1
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Ding S, Chen X, Yu B, Liu Z. Electrochemical biosensors for clinical detection of bacterial pathogens: advances, applications, and challenges. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39120607 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are responsible for a variety of human diseases, necessitating their prompt detection for effective diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Over recent years, electrochemical methods have gained significant attention owing to their exceptional sensitivity and rapidity. This review outlines the current landscape of electrochemical biosensors employed in clinical diagnostics for the detection of bacterial pathogens. We categorize these biosensors into four types: amperometry, potentiometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and conductometry, targeting various bacterial components, including toxins, virulence factors, metabolic activity, and events related to bacterial adhesion and invasion. We discuss the merits and challenges associated with electrochemical methods, underscoring their rapid response, high sensitivity, and specificity, while acknowledging the necessity for skilled operators and potential interference from biological and environmental factors. Furthermore, we examine future prospects and potential applications of electrochemical biosensors in clinical diagnostics. While electrochemical biosensors offer a promising avenue for detecting bacterial pathogens, further research in optimizing the robustness and surmounting the challenges hindering their seamless integration into clinical practice is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Ding
- Research Center of Biomedical Sensing Engineering Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Research Center of Biomedical Sensing Engineering Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Research Center of Biomedical Sensing Engineering Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
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2
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Wang J, Cui X, Liang L, Li J, Pang B, Li J. Advances in DNA-based electrochemical biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Talanta 2024; 275:126072. [PMID: 38615455 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is critical in preventing foodborne diseases. DNA-based electrochemical biosensors, with the merits of high sensitivity and short detection time, provide an effective detecting method for foodborne pathogens, attracting significant interest for the past few years. This review mainly describes the important research progress of DNA-based electrochemical biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria through four perspectives: representative foodborne pathogens detection using electrochemical approaches, DNA immobilization strategies of aptamers, DNA-based signal amplification strategies used in electrochemical DNA sensors, and functional DNA used in electrochemical DNA sensors. Finally, perspectives and challenges are presented in this field. This review will contribute to DNA-based electrochemical biosensor in enhancing the nucleic acid signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xueting Cui
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Lanqian Liang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Bo Pang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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3
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Geng H, Zhi S, Zhou X, Yan Y, Zhang G, Dai S, Lv S, Bi S. Self-Powered Engineering of Cell Membrane Receptors to On-Demand Regulate Cellular Behaviors. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7895-7902. [PMID: 38913401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
On-demand engineering of cell membrane receptors to nongenetically intervene in cellular behaviors is still a challenge. Herein, a membraneless enzyme biofuel cell-based self-powered biosensor (EBFC-SPB) was developed for autonomously and precisely releasing Zn2+ to initiate DNAzyme-based reprogramming of cell membrane receptors, which further mediates signal transduction to regulate cellular behaviors. The critical component of EBFC-SPB is a hydrogel film on a biocathode which is prepared using a Fe3+-cross-linked alginate hydrogel film loaded with Zn2+ ions. In the working mode in the presence of glucose/O2, the hydrogel is decomposed due to the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+, accompanied by rapid release of Zn2+ to specifically activate a Zn2+-responsive DNAzyme nanodevice on the cell surface, leading to the dimerization of homologous or nonhomologous receptors to promote or inhibit cell proliferation and migration. This EBFC-SPB platform provides a powerful "sensing-actuating-treating" tool for chemically regulating cellular behaviors, which holds great promise in precision biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Geng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangcheng Zhi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256603, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Senquan Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Universities for Functional Molecules and Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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4
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Liu W, Liu Y, Xiao Z, Jin L, Wu M. Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor based on polymethylene blue nanoparticles and DNA network for Staphylococcus aureus detection. Food Chem 2024; 442:138471. [PMID: 38278101 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
A novel bipolar electrode (BPE)-electrochemiluminescence (ECL) device was constructed for the ultra-sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by combining polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and DNA network-loaded polymethylene blue nanoparticles (pMB NPs). The presence of target triggered the dissociation of double-stranded DNA on Fe3O4 NPs and the release of T strand, which initiated the PCR. The PCR product contains two protruding single-stranded DNA fragments that serve as bridges to connect Au NPs labeled probes. The PCR-Au products were captured by the probes on cathode of BPE to form three-dimensional DNA networks, which offer multiple adsorption sites for pMB NPs, leading to the remarkable enhancement of ECL intensity. Under optimal circumstances, a wide linear range from 10 to 108 CFU/mL and a low detection limit of 0.78 CFU/mL were achieved. This research opens new horizons for the application of PCR-based biosensors for the accurate and sensitive measurement of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishuai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yujing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ziying Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Longsheng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Meisheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Bai Y, Xu P, Li S, Wang D, Zhang K, Zheng D, Yue D, Zhang G, He S, Li Y, Zou H, Deng Y. Signal amplification strategy of DNA self-assembled biosensor and typical applications in pathogenic microorganism detection. Talanta 2024; 272:125759. [PMID: 38350248 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Biosensors have emerged as ideal analytical devices for various bio-applications owing to their low cost, convenience, and portability, which offer great potential for improving global healthcare. DNA self-assembly techniques have been enriched with the development of innovative amplification strategies, such as dispersion-to-localization of catalytic hairpin assembly, and dumbbell hybridization chain reaction, which hold great significance for building biosensors capable of realizing sensitive, rapid and multiplexed detection of pathogenic microorganisms. Here, focusing primarily on the signal amplification strategies based on DNA self-assembly, we concisely summarized the strengths and weaknesses of diverse isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques. Subsequently, both single-layer and cascade amplification strategies based on traditional catalytic hairpin assembly and hybridization chain reaction were critically explored. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in DNA self-assembled biosensors for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms is presented to summarize methods for biorecognition and signal amplification. Finally, a brief discussion is provided about the current challenges and future directions of DNA self-assembled biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Bai
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 610075, Chengdu, China
| | - Pingyao Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaijiong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongming Zheng
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 610075, Chengdu, China
| | - Daifan Yue
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 610075, Chengdu, China
| | - Guiji Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuya He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 610075, Chengdu, China.
| | - Haimin Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yao Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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6
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Zhou X, Wu H, Chen X, Li W, Zhang J, Wang M, Zhang J, Wang S, Liu Y. Glucose-metabolism-triggered colorimetric sensor array for point-of-care differentiation and antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacteria. Food Chem 2024; 438:137983. [PMID: 37989025 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Simple and sensitive discrimination of multiple bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) are significant for food safety, clinical diagnosis and treatment. Herein, based on different metabolic ability of bacteria on glucose, we presented a colorimetric sensor array for point-of-care testing (POCT) of multiple bacteria with methyl red (MER), bromothymol blue (BTB) and bromocresol green (BCG) as probes. Different bacteria resulted in different color changes of three probes, which was converted to RGB (Red (R)/Green (G)/Blue (B)) signals by the color recognizer APP loaded on smartphone. The sensor array performed differentiation of eleven species of bacteria, achieving the quantitative analysis of individual bacteria in tap water and differentiation of bacterial mixtures. Interestingly, the sensor array can be used for AST and evaluating minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics to bacteria. The research provided meaningful guidance for distinguishing multiple bacteria and evaluating MIC, presenting great potential in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Haotian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xiying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Weiran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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7
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Pan M, Zhao Y, Qiao J, Meng X. Electrochemical biosensors for pathogenic microorganisms detection based on recognition elements. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:283-304. [PMID: 38367165 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of pathogenic microorganisms poses a significant risk to human health. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as dependable analytical tools for the point-of-care detection of pathogens and can effectively compensate for the limitations of conventional techniques. Real-time analysis, high throughput, portability, and rapidity make them pioneering tools for on-site detection of pathogens. Herein, this work comprehensively reviews the recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection, focusing on those based on the classification of recognition elements, and summarizes their principles, current challenges, and prospects. This review was conducted by a systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science databases to obtain relevant literature and construct a basic framework. A total of 171 publications were included after online screening and data extraction to obtain information of the research advances in electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection. According to the findings, the research of electrochemical biosensors in pathogen detection has been increasing yearly in the past 3 years, which has a broad development prospect, but most of the biosensors have performance or economic limitations and are still in the primary stage. Therefore, significant research and funding are required to fuel the rapid development of electrochemical biosensors. The overview comprehensively evaluates the recent advances in different types of electrochemical biosensors utilized in pathogen detection, with a view to providing insights into future research directions in biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Pan
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Yurui Zhao
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Jinjuan Qiao
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China.
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8
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Feng Q, Wu T, Wang H, Wu M, Dou B, Wang P. Two-step resonance-energy-transfer-based ratiometric biosensor for sensing and annihilation of Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2046-2049. [PMID: 38287913 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05300h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
A two-step resonance energy transfer (RET)-based fluorescence/electrochemiluminescence (FL/ECL) biosensor was developed for ratiometric measurement and annihilation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Using coupled dual-recognition-triggered target conversion with the catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) technique, the monitoring of S. aureus was obtained at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Feng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Meisheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Baoting Dou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Po Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
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9
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Nazari-Vanani R, Negahdary M. Recent advances in electrochemical aptasensors and genosensors for the detection of pathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117850. [PMID: 38081349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, pathogenic microorganisms have caused significant mortality rates and antibiotic resistance and triggered exorbitant healthcare costs. These pathogens often have high transmission rates within human populations. Rapid diagnosis is crucial in controlling and reducing the spread of pathogenic infections. The diagnostic methods currently used against individuals infected with these pathogens include relying on outward symptoms, immunological-based and, some biomolecular ones, which mainly have limitations such as diagnostic errors, time-consuming processes, and high-cost platforms. Electrochemical aptasensors and genosensors have emerged as promising diagnostic tools for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective pathogen detection. These bio-electrochemical platforms have been optimized for diagnostic purposes by incorporating advanced materials (mainly nanomaterials), biomolecular technologies, and innovative designs. This review classifies electrochemical aptasensors and genosensors developed between 2021 and 2023 based on their use of different nanomaterials, such as gold-based, carbon-based, and others that employed other innovative assemblies without the use of nanomaterials. Inspecting the diagnostic features of various sensing platforms against pathogenic analytes can identify research gaps and open new avenues for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Nazari-Vanani
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Negahdary
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Zhang W, Wang W, Yu Y. Tetrahedral DNA nanostructure enhanced toehold-mediated strand displacement for highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence assay of CA125. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108572. [PMID: 37738863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is a typical tumor marker of ovarian cancer. Here, a multi-amplified electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was developed for efficient recognition of CA125 using tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN) enhanced toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD) coupled with gold nanoparticles/Ru(bpy)32+/metal-organic framework (AuNPs/Ru/ZIF-MOF) signal probe. AuNPs and Ru(bpy)32+ modified ZIF-MOF acted as initial ECL signal and further used for the immobilization of TDN, the activated DNA templates on the surface of TDN were firstly hybridized with ferrocene labeled DNA probe (S6) and S5, in which, S6 acted as the energy acceptor of ECL signal from Ru(bpy)32+, making the sensor in a "signal-off" state. After the specific recognition of aptamer (AP) with CA125, DNA initiator (S7) was freed to induce the happen of TMSD by using S8 as the helper DNA, accompanying with the release of S6 from the electrode surface and the recovery of Ru(bpy)32+ ECL signal, making the sensor in a "signal-on" state. Then, S7 was recycled for the next TMSD, making the sensor highly sensitive with a detection limit of 6 × 10-3 pg/mL. Moreover, the proposed aptasensor achieved high performance for CA125 detection in human serum samples, illustrating the reliability of the sensor in clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yueyue Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, 453000, China
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Zhang Y, Gao L, Han J, Miao X. Dual-signal and one-step monitoring of Staphylococcus aureus in milk using hybridization chain reaction based fluorescent sensor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123191. [PMID: 37517267 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne pathogens in dairy products that was contaminated from raw ingredients or improper food handling can cause a major threaten to human health. Here, to construct the pathogens detection, a dual-signal readout fluorescent switching sensor was designed for one-step determination of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which was a marker of food contamination. Graphene oxide (GO) was used as a fluorescence quencher, while fluorophore-labeled hairpin DNA was used as a donor, resulting in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the fluorophore to GO (signal off). Enzyme-free hybridization chain reaction could generate remarkable signal amplification, which avoided the nonspecific desorption caused by any enzymatic proteins in GO surface. With the strong binding ability of aptamer to S. aureus, a long bifluorescent molecules-labeled double-stranded DNA product was formed, bringing in dual-signal readout responses (signal on). Consequently, a reliable, sensitive and selective sensor was obtained for one-step quantification of S. aureus concentration from 10 to 108 CFU/mL with a detection limit of 1 CFU/mL. Furthermore, satisfactory stability, reproducibility, specificity and good recovery efficiency in milk samples revealed that the proposed sensor could be served as a prospective tool for food safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi 046012, China.
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi 046012, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi 046012, China
| | - Xiangmin Miao
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Zhao J, Guo Y, Ma X, Liu S, Sun C, Cai M, Chi Y, Xu K. The Application of Hybridization Chain Reaction in the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. Foods 2023; 12:4067. [PMID: 38002125 PMCID: PMC10670596 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, with the globalization of the food trade progressing, food safety continues to warrant widespread attention. Foodborne diseases caused by contaminated food, including foodborne pathogens, seriously threaten public health and the economy. This has led to the development of more sensitive and accurate methods for detecting pathogenic bacteria. Many signal amplification techniques have been used to improve the sensitivity of foodborne pathogen detection. Among them, hybridization chain reaction (HCR), an isothermal nucleic acid hybridization signal amplification technique, has received increasing attention due to its enzyme-free and isothermal characteristics, and pathogenic bacteria detection methods using HCR for signal amplification have experienced rapid development in the last five years. In this review, we first describe the development of detection technologies for food contaminants represented by pathogens and introduce the fundamental principles, classifications, and characteristics of HCR. Furthermore, we highlight the application of various biosensors based on HCR nucleic acid amplification technology in detecting foodborne pathogens. Lastly, we summarize and offer insights into the prospects of HCR technology and its application in pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Zhao
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China;
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yulan Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xueer Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shitong Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chunmeng Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuyang Chi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kun Xu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China;
- The Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410013, China
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Zhao J, Guo X, Yang J, Xie Y, Zheng Y. In Situ Polymerization of Methylene Blue on Bacterial Cellulose for Photodynamic/Photoelectricity Synergistic Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm Formation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43591-43606. [PMID: 37681687 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In the context of long-term antimicrobial treatment, the emergence of bacterial resistance poses a significant challenge. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop novel antimicrobial materials and methods that can effectively and safely combat microbial infections. This study focuses on the synthesis of bacterial cellulose-polymethylene blue (BC-PMB) with integrated photodynamic and photoelectric antimicrobial properties. The polymerization of methyl blue (MB) onto bacterial celluloses (BC) was achieved, and through comprehensive computational analyses using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics simulations, it was confirmed that this polymerization greatly enhanced the binding efficiency between methylene blue and BC. Additionally, polymethylene blue (PMB) exhibited superior photoexcitation efficiency and conductivity compared to its precursor. When BC-PMB was exposed to a 30 mW 660 nm light source for 30 min, the material demonstrated a remarkable antimicrobial efficacy of 93.99% against Escherichia coli and 98.58% against Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of photodynamic and photoelectric antimicrobial mechanisms exhibited long-term inhibitory capabilities against bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xingyue Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiayu Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yajie Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yudong Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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14
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Dai G, Yao H, Yang L, Ding Y, Du S, Shen H, Mo F. Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens in diverse foodstuffs by universal electrochemical aptasensor based on UiO-66 and methylene blue composites. Food Chem 2023; 424:136244. [PMID: 37244183 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogens in complex environments is essential for food protection. A universal electrochemical aptasensor was fabricated for the detection of three common foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). The aptasensor was developed based on the homogeneous and membrane filtration strategy. Zirconium-based metal-organic framework (UiO-66)/methylene blue (MB)/aptamer composite was designed as a signal amplification and recognition probe. Bacteria were quantitatively detected by the current changes of MB. By simply changing the aptamer, different bacteria could be detected. The detection limits of E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhimurium were 5, 4 and 3 CFU·mL-1, respectively. In humidity and salt environments, the stability of the aptasensor was satisfactory. The aptasensor exhibited satisfactory detection performance in different real samples. This aptasensor has excellent potential for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Dai
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Handong Yao
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China; School of Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Liuhong Yang
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yifeng Ding
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shuxin Du
- School of Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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15
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Zhou M, Li X, Wen H, Huang B, Ren J, Zhang J. The construction of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated FRET 16S rDNA sensor for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Analyst 2023; 148:2308-2315. [PMID: 37083189 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00462g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The simple and efficient detection of nucleic acids is important in the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). However, base mismatch will lead to false positive and false negative nucleic acid test, which seriously interferes with the accuracy of the final results. Herein, we demonstrated a CRISPR/Cas-9-mediated fluorescent strategy utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for the detection of bacteria. High-variable region of M. tuberculosis 16S rDNA fragment was used as the target, and CRISPR/Cas9 was used as the recognition element. The binding of the P1 probe of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) @SiO2-P1 and the P2 probe of Fe3O4@Au-P2 caused the fluorescence quenching of UCNPs. In the presence of the target, the P2 probe hybridized with the target to form double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which was recognized and cleaved by CRISPR/Cas9, resulting in the breaking of the P1-P2 duplex linkage. UCNPs moved away from Fe3O4@Au under a magnetic field, and the fluorescence signal was restored; bacteria were detected under the excitation of a 980 nm laser source. Using the CRISPR/Cas-9-mediated system, the sensor could distinguish single-base mismatches in 10 bases from the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) region. The limit of detection (LOD) was 20 CFU mL-1 and the detection time was 2 h. It developed a new way of accurate nucleic acid detection for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Herui Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Jiali Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Changsha, 410004, P. R. China.
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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16
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Zhang D, Lin H, Chen L, Wu Y, Xie J, Shi X, Guo Z. Cluster-bomb type magnetic biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus based on low field nuclear magnetic resonance. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1248:340906. [PMID: 36813458 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel cluster-bomb type signal sensing and amplification strategy in low field nuclear magnetic resonance was proposed, and a magnetic biosensor for ultrasensitive homogeneous immunoassay of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) was developed. The capture unit MGO@Ab was magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) immobilized by VP antibody (Ab) to capture VP. And, the signal unit PS@Gd-CQDs@Ab was polystyrene (PS) pellets covered by Ab to recognize VP and Gd-CQDs i.e. carbon quantum dots (CQDs) containing lots of magnetic signal labels Gd3+. In presence of VP, the immunocomplex signal unit-VP-capture unit could be formed and separated by magnetic force conveniently from the sample matrix. With the successive introduction of disulfide threitol and hydrochloric acid, signal units were cleaved and disintegrated, resulting in a homogeneous dispersion of Gd3+. Thus, cluster-bomb type dual signal amplification was achieved through increasing the amount and the dispersity of signal labels simultaneously. Under optimal experimental conditions, VP could be detected in the concentration range of 5-1.0 × 106 CFU/mL, with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) 4 CFU/mL. In addition, satisfactory selectivity, stability and reliability could be obtained. Therefore, this cluster-bomb type signal sensing and amplification strategy is powerful in designing magnetic biosensor and detecting pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Han Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Le Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yangbo Wu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Xizhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
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Tian JY, Liu X, Zhang S, Chen K, Zhu L, Song Y, Wang M, Zhang Z, Du M. Novel aptasensing strategy for efficiently quantitative analyzing Staphylococcus aureus based on defective copper-based metal–organic framework. Food Chem 2023; 402:134357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Discovery and translation of functional nucleic acids for clinically diagnosing infectious diseases: Opportunities and challenges. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Das D, Lin CW, Chuang HS. LAMP-Based Point-of-Care Biosensors for Rapid Pathogen Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121068. [PMID: 36551035 PMCID: PMC9775414 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seeking optimized infectious pathogen detection tools is of primary importance to lessen the spread of infections, allowing prompt medical attention for the infected. Among nucleic-acid-based sensing techniques, loop-mediated isothermal amplification is a promising method, as it provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of microbial and viral pathogens and has enormous potential to transform current point-of-care molecular diagnostics. In this review, the advances in LAMP-based point-of-care diagnostics assays developed during the past few years for rapid and sensitive detection of infectious pathogens are outlined. The numerous detection methods of LAMP-based biosensors are discussed in an end-point and real-time manner with ideal examples. We also summarize the trends in LAMP-on-a-chip modalities, such as classical microfluidic, paper-based, and digital LAMP, with their merits and limitations. Finally, we provide our opinion on the future improvement of on-chip LAMP methods. This review serves as an overview of recent breakthroughs in the LAMP approach and their potential for use in the diagnosis of existing and emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Han-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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20
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Vallejos S, Trigo-López M, Arnaiz A, Miguel Á, Muñoz A, Mendía A, García JM. From Classical to Advanced Use of Polymers in Food and Beverage Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224954. [PMID: 36433081 PMCID: PMC9699061 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are extensively used in food and beverage packaging to shield against contaminants and external damage due to their barrier properties, protecting the goods inside and reducing waste. However, current trends in polymers for food, water, and beverage applications are moving forward into the design and preparation of advanced polymers, which can act as active packaging, bearing active ingredients in their formulation, or controlling the head-space composition to extend the shelf-life of the goods inside. In addition, polymers can serve as sensory polymers to detect and indicate the presence of target species, including contaminants of food quality indicators, or even to remove or separate target species for later quantification. Polymers are nowadays essential materials for both food safety and the extension of food shelf-life, which are key goals of the food industry, and the irruption of smart materials is opening new opportunities for going even further in these goals. This review describes the state of the art following the last 10 years of research within the field of food and beverage polymer's applications, covering present applications, perspectives, and concerns related to waste generation and the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Vallejos
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Miriam Trigo-López
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Miguel
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción Muñoz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Aránzazu Mendía
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - José Miguel García
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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