extraction for cleaning hydrolyzed samples. Improved sample clean-up, combined with LC-MS/MS adjustments, enabled quantification of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-regulated toxins in five shellfish species from WA with acceptable accuracy using non-matrix matched calibration standards.
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Oller-Ruiz A, Campillo N, Hernández-Córdoba M, Gilabert J, Viñas P. Monitoring Lipophilic Toxins in Seawater Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010057. [PMID: 33451113 PMCID: PMC7828625 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) is proposed for the preconcentration of thirteen lipophilic marine toxins in seawater samples. For this purpose, 0.5 mL of methanol and 440 µL of chloroform were injected into 12 mL of sample. The enriched organic phase, once evaporated and reconstituted in methanol, was analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. A central composite design multivariate method was used to optimize the interrelated parameters affecting DLLME efficiency. The absence of any matrix effect in the samples allowed them to be quantified against aqueous standards. The optimized procedure was validated by recovery studies, which provided values in the 82–123% range. The detection limits varied between 0.2 and 5.7 ng L−1, depending on the analyte, and the intraday precision values were in the 0.1–7.5% range in terms of relative standard deviation. Ten water samples taken from different points of the Mar Menor lagoon were analyzed and were found to be free of the studied toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Oller-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, E-30203 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Manuel Hernández-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Javier Gilabert
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, E-30203 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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WANG X, CHEN Y, XIAO X, LI G. [Recent advances in sample preparation technologies for analysis of harmful substances in aquatic products]. Se Pu 2021; 39:34-45. [PMID: 34227357 PMCID: PMC9274841 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.07025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic products, which are among the most important sources of animal protein, contain proteins, vitamins, and a variety of trace elements, thus occupying an indispensable part of a reasonable diet. China is the largest consumer market of aquatic products in the world. The quality and safety of aquatic products are closely related not only to the healthy development of the aquaculture industry, but also to people's health. However, the presence of harmful substances has a bearing on the quality and safety of aquatic products in the overall process, including breeding, processing, storage, and transportation. These harmful substances are enriched in aquatic products and are transferred to humans via the food chain. Accurate determination of such harmful substances in aquatic product samples is imperative because of their complex matrices and extremely low concentrations. Many efficient sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, and QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method) with different configurations have been developed and widely employed for preconcentration in different matrices of aquatic products. Meanwhile, solid-phase microextraction has been demonstrated to be advantageous for some volatile and ultra-trace harmful substances. Suitable sample preparation techniques are important for effectively removing matrix interferences as well as for improving the sensitivity and accuracy of the method. It is important to develop appropriate sample preparation techniques for different target compounds in aquatic products. The harmful substances in aquatic products can be segregated into three categories according to their sources: (1) environmental pollutants in aquatic products; (2) substances acquired during aquaculture, transportation, and processing; (3) biotoxins in aquatic products. This article reviews the progress in sample pretreatment techniques for three harmful substances in aquatic products over the past decade. Various sample pretreatment techniques have been summarized and described, including liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, QuEChERS, and magnetic solid-phase extraction. In addition, the merits and demerits of these techniques and future research directions are discussed. Finally, we reviewed the progress in functionalized materials for the preparation of aquatic product samples. With the increasing demand for aquatic products, quick, sensitive, and practical detection methods, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are gaining importance. SERS has great potential for fast and accurate on-site detection of harmful substances in aquatic products. Several nondestructive sample pretreatment techniques have also been developed for harmful substances in aquatic products. The application and development of these techniques will guarantee the safety of aquatic products. Moreover, in vivo solid-phase microextraction is a potential method for aquatic product analysis. This technique integrates sampling, extraction, and enrichment into a single step, thus significantly reducing the processing time, labor, and cost. Overall, with the development and application of sophisticated materials and techniques, we can expect theoretical and practical advances in aquatic product analysis.
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Qiu J, Chen H, Ji Y, Li T, Li A. Evaluation of different strategies to minimize the matrix effects on LC-MS/MS analysis of multiple lipophilic shellfish toxins in both acidic and alkaline chromatographic conditions. Toxicon 2020; 188:16-26. [PMID: 33039366 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) accumulated by shellfish pose a potential threat to consumer health. A mandatory routine monitoring of LSTs has been adopted for seafood products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in many countries. In this study, two methods developed on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) under acidic and alkaline chromatographic conditions were assessed for the determination of multiple LSTs. Different strategies including matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid phase extraction (SPE) and sample dilution were applied and evaluated the matrix effects of mussel, scallop, clam, and oyster samples on the signal response of mass spectrometry. Results showed that the alkaline method achieved a lower limit of detection (LOD) and more robust compared to the acidic method. The obvious signal suppression of OA and DTX1 (55%-76%) and signal enhancement of PTX2 (27%-34%) occurred in the crude extracts of shellfish under acidic chromatography. In the alkaline method, no remarkable matrix effects of crude extracts were found except for the scallop matrix on the signal intensity of DTX1, AZA3 and GYM-A (121%-130%). Clean-up methods MSPD, SPE and sample dilution obviously reduced the inhibition of shellfish matrices on the signal response of OA and DTX1, however, which were still subject to signal inhibition under acidic condition. Sample dilution was more effective than SPE and MSPD in minimizing the matrix interference in both acidic and alkaline methods. Furthermore, sample dilution in combination with the alkaline chromatography was the most effective method. Bivalve mollusks harvested from Beibu Bay, South China Sea, were generally contaminated by GYM-A and SPX1 at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huidan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tianshen Li
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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