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Zhang D, Bu N, Zhou L, Lin L, Wen Y, Chen X, Huang L, Lin H, Mu R, Wang L, Pang J. Quercetin-loaded melanin nanoparticle mediated konjac glucomannan/polycaprolactone bilayer film with dual-mode synergistic bactericidal activity for food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133982. [PMID: 39029854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
It is still difficult for a single antibacterial modality to realize satisfactory management of bacterial breeding in food preservation. To solve this problem, we developed a photothermal-derived dual-mode synergistic bactericidal konjac glucomannan (KGM)/polycaprolactone (PCL) bilayer film incorporated with quercetin-loaded melanin-like nanoparticles (Q@MNPs). The results showed that the mechanical properties (TS: 29.8 MPa, EAB: 43.1 %), UV shielding properties, and water resistance (WCA: 124.1°, WVP: 3.92 g mm/m2 day kPa) of KGM-Q@MNPs/PCL bilayer films were significantly improved. More importantly, KGM-Q@MNPs/PCL bilayer film presented outstanding photothermal inversion and controlled release behavior of Q triggered by near infrared (NIR) radiation, thus contributing to excellent dual-mode synergistic antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus. Meanwhile, the KGM-Q@MNPs/PCL bilayer film possessed good biocompatibility and low toxicity. As a proof-of-concept application, we further verified the significant value of film for the preservation of cherry tomatoes. Since KGM-Q@MNPs/PCL bilayer film showed excellent biodegradability, this work will aid the development of sustainable antibacterial food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Nitong Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Lizhen Zhou
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lihong Lin
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yifan Wen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xianrui Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liying Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huanglong Lin
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruojun Mu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jie Pang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Li W, Li W, Xiong Z, Zhang P. Controllable acetylation of cellulose nanocrystal by uniform design and response surface methodology. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121990. [PMID: 38494239 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Acetylation of Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) can reduce its surface polarity and therefore extends its application in biomedical and chemical fields. A method combining uniform design (UD) and response surface methodology (RSM) was developed to produce the acetylated CNC with arbitrary degree of substitution (DS) and crystallinity index (CrI). The effects of three factors (i.e., temperature, reaction time and the volume of acetic anhydride) on DS and CrI were investigated in their respective ranges (i.e., 60-90 oC, 1.0-5.0 h and 1.0-5.0 mL). Both mathematical models for DS and CrI were developed by multiple stepwise regression (MSR) based on UD data and their significances were evaluated by analysis of variance. The controllable acetylation of CNC was realized by using either UD alone or the combination of UD and RSM. Eight verification experiments show that the relative errors between the predicted and the measured results are less than 16.77 % and 6.08 % for DS and CrI, respectively, confirming the reliability and validity of the method. This developed methodology is ingenious and expected to be expanded to any other fields that controllable preparations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Shandong Liaocheng E Hua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Wanqing Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhixin Xiong
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Pudun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Zhou R, Ma L, Qin X, Zhu H, Chen G, Liang Z, Zeng W. Efficient Production of Melanin by Aureobasidium Melanogenum Using a Simplified Medium and pH-Controlled Fermentation Strategy with the Cell Morphology Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:1122-1141. [PMID: 37335457 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural melanin is a biopolymer with wide application prospects in medicine, food, cosmetics, environmental protection, agriculture, and so on. Microbial fermentation is an important and effective way to produce melanin. In this study, Aureobasidium melanogenum, known as black yeast with cellular pleomorphism, was used for the production of melanin. Based on the characteristic of A. melanogenum secreting melanin under oligotrophic stress, a simple medium containing only glucose, MgSO4·7H2O, and KCl was constructed for the production of melanin. The melanin titer of 6.64 ± 0.22 g/L was obtained after 20 days of fermentation without pH control. The cell morphological changes of A. melanogenum during the production of melanin were recorded, and the results showed that chlamydospore might be the most favorable cell morphology for melanin synthesis. Then, different fermentation strategies with cell morphology analysis were developed to further improve the production of melanin in a 5-L fermenter. Results showed that the maximum titer of melanin reached 18.50 g/L by using the fermentation strategy integrating pH control, ammonium salt addition, and H2O2 stimulation, which increased by 178.6% than that of the strategy without pH control. Furthermore, the melanin obtained from the fermentation broth was characterized as eumelanin containing an indole structure. This study provided a potentially feasible fermentation strategy for the industrial production of melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Guilin Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology , Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Lan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology , Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuwen Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology , Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology , Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Guiguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology , Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqun Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology , Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Guilin Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China.
- School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology , Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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El-Zawawy NA, Kenawy ER, Ahmed S, El-Sapagh S. Bioproduction and optimization of newly characterized melanin pigment from Streptomyces djakartensis NSS-3 with its anticancer, antimicrobial, and radioprotective properties. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:23. [PMID: 38229042 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin is a natural pigment that is considered a promising biomaterial for numerous biotechnological applications across several industries. Melanin has biomedical applications as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Additionally, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, it is used in drug delivery and as a radioprotective agent. Also, melanin has environmental uses in the fields of bioremediation and the food industry. The biosynthesis of melanin pigment is an area of interest for researchers due to its multifunctionality, high compatibility, and biodegradability. Therefore, our present work is the first attempt to characterize and optimize the productivity of melanin pigment from Streptomyces djakartensis NSS-3 concerning its radioprotection and biological properties. RESULTS Forty isolates of soil actinobacteria were isolated from the Wadi Allaqui Biosphere Reserve, Egypt. Only one isolate, ACT3, produced a dark brown melanin pigment extracellularly. This isolate was identified according to phenotypic properties and molecular phylogenetic analysis as Streptomyces djakartensis NSS-3 with accession number OP912881. Plackett-Burman experimental design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) were performed for optimum medium and culturing conditions for maximum pigment production, resulting in a 4.19-fold improvement in melanin production (118.73 mg/10 mL). The extracted melanin pigment was purified and characterized as belonging to nitrogen-free pyomelanin based on ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and NMR studies. Purified melanin demonstrated potent scavenging activity with IC50 values of 18.03 µg/mL and revealed high potency as sunscreens (in vitro SPF = 18.5). Moreover, it showed a nontoxic effect on a normal cell line (WI38), while it had a concentration-dependent anticancer effect on HCT116, HEPG, and MCF7 cell lines with IC50 = 108.9, 43.83, and 81.99 µg/mL, respectively. Also, purified melanin had a detrimental effect on the tested MDR bacterial strains, of which PA-09 and SA-04 were clearly more susceptible to melanin compared with other strains with MICs of 6.25 and 25 µg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that the newly characterized pyomelanin from Streptomyces djakartensis NSS-3 has valuable biological properties due to its potential photoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and lack of cytotoxic activities, which open up new prospects for using this natural melanin pigment in various biotechnological applications and avoiding chemical-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessma A El-Zawawy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - El-Refaie Kenawy
- Chemistry Department, Polymer Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sara Ahmed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Shimaa El-Sapagh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Pandey S, Meshram V, Yehia HM, Alzahrani A, Akhtar N, Sur A. Efficient production and characterization of melanin from Thermothelomyces hinnuleus SP1, isolated from the coal mines of Chhattisgarh, India. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1320116. [PMID: 38293558 PMCID: PMC10826702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1320116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, fungi were isolated and screened from barren land in south-eastern Coalfields limited (SECL) in Chhattisgarh, India. Out of 14 isolated fungi, only three fungal isolates exhibited pigmentation in screening studies. The isolated fungal strain SP1 exhibited the highest pigmentation, which was further utilized for in vivo production, purification, and characterization of melanin pigment. The physical and chemical properties of the fungal pigment showed insolubility in organic solvents and water, solubility in alkali, precipitation in acid, and decolorization with oxidizing agents. The physiochemical characterization and analytical studies of the extracted pigment using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirmed it as a melanin pigment. The melanin-producing fungus SP1 was identified as Thermothelomyces hinnuleus based on 18S-rRNA sequence analysis. Furthermore, to enhance melanin production, a response surface methodology (RSM) was employed, specifically utilizing the central composite design (CCD). This approach focused on selecting efficient growth as well as progressive yield parameters such as optimal temperature (34.4°C), pH (5.0), and trace element concentration (56.24 mg). By implementing the suggested optimal conditions, the production rate of melanin increased by 62%, resulting in a yield of 28.3 mg/100 mL, which is comparatively higher than the actual yield (17.48 ± 2.19 mg/100 mL). Thus, T. hinnuleus SP1 holds great promise as a newly isolated fungal strain that could be used for the industrial production of melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Pandey
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vineet Meshram
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Anjaneya University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hany M. Yehia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulhakeem Alzahrani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Arunima Sur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Khandelwal S, Devi NR, Subramaniyan M, Pappu S. Physicochemical characterization and therapeutic potential of ink from squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:418. [PMID: 38031590 PMCID: PMC10682348 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana ink was used as a raw material. It summarizes physicochemical, elemental, and spectral properties (UV/Visible spectroscopy and FT-IR) of crude ink, whereas the biochemical analysis was performed with crude ink (CI) as well as melanin-free ink (MFI). The percentage yield was analyzed using various solvent extracts of CI and MFI. GC-MS was performed for the chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of ink. Furthermore, the methanolic extract was subjected to various biological applications. The physicochemical analysis defines the presence of moisture, ash, extractive value, solubility, and thermal stability of CI. The biochemical analysis reveals protein, lipid, and carbohydrate of 2.5, 2.2, and 2.37 mg/ml for CI and 2.8, 3.7, and 4.51 mg/ml for MFI respectively. The extract showed the highest zone of inhibition at 100 μg/ml. The antioxidant activity reveals the highest percentage of radical-scavenging activity in nitric oxide (NO) (89%), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay showed the highest inhibition activity of 0.41 nm at 100 µg/ml. The cytotoxic ability of methanolic extract against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line revealed an IC50 value of 10.13 μg/ml. Toxicity assay showed increased mortality of Artemia nauplii at higher concentrations (1000 ppm/40%) of extract. These findings indicate that S. lessoniana ink is a novel prospective product that needs to be characterized in order to increase its pharmacological activity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03830-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sital Khandelwal
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamilnadu India
| | - Naorem Rojita Devi
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamilnadu India
| | - Muthumari Subramaniyan
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamilnadu India
| | - Srinivasan Pappu
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamilnadu India
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Song W, Yang H, Liu S, Yu H, Li D, Li P, Xing R. Melanin: insights into structure, analysis, and biological activities for future development. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7528-7543. [PMID: 37432655 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanin, a widely distributed pigment found in various organisms, possesses distinct structures that can be classified into five main types: eumelanin (found in animals and plants), pheomelanin (found in animals and plants), allomelanin (found in plants), neuromelanin (found in animals), and pyomelanin (found in fungi and bacteria). In this review, we present an overview of the structure and composition of melanin, as well as the various spectroscopic identification methods that can be used, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). We also provide a summary of the extraction methods of melanin and its diverse biological activities, including antibacterial properties, anti-radiation effects, and photothermal effects. The current state of research on natural melanin and its potential for further development is discussed. In particular, the review provides a comprehensive summary of the analysis methods used to determine melanin species, offering valuable insights and references for future research. Overall, this review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the concept and classification of melanin, its structure, physicochemical properties, and structural identification methods, as well as its various applications in the field of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
| | - Haoyue Yang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
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Suthar M, Dufossé L, Singh SK. The Enigmatic World of Fungal Melanin: A Comprehensive Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:891. [PMID: 37754999 PMCID: PMC10532784 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are generally not safe for human health or the environment, leading to the continuous search and growing demand for natural pigments that are considered safer, biodegrade more easily, and are environmentally beneficial. Among micro-organisms, fungi represent an emerging source of pigments due to their many benefits; therefore, they are readily viable on an industrial scale. Among all the bioactive pigments produced by fungi, melanin is an enigmatic, multifunctional pigment that has been studied for more than 150 years. This dark pigment, which is produced via the oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds, has been investigated for its potential to protect life from all kingdoms, including fungi, from biotic and abiotic stresses. Over time, the research on fungal melanin has attracted a significant amount of scientific interest due to melanin's distinct biological activities and multifarious functionality, which is well-documented in the literature and could possibly be utilized. This review surveys the literature and summarizes the current discourse, presenting an up-to-date account of the research performed on fungal melanin that encompasses its types, the factors influencing its bioactivity, the optimization of fermentation conditions to enhance its sustainable production, its biosynthetic pathways, and its extraction, as well as biochemical characterization techniques and the potential uses of melanin in a wide range of applications in various industries. A massive scope of work remains to circumvent the obstacles to obtaining melanin from fungi and exploring its future prospects in a diverse range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Suthar
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India;
- Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (ChemBioPro), ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de La Réunion, F-97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Sanjay K. Singh
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India;
- Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
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9
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Daminova AG, Rassabina AE, Khabibrakhmanova VR, Beckett RP, Minibayeva FV. Topography of UV-Melanized Thalli of Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2627. [PMID: 37514242 PMCID: PMC10383456 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are unique extremophilic organisms due to their phenomenal resistance to adverse environmental factors, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Melanization plays a special role in the protection of lichens from UV-B stress. In the present study, we analyzed the binding of melanins with the components of cell walls of the mycobiont of the upper cortex in the melanized lichen thalli Lobaria pulmonaria. Using scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, the morphological and nanomechanical characteristics of the melanized layer of mycobiont cells were visualized. Melanization of lichen thalli led to the smoothing of the surface relief and thickening of mycobiont cell walls, as well as the reduction in adhesion properties of the lichen thallus. Treatment of thalli with hydrolytic enzymes, especially chitinase and lichenase, enhanced the yield of melanin from melanized thalli and promoted the release of carbohydrates, while treatment with pectinase increased the release of carbohydrates and phenols. Our results suggest that melanin can firmly bind with hyphal cell wall carbohydrates, particularly chitin and 1,4-β-glucans, strengthening the melanized upper cortex of lichen thalli, and thereby it can contribute to lichen survival under UV stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina G Daminova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31, Lobachevsky Str., Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Anna E Rassabina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31, Lobachevsky Str., Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Venera R Khabibrakhmanova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31, Lobachevsky Str., Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Richard P Beckett
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PBag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Farida V Minibayeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31, Lobachevsky Str., Kazan 420111, Russia
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Rudrappa M, Kumar RS, Basavarajappa DS, Bhat MP, Nagaraja SK, Almansour AI, Perumal K, Nayaka S. Penicillium citrinum NP4 mediated production, extraction, physicochemical characterization of the melanin, and its anticancer, apoptotic, photoprotection properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125547. [PMID: 37356688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The biopolymer melanin is reported for many biological processes to secure biological entities over unfavorable environmental factors. The present study aimed to isolate soil fungi and screen for melanin production. The potent fungus was identified as Penicillium citrinum NP4 based on morphological and molecular characterization with accession number OP070954. Using standardized tyrosine broth conditions melanin was produced by NP4 and extracted by acidification. Extracted melanin exhibited maximum UV-Visible absorption at 223 nm; FTIR peaks validate the occurrence of CO, CN, CH, and CC functional groups present in the indole/pyrrole structure. TLC analysis exhibited a prominent single band with a Retardation factor (Rf) of 0.68, Resonance peaks at 6.621, 7.061, and 7.185 ppm exhibited aromatic hydrogen in the indole/pyrole system in 1H NMR. The EDX peaks confirm the presence of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen elements which are the key factors in melanin structure, and TGA reports the thermal stability of the melanin. An In silico molecular docking approach on lung cancer causing proteins EGFR (3g5z), KRAS (6vc8), and TP53 (8 dc4) were conducted to determine the active binding sites of the melanin, and proteins exhibited binding affinity of -8.0 for 3g5z, -9.8 for 6vc8, and - 10.1 kcal/mol for TP53 protein with melanin. Anticancer activity of the melanin showed significant inhibition of A549 cells in dose-dependent mode with significant IC50 of 65.49 μg/mL; apoptotic examination reveals that melanin showed 46.14 % apoptosis for melanin and 46.36 % apoptosis for standard drug (cisplatin). Melanin exhibited good photoprotection capacity at 1 μg/mL. In conclusion, the extracted melanin exhibited significant results on many biological applications and it can be used in the pharmaceutical field to avoid chemical-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuraj Rudrappa
- P.G. Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Abdulrahman I Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karthikeyan Perumal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sreenivasa Nayaka
- P.G. Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India.
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11
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Ma Y, Zhang P, Dai X, Yao X, Zhou S, Ma Q, Liu J, Tian S, Zhu J, Zhang J, Kong X, Bao Y. Extraction, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of natural melanin from Auricularia heimuer fermentation. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1131542. [PMID: 36875843 PMCID: PMC9981798 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1131542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Natural melanin from Auricularia heimuer have numerous beneficial biological properties, which were used as a safe and healthy colorant in several industries. Methods In this study, single-factor experiments, Box-Behnken design (BBD), and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to investigate the effects of alkali-soluble pH, acid precipitation pH, and microwave time on the extraction yield of Auricularia heimuer melanin (AHM) from fermentation. Ultraviolet-visible spectrum (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to analyze the extracted AHM. The solubility, stability, and antioxidant activities of AHM were also measured. Results The results showed that alkali-soluble pH, acid precipitation pH, and microwave time significantly affected the AHM yield, with the following optimized microwave-assisted extraction conditions: alkali-soluble pH of 12.3, acid precipitation pH of 3.1, and microwave time of 53 min, resulting in an AHM extraction yield of 0.4042%. AHM exhibited a strong absorption at 210 nm, similar to melanin from other sources. FT-IR spectroscopy also revealed that AHM exhibited the three characteristic absorption peaks of natural melanin. The HPLC chromatogram profile of AHM showed a single symmetrical elution peak with a 2.435 min retention time. AHM was highly soluble in alkali solution, insoluble in distilled water and organic solvents, and demonstrated strong DPPH, OH, and ABTS free radical scavenging activities. Discussion This study provides technical support to optimize AHM extraction for use in the medical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinpeng Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Piqi Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodong Dai
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuge Yao
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuyang Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qingfang Ma
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Tian
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianan Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiechi Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yihong Bao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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12
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Zhang RQ, Feng XL, Wang ZX, Xie TC, Duan Y, Liu C, Gao JM, Qi J. Genomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Medicinal Fungus Inonotus hispidus for Its Metabolite's Biosynthesis and Medicinal Application. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1245. [PMID: 36547578 PMCID: PMC9787987 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inonotus hispidus mushroom is a traditional medicinal fungus with anti-cancer, antioxidation, and immunomodulatory activities, and it is used in folk medicine as a treatment for indigestion, cancer, diabetes, and gastric illnesses. Although I. hispidus is recognized as a rare edible medicinal macrofungi, its genomic sequence and biosynthesis potential of secondary metabolites have not been investigated. In this study, using Illumina NovaSeq combined with the PacBio platform, we sequenced and de novo assembled the whole genome of NPCB_001, a wild I. hispidus isolate from the Aksu area of Xinjiang Province, China. Comparative genomic and phylogenomic analyses reveal interspecific differences and evolutionary traits in the genus Inonotus. Bioinformatics analysis identified candidate genes associated with mating type, polysaccharide synthesis, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Additionally, molecular networks of metabolites exhibit differences in chemical composition and content between fruiting bodies and mycelium, as well as association clusters of related compounds. The deciphering of the genome of I. hispidus will deepen the understanding of the biosynthesis of bioactive components, open the path for future biosynthesis research, and promote the application of Inonotus in the fields of drug research and functional food manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qi Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xi-Long Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhen-Xin Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Tian-Chen Xie
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yingce Duan
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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13
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Differences between water-soluble and water-insoluble melanin derived from Inonotus hispidus mushroom. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Wu CC, Li H, Yin ZW, Zhang HT, Gao MJ, Zhu L, Zhan XB. Isolation, purification, and characterization of novel melanin from the submerged fermentation of Rhizobium radiobacter. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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The regular pattern of metabolite changes in mushroom Inonotus hispidus in different growth periods and exploration of their indicator compounds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14354. [PMID: 35999354 PMCID: PMC9399111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inonotus hispidus is a valuable and rare edible and medicinal mushroom with extremely high nutritional and medicinal value. However, there is no holistic insight to elucidate the molecular basis of the differentiated usage and accurate annotation of physiological maturity to fluctuating yields and quality. This study aimed to figure out the fruiting bodies' metabolites change regulation and potential maturating indicators to distinguish different quality I. hispidus. We applied non-targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry combined and with multivariate analysis and analyzed cultivated and wild mushroom I. hispidus in different growth periods (budding, mature and aging). With the fruiting bodies maturating, 1358 metabolites were annotated, 822 and 833 metabolites abundances changed greater than or equal to 1 time from the budding period to the aging period in abundance in cultivated and wild, the total polysaccharides, crude fat, total flavonoids, and total terpenes increased at first and then decreased. Total amino acids, crude protein, and total polyphenols decreased, while the total steroids increased linearly. The change of metabolites showed certain regularity. Metabolic pathways enrichment analysis showed that these metabolites are involved in glycolysis, biosynthesis of amino acids, organic acid metabolism, glycine-serine-and-threonine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, purine metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. In addition, ergosterol peroxide and (22E)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one can be used as indicator compounds, and their contents increase linearly with the fruiting bodies of I. hispidus' physiological maturation. This comprehensive analysis will help to evaluate the edible values and facilitate exploitation in mushroom I. hispidus.
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16
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Diverse Metabolites and Pharmacological Effects from the Basidiomycetes Inonotus hispidus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081097. [PMID: 36009965 PMCID: PMC9405263 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inonotus hispidus mushroom is a popular edible and medicinal mushroom with a long history of use. It is well known as a medicinal fungus with various health benefits for its significant anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Over the last 60 years, secondary metabolites derived from I. hispidus and their biological activities have been discovered and investigated. Structurally, these compounds are mainly polyphenols and triterpenoids, which have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibitor activities. Here, the secondary metabolites derived from I. hispidus and their activities were systematically and comprehensively classified and summarized, and the biosynthetic pathway of stylylpyrones was deduced and analyzed further. This review contributes to our understanding of I. hispidus and will help with research into natural product chemistry, pharmacology, and the biosynthesis of I. hispidus metabolites. According to this review, I. hispidus could be a promising source of bioactive compounds for health promotion and the development of functional foods.
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17
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Rudrappa M, Kumar M S, Kumar RS, Almansour AI, Perumal K, Nayaka S. Bioproduction, purification and physicochemical characterization of melanin from Streptomyces sp. strain MR28. Microbiol Res 2022; 263:127130. [PMID: 35870343 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin has been produced and extracted from various microorganisms because of its therapeutic nature and diverse applications in various fields. Hence we isolated actinomycetes from soil which is capable of producing melanin pigment from L-tyrosine and it was identified as Streptomyces sp. strain MR28 on the basis of biochemical, morphological characterization, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Production of melanin pigment was achieved by using standardized tyrosine broth. The melanin pigment was purified, and characterized by using various techniques such as Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), 1H NMR spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Elemental analysis (EDX), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The pigment exhibit maximum UV-Vis absorption spectrum at 299 nm, FTIR peaks confirm the occurrence of C-H, C-N, C-O, and CC functional groups which are key functional groups in indole/pyrrole structure. TLC analysis showed a single band with a significant Retardation factor (Rf) of 0.68, Resonance peaks at 6.66, 7.18, and 7.28 ppm exhibit aromatic hydrogen in the indole/pyrole system in 1H NMR. The EDX reports the presence of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur which are key elements in melanin structure, and TGA exhibits the thermal stability of the melanin. Overall, the successful production and extraction of melanin was achieved by using soil actinomycetes Streptomyces sp. strain MR28, and its characterization confirms the nature of the melanin pigment which has significant value in the industrial and biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuraj Rudrappa
- P.G. Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh Kumar M
- Department of Biochemistry, Davanagere University, 577007 Karnataka, India
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karthikeyan Perumal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sreenivasa Nayaka
- P.G. Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, Karnataka, India.
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18
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de Andrade IB, Araújo GRDS, Brito-Santos F, Figueiredo-Carvalho MHG, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Frases S, Almeida-Paes R. Comparative Biophysical and Ultrastructural Analysis of Melanins Produced by Clinical Strains of Different Species From the Trichosporonaceae Family. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:876611. [PMID: 35547117 PMCID: PMC9081797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.876611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is one of the most studied virulence factors in pathogenic fungi. This pigment protects them from a series of both environmental and host stressors. Among basidiomycetes, Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichosporon asahii are known to produce melanin in the presence of phenolic precursors. Other species from the Trichosporonaceae family also produce this pigment, but the extent to this production among the clinically relevant species is unknown. For this reason, the aim of this study was to verify the production of melanin by different Trichosporonaceae species of clinical interest and to compare their pigments with the ones from C. neoformans and T. asahii, which are more prevalent in human infections. Melanin was produced in a minimal medium supplemented with 1 mM L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Pigment was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, Zeta potential measurements, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that, besides C. neoformans and T. asahii, Trichosporon japonicum, Apiotrichum montevideense, Trichosporon inkin, Trichosporon faecale, Cutaneotrichosporon debeurmannianum, and Cutaneotrichosporon arboriformis also produce melanin-like particles in the presence of L-DOPA. Melanin particles have negative charge and are smaller than original cells. Variations in color, fluorescence, and chemical composition was noticed between the studied strains. All melanins presented carbon, oxygen, sodium, and potassium in their composition. Melanins from the most pathogenic species also presented iron, zinc, and copper, which are important during parasitism. Biophysical properties of these melanins can confer to the Trichosporonaceae adaptive advantages to both parasitic and environmental conditions of fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glauber Ribeiro de Sousa Araújo
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Brito-Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Alam MZ, Ramachandran T, Antony A, Hamed F, Ayyash M, Kamal-Eldin A. Melanin is a plenteous bioactive phenolic compound in date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:6614. [PMID: 35459886 PMCID: PMC9033825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were found to contain high levels of allomelanin (1.2-5.1%). The melanin is localized in the tanniferous cells between the inner and outer mesocarp tissues of the fruit. The melanin, extracted with 2 M sodium hydroxide, consisted of amorphous graphene-like granular structures of irregular shape and variable size. The date fruit melanin mainly comprises carbon (64.6%) and oxygen (30.6) but no nitrogen, and was thermally stable. It has radical scavenging (63.6-75.1 IC50, µg/mL), antimicrobial (250-1000 µg/mL), hypoglycemic (51.8-58.2%), and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitory (65.8%) effects. The high level of melanin in date fruits highlights the importance of investigating its dietary intake and its impact on nutrition. This study also suggests that date fruit melanin can be a functional ingredient in foods, food packages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeba Zubair Alam
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tholkappiyan Ramachandran
- Department of Physics, College of Science and National Water and Energy Center United Arab, Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asha Antony
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fathalla Hamed
- Department of Physics, College of Science and National Water and Energy Center United Arab, Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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20
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Ma Z, Liu X, Liu Y, Chen W, Wang C. Studies on the biosynthetic pathways of melanin in Auricularia auricula. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:843-856. [PMID: 35419841 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a natural pigment ubiquitously present in living organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Melanin produced by the edible mushroom Auricularia auricula has a remarkable potential for resource development. Several A. auricula strains planted across China were collected and analyzed for mycelial growth rate and colony RGB value for color block. Further, the effects of various nutrients on melanin formation, including different carbon and nitrogen sources were evaluated to optimize medium for submerged fermentation. The pathways involved in the biosynthesis of melanin in A. auricula were investigated using an enzyme inhibitor assay and intermediate determination. In addition, the functional activity of purified A. auricula melanin was assessed. The highest melanin yield (1.797 g/L) was displayed by strain AU-3 in medium I. A. auricula melanin was composed of eumelanin, pheomelanin and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin, and the biosynthetic pathways involved were Raper-Mason and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin pathway. In addition, melanin purified from A. auricula exhibited substantial antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor activities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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21
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Elsayis A, Hassan SWM, Ghanem KM, Khairy H. Optimization of melanin pigment production from the halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii AS1 isolated from solar salter in Alexandria. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:92. [PMID: 35395716 PMCID: PMC8991569 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanins are one of the magnificent natural pigments synthesized by a wide range of microorganisms including different species of fungi and bacteria. Marine black yeasts appear to be potential prospects for the synthesis of natural melanin pigment. As a result, the goal of this research was to isolate a marine black yeast melanin-producing strain and improve the culturing conditions in order to maximize the yield of such a valuable pigment. Results Among five locally isolated black yeast strains, the only one that demonstrated a potent remarkable melanin pigment production was identified using ITS rDNA as Hortaea werneckii AS1. The extracted pigment’s physiochemical characterization and analytical investigation with Ultraviolet-Visible (UV) spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) confirmed its nature as a melanin pigment. The data obtained from the polynomial model’s maximum point suggested that CaCl2, 1.125 g/L; trace element, 0.25 ml/L; and a culture volume 225 mL/500 mL at their optimal values were the critical three elements impacting melanin production. In comparison with the baseline settings, the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization approach resulted in a 2.0 - fold improvement in melanin output. Conclusions A maximum melanin yield of 0.938 g/L proved the halotolerant H. werneckii AS1 potentiality as a source for natural melanin pigment synthesis ‘when compared to some relevant black yeast strains’ and hence, facilitating its incorporation in a variety of pharmaceutical and environmental applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02505-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Elsayis
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar W M Hassan
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Ghanem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba Khairy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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22
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Panzella L, Benning K, Nesbeth DN, Setaro B, D'Errico G, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M. Identification of black sturgeon caviar pigment as eumelanin. Food Chem 2022; 373:131474. [PMID: 34731814 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is the purification of the pigment of black sturgeon caviar and its unambiguous identification as a typical eumelanin by means of chemical degradation coupled with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) evidence. HPLC and LC-MS analysis of oxidative degradation mixtures revealed the formation of pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), a specific marker of eumelanin pigments, in yields compatible with a 6.5% w/w pigment content. EPR spectral features and parameters were in close agreement with those reported for a typical natural eumelanin such as Sepia melanin from squid ink. The identification for the first time of eumelanin in a fish roe is expected to provide a novel molecular basis for the valorization of black caviar and production wastes thereof in food chemistry and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Kenneth Benning
- Caviar Biotec, 563-565 Battersea Park Road, London SW11 3BL, United Kingdom
| | - Darren N Nesbeth
- Caviar Biotec, 563-565 Battersea Park Road, London SW11 3BL, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London WC1H 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Brunella Setaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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23
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Li Z, Bao H. Comparative Analysis of Metabolic Compositions and Trace Elements of Inonotus hispidus Mushroom Grown on Five Different Tree Species. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9343-9358. [PMID: 35350328 PMCID: PMC8945113 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Inonotus hispidus is a popular edible and medicinal mushroom widely used in China. I. hispidus mushroom mainly grows on five different tree species (Morus alba L., Ulmus macrocarpa Hance, Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Ziziphus jujuba Mill., and Malus pumila Mill.), and their fruiting bodies were all separately used in the market. However, there is no holistic insight to elucidate the molecular basis of the differentiated usage. This study aimed to investigate and compare the metabolite compositions and trace elements in I. hispidus grown on five different tree species. The metabolomic data, 8 kinds of principal components and 12 kinds of trace elements, were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the same 1353 metabolites were identified in I. hispidus grown on five different tree species, but the relative abundance was different. The principal components and trace elements contents are different, for example, polysaccharides, phenol metabolites, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and Mn were enriched in I. hispidus grown on M. alba, the flavonoids were enriched in Z. jujuba samples, and the steroids, terpenoids, and Zn were enriched in M. pumila samples. Further, the KEGG enrichment pathway and metabolic models were established. These findings provide a molecular basis for the unique use of the I. hispidus mushroom grown on different tree species.
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24
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Surendirakumar K, Pandey RR, Muthukumar T, Sathiyaseelan A, Loushambam S, Seth A. Characterization and biological activities of melanin pigment from root endophytic fungus, Phoma sp. RDSE17. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:171. [PMID: 35157131 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are high molecular weight hydrophobic pigments which have gained popularity for their role in virulence against different pathogens. In the present study, we isolated and characterized the melanin pigment produced by a dark septate endophyte fungus Phoma sp. RDSE17, which was associated with the roots of an indigenous Oryza sativa cv. 'Chakhao amubi' in Manipur, Northeast India. The biological properties of purified melanin from the fungus were evaluated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancerous activities. The pigment was extracted from Phoma sp. by alkaline-acid hydrolysis method and confirmed as melanin through physico-chemical tests and spectral (UV, FTIR, and EPR) analysis. The analyses of the elemental composition indicated that the pigment possessed a low percentage of nitrogen (N) contents, and therefore, would not fall under DOPA class of melanin. Exposure of the fungus to melanin pathway inhibitors revealed a positive melanin inhibition by tricyclazole, but not by kojic acid. Thus, the melanin from Phoma sp. may be a member of the DHN family. Moreover, the purified melanin showed high DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical-scavenging activity with an EC50 of 69 µg/mL and inhibited human lung cancer cell (A549 cells) proliferation at 80 µg/mL. The present study demonstrates that melanin from Phoma sp. RDSE17 could be employed as a potential biological (antioxidant) and antimicrobial agent for inhibiting the growth of humans and phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannaiah Surendirakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, JJ College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tamil Nadu, Pudukkottai, 622 422, India. .,Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795 003, Manipur, India.
| | - Radha Raman Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795 003, Manipur, India
| | | | - Anbazhagan Sathiyaseelan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - Surbala Loushambam
- Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795 003, Manipur, India
| | - Amit Seth
- Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795 003, Manipur, India
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25
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Stress Dependent Biofilm Formation and Bioactive Melanin Pigment Production by a Thermophilic Bacillus Species from Chilean Hot Spring. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040680. [PMID: 35215592 PMCID: PMC8880475 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic bacteria able to survive extreme temperature stress are of great biotechnological interest due to their extracellular production of bioactive molecules as a part of a survival strategy, or by intracellular modifications. In the present study, thermophilic Bacillus haynesii CamB6, isolated from a Chilean hot spring, was studied for the formation of different stress response molecules. The polymeric pigment produced by the bacterial strain was characterized by different physicochemical techniques. On exposure to ranges of temperature (50–60 °C), pH (5.0–7.0), and sources of nitrogen and carbon (1–5 g·L−1), the bacteria responded with a biofilm network formation in a hydrophobic polystyrene surface. Biofilm formation under fed-batch conditions was also statistically validated. The bacteria showed a planktonic pellicle network formation in the presence of induced hypoxia and salinity stress (19.45 g·L−1) under static conditions. Salinity stress also resulted in the intracellular response of brown pigment production. The pigment was structurally and functionally characterized by UV-Vis absorbance and the presence of different characteristic peaks via FTIR analysis (bacterial pyomelanin fingerprints) were assessed. A high thermal stability and TGA profile indicated the brown pigment was a probable pyomelanin candidate. Micropyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) showed that isoprene, pyrrole, benzene, pyridine, and their derivatives were the major components detected. In addition, acetic acid, indole, phenol, and its derivatives were observed. The absence of sulfocompounds in the pyrolyzed products agreed with those reported in the literature for pyomelanin. The pigment surface morphology was analyzed via SEM, and the elemental composition via EDS also demonstrated the similarity of the brown pigment to that of the melanin family. The pyomelanin pigment was observed to be bioactive with promising antioxidant capacity (H2O2, Fe2+) compared to the standard antioxidant molecules. In conclusion, B. haynesii CamB6 demonstrated the formation of several biomolecules as a stress response mechanism that is bioactive, showing its probable biotechnological applications in future.
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Singla S, Htut KZ, Zhu R, Davis A, Ma J, Ni QZ, Burkart MD, Maurer C, Miyoshi T, Dhinojwala A. Isolation and Characterization of Allomelanin from Pathogenic Black Knot Fungus-a Sustainable Source of Melanin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35514-35522. [PMID: 34984283 PMCID: PMC8717558 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanin, a widespread pigment found in many taxa, is widely recognized for its high refractive index, ultraviolet (UV) protection, radical quenching ability, metal binding, and many other unique properties. The aforementioned characteristic traits make melanin a potential candidate for biomedical, separation, structural coloration, and space applications. However, the commercially available natural (sepia) and synthetic melanin are very expensive, limiting their use in various applications. Additionally, eumelanin has been the primary focus in most of these studies. In the present study, we demonstrate that melanin can be extracted from the pathogenic black knot fungus Apiosporina morbosa with a yield of ∼10% using the acid-base extraction method. The extracted melanin shows irregular morphology. Chemical characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals that the melanin derived from black knots is the less explored nitrogen-free allomelanin. Additionally, the extracted melanin shows broadband UV absorption typical of other types of melanin. Because of the wide availability and low cost of black knots and the invasive nature of the fungus, black knots can serve as an alternative green source for obtaining allomelanin at a low cost, which could stimulate its use as an UV light absorber and antioxidant in cosmetics and packaging industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranshu Singla
- School
of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - K. Zin Htut
- School
of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Runyao Zhu
- School
of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Amara Davis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United
States
| | - Jiayang Ma
- School
of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Qing Zhe Ni
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Toshikazu Miyoshi
- School
of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- School
of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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27
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Choi KY. Bioprocess of Microbial Melanin Production and Isolation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:765110. [PMID: 34869277 PMCID: PMC8637283 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.765110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is one of the most abundant pigments found in the biosphere. Owing to its high biocompatibility and diverse biological activities, it has been widely applied as a functional biomaterial in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, biopolymer, and environmental fields. In this study, the production of melanin was comprehensively reviewed concerning bioconversion and isolation processes. First, several melanogenic microbes, including fungi and bacteria, were summarized. Melanin production was classified by host and melanin type and was analyzed by titers in g/L in addition to reaction conditions, including pH and temperature. The production was further interpreted using a space-time yields chart, which showed two distinct classifications in productivity, and reaction conditions were analyzed using a pH-temperature-titer chart. Next, the extraction process was summarized by crude and pure melanin preparation procedures, and the extraction yields were highlighted. Finally, the recent applications of melanin were briefly summarized, and prospects for further application and development in industrial applications were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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28
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Optimization of Solid-State Fermentation Extraction of Inonotus hispidus Fruiting Body Melanin. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122893. [PMID: 34945444 PMCID: PMC8700211 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin has good nutritional and medicinal value; however, its extraction rate is extremely low. This study explored the edible and medicinal fungus Inonotus hispidus fruiting body melanin (IHFM) extraction process and solid-state fermentation conditions. The results showed that the best way to extract IHFM is the compound enzymatic method, with complex enzyme 26.63 mg/g, liquid material ratio 5:1, enzymatic hydrolysis 80 min, pH 4.61, and enzymolysis temperature at 36.07 °C. The yield of IHFM was 23.73 ± 0.57%, which was equivalent to 1.27 times before optimization. The best solid medium formula was normal pH, rice 20 g per cultivation bottle, maltose 22 g/L, beef extract 4.4 g/L, carbon-nitrogen ratio 5:1, and liquid-to-material ratio 1.1:1, where the IHFM yield was 31.80 ± 1.34%, which was equivalent to 1.7 times that before optimization. In summary, solid-state fermentation and extraction optimization greatly improved the yield of melanin, provided a reference to produce melanin, and laid a foundation for the development and utilization of melanin.
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29
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The Ground-Based BIOMEX Experiment Verification Tests for Life Detection on Mars. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111212. [PMID: 34833088 PMCID: PMC8619271 DOI: 10.3390/life11111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of an astrobiological search for life campaign on Mars, or other planetary bodies in the Solar System, relies on the detectability of past or present microbial life traces, namely, biosignatures. Spectroscopic methods require little or no sample preparation, can be repeated almost endlessly, and can be performed in contact or even remotely. Such methods are therefore ideally suited to use for the detection of biosignatures, which can be confirmed with supporting instrumentation. Here, we discuss the use of Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies for the detection and characterization of biosignatures from colonies of the fungus Cryomyces antarcticus, grown on Martian analogues and exposed to increasing doses of UV irradiation under dried conditions. The results report significant UV-induced DNA damage, but the non-exceeding of thresholds for allowing DNA amplification and detection, while the spectral properties of the fungal melanin remained unaltered, and pigment detection and identification was achieved via complementary analytical techniques. Finally, this work found that fungal cell wall compounds, likely chitin, were not degraded, and were still detectable even after high UV irradiation doses. The implications for the preservation and detection of biosignatures in extraterrestrial environments are discussed.
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30
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Ammanagi A, C T S, R K, Badiger A, Ramaraj V. Functional and Structural Characterization of Melanin from Brevibacillus invocatus Strain IBA. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2021; 500:159-169. [PMID: 34731382 DOI: 10.1134/s001249662105001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a polyphenol or indolic dark brown to black pigment of macromolecules that has a variety of biological functions including UV defence, desiccation, and oxidation. The pigment is classified as a heterogenic polymer. Analytical characterization of melanin can be difficult due to its heterogeneity. In this study, a newly isolated strain of Brevibacillus invocatus strain IBA capable of extracellular melanin production was grown on nutrient agar and the bacteria were molecularly identified. Chemical and physical methods were used to characterize melanin. The solubility of melanin in organic and inorganic solvents was used to characterise it chemically. According to the UV-visible wavelength scan, physical characterization revealed absorption in the UV region 200 to 300 nm, but declining towards the visible region. Functional group identification of extracted melanin was carried out by FTIR with different stretching vibrations at 3226, 2920, 2849, 1628, 1555, 1340 cm-1 and weak absorption bands at 1104 and 1015 cm-1. Structural characterization was carried by SEM of extracted melanin which showed irregular shape and size at different magnifications. The crystallinity of melanin was studied using X-ray crystallography, with a lattice parameter of approximately a = 8.54. The XRD spectrum of the extracted melanin crystallographic pattern revealed peaks at 2θ = 27.32, 31.66, 45.41, 53.84, 53.84, 56.44, 66.18, 73.10, 75.26, and 83.94, which correspond to reflections (111), (200), (220), (311), (222), (400), (331), (420), and (422), respectively. The analytical methods available for melanin analysis are largely complementary, providing detailed knowledge required to draw reliable conclusions about the sample under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Ammanagi
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
| | - Shivasharana C T
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
| | - Krishnaveni R
- Department of Microbiology Vijayanagara Sri Krishna Devaraya University, Ballari, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhijeeth Badiger
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College, Ujire, Karnataka, India
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31
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Development of the technology for producing water-soluble melanin from waste of vinary production and the study of its physicochemical properties. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Roy S, Rhim JW. New insight into melanin for food packaging and biotechnology applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4629-4655. [PMID: 33523716 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1878097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a dark brown to black biomacromolecule with biologically active multifunctional properties that do not have a precise chemical structure, but its structure mainly depends on the polymerization conditions during the synthesis process. Natural melanin can be isolated from various animal, plant, and microbial sources, while synthetic melanin-like compounds can be synthesized by simple polymerization of dopamine. Melanin is widely used in various areas due to its functional properties such as photosensitivity, light barrier property, free radical scavenging ability, antioxidant activity, etc. It also has an excellent ability to act as a reducing agent and capping agent to synthesize various metal nanoparticles. Melanin nanoparticles (MNP) or melanin-like nanoparticles (MLNP) have the unique potential to act as functional materials to improve nanocomposite films' physical and functional properties. Various food packaging and biomedical applications have been made alone or by mixing melanin or MLNP. In this review, the general aspects of melanin that highlight biological activity, along with a description of MNP and the use as nanofillers in packaging films as well as reducing and capping agents and biomedical applications, were comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Roy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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33
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Galeb HA, Wilkinson EL, Stowell AF, Lin H, Murphy ST, Martin‐Hirsch PL, Mort RL, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. Melanins as Sustainable Resources for Advanced Biotechnological Applications. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000102. [PMID: 33552556 PMCID: PMC7857133 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of ChemistryScience and Arts CollegeRabigh CampusKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21577Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma L. Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Alison F. Stowell
- Department of Organisation, Work and TechnologyLancaster University Management SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YXUK
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| | - Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustRoyal Preston HospitalSharoe Green LanePrestonPR2 9HTUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
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34
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Kou RW, Du ST, Xia B, Zhang Q, Yin X, Gao JM. Phenolic and Steroidal Metabolites from the Cultivated Edible Inonotus hispidus Mushroom and Their Bioactivities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:668-675. [PMID: 33398984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A chemical study on the fruiting bodies of cultivated edible mushroom Inonotus hispidus resulted in 14 metabolites including three new hispolon congeners, named inonophenols A-B and one new lanostane triterpenoid, named inonoterpene A. These structures were identified by NMR, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data analysis. All metabolites were assessed for neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative activities. Among them, inonophenols B and C were the most active in promoting PC-12 cell neurite outgrowth at a concentration of 10 μM. The phenolic derivatives reduced NO generation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells by suppressing the expression of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and the nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway as well as the inflammatory mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, the phenolics showed antioxidant effects in DPPH scavenging assay with the IC50 values of 9.82-21.43 μM. These findings showed that I. hispidus may be a new source of neurotrophic and protective agents against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Wei Kou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Tian Du
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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35
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Qi Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Yan D, Wu H, Li R, Jiang Z, Yang Y, Ren X. Polyphenol oxidase plays a critical role in melanin formation in the fruit skin of persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv. 'Heishi'). Food Chem 2020; 330:127253. [PMID: 32534157 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the melanin in persimmon and its formation were investigated. Melanin was found to be deposited on the cell walls of the upper epidermis and subepidermal cells in persimmon skin and the isolated pigment appears to have lamellar structures. Diagnostic analysis of the isolated pigment showed results that were similar to those of melanin from other sources. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy revealed that the extracted skin pigment displayed a broadband, structureless absorption profile that increased progressively towards shorter wavelengths. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy assay revealed that melanin in persimmon skin exhibits many characteristic absorption peaks. The phenolic profile analysis suggested that the precursors of this pigment may include gallic acid, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, ferulic acid and epigallocatechin gallate. The PPO activity and DkPPO expression significantly increased during melanin formation, and transient overexpression of DkPPO promoted melanin synthesis. These results indicate that the isolated pigment was a type of melanin and that PPO plays a critical role in its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Qi
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Hanxiao Wu
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zitao Jiang
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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36
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Xu L, Li J, Chang M, Cheng Y, Geng X, Meng J, Zhu M. Comparison of physicochemical and biochemical properties of natural and arginine-modified melanin from medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:1014-1028. [PMID: 33107089 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a hydrophobic biomolecule produced widely in fungi. Compared with other fungi, health benefits have been associated with medicinal mushrooms, which may provide an excellent source of natural melanin. Nevertheless, the hydrophobicity of melanin may limit its applications. Consequently, the present study was carried out on isolation of melanin from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GLM) and modification with arginine to improve its solubility. The physicochemical and biochemical properties of melanin were evaluated including structural characterization, solubility, stability, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase activity. Arginine-modified melanin showed better solubility, higher color value, stronger antioxidant activity, and stronger inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase activity in vitro than GLM. In addition, both have good stability in the dark and natural light. These results opened possibilities for providing an excellent source of natural melanin in health food or food additives fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Shanxi Research Station for Engineering Technology of Edible Fungi, Taigu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shanxi Research Station for Engineering Technology of Edible Fungi, Taigu, China
| | - Mingchang Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Shanxi Research Station for Engineering Technology of Edible Fungi, Taigu, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Shanxi Research Station for Engineering Technology of Edible Fungi, Taigu, China
| | - Xueran Geng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Shanxi Research Station for Engineering Technology of Edible Fungi, Taigu, China
| | - Junlong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Shanxi Research Station for Engineering Technology of Edible Fungi, Taigu, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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37
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Teplyakova TV, Ilyicheva TN, Markovich NA. Prospects for the Development of Anti-Influenza Drugs Based on Medicinal Mushrooms (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820050142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Benarous K, Benali FZ, Bekhaoua IC, Yousfi M. Novel potent natural peroxidases inhibitors with in vitro assays, inhibition mechanism and molecular docking of phenolic compounds and alkaloids. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:7168-7180. [PMID: 32799732 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1808073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidase inhibition produced by phenolic compounds as hispidin and gallic acid, alkaloids as harmine and natural extracts of Inonotus hispidus, and Marrubium vulgare were investigated in this study. No further studies have been found in this context. Thus, the results show that the phenolic and the alkaloidal extracts with the three molecules are potent inhibitors of horseradish peroxidase. Uric acid is used as a substrate reaction to finding the enzymatic inhibition for the first time. The results show that the best inhibitor is hispidin with a value of IC50 = 23 µg/ml. Moreover, Molecular docking has been carried out using the AutoDock Vina program to discuss the nature of interactions and the mechanism of inhibition between both peroxidases (horseradish and thyroid) which is performed with and without heme group for the first time. The three studied compounds were further subjected to ADEMT and Lipinski filtering analyses for drug-likeness prediction analysis. However, the results show that all the docked molecules are competitive inhibitors confirming that no further studies have been published before. Thus, hispidin is a more potent irreversible TPO inhibitor then propylthiouracil anti-thyroid drug. Its inhibition mechanism is well described through this work for the first time; which suggests is used as an anti-thyroid drug to treat hyperthyroidism. Furthermore, the studied phenolic compounds (Hispidin and Gallic acid) and one alkaloid (Harmine) are non-toxic, that bind to the receptor-binding site and catalytic dyad of peroxidases were identified from the predictive ADMET and Lipinski filter analysis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khedidja Benarous
- Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Fatima Zohra Benali
- Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algeria.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Ikram Cherifa Bekhaoua
- Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algeria.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algeria
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39
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Oh JJ, Kim JY, Kwon SL, Hwang DH, Choi YE, Kim GH. Production and characterization of melanin pigments derived from Amorphotheca resinae. J Microbiol 2020; 58:648-656. [PMID: 32424578 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As melanin has emerged as functional pigment with cosmetic, health and food applications, the demand for the pigments is expected to increase. However, the conventional sources (e.g. mushroom, hair, and wool) of melanin production entail pigments inside the substrates which requires the costly extraction procedures, leading to inappropriate scalable production. In this study, we screened 102 of fungal isolates for their ability to produce melanin in the supernatant and selected the only Amorphotheca resinae as a promising candidate. In the peptone yeast extract glucose broth, A. resinae produced the melanin rapidly during the autolysis phase of growth, reaching up 4.5 g/L within 14 days. Structural characterization of the purified melanin from A. resinae was carried out by using elemental analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance, 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in comparison with the standard melanins. The results indicate that the structural properties of A. resinae melanin is similar to the eumelanin which has a wide range of industrial uses. For example, the purified melanin from A. resinae has the potent antioxidant activities as a result of free radical scavenging assays. Consequently, A. resinae KUC3009 can be a promising candidate for scalable production of industrially applicable melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Joo Oh
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Young Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Lul Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyeok Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Hyeok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Caldas M, Santos AC, Veiga F, Rebelo R, Reis RL, Correlo VM. Melanin nanoparticles as a promising tool for biomedical applications - a review. Acta Biomater 2020; 105:26-43. [PMID: 32014585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is a biopolymer of easy and cheap availability that can be found among the living organisms and excels for its biocompatibility and biodegradability properties, along with scavenging abilities, metal chelation and electronic conductance. This biomaterial can act as a nanocarrier or agent itself to be used in diverse biomedical applications, such as imaging, controlled drug release, bioengineering and bioelectronics, antioxidant applications and theranostics. In this review, the melanin source and structure, its physicochemical properties, melanin-like polymers as well as the differences among those will be elucidated. The focus will be the discussion of the current approaches that apply melanin nanoparticles (MNPs) and melanin-like nanoparticles (MLNPs) in the biomedical field, to which promising capabilities have been attributed, regarding optoelectronic, photoconductivity and photoacoustic. The use of these nanoparticles, in the last 10 years, in topics as drug delivery or theranostics will be detailed and the major achievements will be discussed. Overall, we anticipate that melanin can drive us toward a new paradigm in medical diagnostics and treatments, since applying melanin features possibly its use as a theranostics nanocarrier agent, not only for diagnostics, but also for photothermal therapy and controlled drug release through chemotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We present here a timely and opportune review article focusing the significant potential of melanin nanoparticles in biomedical applications, which will be discussed thoroughly. This biomaterial presents multiple capabilities that may be taken into consideration towards cancer theranostics, expecting a high future impact in the nanosized-platforms design and performance.
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41
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Shoeva OY, Mursalimov SR, Gracheva NV, Glagoleva AY, Börner A, Khlestkina EK. Melanin formation in barley grain occurs within plastids of pericarp and husk cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:179. [PMID: 31932698 PMCID: PMC6957670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanins are a class of darkly pigmented biopolymers which are widely distributed among living organisms. The molecular and cellular mechanisms adopted by bacteria, fungi and animals to synthesize melanin, have been well described, but less is known regarding their production in plants. Here, a pair of barley near isogenic lines, bred to differ with respect to the pigmentation of the spike, was compared in order to understand the tissue and cellular location of melanin deposition. The melanic nature of the pigments purified from black spikes was confirmed by a series of solubility tests and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. An analysis of grains harvested at various stages of their development revealed that intracellular pigmented structures first appeared in the pericarp and the husk of black spike plants at early dough stage. The co-localization of these structures with red autofluorescence suggested that they form in chloroplast-derived plastids, here designated "melanoplasts". Differences in dynamics of plastid internal structure during grain ripening were detected between the lines by transmission electron microscopy. Both lines accumulated plastoglobuli inside plastids, which persisted in black grain pericarp tissue up to the hard dough stage, while neither plastoglobuli nor any plastids were observed in grain of the control line at this stage. The role of plastoglobuli in melanin synthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Börner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Elena K Khlestkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,N.I.Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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42
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Fu X, Belwal T, Cravotto G, Luo Z. Sono-physical and sono-chemical effects of ultrasound: Primary applications in extraction and freezing operations and influence on food components. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 60:104726. [PMID: 31541966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is an advanced non-thermal food-processing technology that has received increasing amounts of interest as an alternative to, or an adjuvant method for, conventional processing techniques. This review explores the sono-physical and sono-chemical effects of ultrasound on food processing as it reviews two typical food-processing applications that are predominantly driven by sono-physical effects, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ultrasound-assisted freezing (UAF), and the components modifications to food matrices that can be triggered by sono-chemical effects. Efficiency enhancements and quality improvements in products (and extracts) using ultrasound are discussed in terms of mechanism and principles for a range of food-matrix categories, while efforts to improve existing ultrasound-assist patterns was also seen. Furthermore, the progress of experimental ultrasonic equipments for UAE and UAF as food-processing technologies, the core of the development in food-processing techniques is considered. Moreover, sono-chemical reactions that are usually overlooked, such as degradation, oxidation and other particular chemical modifications that occur in common food components under specific conditions, and the influence on bioactivity, which was also affected by food processing to varying degrees, are also summarised. Further trends as well as some challenges for, and limitations of, ultrasound technology for food processing, with UAE and UAF used as examples herein, are also taken into consideration and possible future recommendations were made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Fu
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Tarun Belwal
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya ul, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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43
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da Rosa BV, Kuhn KR, Ugalde GA, Zabot GL, Kuhn RC. Antioxidant compounds extracted from Diaporthe schini using supercritical CO 2 plus cosolvent. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 43:133-141. [PMID: 31542822 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have been highlight in the production of secondary metabolites with different bioactive properties, such as in the production of the antioxidant compounds. Therefore, the objective of this work was the extraction of the antioxidant compounds from the biomass of Diaporthe schini using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) without and with ethanol as cosolvent. The biomass was produced by submerged fermentation and the parameters evaluated in the extraction process were: pressure (150-250 bar), temperature (40-60 ºC) and cosolvent [biomass: cosolvent ratio, 1:0, 1:0.75 and 1:1.5 (w/v)]. Extraction yield, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of the extracts were determined. The highest extraction yield (3.24 wt.%) and the best antioxidant activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (96.62%) were obtained at 40 ºC, 250 bar and biomass:cosolvent ratio of 1:1.5 (w/v). The chemical compounds 1,4-diaza-2,5-dioxo-3-isobutyl bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane and benzeneethanol identified in GC/MS could be responsible for the antioxidant activity found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vargas da Rosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Kátia Regina Kuhn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Andrade Ugalde
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Giovani Leone Zabot
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040, Sete de Setembro St., Centre DC, Cachoeira Do Sul, RS, 96508-010, Brazil
| | - Raquel Cristine Kuhn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima avenue, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil.
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44
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Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Watanabe B, Matsui K, Lumyong S. Characterization of melanin and optimal conditions for pigment production by an endophytic fungus, Spissiomyces endophytica SDBR-CMU319. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222187. [PMID: 31498821 PMCID: PMC6733467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a natural pigment that is produced by filamentous fungi. In this study, the endophytic species, Spissiomyces endophytica (strain SDBR-CMU319), produced a brown-black pigment in the mycelia. Consequently, the pigment was extracted from the dried fungal biomass. This was followed by pigment purification, characterization and identification. Physical and chemical characteristics of the pigment showed acid precipitation, alkali solubilization, decolorization with oxidizing agents, and insolubility in most organic solvents and water. The pigment was confirmed as melanin based on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra analyses. The analyses of the elemental composition indicated that the pigment possessed a low percentage of nitrogen, and therefore, was not 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine melanin. Inhibition studies involving specific inhibitors, both tricyclazole and phthalide, and suggest that fungal melanin could be synthesized through the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene pathway. The optimum conditions for fungal pigment production from this species were investigated. The highest fungal pigment yield was observed in glucose yeast extract peptone medium at an initial pH value of 6.0 and at 25°C over three weeks of cultivation. This is the first report on the production and characterization of melanin obtained from the genus Spissiomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation (Agriculture), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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45
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Pralea IE, Moldovan RC, Petrache AM, Ilieș M, Hegheș SC, Ielciu I, Nicoară R, Moldovan M, Ene M, Radu M, Uifălean A, Iuga CA. From Extraction to Advanced Analytical Methods: The Challenges of Melanin Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3943. [PMID: 31412656 PMCID: PMC6719904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generic term "melanin" describes a black pigment of biological origin, although some melanins can be brown or even yellow. The pigment is characterized as a heterogenic polymer of phenolic or indolic nature, and the classification of eu-, pheo- and allo- melanin is broadly accepted. This classification is based on the chemical composition of the monomer subunit structure of the pigment. Due to the high heterogeneity of melanins, their analytical characterization can be a challenging task. In the present work, we synthesized the current information about the analytical methods which can be applied in melanin analysis workflow, from extraction and purification to high-throughput methods, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass-spectrometry or pyrolysis gas chromatography. Our thorough comparative evaluation of analytical data published so far on melanin analysis has proven to be a difficult task in terms of finding equivalent results, even when the same matrix was used. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of prior knowledge of melanin types and properties in order to select a valid experimental design using analytical methods that are able to deliver reliable results and draw consistent conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Ecaterina Pralea
- MedFuture - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 4-6, Gh. Marinescu Street 23, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu-Cristian Moldovan
- MedFuture - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 4-6, Gh. Marinescu Street 23, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina-Maria Petrache
- MedFuture - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 4-6, Gh. Marinescu Street 23, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Ilieș
- MedFuture - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 4-6, Gh. Marinescu Street 23, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona-Codruța Hegheș
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Irina Ielciu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raul Nicoară
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela Moldovan
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ion Creangă Street 12, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, , Romania
| | - Mihaela Ene
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Reactorului Street 30, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Mihai Radu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Reactorului Street 30, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Alina Uifălean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cristina-Adela Iuga
- MedFuture - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 4-6, Gh. Marinescu Street 23, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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46
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Comprehensive TCM molecular networking based on MS/MS in silico spectra with integration of virtual screening and affinity MS screening for discovering functional ligands from natural herbs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5785-5797. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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47
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Angelini P, Girometta C, Tirillini B, Moretti S, Covino S, Cipriani M, D’Ellena E, Angeles G, Federici E, Savino E, Cruciani G, Venanzoni R. A comparative study of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Inonotus hispidus fruit and their mycelia extracts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1609497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Angelini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carolina Girometta
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science (DSTA), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bruno Tirillini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Simone Moretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Covino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Melania Cipriani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora D’Ellena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Angeles
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ermanno Federici
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Savino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science (DSTA), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Venanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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