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Li H, Sun D, Cao L, Wang B. Integrated metabolite profiling and transcriptome analysis unraveling mechanism of RC catabolism in Paenarthrobacter ilicis CR5301. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1180388. [PMID: 37180279 PMCID: PMC10174432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Steviol glycosides are ideal sweeteners that are widely used in food, medicine, and cosmetics. Rebaudioside C (RC) is considered to be the third most abundant steviol glycoside, which has a bitter aftertaste that limits its application. Hydrolysis of RC to generate other bioactive steviol glycosides is an effective way to promote its additional utilization. In our previous study, a bacterium Paenarthrobacter ilicis CR5301 was isolated and identified for hydrolyzing RC with high efficiency. Herein, the expression profiles of P. ilicis CR5301 in the deletion and presence of RC were investigated by RNA-seq. The RC metabolites were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple-time of flight mass spectrometry. Novel results were discovered in four aspects of research. First, the identification of metabolites revealed that four metabolites, namely, dulcoside A, dulcoside B, dulcoside A1, and steviol, were produced during RC metabolism. Second, RNA-seq analyses unraveled that 105 genes of P. ilicis CR5301 were significantly differentially expressed, and 7 pathways were significantly enriched. Third, independent RT-qPCR verified the accuracy and reliability of the RNA-seq results. Finally, a complete catabolic model of RC in P. ilicis CR5301 was proposed, and key genes were indicated in the RC catabolic metabolism by combining them with literature and sequence alignments. This study comprehensively unraveled the genes and pathways of RC catabolism in P. ilicis CR5301 at the transcriptional and metabolic levels. It provided new insights and evidence for understanding the mechanism of RC catabolism in bacteria. Key candidate genes may potentially contribute to the RC hydrolysis and preparation of other functional steviol glycosides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Daqing Sun
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Longkui Cao
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Baohui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Baohui Wang,
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Ko JA, Kim SY, Ahn HS, Go JG, Ryu YB, Lee WS, Wee YJ, Park JS, Kim D, Kim YM. Characterization of a lactic acid bacterium-derived β-glucosidase for the production of rubusoside from stevioside. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 153:109939. [PMID: 34798448 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rubusoside, which is used as a natural sweetener or a solubilizing agent for water-insoluble functional materials, is currently expensive to produce owing to the high cost of the membrane-based technologies needed for its extraction and purification from the sweet tea plant (Rubus suavissimus S. Lee). Therefore, this study was carried out to screen for lactic acid bacteria that possess enzymes capable of bio-transforming stevioside into rubusoside. Subsequently, one such rubusoside-producing enzyme was isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum GS100. Located on the bacterial cell surface, this enzyme was stable at pH 4.5-6.5 and 30-40 °C, and it produced rubusoside as a major product through its stevioside-hydrolyzing activity. Importantly, the enzyme showed higher β-glucosidase activity toward the β-linked glucosidic bond of stevioside than toward other β-linked glucobioses. Under optimal conditions, 70 U/L of the rubusoside-producing enzyme could produce 69.03 mM rubusoside from 190 mM stevioside. The β-glucosidase activity on the cell surface was high at 35 h of culture. This is the first report detailing the production of rubusoside from stevioside by an enzyme derived from a food-grade lactic acid bacterium. The application of this β-glucosidase could greatly reduce the cost of rubusoside production, hence benefiting all industries that use this natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-A Ko
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Soo Ahn
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyune Go
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bae Ryu
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Song Lee
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jung Wee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seong Park
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Yan Z, Cao X, Yang X, Yang S, Xu L, Jiang X, Xiao M. A Novel β-Glucosidase From Chryseobacterium scophthalmum 1433 for Efficient Rubusoside Production From Stevioside. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:744914. [PMID: 34712213 PMCID: PMC8546341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.744914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a natural sweetening and solubilizing agent, rubusoside has great potential in the application of healthy beverages and pharmaceuticals. However, the direct extraction and purification of rubusoside from raw materials is inefficient. In this work, a novel β-glucosidase (CsBGL) was obtained from Chryseobacterium scophthalmum 1433 through screening of the environmental microorganisms. CsBGL markedly hydrolyzed sophorese (Glcβ1-2Glc) and laminaribiose (Glcβ1-3Glc), but for steviol glycosides, it only hydrolyzed the C-13/C-19-linked sophorese, instead of the C-13/C-19-linked Glcβ1-2[Glcβ1-3]Glc trisaccharide and Glcβ1-monosaccharide. It efficiently hydrolyzed stevioside (240 g/L) to produce rubusoside (99% yield) at 47.5°C for 70 min. Even when using a crude steviol glycosides extract (500 g/L) containing ∼226 g/L stevioside as the substrate, CsBGL could also convert stevioside to rubusoside (99% yield) at 47.5°C for 2 h, in which the rubusoside concentration increased from the initial 42 g/L to the final 222 g/L. These results reveal that CsBGL would be a promising biocatalyst for the industry-scale production of rubusoside from stevioside or/and the crude steviol glycosides extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueting Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shida Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xukai Jiang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Huang K, Huang J, Lin J, Li H, Xin J, Ma Z, Sang J, Hong Z, Zeng G, Hu X, Li O. Directional bioconversion and optimization of stevioside into rubusoside by Lelliottia sp. LST-1. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1887-1899. [PMID: 34606155 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aimed to specifically transform stevioside (ST) into rubusoside (RS) through bioconversion with high efficiency, seeking to endow steviol glycosides (SGs) with subtle flavours for commercial acceptability. METHODS AND RESULTS An endophytic bacterium named Lelliottia LST-1 was screened and confirmed to specifically convert ST into RS, reaching a conversion rate of 75.4% after response surface optimization. Phylogenetic analysis combined with complete genome sequencing demonstrated that LST-1 was also presumed to be a new species. To further explore the principle and process of biological transformation, the potential beta-glucosidases GH3-1, GH3-2, GH3-3 and GH3-4 were expressed, purified and reacted with SGs. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed that all enzymes hydrolysed ST and generated RS, but substrate specificity analysis indicated that GH3-2 had the highest substrate specificity towards STs and the highest enzyme activity. CONCLUSION The potential β-glucosidase GH3-2 in Lelliottia sp. LST-1 was found to specifically and efficiently convert ST to RS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The efficient biotransformation of ST into RS will be beneficial to its large-scale production and extensive application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Huang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lin
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Xin
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Ma
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhao Sang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Hong
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guohong Zeng
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiufang Hu
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ou Li
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Zerva A, Chorozian K, Kritikou AS, Thomaidis NS, Topakas E. β-Glucosidase and β-Galactosidase-Mediated Transglycosylation of Steviol Glycosides Utilizing Industrial Byproducts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:685099. [PMID: 34178968 PMCID: PMC8220073 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.685099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant cultivated worldwide due to its use as a sweetener. The sweet taste of stevia is attributed to its numerous steviol glycosides, however, their use is still limited, due to their bitter aftertaste. The transglycosylation of steviol glycosides, aiming at the improvement of their taste, has been reported for many enzymes, however, glycosyl hydrolases are not extensively studied in this respect. In the present study, a β-glucosidase, MtBgl3a, and a β-galactosidase, TtbGal1, have been applied in the transglycosylation of two steviol glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside A. The maximum conversion yields were 34.6 and 33.1% for stevioside, while 25.6 and 37.6% were obtained for rebaudioside A conversion by MtBgl3a and TtbGal1, respectively. Low-cost industrial byproducts were employed as sugar donors, such as cellulose hydrolyzate and acid whey for TtbGal1- and MtBgl3a- mediated bioconversion, respectively. LC-HRMS analysis identified the formation of mono- and di- glycosylated products from stevioside and rebaudioside A. Overall, the results of the present work indicate that both biocatalysts can be exploited for the design of a cost-effective process for the modification of steviol glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zerva
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Koar Chorozian
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia S Kritikou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Zhong S, Yan M, Zou H, Zhao P, Ye H, Zhang T, Zhao C. Spectroscopic and in silico investigation of the interaction between GH1 β-glucosidase and ginsenoside Rb 1. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1917-1928. [PMID: 33841810 PMCID: PMC8020931 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The function and application of β-glucosidase attract attention nowadays. β-glucosidase was confirmed of transforming ginsenoside Rb1 to rare ginsenoside, but the interaction mechanism remains not clear. In this work, β-glucosidase from GH1 family of Paenibacillus polymyxa was selected, and its gene sequence bglB was synthesized by codon. Then, recombinant plasmid was transferred into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and expressed. The UV-visible spectrum showed that ginsenoside Rb1 decreased the polarity of the corresponding structure of hydrophobic aromatic amino acids (Trp) in β-glucosidase and increased new π-π* transition. The fluorescence quenching spectrum showed that ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited intrinsic fluorescence, formed static quenching, reduced the surface hydrophobicity of β-glucosidase, and KSV was 8.37 × 103 L/M (298K). Circular dichroism (CD) showed that secondary structure of β-glucosidase was changed by the binding action. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) showed that β-glucosidase and Rb1 had strong binding power which KD value was 5.24 × 10-4 (±2.35 × 10-5) M. Molecular docking simulation evaluated the binding site, hydrophobic force, hydrogen bond, and key amino acids of β-glucosidase with ginsenoside Rb1 in the process. Thus, this work could provide basic mechanisms of the binding and interaction between β-glucosidase and ginsenoside Rb1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Zhong
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Mi Yan
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Ping Zhao
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Haiqing Ye
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Changhui Zhao
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Qu X, Ding B, Li J, Liang M, Du L, Wei Y, Huang R, Pang H. Characterization of a GH3 halophilic β-glucosidase from Pseudoalteromonas and its NaCl-induced activity toward isoflavones. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1392-1398. [PMID: 32763400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel β-glucosidase gene was isolated from Pseudoalteromonas sp. GXQ-1 and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The activity of the encoded enzyme, PABGL, toward p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside was increased 8.74-fold by the presence of 3 M NaCl relative to the absence of added NaCl. PABGL hydrolyzed a variety of soy isoflavone substrates. For the conversion of daidzin to daidzein, the production rate was 1.44 mM/h. The addition of NaCl enhanced the hydrolytic activity of PABGL toward daidzin and genistein; the maximum activation by NaCl was 3.48- and 6.79-fold, respectively. This is the first report of a halophilic β-glucosidase from Pseudoalteromonas spp., and represents the β-glucosidase with the highest multiple of activation by NaCl. PABGL exhibits strong potential for applications in food processing and industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Bo Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Meng Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liqin Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Yutuo Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ribo Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hao Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Bio-refinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China.
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