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Tomac I, Adam V, Labuda J. Advanced chemically modified electrodes and platforms in food analysis and monitoring. Food Chem 2024; 460:140548. [PMID: 39096799 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors and electroanalytical techniques become emerging as effective and low-cost tools for rapid assessment of special parameters of the food quality. Chemically modified electrodes are developed to change properties and behaviour, particularly sensitivity and selectivity, of conventional electroanalytical sensors. Within this comprehensive review, novel trends in chemical modifiers material structure, electrodes construction and flow analysis platforms are described and evaluated. Numerous recent application examples for the detection of food specific analytes are presented in a form of table to stimulate further development in both, the basic research and commercial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Tomac
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Generála Píky 1999/5, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Labuda
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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2
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Khandagale DD, Wang SF. Cerium vanadate/functionalized carbon nanofiber composite for the electrochemical detection of nitrite. Food Chem 2024; 459:140353. [PMID: 39024884 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a facial and quick electrochemical sensor platform that offers remarkable water and food safety applications. The present work represents a study of the synthesis and characterization for efficient cerium vanadate (CeVO4) with a functionalized carbon nanofiber (f-CNF) decorated electrode, which is a highly effective electrode modifier for sensitive nitrite detection. The CeVO4 nanoparticles were synthesized using the facial hydrothermal technique, and a composite (CeVO4@f-CNF) was prepared using the sonication method. Afterward, the produced materials were confirmed with spectroscopic and microscopic analysis. The electrochemical behavior of nitrite was studied through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The DPV analysis depicts an excellent linear range of 0.1-1033 μM and a promising detection limit of 0.004 μM for the proposed electrode. The CeVO4@f-CNF electrode was applied to detect nitrite in water and meat samples. The proposed electrochemical sensor attributes the significant results towards the detection of nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashri D Khandagale
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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3
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Srinivasan P, Rajaji U, Sethuraman MG, Karuppiah C, Yusuf K, Liu TY. Rapid detection of tertiary butylated hydroquinone in food samples using Mn-MOF@f-CNF composite-modified screen-printed electrode. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:576. [PMID: 39240389 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Hydroquinone-based organic molecules are often used as unavoidable preservatives in the food industry. Among these additives, tertiary butylated hydroquinone (TBHQ) is widely employed as a preservative in various processed foods. However, the potential health risks associated with the excessive presence of TBHQ in food products have raised significant concerns. To address this pressing issuea novel binder-free composite composed of a manganese metal-organic framework and functionalized carbon nanofibers (Mn-MOF/f-CNF) has been developed as an electrode modifier for the ultrasensitive detection of TBHQ in food samples. The Mn-MOF/f-CNF composite was achieved using the ultrasonication method, revealing a lamellar sheet-like structure of the Mn-MOF and the curly thread-like fibrous structure of f-CNF. The developed Mn-MOF/f-CNF/SPE sensor system resulted in well-defined redox signals for TBHQ detection in a neutral pH solution. Compared to the unmodified SPE system, the modified system showed approximately a 300 mV reduction in overpotential and a twofold increase in peak current signal for TBHQ detection. The Mn-MOF/f-CNF/SPE sensor system showed a linear concentration window of 0.01 to 800 μM with a sensitivity of 6.28 µA µM-1 cm-2 and the obtained detection limit was 1.36 nM. Additionally, the proposed sensor displayed excellent reproducibility and repeatable results with an RSD of less than 5%. The real-time applicability of the Mn-MOF/f-CNF/SPE sensor system was demonstrated using real samples such as potato chips and instant noodles, showing excellent results with a recovery range of 95.1-98.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveenkannan Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to Be University, Gandhigram, 624 302, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umamaheswari Rajaji
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan
- Centre for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
- Research Center for Intelligence Medical Devices, Ming Chi University of Technology, 243303, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mathur Gopalakrishnan Sethuraman
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to Be University, Gandhigram, 624 302, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chelladurai Karuppiah
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kareem Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan.
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, R&D Center of Biochemical Engineering Technology, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, 32003, Taiwan.
- College of Engineering & Center for Sustainability and Energy Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.
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Khandagale DD, Wang SF. Fabrication of Strontium Molybdate with Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Electrochemical Determination of Antipyretic Drug-Acetaminophen. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2887. [PMID: 38930256 PMCID: PMC11204459 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant interest in the advancement of electrochemical sensing platforms to detect antipyretic drugs with high sensitivity and selectivity. The electrochemical determination of acetaminophen (PCT) was studied with strontium molybdate with a functionalized carbon nanotube (SrMoO4@f-CNF) nanocomposite. The SrMoO4@f-CNF nanocomposite was produced by a facial hydrothermal followed by sonochemical treatment, resulting in a significant enhancement in the PCT determination. The sonochemical process was applied to incorporate SrMoO4 nanoparticles over f-CNF, enabling a network-like structure. Moreover, the produced SrMoO4@f-CNF composite structural, morphological, and spectroscopic properties were confirmed with XRD, TEM, and XPS characterizations. The synergistic effect between SrMoO4 and f-CNF contributes to the lowering of the charge transfer resistance (Rct=85 Ω·cm2), a redox potential of Epc=0.15 V and Epa=0.30 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), and a significant limit of detection (1.2 nM) with a wide response range of 0.01-28.48 µM towards the PCT determination. The proposed SrMoO4@f-CNF sensor was studied with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques and demonstrated remarkable electrochemical properties with a good recovery range in real-sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
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Jagtap AA, Prasanna SB, Kumar GS, Lin YC, Dhawan U, Lu YC, Sakthivel R, Tung CW, Chung RJ. A Ce 2MgMoO 6 double perovskite decorated on a functionalized carbon nanofiber nanocomposite for quantification of ciprofloxacin in milk and honey samples: Density functional theory interpretation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142237. [PMID: 38705406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a novel Ce2MgMoO6/CNFs (cerium magnesium molybdite double perovskite decorated on carbon nanofibers) nanocomposite was developed for selective and ultra-sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin (CFX). Physical characterization and analytical techniques were used to explore the morphology, structure, and electrocatalytic characteristics of the Ce2MgMoO6/CNFs nanocomposite. The sensor has a wide linear range (0.005-7.71 μM and 9.75-77.71 μM), a low limit of detection (0.012 μM), high sensitivity (0.807 μA μM-1 cm-2 nM), remarkable repeatability, and an appreciable storage stability. Here, we used density functional theory to investigate CFX and oxidized CFX as well as the locations of the energy levels and electron transfer sites. Furthermore, the Ce2MgMoO6/CNFs-modified electrode was successfully tested in food samples (milk and honey), indicating an acceptable response with a recovery percentage and relative standard deviation of less than 4%, which is comparable to that of GC-MS. Finally, the developed sensor exhibited high selectivity and stability for CFX detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Ashokrao Jagtap
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Sanjay Ballur Prasanna
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Chien Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Udesh Dhawan
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, Mazumdar-Shaw Advanced Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G116EW, UK
| | - Yu-Chun Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan; ZhongSun Co., LTD, New Taipei City, 220031, Taiwan
| | - Rajalakshmi Sakthivel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Wei Tung
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan.
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan; High-value Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
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6
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Jayapaul A, Lin YC, Lin LY, Dhawan U, Duann YF, Lee YH, Liu TY, Sakthivel R, Chung RJ. Synergistic activation of lamellar bismuth selenide anchored functionalized carbon nanofiber for detecting hazardous carbendazim in environmental water samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141744. [PMID: 38522669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides pollute natural water reservoirs through persistent accumulation. Therefore, their toxicity and degradability are serious issues. Carbendazim (CBZ) is a pesticide used against fungal infections in agricultural crops, and its overexploitation detrimentally affects aquatic ecosystems and organisms. It is necessary to design a logical, efficient, and field-deployable method for monitoring the amount of CBZ in environmental samples. Herein, a nano-engineered bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3)/functionalized carbon nanofiber (f-CNF) nanocomposite was utilized as an electrocatalyst to fabricate an electrochemical sensing platform for CBZ. Bi2Se3/f-CNF exhibited a substantial electroactive surface area, high electrocatalytic activity, and high conductivity owing to the synergistic interaction of Bi2Se3 with f-CNF. The structural chemical compositions and morphology of the Bi2Se3/f-CNF nanocomposite were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Electrochemical analysis was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The voltammetry and impedance experiments exposed that the Bi2Se3/f-CNF-modified GCE has attained adequate electrocatalytic function with amended features of electron transportation (Rct = 35.93 Ω) and improved reaction sites (0.082 cm2) accessible by CBZ moiety along with exemplary electrochemical stability (98.92%). The Bi2Se3/f-CNF nanocomposite exhibited higher sensitivity of 0.2974 μA μM-1cm-2 and a remarkably low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.04 nM at a broad linera range 0.001-100 μM. The practicability of the nanocomposite was tested in environmental (tap and pond water) samples, which supports excellent signal amplification with satisfactory recoveries. Hence, the Bi2Se3/f-CNF nanocomposite is a promising electrode modifier for detecting CBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Jayapaul
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chien Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan; ZhongSun Co., LTD, New Taipei City 220031, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Yin Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Udesh Dhawan
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yeh-Fang Duann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243303, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, 32003, Taiwan.
| | - Rajalakshmi Sakthivel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
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Albayatı SHM, Soylu P. A simple molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for determination of propyl gallate in food samples. Anal Biochem 2024; 688:115477. [PMID: 38296105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Propyl gallate (PG), a prevalent synthetic phenolic antioxidant found in food products, has generated considerable apprehension owing to its potential adverse impacts on human health. Therefore, as a result of the current inquiry, an innovative electrochemical sensor with improved sensitivity and selectivity for PG detection has been created. Under optimal conditions, the manufactured sensor exhibits the capability to identify PG within a broad range from 0.01 μM to 5 μM and from 5 μM to 1000 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6 nM, demonstrating exceptional levels of reproducibility, repeatability, stability, and selectivity. The sensor demonstrated successful detection of PG in edible oils and mayonnaise, with good recoveries ranging from 98.44 % to 101.37 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Hashım Mohammed Albayatı
- Northern Technical University, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Department of Renal Dialysis Techniques, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - Pervin Soylu
- Selçuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 42031, Konya, Turkey.
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Sriram B, Gouthaman S, Wang SF, Hsu YF. Cobalt molybdate hollow spheres decorated graphitic carbon nitride sheets for electrochemical sensing of dimetridazole. Food Chem 2024; 430:136853. [PMID: 37541041 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a cobalt molybdate (CoMoO4) hollow spheres-incorporated graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) composite is prepared for the electrochemical detection of dimetridazole (DZ). The synergistic effect between the hollow-structured CoMoO4 and g-CN nanosheets facilitates the transportation of electrons through kinetic barriers, thereby providing a high electrical conductivity with increased electroactive sites. The proposed CoMoO4@g-CN-modified electrode displayed a wide linear range (0.001-492.77 μM) and a lower detection limit (LOD: 0.4 nM) for the determination of DZ through the amperometry (i-t) method. In addition, the CoMoO4@g-CN-modified electrode achieved good operational stability, anti-interfering ability (five-fold excess amount of co-interfering compounds) and reproducibility. These results demonstrate the increased electrocatalytic activity of CoMoO4@g-CN modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) towards the detection of DZ in food samples with satisfactory recovery ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Sriram
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Zhongxiao East Rd., Da'an District, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Siddan Gouthaman
- Organic Material Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Zhongxiao East Rd., Da'an District, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Fu Hsu
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Zhongxiao East Rd., Da'an District, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Yang GG, Qing Zhao Y, Liu W, Ke C, Zhang S, Cao Q, Juan Sun S. Boric acid group-functional ruthenium complex as a novel fluorescence probe for robust detection of propyl gallate and tert-butyl hydroquinone by tuning the pH. Food Chem 2023; 429:136956. [PMID: 37516055 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
This study reported a ruthenium complex-based fluorescence probe, achieving rapid and sequential detection of propyl gallate (PG) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) for the first time by tuning pH only. Under 480 nm excitation, probe exhibited intensive emission at 620 nm, which was selectively quenched by PG at pH 7.0 due to the covalent binding between the boric acid of probe and o-diphenol hydroxyl of PG. Then pH was tuned to 7.4, the emission was significantly quenched by TBHQ because of the π-π stacking between aromatic rings of probe and paraquinone of TBHQ. This probe realized specific and sensitive detection of PG and TBHQ with wide range and low detection limit (0.26 µM for PG and 0.66 µM for TBHQ). Furthermore, a portable visual test paper detection platform was built based on this probe for rapid and sensitive detection of antioxidants in food, which was of great significance for market regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Gang Yang
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Ying Qing Zhao
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Can Ke
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Qian Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Su Juan Sun
- National Center of Inspection & Testing on Processed Food and Food Additives Quality (Nanjing), Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, Nanjing Institute of Quality Development and Advance Technology Application, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Chen D, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Li D, Wei J, Jiao T, Chen Q, Oyama M, Chen Q, Chen X. Boric acid group-functional Tb-MOF as a fluorescent and captured probe for the highly sensitive and selective determination of propyl gallate in edible oils. Food Chem 2023; 418:136012. [PMID: 36996649 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the development of a Tb-metal-organic framework (Tb-MOF)-based fluorescent platform for the detection of propyl gallate (PG). The Tb-MOF using 5-boronoisophthalic acid (5-bop) as the ligand exhibited multiple emissions at 490, 543, 585, and 622 nm under an excitation wavelength of 256 nm. The fluorescence of Tb-MOF was selectively and significantly weakened in the presence of PG due to the special nucleophilic reaction between the boric acid of Tb-MOF and o-diphenol hydroxyl of PG, and the combined effect of static quenching and internal filtering. Furthermore, this sensor enabled the determination of PG within seconds in a wide linear range of 1-150 μg/mL, and with a low detection limit of 0.098 μg/mL, and high specificity against other phenolic antioxidants. This work provided a new route for the sensitive and selective determination of PG in soybean oil, thus was perspective to monitor and reduce the risk of PG overuse.
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Sriram B, Kogularasu S, Wang SF, Chang-Chien GP. The Fabrication of a La 2Sn 2O 7/ f-HNT Composite for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Detection of 3-Nitro-l-tyrosine in Biological Samples. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:722. [PMID: 37504120 PMCID: PMC10377610 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), including 3-nitro-l-tyrosine, play a dual role in human health, inducing oxidative damage and regulating cellular functions. Early and accurate detection of such molecules, such as L-tyrosine in urine, can serve as critical biomarkers for various cancers. In this study, we aimed to enhance the electrochemical detection of these molecules through the synthesis of La2Sn2O7/f-HNT nanocomposites via a simple hydrothermal method. Detailed structural and morphological characterizations confirmed successful synthesis, consistent with our expected outcomes. The synthesized nanocomposites were utilized as nanocatalysts in electrochemical sensors, showing a notable limit of the detection of 0.012 µM for the real-time detection of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine. These findings underscore the potential of nanomaterial-based sensors in advancing early disease detection with high sensitivity, furthering our understanding of cellular oxidative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Sriram
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833301, Taiwan
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833301, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833301, Taiwan
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12
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Vinoth S, Wang SF. Lanthanum vanadate-based carbon nanocomposite as an electrochemical probe for amperometric detection of theophylline in real food samples. Food Chem 2023; 427:136623. [PMID: 37364311 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Theophylline (THP) is an emerging drug for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease whose side effects can be greatly affected by caffeine-containing real foods. Because an overdose of this substance can cause respiratory and neurological damage, producing a fast and accurate analytical procedure is critical. Based on a cutting-edge hybrid nanocomposite, this study was used to construct an electrochemical sensor for the accurate detection of THP. Spectroscopy and morphological investigation supported the easy synthesis of tetragonal-LaVO4 (t-LV) nanopellets and LV@CNF hybrid nanocomposite. To detect THP, a highly dispersed LV@CNF nanocomposite was modified on a glassy carbon electrode as a sensing substrate. By amperometric technique, the sensor shows a wide linear range of 0.01-1070 μM, low limit of detection (2.63 nM), and sensitivity (0.228 μA μM-1 cm-2). Finally, the current technique was successfully used to identify THP in real food samples (chocolate, coffee and black tea).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniyan Vinoth
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Priscillal IJD, Wang SF. Nanoengineered lanthanum niobate nanocaviar anchored carbon nanofibers for trace level detection of menadione in environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115794. [PMID: 37011790 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An innovative sensor is prepared by electrode modification through a nano-ranged electrode modifier composed of LaNbO4 nano caviars decorated on the enmeshed carbon nanofibers to identify excess vitamins in animal feed. Menadione (Vitamins K3) is a micronutrient fundamentally required in precise quantities for animal health upkeep. Still, its exploitation has recently resulted in water reservoir contamination through waste generated from animal husbandry. Sustainable prevention of water contamination makes menadione detection highly imperative and flickered the attention of researchers. Considering these aspects, a novel menadione sensing platform is designed by interdisciplinary incorporation of nanoscience and electrochemical engineering. The structural and crystallographic features and the electrode modifier's morphological insights were keenly investigated. The hierarchal arrangement of individual constituents in nanocomposite is benefited through hybrid heterojunction and quantum confinement that synchronously activate the menadione detection with a LOD of 68.5 nM and 67.49 nM for oxidation and reduction, respectively. The as-prepared sensor has a wide linear range (0.1-173.6 μM), high sensitivity, good selectivity, and stability. The application of this sensor is extended to a water sample to monitor the consistency of the proposed sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jenisha Daisy Priscillal
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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14
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Joseph XB, Baby JN, Wang SF, George M. Emerging carbonate anion intercalated- ZnCr-layered double hydroxide/vanadium carbide nanocomposite: Sustainable design strategies based on disposal electrochemical sensor for diethofencarb fungicide monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139099. [PMID: 37270040 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diethofencarb (DFC) is widely used in agriculture to fight against plant fungal attacks and enhance food crop production. On the other hand, the National food safety standard has set the overall maximum residual limit (MRL) of DFC to be 1 mg/kg. Hence it becomes essential to limit their usage, and it is vital to quantify the amount of DFC present in real-life samples to safeguard the health and environmental well-being. Here, we introduce a simple hydrothermal procedure for preparing vanadium carbide (VC) anchored by ZnCr-LDH. The sustainably designed electrochemical sensor for the detection of DFC portrayed high electro-active surface area, conductivity, rapid-electron transport ratio, and high ion diffusion parameters. The obtained structural and morphological information confirms the enriched electrochemical activity of the ZnCr-LDH/VC/SPCE towards DFC. The ZnCr-LDH/VC/SPCE electrode has displayed exceptional characteristics with DPV resulting in a vast linear response (0.01-228 μM), and lower LOD (2 nM) with high sensitivity. Real-sample analysis was carried out to demonstrate the specificity of the electrode with an acceptable recovery in both water (±98.75-99.70%) and tomato (±98.00-99.75%) samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Benadict Joseph
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jeena N Baby
- Department of Chemistry, Stella Maris College, Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai, 600086, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Chemistry, St. Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery, Wayanad, Kerala, 673592, India
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Mary George
- Department of Chemistry, Stella Maris College, Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai, 600086, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Nixon EJ, Sakthivel R, ALOthman ZA, Ganesh PS, Chung RJ. Lanthanum nickelate spheres embedded acid functionalized carbon nanofiber composite: An efficient electrocatalyst for electrochemical detection of food additive vanillin. Food Chem 2023; 409:135324. [PMID: 36586249 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary food marketing is ruined by flavor enhancers rather than emphasizing the nutritional value of food. Vanillin is an overexploited flavor enhancer added to food items, thereby necessitating its detection. In this study, an electrochemical sensor was designed using a modified electrode made up of La2NiO4 functionalized carbon nanofiber (f-CNF) to effectively detect vanillin in food samples. To confirm the successful formation of La2NiO4/f-CNF, structural and morphological studies were performed using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Further electrochemical analysis was performed using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques, which resulted in high sensitivity (0.2899 µA·μM-1·cm-2) and low limit of detection (LOD) (6 nM). This modified electrode material was tested in food samples, which showed an excellent response with recovery percentage and is a promising electrocatalyst for vanillin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline Jafneel Nixon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rajalakshmi Sakthivel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Pattan-Siddappa Ganesh
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Republic of Korea
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Baby JN, Akila B, Chiu TW, Sakthinathan S, V AS, Zealma B A, George M. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Synthesis of a Strontium Tungstate Bifunctional Catalyst: Investigation on the Electrocatalytic Determination and Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen and Metformin Drugs. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:8249-8260. [PMID: 37202345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we propose a modified solid-state approach for the sustainable preparation of a SrWO4 bifunctional catalyst using thymol-menthol-based natural deep eutectic green solvents (NADESs). Various spectroscopic and morphological techniques analyzed the as-synthesized SrWO4 particles. Acetaminophen (ATP) and metformin (MTF) were selected as the model drug compounds. The electrochemical detection and photocatalytic degradation of ATP and MTF upon ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light irradiation in the presence of as-prepared SrWO4 particles as an active catalyst are examined. The present study displayed that the proposed catalyst SrWO4 has enhanced catalytic activity in achieving the optimum experimental conditions, and linear ranges of ATP = 0.01-25.90 μM and MTF = 0.01-25.90 μM, a lower limit of detection (LOD) value (ATP = 0.0031 μM and MTF = 0.008 μM), and higher sensitivity toward ATP and MTF determination were obtained. Similarly, the rate constant was found to be k = ATP = 0.0082 min-1 and MTF = 0.0296 min-1 according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, benefitting from the excellent synergistic impact of the SrWO4 catalyst toward the photocatalytic degradation of the drug molecule. Hence, this work offers innovative insights into the applicability of the as-prepared SrWO4 bifunctional catalyst as an excellent functional material for the remediation of emerging pollutants in water bodies with a recovery range of 98.2-99.75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeena N Baby
- Department of Chemistry, Stella Maris College, Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India
- Department of Chemistry, St. Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery, Wayanad, Kerala 673592, India
| | - Balasubramanian Akila
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Te-Wei Chiu
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Subramanian Sakthinathan
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Abhikha Sherlin V
- Department of Chemistry, Stella Maris College, Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India
| | - Annie Zealma B
- Department of Chemistry, Stella Maris College, Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India
| | - Mary George
- Department of Chemistry, Stella Maris College, Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India
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Jenisha Daisy Priscillal I, Wang SF. Fergusonite-type rare earth niobates ANbO 4 (A = Nd, Sm, and Eu) as electrode modifiers: deep insights into A site variations towards bifunctional electrochemical sensing applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8693-8705. [PMID: 36971234 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00127j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide orthoniobates, LnNbO4 (Ln = Nd, Sm, and Eu), are a domineering class of binary metal oxides with significant catalytic behavior and effective charge transfer ability, acting as eminent candidates to be explored as electrode materials. However, niobates have limitations to be used in sensing platforms due to the complicated synthetic procedures, which have been addressed in this study by proposing a facile hydrothermal tactic based on in situ homoleptic complex formation. All three niobates are isostructural with the monoclinic form of fergusonite structure, which was confirmed by XRD studies. The impact of the A site variation in the fergusonite crystal was verified by FTIR spectroscopy analysis, and the elemental composition was determined by XPS studies. FESEM with EDX spectroscopy obviously proved the morphological differences. Furthermore, a LnNbO4-modified GCE was employed to detect pharmaceutical pollutants, namely, furazolidone (FZD) and dimetridazole (DMZ). Cyclic voltammetry studies were used to optimize the parameters of the sensing platform, and differential pulse voltammetry was performed to obtain the detection limits and linear range. SmNbO4/GCE exhibited superior performance to other electrodes with a wide linear range of 0.01 μM to 264 μM and LOD values of 4 nM and 2 nM for FZD and DMZ, respectively. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed electrode in real-time analysis was studied by extending the voltammetry experiment to saliva and water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jenisha Daisy Priscillal
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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18
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Zhang C, Lai Q, Chen W, Zhang Y, Mo L, Liu Z. Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Sensors for Food Safety Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050529. [PMID: 37232890 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Considering the increasing concern for food safety, electrochemical methods for detecting specific ingredients in the food are currently the most efficient method due to their low cost, fast response signal, high sensitivity, and ease of use. The detection efficiency of electrochemical sensors is determined by the electrode materials' electrochemical characteristics. Among them, three-dimensional (3D) electrodes have unique advantages in electronic transfer, adsorption capacity and exposure of active sites for energy storage, novel materials, and electrochemical sensing. Therefore, this review begins by outlining the benefits and drawbacks of 3D electrodes compared to other materials before going into more detail about how 3D materials are synthesized. Next, different types of 3D electrodes are outlined together with common modification techniques for enhancing electrochemical performance. After this, a demonstration of 3D electrochemical sensors for food safety applications, such as detecting components, additives, emerging pollutants, and bacteria in food, was given. Finally, improvement measures and development directions of electrodes with 3D electrochemical sensors are discussed. We think that this review will help with the creation of new 3D electrodes and offer fresh perspectives on how to achieve extremely sensitive electrochemical detection in the area of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qingteng Lai
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yanke Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Long Mo
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhengchun Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Abhikha Sherlin V, Stanley MM, Wang SF, Sriram B, Baby JN, George M. Nanoengineered disposable sensor fabricated with lanthanum stannate nanocrystallite for detecting animal feed additive: Ractopamine. Food Chem 2023; 423:136268. [PMID: 37156138 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ractopamine (RA) has been at the forefront of feed additives as a nutrient repartitioning mediator that recuperates the growth rate, decreases animal fat, and guarantees food safety. However, inappropriate and abusive usage of RA to enhance economic efficiency can negatively impact the environment-animal-human interactions. Therefore, the call for monitoring and quantifying RA is highly desired. In this work, the potentiality of La2Sn2O7 as an electrode modifier on the surface of the portable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was examined for its precision, disposability, and ability to detect RA. The superior electrocatalytic activity of the fabricated La2Sn2O7/SPCE fortifies its standpoints by displaying a wide linear working range of 0.01-501.2 µM, an enhanced sensitivity, a better stability, a lower LOD of 0.86 nM, and an increased selectivity toward the detection of RA. Furthermore, the investigation of the constructed electrochemical sensor with real-time food samples underpins its practicality and feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Abhikha Sherlin
- Department of Chemistry, Stella Maris College, Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai 600086, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Megha Maria Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, Stella Maris College, Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai 600086, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Balasubramanian Sriram
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jeena N Baby
- Department of Chemistry, Stella Maris College, Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai 600086, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Chemistry, St. Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery, Wayanad, Kerala 673592, India
| | - Mary George
- Department of Chemistry, Stella Maris College, Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai 600086, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bharathi P, Wang SF. Integration of Bismuth sulfide/functionalized halloysite nanotube composite: An electrochemical tool for diethofencarb analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136834. [PMID: 36241108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diethofencarb (DFC) is a fungicide used in agricultural fields and it's overe use makes a negative impact in the real-time environment. Here in this work, a semi-conductive urchin like Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) anchored with tubular structure functionalized halloysite nanotube (F-HNT) was hydrothermally synthesized and used for the electrochemical detection of DFC. Various analytical and microscopic techniques were used to analyze the structure, crystalline nature, and purity of the as-prepared F-HNT@Bi2S3. Moreover, the cyclic voltammetry technique was used to analyze the electrochemical studies of the F-HNT@Bi2S3 modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). A high synergetic relationship between the Bi2S3 and F-HNT provides a large surface area and better detection of DFC. The amperometry i-t technique result shows that the prepared composite exhibits a wide linear range of 0.0053-526.62 μg L-1, a low detection limit of 0.0032 μg L-1, and very good stability over 2000 s. Notably, our proposed sensor can determine the DFC spiked tomato and water samples with a high recovery range and proven the viability for real-time analysis. Finally, all the above-mentioned study results prove that the F-HNT@Bi2S3 could be used as an electrochemical probe for the detection of DFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandiyan Bharathi
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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