Determination of bongkrekic acid and isobongkrekic acid in rice noodles by HPLC-Orbitrap HRMS technology using magnetic halloysite nanotubes

Halloysite nanotubes-based hybrid silica monolithic spin tip for hydrophilic solid-phase extraction of sulbactam, cefoperazone, and cefuroxime in whole blood

In this study, we proposed a novel method utilizing polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)-based hybrid silica monolithic spin tip to analyze hydrophilic β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactamases inhibitors in whole blood samples for the first time. HNTs were incorporated directly into the hybrid silica monolith via a sol-gel method, which improved the hydrophilicity of the matrix. The as-prepared monolith was further modified with PEI by glutaraldehyde coupling reaction. It was found that the PEI-modified HNTs-based hybrid silica monolith enabled a large adsorption capacity of cefoperazone at 35.7 mg g-1. The monolithic spin tip-based purification method greatly reduced the matrix effect of whole blood samples and had a detection limit as low as 0.1 - 0.2 ng mL-1. In addition, the spiked recoveries of sulbactam, cefuroxime, and cefoperazone in blank whole blood were in the range of 89.3-105.4 % for intra-day and 90.6-103.5 % for inter-day, with low relative standard deviations of 1.3-7.2 % and 4.9-10.5 %, respectively. This study introduces a new strategy for preparing nanoparticles incorporated in a hybrid silica monolith with a high adsorption capacity. Moreover, it offers a valuable tool to monitor sulbactam, cefoperazone, and cefuroxime in whole blood from pregnant women with the final aim of guiding their administration.

Bongkrekic Acid and Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans: Formidable Foe and Ascending Threat to Food Safety

Bongkrekic acid (BKA) poisoning, induced by the contamination of Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans, has a long-standing history of causing severe outbreaks of foodborne illness. In recent years, it has emerged as a lethal food safety concern, presenting significant challenges to public health. This review article highlights the recent incidents of BKA poisoning and current research discoveries on the pathogenicity of B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans and underlying biochemical mechanisms for BKA synthesis. Moreover, the characterization of B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans and the identification of the bon gene cluster provide a crucial foundation for developing targeted interventions to prevent BKA accumulation in food matrices. The prevalence of the bon gene cluster, which is the determining factor distinguishing B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans from non-pathogenic B. gladioli strains, has been identified in 15% of documented B. gladioli genomes worldwide. This finding suggests that BKA poisoning has the potential to evolve into a more prevalent threat. Although limited, previous research has proved that B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans is capable of producing BKA in diverse environments, emphasizing the possible food safety hazards associated with BKA poisoning. Also, advancements in detection methods of both BKA and B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans hold great promise for mitigating the impact of this foodborne disease. Future studies focusing on reducing the threat raised by this vicious foe is of paramount importance to public health.

Dual-modular immunosensor for bongkrekic acid detection using specific monoclonal antibody

Bongkrekic acid (BA) is a mitochondrial toxin that causes high mortality but is often mistakenly categorized as other food poisonings. The immunoassay of BA is still challenging since the specific antibody is unavailable. In this work, a monoclonal antibody specific to BA was first generated and a dual-modular immunosensor for on-site and laboratory detection was established. The antibody showed good affinity (Kd=0.33 μM) and sensitivity (IC₅₀ =17.9 ng/mL in ELISA) with negligible cross-reactivity with common mycotoxins. In dual-modular conditions, fluorescence assay (FA) was conducted based on the inner filter effect of carbon dots (CDs) and oxidized 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), while the colorimetric assay (CA) was conducted using TMB²⁺-mediated rapid surface etching of gold nanostars (Au NSs). The proposed immunosensor showed good sensitivity and reproducibility to BA in food samples, with a limit of detection lower than 10 ng/mL and recovery ranging from 80.0% to 103.6%, which was in good consistence with that of standard LC-MS/MS. Overall, the proposed immunosensor is an ideal tool for screening BA contaminants in food with good sensitivity and high effectivity.

A review on recent advances in the applications of composite Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles in the food industry

Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their superparamagnetic properties, large specific surface area, high biocompatibility, non-toxicity, large-scale production, and recyclability. More importantly, numerous hydroxyl groups (-OH) on the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs can provide coupling sites for various modifiers, forming versatile nanocomposites for applications in the energy, biomedicine, and environmental fields. With the development of science and technology, the potential of nanotechnology in the food industry has also gradually become prominent. However, the application of composite Fe3O4 MNPs in the food industry has not been systematically summarized. Herein, this article reviews composite Fe3O4 MNPs, including their properties, modifications, and physical functions, as well as their applications in the entire food industry from production to processing, storage, and detection. This review lays a solid foundation for promoting food innovation and improving food quality and safety.

Fragmentation pathway of hypophosphite (H2PO2-) in mass spectrometry and its determination in flour and flour products by LC-MS/MS

The fragmentation pathway of H₂PO₂^- in MS was obtained by Orbitrap HRMS and the reverse confirmation was carried out by the neutral loss detection experiment. The results showed that H₂PO₂^- with even electron ion would produce the neutral loss of 2H and form a new even electron ion with a pair of lone-pair electrons. Based on this, a LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of H₂PO₂^- in flour and flour products. The H₂PO₂^- was separated on an Acclaim Trinity P1 composite ion exchange column, and then detected by MS/MS under MRM mode. Finally, the developed method was validated in terms of the linearity, selectivity, accuracy, precision and matrix effect. The method showed a good linearity (R²＞0.999) in the concentration range of 50 ∼ 1500 μg/L. The LOD and LOQ for H₂PO₂^- were 10.0 mg/kg and 30.0 mg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries and RSDs (n = 6) were 93.0%∼102.9% and 2.6 ∼ 5.6%, respectively.

Biomass magnetic porous carbon prepared from mangosteen shell for the preconcentration of 3 bisphenols from beverages followed by liquid chromatographyquadrupoleorbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry determination

Natural biomass magnetic porous carbon was successfully prepared via a cost-effective and green route using mangosteen shell as raw material. The prepared magnetic porous carbon was used as a magnetic solid phase extraction adsorbent for bisphenols enrichment from beverages followed by high-performance liquid chromatographyquadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency including sample solutionpH, adsorbent amount, extraction time, eluent type and volume were optimized. Results showed that biomass magnetic porous carbon had excellent adsorption properties for bisphenols due to its large specific surface area and abundant functional groups, which could form hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking with bisphenols. The enrichment factor of 3 bisphenolswere in the range of15∼19. Under optimum conditions, favorable linearity for all analytes was obtained with correlation coefficients higher than 0.998. Recoveries of spiked samples were in the range of 88.5%∼105.1% with relative standard deviation of 3.4%∼5.5%. These results demonstrated thatmagnetic porous carbon may be a promising adsorbent for enrichment of aromatic compounds. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Banana-peel-derived magnetic porous carbon as effective adsorbent for the enrichment of six bisphenols from beverage and water samples

Functionalized magnetic nanoporous carbon derived from banana peel was synthesized through carbonization, porogenesis, carboxylation and magnetization using banana peel and was successfully used as a magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) material for the enrichment of six bisphenols (BPs) from beverage and water samples. After the optimization of MSPE process, the enrichment factors of six target analytes were in the range of 74-112 for water samples, and 15-22 for beverage samples. Then, high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q Orbitrap-HRMS) was used for the separation and determination of the target analytes. Results showed that the extraction recoveries for 6 BPs were in the range of 71.9-108.4% with an RSD of 2.5-7.5% (n = 6). These results demonstrated that the as-prepared material could efficiently enrich some aromatic compounds and the proposed method is reliable and robust for the determination of BPs in water and beverage samples.