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Zhou CY, Pan CG, Peng FJ, Zhu RG, Hu JJ, Yu K. Simultaneous determination of trace marine lipophilic and hydrophilic phycotoxins in various environmental and biota matrices. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116444. [PMID: 38705002 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and sensitivity approach, which combines solid-phase extraction or ultrasonic extraction for pretreatment, followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, has been established to simultaneously determine eight lipophilic phycotoxins and one hydrophilic phycotoxin in seawater, sediment and biota samples. The recoveries and matrix effects of target analytes were in the range of 61.6-117.3 %, 55.7-121.3 %, 57.5-139.9 % and 82.6 %-95.0 %, 85.8-106.8 %, 80.7 %-103.3 % in seawater, sediment, and biota samples, respectively. This established method revealed that seven, six and six phycotoxins were respectively detected in the Beibu Gulf, with concentrations ranging from 0.14 ng/L (okadaic acid, OA) to 26.83 ng/L (domoic acid, DA) in seawater, 0.04 ng/g (gymnodimine-A, GYM-A) to 2.75 ng/g (DA) in sediment and 0.01 ng/g (GYM-A) to 2.64 ng/g (domoic acid) in biota samples. These results suggest that the presented method is applicable for the simultaneous determination of trace marine lipophilic and hydrophilic phycotoxins in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yang Zhou
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Feng-Jiao Peng
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rong-Gui Zhu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
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2
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Hu X, Liu L, Peng M, Zheng D, Xia H, Zhou Y, Peng L, Peng X. One-Pot Preparation of Mixed-Mode Reversed-Phase Anion-Exchange Silica Sorbent and its Application in the Detection of Cyclopiazonic Acid in Feeds and Agricultural Products. Foods 2024; 13:1499. [PMID: 38790799 PMCID: PMC11119939 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel co-bonded octyl and pyridine silica (OPS) sorbent was prepared and applied for the solid phase extraction (SPE) of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA, a type of mycotoxin) in feed and agricultural products for the first time. A simple mixed-ligand one-pot reaction strategy was employed for OPS sorbent preparation. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, elemental analysis (EI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis demonstrated the successful immobilization of octyl and quaternary ammonium groups onto the surface of silica gel. The large specific surface area, high-density functional groups, and mixed-mode anion-exchange characteristics of these silica particles made them the ideal material for the efficient extraction of CPA. Additionally, the OPS sorbents displayed excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility, satisfactory reusability, and low cost. The SPE parameters were optimized to explore the ionic and hydrophobic interactions between CPA and the functional groups, and the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) parameters were optimized to obtain a desirable extraction efficiency and high sensitivity to CPA. Meanwhile, the OPS sorbent presented a satisfactory extraction selectivity and low matrix effect. Under the optimized conditions, our developed CPA detection method was used to determine CPA level in rice, wheat flour, corn flour, peanut, and feed samples, exhibiting a lower detection limit, better linearity, higher sensitivity, and satisfactory extraction recovery rate than previously reported methods. Therefore, our method can be preferentially used as a method for the detection of CPA in agricultural products and feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Hu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Maomin Peng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Youxiang Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Lijun Peng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (D.Z.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xitian Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Wuhan 430064, China
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3
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Wu L, Qiu J, Li A, Ji Y, Yan G, Meng F. Detection and dietary risk of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in shellfish products from the coasts of Bohai Sea and South China Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141424. [PMID: 38346518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Artificial per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely distributed in the environment and are potentially harmful to human health. This study assessed the matrix effect of different shellfish on LC-MS analysis and the recoveries of PFASs in purified extracts purified by adding ENVI-Carb graphitized carbon black. Total 76 samples were collected from coastal cities of the Bohai Sea and South China Sea in China. Results showed that the signal response of perfluorocarboxylic acid increased with the length of fluorocarbon chains. ENVI-Carb can mitigate the shellfish matrix effects for analysis of PFASs. Ten PFASs components were detected in shellfish samples at concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 8.5 ng/g wet weight. The PFOA and PFHxS were the dominant components, and PFOA, PFTrDA and PFNA were detected at high rates of 58-93%. The highest levels of ∑PFASs were accumulated in clams, while the lowest levels were found in mussels. The dietary risk assessment indicated that PFASs potentially threaten human health via consumption of clam products in the Bohai Sea region. This study will improve the understanding of the contamination status and the dietary risk of PFASs in shellfish products along the coasts of Bohai Sea and South China Sea in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Guowang Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
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4
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Yang J, Sun W, Sun M, Cui Y, Wang L. Current Research Status of Azaspiracids. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:79. [PMID: 38393050 PMCID: PMC10890026 DOI: 10.3390/md22020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence and impact of toxins have been detected in various regions worldwide ever since the discovery of azaspiracids (AZAs) in 1995. These toxins have had detrimental effects on marine resource utilization, marine environmental protection, and fishery production. Over the course of more than two decades of research and development, scientists from all over the world have conducted comprehensive studies on the in vivo metabolism, in vitro synthesis methods, pathogenic mechanisms, and toxicology of these toxins. This paper aims to provide a systematic introduction to the discovery, distribution, pathogenic mechanism, in vivo biosynthesis, and in vitro artificial synthesis of AZA toxins. Additionally, it will summarize various detection methods employed over the past 20 years, along with their advantages and disadvantages. This effort will contribute to the future development of rapid detection technologies and the invention of detection devices for AZAs in marine environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lianghua Wang
- Basic Medical College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.Y.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Y.C.)
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Qi G. Efficient capture and highly sensitive analysis of okadaic acid by three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks with hydroxyl surface engineering. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464334. [PMID: 37660560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional covalent organic framework (3D-COF) with content-tunable and active hydroxyl groups (OH) on the pore walls was developed and adopted for the high-performance capture of okadaic acid (OA) marine toxins. Using pore-surface engineering, the integration of linear building blocks (4,4'-diamino-3,3'-biphenyldiol, BD(OH)2 and benzidine, BD) with the 3D structural building block backbone (4,4',4'',4'''-methane-tetrayltetrabenzaldehyde, TFPM) was achieved. By adjusting the ratio of BD(OH)2, functional multicomponent-COFs [OH]x-BD-TFPM COFs (X = 25%) were synthesized, which offered ideal access to convert a conventional COF into a functional platform with multiple-mode interactions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups for OA capture. [OH]x-BD-TFPM was characterized using SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and BET. The adsorption features and analytical performance of OA were screened and evaluated. Optimization of dispersive solid-phase extraction using [OH]25-BD-TFPM was accomplished, and the method was verified for sensitive quantitative detection of OA in clam and mussel samples. Coupled with LC-MS/MS, the resultant [OH]25-BD-TFPM COF demonstrated the ability to analyze OA, and the limit of detection for OA in shellfish was determined to be 0.005 μg/kg. A significant improvement in trace OA detection was observed compared to previously reported SPE materials without adjustable hydrophilic interactions. The recoveries of OA in the fortified clam and mussel samples were in the ranges of 93.9‒105.1% and 96.7‒110.2%, respectively. This study highlights that OH-group surface engineering in channel walls is a facile and powerful strategy for developing functional 3D-COFs with multiple interactions for high-performance target capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Qi
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center on Reagent and Instrument for Rapid Detection of Product Quality and Food Safety in Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Deolindo CTP, Kleemann CR, Bosch-Orea C, Molognoni L, Daguer H, Hoff RB, Costa ACO. Sample pooling and incurred samples improve analytical throughput and quality control of lipophilic phycotoxins screening in bivalve mollusks. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5023-5034. [PMID: 37349647 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMBs) are one of the main risks associated with the consumption of mussels and oysters. Sanitary and analytical control programs are developed to detect the occurrence of these toxins in seafood before they reach toxic levels. To ensure quick results, methods must be easy and fast to perform. In this work, we demonstrated that incurred samples were a viable alternative to validation and internal quality control studies for the analysis of LMBs in bivalve mollusks. These samples were used to optimize, validate, and monitor a simple and fast ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure. An internal quality control material containing okadaic acid (227 ± 46 µg kg-1) was produced and characterized. This material had its homogeneity and stability verified and was included as a quality control in all batches of analytical routine. Besides, a sample pooling protocol for extracts analysis was developed, based on tests for COVID-19. Up to 10 samples could be analyzed simultaneously, reducing the instrumental time of analysis by up to 80%. The UAE and sample pooling approaches were then applied to more than 450 samples, of which at least 100 were positive for the okadaic acid group of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Turnes Pasini Deolindo
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Cristian Rafael Kleemann
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Cristina Bosch-Orea
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Molognoni
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil.
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Bo C, Li Y, Liu B, Gong B, Tang X, Ma G, Li Y. Triblock copolymer–grafted restricted access materials with zwitterionic polymer outer layers for highly efficient extraction of fluoroquinolones and exclusion of proteins. Food Chem 2023; 418:135988. [PMID: 37001354 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
High-selectivity and high-exclusion restricted access materials (RAMs) benefit the analysis of biological samples. Herein, triblock copolymer-functionalized poly(4-vinylbenzyl chloride-co-divinylbenzene) (PVBC/DVB) microspheres were prepared via the sequential surface-initiated atom radical polymerization of hydrophobic styrene (St), ionic vinylimidazole (VIm), and zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), affording RAMs with multiple interaction-adsorption sites and zwitterionic polymer exclusion sites on the internal and external surfaces of PVBC/DVB. The preferential extraction of fluoroquinolones (FQs) is realized based on the hydrophobic/π-π/ion exchange interactions due to the grafted poly-St-VIm, and the zwitterionic poly-SBMA block in the triblock copolymers can efficiently exclude various proteins. A sensitive detection method for FQs in chicken was established by solid phase extraction with RAMs as adsorbent combined with UPLC-MS/MS, achieving wide linearity (2.0-200.0 ng mL-1), low limit of detection (0.5 μg kg-1) and limit of quantification (1.5 μg kg-1), and good inter- and intraday precision with satisfactory recoveries (104.1%-117.7% and 115.3%-121.2% with RSDs < 12%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Bo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021,China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Yinhai Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021,China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021,China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Bolin Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021,China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaofan Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021,China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Guijuan Ma
- NingXia Food Testing and Research Institute (Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Wolfberry and Wine for State Administration For Market Regulation), Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021,China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Zhang H, Wu H, Zheng G, Zhong Y, Tan Z. Variation profile of diarrhetic shellfish toxins and diol esters derivatives of Prorocentrum lima during growth by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Toxicon 2023:107224. [PMID: 37437785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Prorocentrum lima is a widely distributed toxigenic benthic dinoflagellate whose production of diarrhetic shellfish toxins threatens the shellfish industry and seafood safety. Current research primarily assesses the difference between free and post-hydrolysis total toxin methods, ignoring the impact of different detection methods on technical accuracy. After removing matrix interference with SPE extraction, a thorough HRMS strategy was created in this study. Alkaline hydrolysis could release the diol esters and played a crucial role in obtaining an accurate assessment of toxin levels, achieving satisfactory recoveries (74.0-147.0%) and repeatability (relative deviation <12.3%). The HRMS approach evaluated toxin profile variation during the growth of three P. lima strains from China. A total of 24 toxin contents varying in composition, content, and a high proportion were detected. The SHG, HN, and 3XS strains had total toxin contents of 23.3 ± 1.74, 19.8 ± 1.25, and 19.5 ± 1.58 pg cell-1, respectively. The diol esters proportion varied among the strains, with SHG having 58.9-69.9, HN having 75.4-86.5, and 3XS having 91.0-91.7%. The variety of toxins produced by distinct P. lima strains highlighted the significance of this method for appropriately measuring the risks connected with DSTs manufacturing. The proposed approach provides a technical basis for gathering comprehensive and accurate data on the potential risks of P. lima DSTs production, with significant implications for ensuring food safety and preventing harmful toxins from spreading in the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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9
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Preparation of Reversed-phase/Boronate affinity Mixed-mode Restricted Access Materials with Zwitterionic Polymer Outer Layers and Its Extraction Properties. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Core-shell structured magnetic covalent-organic frameworks for rapid extraction and preconcentration of okadaic acid in seawater and shellfish followed with LC-MS/MS quantification. Food Chem 2022; 374:131778. [PMID: 35021580 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Core-shell structured magnetic covalent-organic frameworks (Fe3O4@TaTp) were facilely synthesized based on one-step functionalization at room temperature and applied for magnetic solid-phase extraction of okadaic acid from seawater and shellfish prior to LC-MS/MS detection. Parameters, including adsorbent amount, extraction time, desorption solution, and desorption time which could affect the extraction efficiency, were respectively investigated. The developed methods demonstrated good linearity (R2 > 0.99), acceptable accuracy and good precision (<15%), and low limit of detection (0.5 pg·mL-1 for seawater and 0.04 µg·kg-1 for shellfish). The amount of the material used (1 mg for seawater and 5 mg for shellfish) and the time required (4 min for seawater and 15 min for shellfish) for extracting analyte from 5 mL of seawater and 2 g of shellfish are both greatly shortened compared with the previous reports. In addition, we successfully applied this method to real sample analysis.
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11
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Wu T, Guo H, Zhang T, Sun R, Tao N, Wang X, Zhong J. LipidSearch‐based manual comparative analysis of long‐chain free fatty acids in thermal processed tilapia muscles: workflow, thermal processing effect and comparative lipid analysis. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- National R & D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai) Integrated Scientific Research Base on Comprehensive Utilization Technology for By‐Products of Aquatic Product Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic‐Product Processing and Preservation College of Food Science & Technology Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai 201306 China
| | - Hao Guo
- Chongqing Institute of Forensic Science Chongqing 400021 China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National R & D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai) Integrated Scientific Research Base on Comprehensive Utilization Technology for By‐Products of Aquatic Product Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic‐Product Processing and Preservation College of Food Science & Technology Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai 201306 China
| | - Rui Sun
- National R & D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai) Integrated Scientific Research Base on Comprehensive Utilization Technology for By‐Products of Aquatic Product Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic‐Product Processing and Preservation College of Food Science & Technology Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai 201306 China
| | - Ningping Tao
- National R & D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai) Integrated Scientific Research Base on Comprehensive Utilization Technology for By‐Products of Aquatic Product Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic‐Product Processing and Preservation College of Food Science & Technology Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai 201306 China
| | - Xichang Wang
- National R & D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai) Integrated Scientific Research Base on Comprehensive Utilization Technology for By‐Products of Aquatic Product Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic‐Product Processing and Preservation College of Food Science & Technology Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai 201306 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
| | - Jian Zhong
- National R & D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai) Integrated Scientific Research Base on Comprehensive Utilization Technology for By‐Products of Aquatic Product Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic‐Product Processing and Preservation College of Food Science & Technology Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai 201306 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
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12
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Performance of different extraction methods for paralytic shellfish toxins and toxin stability in shellfish during storage. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7597-7607. [PMID: 34739557 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in shellfish is important to protect seafood safety and human health. In this study, the performance of different extraction protocols for PSTs from scallop tissues is compared and discussed, including regular extraction solvents hydrochloric acid (HCl) and acetic acid (AcOH) followed by heating and solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification, and a novel technique of matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) without heating. The possible conversion of C1/2 and GTX2/3 standards after heating, and the stability of PSTs in wet scallop tissues stored at -20 °C for a 6-month period are also explored. Results showed that the MSPD technique could effectively mitigate matrix interference, but its recoveries of PSTs were significantly lower than those of the HCl and AcOH extraction methods followed by carbon SPE purification. The molar concentrations of M-toxins obtained by the MSPD method were generally lower than those analyzed by the HCl and AcOH extraction methods, which demonstrated a weak chemical conversion of C1/2 and GTX2/3 due to the heating process. Most of the PSTs were relatively stable in scallop tissues during 1-month storage at -20 °C, while the concentrations of PSTs in scallop tissues obviously changed after 6 months due to the degradation and transformation of PSTs during long-term storage at -20 °C. This work helps improve our understanding of the performance of different extraction methods and the stability of PSTs in scallop tissues stored at -20 °C.
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13
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He Y, Hao Y, Shen J, Wang C, Wei Y. Removal of adsorption sites on the external surface of mesoporous adsorbent for eliminating the interference of proteins in enrichment of phosphopeptides/nucleotides. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1178:338849. [PMID: 34482875 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Various mesoporous adsorbents are of great promise for enriching small molecules from biological samples based on the size-exclusion effect. At present, the mesoporous adsorbents have adsorption sites distributed uniformly on the internal and external surfaces of mesopores. However, the adsorption sites on the external surface can adsorb proteins, interfering with the enrichment of small molecules. Herein, a novel immobilized-Ti4+ magnetic mesoporous adsorbent removing the adsorption sites on the external surface was facile prepared via the coupling chemistry of isocyanate with amine and consequent hydrolysis of urea linkage by urease. The adsorbent enables fast and selective enrichment of phosphopeptides and nucleotides from biological samples. In addition, sensitive detection methods for phosphopeptides and nucleotides in human serum are developed by coupling the magnetic solid-phase extraction with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, respectively. Under optimal conditions, response is linear (R2 ≥ 0.9923), limits of detection are low (0.41-9.48 ng mL-1), and reproducibility is acceptable (inter- and intra-day assay RSDs of≤15.0%) for six nucleotides. The developed strategy offers an effective method to eliminate the interference of proteins in the enrichment of small molecules from real biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Yirui Hao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiwei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Yinmao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
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14
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Casado-Hidalgo G, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I. Mesostructured Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles to Extract Six Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seeds Prior to Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:1587. [PMID: 34359458 PMCID: PMC8307897 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, health authorities have become increasingly concerned about preventing consumer exposure to opium alkaloids present in Papaver somniferum L. poppy seeds. In this study, a simple, rapid and efficient method has been optimised to determine all main opioids in poppy seeds (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine and oripavine) by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. For this purpose, solid-liquid extraction (SLE) of samples was optimised and six magnetic adsorbent materials with a core of Fe3O4 coated with amorphous and mesostructured silica, both functionalised with octadecyl-silane or octyl-silane were characterised and evaluated for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). The material with the best results was non-functionalised mesostructured silica and, with it, the MSPE procedure was optimised. This method was validated and used to quantify six opioids in 14 edible seed samples (eleven poppy seeds and three seed mixes). Considerable amounts were found (1.5-249.0 mg/kg morphine, <0.2 µg/kg-45.8 mg/kg codeine, <2.4 µg/kg-136.2 mg/kg thebaine, <0.2 µg/kg-27.1 mg/kg papaverine, <0.2 µg/kg-108.7 mg/kg noscapine and <240 µg/kg-33.4 mg/kg oripavine), exceeding maximum limits established in some EU countries and the reference level of morphine in the EU. Furthermore, in some commercial samples for human consumption, inadequate labelling was found because significant amounts of alkaloids were detected even though Papaver rhoeas L. seeds were declared on the product label.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T., Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (G.C.-H.); (D.P.-Q.); (S.M.-Z.)
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15
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Oller-Ruiz A, Campillo N, Hernández-Córdoba M, Gilabert J, Viñas P. Monitoring Lipophilic Toxins in Seawater Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010057. [PMID: 33451113 PMCID: PMC7828625 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) is proposed for the preconcentration of thirteen lipophilic marine toxins in seawater samples. For this purpose, 0.5 mL of methanol and 440 µL of chloroform were injected into 12 mL of sample. The enriched organic phase, once evaporated and reconstituted in methanol, was analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. A central composite design multivariate method was used to optimize the interrelated parameters affecting DLLME efficiency. The absence of any matrix effect in the samples allowed them to be quantified against aqueous standards. The optimized procedure was validated by recovery studies, which provided values in the 82–123% range. The detection limits varied between 0.2 and 5.7 ng L−1, depending on the analyte, and the intraday precision values were in the 0.1–7.5% range in terms of relative standard deviation. Ten water samples taken from different points of the Mar Menor lagoon were analyzed and were found to be free of the studied toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Oller-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, E-30203 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Manuel Hernández-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Javier Gilabert
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, E-30203 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-R.); (N.C.); (M.H.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Xu F, Gong B, Xu Z, Wang J. Reverse-phase/phenylboronic-acid-type magnetic microspheres to eliminate the matrix effects in amatoxin and phallotoxin determination via ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 332:127394. [PMID: 32610259 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present the preparation of a new reverse-phase/phenylboronic-acid (RP/PBA)-type mixed-mode magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for use in the cleanup of amatoxin- and phallotoxin-containing samples intended for ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis. Further, the RP/PBA magnetic microspheres have phenyl and phenylboronic acid groups on their surfaces that selectively adsorb amatoxins and phallotoxins through hydrophobic, π-π, and boronate affinity, significantly reducing matrix effects in UPLC-MS/MS analysis. After systematic optimization, all the standard calibration curves expressed satisfactory linearity (r > 0.9930), limits of detection (0.3 μg/kg), and recovery (97.6%-114.2%). Compared with other reported methods, this method also has the advantages of simple, fast, and efficient operation using relatively small amounts of the MSPE adsorbent. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied in a poisoning incident caused by Lepiota brunneoincarnata Chodat & C. Martín ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Physical and Chemical Laboratory of Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Bolin Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Zhixia Xu
- Emergency Department of General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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17
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Qiu J, Chen H, Ji Y, Li T, Li A. Evaluation of different strategies to minimize the matrix effects on LC-MS/MS analysis of multiple lipophilic shellfish toxins in both acidic and alkaline chromatographic conditions. Toxicon 2020; 188:16-26. [PMID: 33039366 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) accumulated by shellfish pose a potential threat to consumer health. A mandatory routine monitoring of LSTs has been adopted for seafood products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in many countries. In this study, two methods developed on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) under acidic and alkaline chromatographic conditions were assessed for the determination of multiple LSTs. Different strategies including matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid phase extraction (SPE) and sample dilution were applied and evaluated the matrix effects of mussel, scallop, clam, and oyster samples on the signal response of mass spectrometry. Results showed that the alkaline method achieved a lower limit of detection (LOD) and more robust compared to the acidic method. The obvious signal suppression of OA and DTX1 (55%-76%) and signal enhancement of PTX2 (27%-34%) occurred in the crude extracts of shellfish under acidic chromatography. In the alkaline method, no remarkable matrix effects of crude extracts were found except for the scallop matrix on the signal intensity of DTX1, AZA3 and GYM-A (121%-130%). Clean-up methods MSPD, SPE and sample dilution obviously reduced the inhibition of shellfish matrices on the signal response of OA and DTX1, however, which were still subject to signal inhibition under acidic condition. Sample dilution was more effective than SPE and MSPD in minimizing the matrix interference in both acidic and alkaline methods. Furthermore, sample dilution in combination with the alkaline chromatography was the most effective method. Bivalve mollusks harvested from Beibu Bay, South China Sea, were generally contaminated by GYM-A and SPX1 at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huidan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tianshen Li
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Fontanals N, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Overview of mixed-mode ion-exchange materials in the extraction of organic compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1117:89-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Casado N, Gañán J, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I. New Advanced Materials and Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques as Strategies in Sample Preparation to Improve the Determination of Natural Toxins in Food Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:E702. [PMID: 32041287 PMCID: PMC7038030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural toxins are chemical substances that are not toxic to the organisms that produce them, but which can be a potential risk to human health when ingested through food. Thus, it is of high interest to develop advanced analytical methodologies to control the occurrence of these compounds in food products. However, the analysis of food samples is a challenging task because of the high complexity of these matrices, which hinders the extraction and detection of the analytes. Therefore, sample preparation is a crucial step in food analysis to achieve adequate isolation and/or preconcentration of analytes and provide suitable clean-up of matrix interferences prior to instrumental analysis. Current trends in sample preparation involve moving towards "greener" approaches by scaling down analytical operations, miniaturizing the instruments and integrating new advanced materials as sorbents. The combination of these new materials with sorbent-based microextraction technologies enables the development of high-throughput sample preparation methods, which improve conventional extraction and clean-up procedures. This review gives an overview of the most relevant analytical strategies employed for sorbent-based microextraction of natural toxins of exogenous origin from food, as well as the improvements achieved in food sample preparation by the integration of new advanced materials as sorbents in these microextraction techniques, giving some relevant examples from the last ten years. Challenges and expected future trends are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, E.S.C.E.T, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (J.G.); (S.M.-Z.)
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20
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Giménez-Campillo C, Pastor-Belda M, Campillo N, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Hernández-Córdoba M, Viñas P. Determination of Cyanotoxins and Phycotoxins in Seawater and Algae-Based Food Supplements Using Ionic Liquids and Liquid Chromatography with Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E610. [PMID: 31652586 PMCID: PMC6832300 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical procedure is proposed for determining three cyanotoxins (microcystin RR, microcystin LR, and nodularin) and two phycotoxins (domoic and okadaic acids) in seawater and algae-based food supplements. The toxins were first isolated by a salting out liquid extraction procedure. Since the concentration expected in the samples was very low, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was included for preconcentration. The ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (80 mg) was used as green extractant solvent and acetonitrile as disperser solvent (0.5 mL) for a 10 mL sample volume at pH 1.5, following the principles of green analytical chemistry. Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was used. The selectivity of the detection system, based on accurate mass measurements, allowed the toxins to be unequivocally identified. Mass spectra for quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS) and Q-TOF-MS/MS were recorded in the positive ion mode and quantification was based on the protonated molecule. Retention times ranged between 6.2 and 17.9 min using a mobile phase composed by a mixture of methanol and formic acid (0.1%). None of the target toxins were detected in any of the seawater samples analyzed, above their corresponding detection limits. However, microcystin LR was detected in the blue green alga sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Giménez-Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Marta Pastor-Belda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Hernández-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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