Identifying an isoflavone from the root of Pueraria lobata as a potent tyrosinase inhibitor

The potential role of formononetin in cancer treatment: An updated review

Currently, cancer is one of the main research topics, due to its high incidence and drug resistance to existing anti-cancer drugs. Formononetin, a natural product with phytoestrogenic properties and diverse biological functions, has attracted the attention of researchers working on anticancer drugs. Formononetin emerges as an intriguing bioactive substance compared to other isoflavones as it exhibits potent chemotherapeutic activity with less toxicity. Formononetin effectively plays a significant role in inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion, and metastatic abilities of cancer cells by targeting major signaling pathways at the junction of interconnected pathways. It also induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by modulating mediator proteins. It causes upregulation of key factors such as p-AKT, p38, p21, and p53 and downregulation of NF-κB. Furthermore, formononetin regulates the neoplastic microenvironment by inactivating the ERK1/2 pathway and lamin A/C signaling and has been reported to inactivate JAK/STAT, PKB or AKT, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and to suppress cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in human cancer cells. To assist researchers in further exploring formononetin as a potential anticancer therapeutic candidate, this review focuses on both in vitro and in vivo proof of concept studies, patents, and clinical trials pertinent to formononetin's anticancer properties. Overall, this review discusses formononetin from a comprehensive perspective to highlight its potential benefits as an anticancer agent.

In Vitro Human Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition and Human Dopamine D4 Receptor Antagonist Effect of Natural Flavonoids for Neuroprotection

Natural flavone and isoflavone analogs such as 3',4',7-trihydroxyflavone (1), 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone (2), and calycosin (3) possess significant neuroprotective activity in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. This study highlights the in vitro human monoamine oxidase (hMAO) inhibitory potential and functional effect of those natural flavonoids at dopamine and serotonin receptors for their possible role in neuroprotection. In vitro hMAO inhibition and enzyme kinetics studies were performed using a chemiluminescent assay. The functional effect of three natural flavonoids on dopamine and serotonin receptors was tested via cell-based functional assays followed by a molecular docking simulation to predict interactions between a compound and the binding site of the target protein. A forced swimming test was performed in the male C57BL/6 mouse model. Results of in vitro chemiluminescent assays and enzyme kinetics depicted 1 as a competitive inhibitor of hMAO-A with promising potency (IC50 value: 7.57 ± 0.14 μM) and 3 as a competitive inhibitor of hMAO-B with an IC50 value of 7.19 ± 0.32 μM. Likewise, GPCR functional assays in transfected cells showed 1 as a good hD4R antagonist. In docking analysis, these active flavonoids interacted with a determinant-interacting residue via hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, with low docking scores comparable to reference ligands. The post-oral administration of 1 to male C57BL/6 mice did not reduce the immobility time in the forced swimming test. The results of this study suggest that 1 and 3 may serve as effective regulators of the aminergic system via hMAO inhibition and the hD4R antagonist effect, respectively, for neuroprotection. The route of administration should be considered.

Non-destructive prediction of isoflavone and starch by hyperspectral imaging and deep learning in Puerariae Thomsonii Radix

Accurate assessment of isoflavone and starch content in Puerariae Thomsonii Radix (PTR) is crucial for ensuring its quality. However, conventional measurement methods often suffer from time-consuming and labor-intensive procedures. In this study, we propose an innovative and efficient approach that harnesses hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology and deep learning (DL) to predict the content of isoflavones (puerarin, puerarin apioside, daidzin, daidzein) and starch in PTR. Specifically, we develop a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) model and compare its predictive performance with traditional methods, including partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), and CatBoost. To optimize the prediction process, we employ various spectral preprocessing techniques and wavelength selection algorithms. Experimental results unequivocally demonstrate the superior performance of the DL model, achieving exceptional performance with mean coefficient of determination (R2) values surpassing 0.9 for all components. This research underscores the potential of integrating HSI technology with DL methods, thereby establishing the feasibility of HSI as an efficient and non-destructive tool for predicting the content of isoflavones and starch in PTR. Moreover, this methodology holds great promise for enhancing efficiency in quality control within the food industry.

Comparative analysis of the medicinal and nutritional components of different varieties of Pueraria thomsonii and Pueraria lobata

Pueraria thomsonii and Pueraria lobata are important medicinal plants with unique chemical compositions that are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. To compare the nutritional and medicinal profiles of these two species, we analyzed the flavonoid, dietary fiber, total starch, and crude protein contents of one P. lobata and three P. thomsonii varieties using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, enzyme weight, acid hydrolysis, and Kjeldahl methods. Furthermore, we used principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering heatmap analysis to separate the data obtained from the P. thomsonii and P. lobata samples. We detected 279 flavonoid compounds in the two Pueraria species, including 90 isoflavones and 78 flavonoids. A large proportion of isoflavones and flavonoids were more abundant in P. lobata than in P. thomsonii. The total starch content was significantly higher in P. thomsonii than in P. lobata. By contrast, the soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, and crude protein contents were substantially lower in P. thomsonii than in P. lobata. Taken together, our results demonstrate that P. lobata is better suited for use as a medicine, whereas P. thomsonii is better suited as an edible food, and provide a theoretical foundation for developing P. thomsonii and P. lobata germplasm resources.

The Role of Selected Flavonoids from Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Stem on Cosmetic Properties: A Review

Cosmetics made from natural ingredients are increasingly popular because they contain bioactive compounds which can provide many health benefits, more environmentally friendly and sustainable. The health benefits obtained from natural-based ingredients include anti-aging, photoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. This article reviewed the potential of selected flavonoids from bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) as the native plant in Indonesia. We present in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research data on the use of selected flavonoids that have been reported in other extracts.

Hypoglycemic and antioxidative activity evaluation of phenolic compounds derived from walnut diaphragm produced in Xinjiang

Walnut diaphragm is defined as a dry wood septum located between the walnut shell and kernel. In this work, seven phenolic compounds from walnut diaphragm were purified and characterized, and their antioxidant activities and mechanisms of hypoglycemia were investigated. Compounds 1-7 were tested for DPPH, ABTS scavenging ability, and FRAP assay to evaluate the antioxidant activity. α-Amylase inhibition assay was introduced to assess the hypoglycemic activity, and the mechanism was investigated by kinetic analysis, CD spectrum, and molecular docking. Compound 6 showed the strongest antioxidant ability, while compound 1 exhibited the strongest inhibition of α-amylase by changing the secondary structure of α-amylase in a mixed competitive inhibition mode. Molecular docking test predicted that the tetrahydropyran part in compound 1 may contribute to its hypoglycemic effect. This study furnishes a new theoretical reference for the utilization and development of walnut diaphragm into a health food with antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The finding of this research may serve as a basis for the subsequent development of walnut diaphragm into instant tea-based health food or added to other food carriers to achieve auxiliary antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects. This study revealed that polyphenolic components were the material basis for the antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects of walnut diaphragm, which could be identified as landmark chemical components for controlling quality standards in the development of walnut diaphragm, thus accelerating the research process of quality standards for walnut diaphragm-related products. Furthermore, the studies on the mechanism of hypoglycemic activity supply more credible data to support the development of walnut diaphragm into a safe and consumer-friendly health food. With abundant resources and clear efficacy, walnut diaphragm has great development prospect and application value.

Tyrosinase covalently immobilized on carboxyl functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for fishing of the enzyme's ligands from Prunellae Spica

In this study, tyrosinase was immobilized on carboxyl functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles for the first time to be used for fishing of tyrosinase's ligands present in complex plant extract. The immobilized tyrosinase was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analyzer, and atomic force microscopy. The reusability and thermostability of the immobilized tyrosinase were found significantly superior to its free counterpart. Two tyrosinase's ligands, that is, caffeic acid (1) and rosmarinic acid (2), were fished out from extract of the traditional Chinese medicine Prunellae Spica by the immobilized tyrosinase. Compound 1 was found to be an activator of the enzyme with the half maximal effective concentration value of 0.27 ± 0.06 mM, while compound 2 was an inhibitor with the half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 0.14 ± 0.03 mM. Taking advantage of the convenience of magnetic separation and specific extraction ability of ligand fishing, the proposed method exhibited great potential for screening of bioactive compounds from complex matrices.

Paving the way towards effective plant-based inhibitors of hyaluronidase and tyrosinase: a critical review on a structure-activity relationship

Human has used plants to treat many civilisation diseases for thousands of years. Examples include reserpine (hypertension therapy), digoxin (myocardial diseases), vinblastine and vincristine (cancers), and opioids (palliative treatment). Plants are a rich source of natural metabolites with multiple biological activities, and the use of modern approaches and tools allowed finally for more effective bioprospecting. The new phytochemicals are hyaluronidase (Hyal) inhibitors, which could serve as anti-cancer drugs, male contraceptives, and an antidote against venoms. In turn, tyrosinase inhibitors can be used in cosmetics/pharmaceuticals as whitening agents and to treat skin pigmentation disorders. However, the activity of these inhibitors is stricte dependent on their structure and the presence of the chemical groups, e.g. carbonyl or hydroxyl. This review aims to provide comprehensive and in-depth evidence related to the anti-tyrosinase and anti-Hyal activity of phytochemicals as well as confirming their efficiency and future perspectives.

The Positive Influence of Polyphenols Extracted From Pueraria lobata Root on the Gut Microbiota and Its Antioxidant Capability

Pueraria lobata, an edible food and medicinal plant, is a rich source of bioactive components. In this study, a polyphenol-rich extract was isolated from P. lobata. Puerarin was identified, and the high antioxidant bioactivity of the P. lobata extract was evaluated using the methods of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), and hydroxyl free radical scavenging ratio. Additionally, the IC₅₀ values of DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were 50.8, 13.9, and 100.4 μg/ml, respectively. Then, the P. lobata extract was administered to C57Bl/6J mice and confirmed to have a superior effect on enhancing the antioxidant status including improving superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase peroxide activity, total antioxidant capacity activity, and malondialdehyde contents in vivo. Furthermore, the P. lobata extract had beneficial and prebiotic effects on the composition and structure of gut microbiota. Results showed that the P. lobata extract significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria, involving Lactobacillaceae and Bacteroidetes, and decreased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Burkholderiaceae. Overall, our results provided a basis for using the P. lobata extract as a promising and potential functional ingredient for the food industry.

Insights on the Inhibitory Power of Flavonoids on Tyrosinase Activity: A Survey from 2016 to 2021

Tyrosinase is a multifunctional copper-containing oxidase enzyme that initiates melanin synthesis in humans. Excessive accumulation of melanin pigments or the overexpression of tyrosinase may result in skin-related disorders such as aging spots, wrinkles, melasma, freckles, lentigo, ephelides, nevus, browning and melanoma. Nature expresses itself through the plants as a source of phytochemicals with diverse biological properties. Among these bioactive compounds, flavonoids represent a huge natural class with different categories such as flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, flavan-3-ols, flavanones and chalcones that display antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities with a diversity of mechanistic approaches. In this review, we explore the role of novel or known flavonoids isolated from different plant species and their participation as tyrosinase inhibitors reported in the last five years from 2016 to 2021. We also discuss the mechanistic approaches through the different studies carried out on these compounds, including in vitro, in vivo and in silico computational research. Information was obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. We hope that the updated comprehensive data presented in this review will help researchers to develop new safe, efficacious, and effective drug or skin care products for the prevention of and/or protection against skin-aging disorders.

Theoretical Exploring of a Molecular Mechanism for Melanin Inhibitory Activity of Calycosin in Zebrafish

Tyrosinase is an oxidase that is the rate-limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin in the human body. Overproduction of melanin can lead to a variety of skin disorders. Calycosin is an isoflavone from Astragali Radix, which is a traditional Chinese medicine that exhibits several pharmacological activities including skin whitening. In our study, the inhibitory effect of calycosin on melanin production is confirmed in a zebrafish in vivo model by comparing with hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin, known as tyrosinase inhibitors. Moreover, the inhibitory kinetics of calycosin on tyrosinase and their binding mechanisms are determined using molecular docking techniques, molecular dynamic simulations, and free energy analysis. The results indicate that calycosin has an obvious inhibitory effect on zebrafish pigmentation at the concentration of 7.5 μM, 15 μM, and 30 μM. The IC₅₀ of calycosin is 30.35 μM, which is lower than hydroquinone (37.35 μM), kojic acid (6.51 × 10³ μM), and arbutin (3.67 × 10⁴ μM). Furthermore, all the results of molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and free energy analysis suggest that calycosin can directly bind to the active site of tyrosinase with very good binding affinity. The study indicates that the combination of computer molecular modeling and zebrafish in vivo assay would be feasible in confirming the result of the in vitro test and illustrating the target-binding information.

Inhibitory Effect of Fisetin on α-Glucosidase Activity: Kinetic and Molecular Docking Studies

The inhibition of α-glucosidase is a clinical strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and many natural plant ingredients have been reported to be effective in alleviating hyperglycemia by inhibiting α-glucosidase. In this study, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of fisetin extracted from Cotinus coggygria Scop. was evaluated in vitro. The results showed that fisetin exhibited strong inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 4.099 × 10⁻⁴ mM. Enzyme kinetic analysis revealed that fisetin is a non-competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase, with an inhibition constant value of 0.01065 ± 0.003255 mM. Moreover, fluorescence spectrometric measurements indicated the presence of only one binding site between fisetin and α-glucosidase, with a binding constant (lgKa) of 5.896 L·mol⁻¹. Further molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate the interaction of fisetin with several residues close to the inactive site of α-glucosidase. These studies showed that the structure of the complex was maintained by Pi-Sigma and Pi-Pi stacked interactions. These findings illustrate that fisetin extracted from Cotinus coggygria Scop. is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of T2DM.

Evaluation of Anti-Melanogenesis Activity of Enriched Pueraria lobata Stem Extracts and Characterization of Its Phytochemical Components Using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS

The root of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) is a widely used herbal medicine worldwide, whereas the stem of the plant is discarded or used as feed for livestock. To reuse and exploit the stem of P. lobata as a resource, we investigated its potential as a skin-whitening agent. We found that the developed, enriched P. lobata stem (PLS) extract significantly inhibited melanin production in the 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-induced B16/F10 cells at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. To further confirm the mechanism of the antimelanogenic effect of the enriched PLS extracts, we examined the mRNA expression of tyrosinase, which was suppressed by the extracts. To standardize and implement effective quality control of the enriched PLS extracts, its major chemical constituents were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. In total, 12 constituents were identified. In silico analysis showed that the main constituents, puerarin and daidzin, had excellent binding affinities for human tyrosinase. Collectively, our results suggest that the PLS extracts could be used as anti-pigmentation agents.

Arylation of ortho-Hydroxyarylenaminones by Sulfonium Salts and Arenesulfonyl Chlorides: An Access to Isoflavones

Herein we disclose three new methods for the straightforward and efficient synthesis of 3-arylchromones following the arylation of ortho-hydroxyarylenaminones by vast diversities of bench-stable and easy-to-use sulfonium salts and arenesulfonyl chlorides. Both developed methods, namely the light-mediated photoredox and electrophilic arylation, showed good efficiency, and are feasible for the preparation of 3-arylchromones in good-to-excellent yields. This work showcases the first described attempt where the sulfonium salts and arenesulfonyl chlorides were successfully utilized for the construction of the chromone heterocycle system.

Calycosin: a Review of its Pharmacological Effects and Application Prospects

Introduction: Calycosin (CA), a typical phytoestrogen extracted from root of Astragalus membranaceus. On the basis of summarizing the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies of CA in recent years, we hope to provide useful information for CA about treating different diseases and to make suggestions for future research.Areas covered: We collected relevant information (January 2014 to March 2020) on CA via the Internet database. Keywords searched includ pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology, and the number of effective references was 118. CA is a phytoestrogen with wide range of pharmacological activities. By affecting PI3K/Akt/mTOR, WDR7-7-GPR30, Rab27B-β-catenin-VEGF, etc. signaling pathway, CA showed the effect of anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporosis, neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, etc. Therefore, CA is prospective to be used in the treatment of many diseases.Expert opinion: Research shows that CA has a therapeutic effect on a variety of diseases. We think CA is a promising natural medicine. Therefore, we propose that the research directions of CA in the future include the following. Carrying out clinical research trials in order to find the most suitable medicinal concentration for different diseases; Exploring the synergistic mechanism of CA in combination with other drugs; Exploring ways to increase the blood circulation concentration of CA.

Starch and mineral element accumulation during root tuber expansion period of Pueraria thomsonii Benth

Pueraria is a medicine plant with rich starch, and thus can be a potential agricultural and industrial resource. In this study, we evaluated the root tuber yield of a cultivar of starch kudzu (Pueraria thomsonii) and the starch accumulation during expansion period of root tuber. Additionally, mineral elements were quantified in root tuber and starch. The results indicated that the starch kudzu cultivar owned high yield of root tuber (greater than42 tons/hm²), high starch content (greater than17% FW) in root tuber, and rich accumulation of beneficial mineral elements. Interestingly, the root tuber of P. thomsonii contained a high concentration of selenium (70 mg/kg FW) and strontium (40 mg/kg FW), and thus it can be utilized as a Se and Sr rich food. Furthermore, Se and Sr can be well preserved in starch through the optimized starch extraction method.

Characterization of antioxidant, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitors from the rhizomes of Potentilla anserina L. and their structure-activity relationship

Five new flavonoids (1-5), along with 25 known compounds, were isolated from the rhizomes of Potentilla anserina L. and their structures were identified using spectroscopic and chemical evidence. The extract, all fractions, and all isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities, and their structure-activity relationship was interpreted. The biflavanols and quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside-2″-gallate (14) exhibited significant antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities. In this study, anti-tyrosinase activity and its mechanism of active compounds (potenserin C (4), potenserin D (5), and quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside-2″-gallate (14)) were explored by a combination of computational simulations and kinetic studies. Kinetic studies indicated that potenserin C (4) and quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside-2″-gallate (14) inhibited tyrosinase in a competitive manner, whereas potenserin D (5) acted in a reversible noncompetitive manner. The molecular docking result indicated that the substitution of the glucose moiety with galloyl and the presence of 3', 4', 5'-OH in flavonoid aglycones played a crucial role for the tyrosinase inhibiting effect. Moreover, the presence of biflavanols increased the activity against tyrosinase because of strong hydrogen binding, π-alkyl binding, and electrostatic interaction. Thus, the presented experiments developed several new lead compounds that could act as antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Furthermore, biflavanols and quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside-2″-gallate played important roles in the anti-browning activity during food processing.

Two pairs of diastereoisomeric isoflavone glucosides from the roots of Pueraria lobata

Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Pueraria lobata led to the isolation of two pairs of new isoflavone glucosides, 3'-hydroxyneopuerarin A/B (1-2) and 3'-methoxyneopuerarin A/B (3-4). A pair of known compounds (5-6), which possess a very similar structure, were obtained together. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation. Compounds 3-6 dose-dependently blocked the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which indicated the potential anti-inflammatory effect of these compounds.

Pharmaceutical resource discovery from traditional medicinal plants: Pharmacophylogeny and pharmacophylogenomics

The worldwide botanical and medicinal culture diversity are astonishing and constitute a Pierian spring for innovative drug R&D. Here, the latest awareness and the perspectives of pharmacophylogeny and pharmacophylogenomics, as well as their expanding utility in botanical drug R&D, are systematically summarized and highlighted. Chemotaxonomy is based on the fact that closely related plants contain the same or similar chemical profiles. Correspondingly, it is better to combine morphological characters, DNA markers and chemical markers in the inference of medicinal plant phylogeny. Medicinal plants within the same phylogenetic groups may have the same or similar therapeutic effects, thus forming the core of pharmacophylogeny. Here we systematically review and comment on the versatile applications of pharmacophylogeny in (1) looking for domestic resources of imported drugs, (2) expanding medicinal plant resources, (3) quality control, identification and expansion of herbal medicines, (4) predicting the chemical constituents or active ingredients of herbal medicine and assisting in the identification and determination of chemical constituents, (5) the search for new drugs sorting out, and (6) summarizing and improving herbal medicine experiences, etc. Such studies should be enhanced within the context of deeper investigations of molecular biology and genomics of traditional medicinal plants, phytometabolites and metabolomics, and ethnomedicine-based pharmacological activity, thus enabling the sustainable conservation and utilization of traditional medicinal resources.

The Guanidine Pseudoalkaloids 10-Methoxy-Leonurine and Leonurine Act as Competitive Inhibitors of Tyrosinase

Tyrosinase plays a key role in the production of melanin. A variety of industrial fields have shown interest in the development of tyrosinase inhibitors from plants. In this study, compounds 1–5 derived from Leonurus japonicas were evaluated to determine their ability to inhibit tyrosinase. Of these, 10-methoxy-leonurine (1) and leonurine (2) exhibited IC₅₀ values of 7.4 ± 0.4 and 12.4 ± 0.8 μM, respectively, and acted as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, with Ki values in the micromolar range. In silico modeling revealed a guanidine group located in the inner cavity and a benzene ring docked within the active site of these compounds. These guanidine pseudoalkaloids show potential not only as tyrosinase inhibitors but also as lead compounds in new scaffolds for the development of novel inhibitors.

Visible-light-mediated arylation of ortho-hydroxyarylenaminones: direct access to isoflavones

The first visible-light-promoted direct synthesis of isoflavones following the arylation of ortho-hydroxyarylenaminones by aryl onium salts was developed.

Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Efficient Synthesis of Wedelolactone and Evaluation as Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitor

Tyrosinase is an enzyme widely distributed in nature, which has multiple functions, especially in the melanin biosynthesis pathway. Despite the few clinically available tyrosinase inhibitors for whitening, a great demand remains for novel compounds with low side effects in terms of potential carcinogenicity and improved clinical efficacy. A natural product, wedelolactone (WEL), with a polyhydroxyl moiety, attracted our attention as a potential tyrosinase inhibitor. Before we studied the biological activity of the natural product, a synthetic methodological research was firstly carried to obtain enough raw material. WEL could be obtained efficiently through palladium-catalyzed boronation/coupling reactions and 2,3-dicyano-5,6-dichlorobenzoquinone (DDQ)-involved oxidative deprotection/annulation reactions. Immediately after, the natural product was proven to be an efficient tyrosinase inhibitor. In conclusion, we developed a mild and efficient approach for the preparation of WEL, and the natural product was disclosed to have anti-tyrosinase activity, which could be widely used in multiple fields.

Formononetin: A Review of Its Anticancer Potentials and Mechanisms

Cancer, a complex yet common disease, is caused by uncontrolled cell division and abnormal cell growth due to a variety of gene mutations. Seeking effective treatments for cancer is a major research focus, as the incidence of cancer is on the rise and drug resistance to existing anti-cancer drugs is major concern. Natural products have the potential to yield unique molecules and combinations of substances that may be effective against cancer with relatively low toxicity/better side effect profile compared to standard anticancer therapy. Drug discovery work with natural products has demonstrated that natural compounds display a wide range of biological activities correlating to anticancer effects. In this review, we discuss formononetin (C₁₆H₁₂O₄), which originates mainly from red clovers and the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus. The compound comes from a class of 7-hydroisoflavones with a substitution of methoxy group at position 4. Formononetin elicits antitumorigenic properties in vitro and in vivo by modulating numerous signaling pathways to induce cell apoptosis (by intrinsic pathway involving Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins) and cell cycle arrest (by regulating mediators like cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1), suppress cell proliferation [by signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B (PI3K/AKT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway], and inhibit cell invasion [by regulating growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 proteins]. Co-treatment with other chemotherapy drugs such as bortezomib, LY2940002, U0126, sunitinib, epirubicin, doxorubicin, temozolomide, and metformin enhances the anticancer potential of both formononetin and the respective drugs through synergistic effect. Compiling the evidence thus far highlights the potential of formononetin to be a promising candidate for chemoprevention and chemotherapy.

Phlorotannins with Potential Anti-tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activity Isolated from the Marine Seaweed Ecklonia stolonifera

Compounds were isolated from Ecklonia stolonifera Okamura, a marine brown alga widely consumed as food. Among the isolated compounds, 974-A was demonstrated for the first time to be a potent competitive inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase activity towards l-tyrosine and l-DOPA (IC₅₀ values = 1.57 ± 0.08 and 3.56 ± 0.22 µM, respectively). Molecular docking simulations clarified that the hydroxyl residues of the isolated compounds formed hydrogen bonds with residues at the catalytic and allosteric sites of tyrosinase, while other residues participated in hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, 974-A, phlorofucofuroeckol-A and eckol reduced the cellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity, and downregulated the expression of melanogenesis enzymes including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 in B16F10 melanoma cells. These compounds also effectively scavenged radicals at the cellular level. Thus, our results revealed that compounds isolated from E. stolonifera are potent tyrosinase inhibitors with potential applications in the cosmetic industry for treatment of hyperpigmentation and for the anti-browning effect in the agricultural field.

A New Tyrosinase Inhibitor from the Red Alga Symphyocladia latiuscula (Harvey) Yamada (Rhodomelaceae)

A marine red alga, Symphyocladia latiuscula (Harvey) Yamada (Rhodomelaceae), is a rich source of bromophenols with a wide array of biological activities. This study investigates the anti-tyrosinase activity of the alga. Moderate activity was demonstrated by the methanol extract of S. latiuscula, and subsequent column chromatography identified three bromophenols: 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl alcohol (1), 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (2), and bis-(2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether) (3). Bromophenols 1 and 3 exhibited potent competitive tyrosinase inhibitory activity against l-tyrosine substrates, with IC₅₀ values of 10.78 ± 0.19 and 2.92 ± 0.04 μM, respectively. Against substrate l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), compounds 1 and 3 demonstrated moderate activity, while 2 showed no observable effect. The experimental data were verified by a molecular docking study that found catalytic hydrogen and halogen interactions were responsible for the activity. In addition, compounds 1 and 3 exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory effects in melanin and intracellular tyrosinase levels in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. Compounds 3 and 1 were the most effective tyrosinase inhibitors. In addition, increasing the bromine group number increased the mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity.