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Okechukwu VO, Kappo AP, Njobeh PB, Mamo MA. Morphed aflaxotin concentration produced by Aspergillus flavus strain VKMN22 on maize grains inoculated on agar culture. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2024; 8:100197. [PMID: 38468716 PMCID: PMC10925925 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
This study identified and monitored the levels of aflatoxins (B1 and B2) produced by Aspergillus flavus isolate VKMN22 (OP355447) in maize samples sourced from a local shop in Johannesburg, South Africa. Maize samples underwent controlled incubation after initial rinsing, and isolates were identified through morphological and molecular methods. In another experiment, autoclaved maize grains were intentionally re-inoculated with the identified fungal isolate using spore suspension (106 spore/mL), after which 1 g of the contaminated maize sample was inoculated on PDA media and cultured for seven days. The aflatoxin concentrations in the A. flavus contaminated maize inoculated on culture media was monitored over seven weeks and then measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Results confirmed the successful isolation of A. flavus strain VKMN22 with accession number OP355447, which consistently produced higher levels of AFB1 compared to AFB2. AF concentrations increased from week one to five, then declined in week six and seven. AFB1 levels ranged from 594.3 to 9295.33 µg/kg (week 1-5) and then reduced from 5719.67 to 2005 µg/kg in week six and seven), while AFB2 levels ranged from 4.92 to 901.67 µg/kg (weeks 1-5) and then degraded to 184 µg/kg in week six then 55.33 µg/kg (weeks 6-7). Levene's tests confirmed significantly higher mean concentrations of AFB1 compared to AFB2 (p ≤ 0.005). The study emphasizes the importance of consistent biomonitoring for a dynamic understanding of AF contamination, informing accurate prevention and control strategies in agricultural commodities thereby safeguarding food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola O. Okechukwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abidemi P. Kappo
- Department of Biochemistry, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick B. Njobeh
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Messai A. Mamo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, PO Box 2028, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
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El Hawari K, El Khatib M, Zeineh M, Beh D, Jaber F, Mokh S. Contaminant and residue profiles in Lebanese food: a comparative analysis with global standards. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39038014 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2374358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Lebanon's agricultural sector, known for its diverse crop and livestock production, faces challenges in the international market due to the presence of chemical residues and contaminants in its food exports. Recent rejections of these exports have raised global concerns about food safety, increasingly seen as vital for public health and economic prosperity. This review focuses on examining scientific studies about the levels of various chemical residues including pesticides, and veterinary drugs and contaminants like mycotoxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals in Lebanese food products. Findings indicate that these residues and contaminants often exceed both the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and maximum limits (MLs) set by the Codex Alimentarius and the European Union. The review concludes with recommendations for reducing these contaminants and residues to enhance Lebanon's food safety and quality, aligning with international standards, and mitigating the risk of export rejections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled El Hawari
- Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compounds (LAOC), CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad El Khatib
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Department of Biosciences, Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariam Zeineh
- Faculty of Public Health- I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Daniel Beh
- Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Farouk Jaber
- Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compounds (LAOC), CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Samia Mokh
- Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compounds (LAOC), CNRSL, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health- I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Plant Immunology, University of Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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Tabassum A, Hasan MM, Islam SM, Al Mamun MZU, Roy CK, Roy NR, Hassan MT. Evaluation of Aflatoxins and Heavy Metals Exposure in the Local Feeds of Fish and Shrimp in Bangladesh. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04235-z. [PMID: 38780856 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to comprehensively assess the presence of aflatoxins, pervasive fungal toxins, and heavy metals (lead, chromium, cadmium) in the local feed of fish and shrimp. Forty-eight samples of the fish and shrimp feed were collected from the Dhaka and Sathkhira districts of Bangladesh respectively. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was used for the heavy metal detection after sample digestion. The standard analytical methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists were followed for analyzing the proximate composition of the feed samples. The findings revealed the high toxic concentration of total aflatoxins particularly in fish feed (196.25 μg/kg). Concurrently, varying concentrations of heavy metals, including lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr), were detected, with the highest levels found in shrimp feed at 3.324 and 174.6 mg/kg, respectively. In comparison, highest contamination of cadmium (Cd) was found in fish feed at 0.398 mg/kg. The outcomes are growing concerns regarding the quality of locally sourced feed and emphasizing the need for prompt corrective actions. Otherwise, neglecting this concern may lead to the possibility of both fish and, ultimately, humans who consume them being vulnerable to the absorption and accumulation of these assessed toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Tabassum
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahfujul Hasan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Shiek Muzahidul Islam
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zia Uddin Al Mamun
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Chapol Kumar Roy
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Nishith Ranjon Roy
- Department of Statistics and Analytics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Hassan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
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Kardani F, Mirzajani R, Tamsilian Y, Kiasat A, Bakhshandeh Frajpour F. A novel immunoaffinity column based metal-organic framework deep eutectic solvents @ molecularly imprinted polymers as a sorbent for the solid phase extraction of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 from cereals samples. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Tefera W, Vegarud GE, Taye M, Taye T. Aflatoxin contamination in cow milk during wet and dry season in selected rural areas of Sidama zone Southern Ethiopia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2140812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wubshet Tefera
- Department of animal science, Woldia university college of agriculture, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Tolosa Taye
- Deparment of animal science, Assosa university college of agriculture, Assosa, Ethiopia
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Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin Contamination, Impact on Health and Food Security, and Management Strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120845. [PMID: 36548742 PMCID: PMC9781569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most important toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic fungal toxins that routinely contaminate food and feed. While more than 20 AFs have been identified to date, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2), and M1 (AFM1) are the most common. Over 25 species of Aspergillus have been shown to produce AFs, with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius being the most important and well-known AF-producing fungi. These ubiquitous molds can propagate on agricultural commodities to produce AFs in fields and during harvesting, processing, transportation, and storage. Countries with warmer climates and that produce foods susceptible to AF contamination shoulder a substantial portion of the global AF burden. Pakistan's warm climate promotes the growth of toxigenic fungi, resulting in frequent AF contamination of human foods and animal feeds. The potential for contamination in Pakistan is exacerbated by improper storage conditions and a lack of regulatory limits and enforcement mechanisms. High levels of AFs in common commodities produced in Pakistan are a major food safety problem, posing serious health risks to the population. Furthermore, aflatoxin contamination contributes to economic losses by limiting exports of these commodities. In this review, recent information regarding the fungal producers of AFs, prevalence of AF contamination of foods and feed, current regulations, and AF prevention and removal strategies are summarized, with a major focus on Pakistan.
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Çiftçi ER, Kara R. Investigation of Aflatoxin B1, total Aflatoxin, and Ochratoxin A presence in Cig Kofte: raw meatballs without meat. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:4706-4712. [PMID: 36276541 PMCID: PMC9579255 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Raw meatball is a popular traditional food product commonly consumed in Turkey. Legally, minced meat is not allowed in the commercial production of raw meatballs, and generally, it is made by mixing finely shredded bulgur and spices. The risk of mycotoxin production increases when bulgur and spices are produced and/or stored in unsuitable conditions. Therefore, in this study, the presence and levels of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Total Aflatoxin (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2), and Ochratoxin A (OTA) were investigated in 40 spring-summer samples and 40 fall-winter samples (80 raw meatball samples in total), collected from different producers and retailers, using the ELISA method. As a result, the AFB1, Total AF, and OTA levels were detected at 40%, 22.5%, and 7.5% in the spring-summer samples and 12.5%, 17.5%, and 2.5% in the fall-winter samples, respectively. Therefore, hygienic procedures must be followed for each step of the production and storage of bulgur and spices used for raw meatball production to avoid any toxin production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05552-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Reyyan Çiftçi
- Food Hygiene and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Recep Kara
- Food Hygiene and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Kassaw TS, Megerssa YC, Woldemariyam FT. Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Poultry Feed in Selected Chicken Rearing Villages of Bishoftu Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2022; 13:277-286. [PMID: 36277466 PMCID: PMC9586162 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s384148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Aflatoxins (AFs) are major contaminants of feed used in the poultry industry that negatively affect animal and human health. In Ethiopia, previous studies on AFs mainly considered cattle feed and milk but scarce information exists for poultry feeds. Methods The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of AFs in poultry feed in selected chicken rearing villages of Bishoftu. The study was conducted from December 2018 to May 2019. Thirty-three compound poultry feed samples were collected and analyzed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) and total AFs (AFT) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The moisture content of the samples was also determined. Results The result indicated that 31 (94%) from a total of 33 samples were contaminated with AFs. The mean levels of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and AFT were 70.11 µg/kg, 13.50 µg/kg, 88.55 µg/kg, 18.00 µg/kg and 190.18 µg/kg, respectively. This study found AFs at a level above the limit of FDA regulatory levels of 20 µg/kg in 25 (72.75%) samples for AFT and 22 (66.67%) samples for AFB1. The analysis of moisture content of the samples, ranges from 7.33% to 11.17%, indicating all were at optimal value (<12%). Conclusion The study showed the high contamination of AFs in poultry feeds with optimal moisture content and hence further investigations are needed to address the cause. The study also supports the need for preventive strategies of AFs contamination in poultry feeds in Bishoftu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Sisay Kassaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Yoseph Cherinet Megerssa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Yoseph Cherinet Megerssa, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia, Tel +251911804383, Email
| | - Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia,KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interaction, Leuven, Belgium
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Rajendran S, Shunmugam G, Mallikarjunan K, Paranidharan V, Venugopal AP. Prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in red chilli pepper (
Capsicum annum
L.) from India. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasireka Rajendran
- Department of Food Process Engineering Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Ganapathy Shunmugam
- Department of Food Process Engineering Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Kumar Mallikarjunan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition University of Minnesota Eckles Ave Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | | | - Arun Prasath Venugopal
- Department of Food Process Engineering Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 641003 India
- Department of Food Process Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
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Hassanien AA, Shaker EM, El-Sharkawy EE, Elsherif WM. Antifungal and antitoxin effects of propolis and its nanoemulsion formulation against Aspergillus flavus isolated from human sputum and milk powder samples. Vet World 2021; 14:2306-2312. [PMID: 34840447 PMCID: PMC8613795 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2306-2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Aspergillus flavus causes human and animal diseases through either inhalation of fungal spores or ingestion of mycotoxins as aflatoxins produced in human and animal feed as secondary metabolites. This study was aimed to detect the incidence of A. flavus and its aflatoxins in human sputum and milk powder samples and explore the efficacy of pure propolis (PP) and propolis nanoemulsion (PNE) as natural decontaminants against fungal growth and its released aflatoxins. Materials and Methods: A. flavus was isolated by mycological culture and identified macroscopically and microscopically. Coconut agar medium and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were used to qualitatively detect aflatoxins in the isolated strains. Toxins were extracted from toxigenic strains by the fast extraction technique. The quantitative detection of toxin types was explored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PNE was prepared by a novel method using natural components and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Zetasizer, and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of PP and PNE on A. flavus growth and its toxin were determined by the well-diffusion method and HPLC. Results: The mycological culture showed that 30.9% and 29.2% of sputum and milk powder samples were positive for A. flavus, respectively. TLC confirmed the production of 61.8% and 63.2% aflatoxin by the isolated strains in sputum and milk powder, respectively. PP and PNE showed antifungal activity on A. flavus growth with mean±standard error (SE) inhibition zones of 27.55±3.98 and 39.133±5.32 mm, respectively. HPLC revealed positive contamination of toxin extracts with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 at 0.57±0.026, 0.28±0.043, and 0.1±0.05 mg/L, respectively. After treatment with PP and PNE, a significant decrease in AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 concentrations was observed. Conclusion: This study suggested using propolis and its nanoformulation as antifungal and antitoxins in human medicine and the food industry to increase the food safety level and stop food spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshimaa A Hassanien
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82511, Egypt
| | - Eman M Shaker
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82511, Egypt
| | - Eman E El-Sharkawy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71515, Egypt
| | - Walaa M Elsherif
- Nanotechnology Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, 12618, Egypt
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Use of line-scan Raman hyperspectral imaging to identify corn kernels infected with Aspergillus flavus. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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N BR, T PGN, S PO, K SS, B P, P NH, R AKM, S SB, R SST, C PS. Eco-friendly synthesis of CeO2 NPs using Aloe barbadensis Mill extract: Its biological and photocatalytic activities for industrial dye treatment applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Daou R, Joubrane K, Khabbaz LR, Maroun RG, Ismail A, El Khoury A. Aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A in imported and Lebanese wheat and -products. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2021; 14:227-235. [PMID: 34109907 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1933203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AFB1 and OTA are produced in food products due to climatic conditions like temperature and humidity. In Lebanon, few studies address AFB1 and OTA contamination in wheat and wheat products. In this study, a total of 312 samples of wheat and wheat products were collected from different sites, including port, silos, mills, and supermarkets were analysed. Wheat and wheat products consumption in Lebanon was quantified using a food frequency questionnaire. Exposure to AFB1 and OTA was calculated and liver and kidney cancer risk were evaluated. Results showed that AFB1 and OTA were, respectively, found in 65.7% and 100% of the samples, with 0.6% and 17.6% exceeding the maximum limit set by the European Commission. AFB1 was shown to be associated with 0.076 additional cancer cases per 100,000 persons per year and OTA weekly exposure was shown to be 53.2 ng/kg bw, which is less than the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of 100 ng/kg bw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouaa Daou
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karine Joubrane
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lydia Rabbaa Khabbaz
- Laboratoire de pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Richard G Maroun
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon
| | - Ali Ismail
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon
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Pickova D, Ostry V, Malir F. A Recent Overview of Producers and Important Dietary Sources of Aflatoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:186. [PMID: 33802572 PMCID: PMC7998637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are some of the most agriculturally important and harmful mycotoxins. At least 20 AFs have been identified to this date. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent fungal toxin, can cause toxicity in many species, including humans. AFs are produced by 22 species of Aspergillus section Flavi, 4 species of A. section Nidulantes, and 2 species of A. section Ochraceorosei. The most important and well-known AF-producing species of section Flavi are Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius. AFs contaminate a wide range of crops (mainly groundnuts, pistachio nuts, dried figs, hazelnuts, spices, almonds, rice, melon seeds, Brazil nuts, and maize). Foods of animal origin (milk and animal tissues) are less likely contributors to human AF exposure. Despite the efforts to mitigate the AF concentrations in foods, and thus enhance food safety, AFs continue to be present, even at high levels. AFs thus remain a current and continuously pressing problem in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
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Sabeghi MB, Ghasempour HR, Koohi MK, Karimi N. Synthesis and application of a novel functionalized magnetic MIL-101(Cr) nanocomposite for determination of aflatoxins in pistachio samples. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Joubrane K, Mnayer D, El Khoury A, El Khoury A, Awad E. Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in Lebanese Stored Wheat. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1547-1552. [PMID: 32866243 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine the levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in durum wheat samples collected over six periods of time from two official warehouses (A and B) in Lebanon. The concentrations of AFB1 in wheat samples taken from both warehouses ranged from 1.05 to 7.36 μg/kg. Results showed that 23.3 and 25.3% of samples taken from warehouse A and warehouse B, respectively, had AFB1 levels >2 μg/kg. For OTA, the contamination level of wheat samples taken from warehouse A and warehouse B was 52.0 and 44.6%, respectively, with concentrations ranging from 0.51 to 9.71 μg/kg. The percentage of samples with high detectable OTA levels (>3 μg/kg) was 28.6 and 25.3% for wheat samples taken from warehouse A and warehouse B, respectively. Thus, the consumption of wheat and derived products in Lebanon can be considered hazardous and may present a significant risk to the health of the Lebanese population regarding the overall daily exposure to these mycotoxins. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Joubrane
- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
| | - Dima Mnayer
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Beirut, 2611-0217, Lebanon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5616-0546 [D.M.])
| | - AndrÉ El Khoury
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon
| | - Anthony El Khoury
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon
| | - Elie Awad
- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
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Hathout AS, Abel-Fattah SM, Abou-Sree YH, Fouzy ASM. Incidence and exposure assessment of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Egyptian wheat. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:867-873. [PMID: 32760654 PMCID: PMC7390814 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A occur frequently in grains and are associated with carcinogenic, and nephrotoxic properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the level of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A contamination in wheat samples obtained from different Egyptian governorates and to assess the effect of gamma irradiation on AFB1 in spiked wheat samples, as well as to evaluate the estimated daily intake and hazard index. Thirty-six wheat grain samples purchased from different sale points were analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Data revealed that 33.33 % of the wheat grain samples were contaminated by aflatoxin B1, whereas only 16.66 % of the wheat samples were above the maximum limits (2 μg/kg) set by the European Commission. Ochratoxin A was only detected in two wheat grain samples, and the results were considered below the maximum limit (5 μg/kg) set by the European Commission. On studying the effect of gamma irradiation on wheat samples spiked by aflatoxin B1 (20 μg/kg), results revealed that aflatoxin B1 was reduced to 1.22 and 0.94 μg/kg for samples gamma-irradiated at a dose of 10 and 20 KGy respectively. Estimated daily intake of ochratoxin A in wheat samples was found to be higher than that of the tolerable daily intake; however, hazard index values were below one, thus demonstrating no threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal S Hathout
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaaban M Abel-Fattah
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yehia H Abou-Sree
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S M Fouzy
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Sabeghi MB, Ghasempour HR, Koohi MK, Karimi N. Determination of aflatoxins in rice samples after magnetic solid phase extraction using MIL‐101(Cr)/magnetite nanocomposite. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Sabeghi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kermanshah BranchIslamic Azad University Kermanshah Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Kazem Koohi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Nasser Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceRazi University Kermanshah Iran
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Zheng SY, Wei ZS, Li S, Zhang SJ, Xie CF, Yao DS, Liu DL. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy-based fast versicolorin A detection in maize for early aflatoxin warning and safety sorting. Food Chem 2020; 332:127419. [PMID: 32622190 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are potent carcinogens present in numerous crops. Access to accurate methods for evaluating contamination is a critical factor in aflatoxin risk assessment. Versicolorin A (Ver A), a precursor of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), can be used as an indicator for the presence of AFB1, even when the AF is not yet detectable. Currently employed Ver A detection methods are expensive, time consuming, and difficult to apply to numerous samples. Herein, Ver A was detected via near-infrared spectroscopy. Both quantitative and two-grade sorting methods were set-up using the extreme gradient boosting algorithm coupled with a support vector machine. This two-tiered method obtained a root-mean-square error of prediction value of 3.57 μg/kg for the quantitative model, and an accuracy rate of 90.32% for the sorting approach. This novel method is rapid, accurate, solvent free, requires no sample pretreatment, and detects Ver A in maize, making it convenient for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yan Zheng
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Ze-Shun Wei
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Shi-Jia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Chun-Fang Xie
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China; Department of Bioengineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China.
| | - Da-Ling Liu
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China; Department of Bioengineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province 510632, China.
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Turksoy S, Kabak B. Determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in wheat from different regions of Turkey by HPLC with fluorescence detection. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2020.49.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFS) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in bread and durum wheat samples. A total of 141 samples were collected from eleven different regions of Turkey. An analytical method based on liquid extraction, immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the determination of AFs and OTA levels. As a result, AFs and OTA were detected in 2% and 9.2% of wheat samples at concentrations varying from 0.21 to 0.44 µg kg−1 and from 0.1 to 3.2 µg kg−1, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) were found positive in samples ranging between 0.21–0.35 µg kg−1 and 0.094 µg kg−1, respectively. However, none of the samples contained aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). The study also recommended that contamination levels in wheat and wheat-based products should be routinely monitored in greater sample numbers to insure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Turksoy
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, Hitit University, 19030, Corum, Turkey
| | - B. Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, Hitit University, 19030, Corum, Turkey
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Abbas A, Hussien T, Yli-Mattila T. A Polyphasic Approach to Compare the Genomic Profiles of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Isolates of Aspergillus Section Flavi. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E56. [PMID: 31963352 PMCID: PMC7020436 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AF) are highly toxic compounds produced by Aspergillus section Flavi. They spoil food crops and present a serious global health hazard to humans and livestock. The aim of this study was to examine the phylogenetic relationships among aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus isolates. A polyphasic approach combining phylogenetic, sequence, and toxin analyses was applied to 40 Aspergillus section Flavi isolates collected from eight countries around the world (USA, Philippines, Egypt, India, Australia, Indonesia, China, and Uganda). This allows one to pinpoint the key genomic features that distinguish AF producing and non-producing isolates. Based on molecular identification, 32 (80%) were identified as A. flavus, three (7.5%) as A. parasiticus, three (7.5%) as A. nomius and one (2.5%) as A. tamarii. Toxin analysis showed that 22 (55%) Aspergillus isolates were aflatoxigenic. The majority of the toxic isolates (62.5%) originated from Egypt. The highest aflatoxin production potential was observed in an A. nomius isolate which is originally isolated from the Philippines. DNA-based molecular markers such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among these 40 Aspergillus isolates, which were originally selected from 80 isolates. The percentage of polymorphic bands in three RAPD and three ISSR primers was 81.9% and 79.37%, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance showed significant diversity within the populations, 92% for RAPD and 85% for ISSR primers. The average of Polymorphism Information Content (PIC), Marker Index (MI), Nei's gene diversity (H) and Shannon's diversity index (I) in ISSR markers are higher than those in RAPD markers. Based on banding patterns and gene diversities values, we observed that the ISSR-PCR provides clearer data and is more successful in genetic diversity analyses than RAPD-PCR. Dendrograms generated from UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) cluster analyses for RAPD and ISSR markers were related to the geographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (A.A.); (T.H.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Taha Hussien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (A.A.); (T.H.)
- Department of Food Toxicology and Contaminant, National Research Center, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Tapani Yli-Mattila
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (A.A.); (T.H.)
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Singh IS, Nsokolo E. Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Smoked-Dried and Fresh Fish in Zambia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 2020; 11:13-21. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2020.111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
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Liang Y, He J, Huang Z, Li H, Zhang Y, Wang H, Rui C, Li Y, You L, Li K, Zhang S. An amino-functionalized zirconium-based metal-organic framework of type UiO-66-NH2 covered with a molecularly imprinted polymer as a sorbent for the extraction of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 from grain. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Zyoud SH. Global scientific trends on aflatoxin research during 1998-2017: a bibliometric and visualized study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2019; 14:27. [PMID: 31832075 PMCID: PMC6873441 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-019-0248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites associated with contaminated food products. Intake of aflatoxin-contaminated food results in serious health hazards and even death. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the global scientific output of research of aflatoxin by using bibliometric techniques. METHODS This bibliometric study was conducted using Scopus database and classified the retrieved publications were classified from different aspects, including the countries/region of focus, journals, authors, institutes, citations, and content analysis to discover any hot and emerging topics. In addition, the bibliometric analysis of the international collaborative network and hot research topics were generated by VOSviewer© software version 1.6.10. The publication period was restricted in the search for two decades (1998-2017). RESULTS The search engine of the Scopus database found 9845 documents published in the field of aflatoxin. The USA is the top publishing source in the world (22.85%), followed by China (11.85%), India (9.32%), and Italy (5.25%). In earlier years, researchers focused on terms related to the topics of "sources and biosynthesis of aflatoxin", "health effects by aflatoxin", and "detoxification and treatment of aflatoxin". However, in recent years, researchers pay more attention to the topic of detection and quantification of aflatoxin. CONCLUSIONS The quantity of research in global aflatoxin has substantially increased over the past two decades. The evaluation of the historical status and development trend in aflatoxin scientific research can guide future research, and ultimately provide the basis for improving management procedures for governmental decisions, healthcare, industries, and educational institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa’ed H. Zyoud
- Poison Control and Drug Information Center (PCDIC), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
- Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
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Korley Kortei N, Akomeah Agyekum A, Akuamoa F, Baffour VK, Wiisibie Alidu H. Risk assessment and exposure to levels of naturally occurring aflatoxins in some packaged cereals and cereal based foods consumed in Accra, Ghana. Toxicol Rep 2018; 6:34-41. [PMID: 30560059 PMCID: PMC6289905 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungal origin that contaminate agricultural commodities before, during and after harvest periods. A total of fifty-three (53) different foods (27 rice brands, 20 cereal based food brands and 6 pasta brands) were randomly obtained from the market and assessed for their different aflatoxin constitution (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) as well as the total levels of the aflatoxins using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. For the rice grain category, RS4 recorded the highest aflatoxin quantities of 65.77, 19.27, 1.02 μg/kg for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 respectively and a total of 86.06 μg/kg which significantly differed (p < 0.05) from the other brands of foods. For the cereal based food category, CBS11 recorded the greatest quantities of 35.46, 4.92, 3.39 and 0.32 μg/kg for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 respectively and a total of 45.1 μg/kg. For the pasta category, PS1 recorded the greatest quantities of 0.94 and 0.85 μg/kg for AFB1 and AFB2 respectively. Total aflatoxin quantities detected in some foods were above the acceptable limits set by the European Union which makes them unsafe and dangerous for human consumption. Recorded Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) and Hazard Indices (HI) values were in the range of 3.9 × 10-3 - 0.899 and 3.9 × 10-4 - 0.0899 respectively. The risk was low since HI values obtained were less than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Akwasi Akomeah Agyekum
- Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box AE 1, Atomic, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felicia Akuamoa
- Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box AE 1, Atomic, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei Baffour
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Chemistry, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Huseini Wiisibie Alidu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
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Nazareth TM, Corrêa JAF, Pinto ACSM, Palma JB, Meca G, Bordin K, Luciano FB. Evaluation of gaseous allyl isothiocyanate against the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin production in corn stored for 6 months. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5235-5241. [PMID: 29652439 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brazil produces approximately 63 million tons of corn kernels annually, which is commonly contaminated with fungi and mycotoxins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of gaseous allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and Fusarium verticillioides, and mycotoxin production (aflatoxins B1 , B2 , G1 and G2 , fumonisins B1 and B2 ) in corn during 180 days of storage. RESULTS AITC at 50 µL L-1 resulted in a significant reduction of the fungal population (P < 0.05) after 180 days, decreasing 3.17 log(CFU g-1 ) and 3.9 log(CFU g-1 ) of A. parasiticus and F. verticillioides respectively in comparison with the control. In addition, 10 and 50 µL L-1 treatments prevented the production of fumonisin B1 for the whole period. Aflatoxins were not detected in either control or treated groups. Residual levels of AITC in corn treated with 10 µL L-1 and 50 µL L-1 were detected up to 14 days and 30 days respectively. CONCLUSION Prophylactic treatment with AITC reduced the fungal population and inhibited fumonisin B1 production in stored corn, exhibiting great potential to be applied in corn silos to prevent fungi contamination and minimize mycotoxin levels. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M Nazareth
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Jessica A F Corrêa
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Anne C S M Pinto
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Juliano B Palma
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Keliani Bordin
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Luciano
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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The efficiency of lactic acid bacteria against pathogenic fungi and mycotoxins. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 69:32-45. [PMID: 29604200 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by some fungal species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium and are common contaminants of a wide range of food commodities. Numerous strategies are used to minimise fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination throughout the food chain. This review addresses the use of lactic acid bacteria, which can inhibit fungal growth and participate in mycotoxin degradation and/or removal from contaminated food. Being beneficial for human and animal health, lactic acid bacteria have established themselves as an excellent solution to the problem of mycotoxin contamination, yet in practice their application in removing mycotoxins remains a challenge to be addressed by future research.
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Wahidin D, Purnhagen K. Improving the level of food safety and market access in developing countries. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00683. [PMID: 30073211 PMCID: PMC6068320 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The EU has been implementing strict food laws and regulations that de facto constrain exports from Indonesia, particularly regarding agricultural products. This study uses the comparative law method and the FSO/ALOP framework to analyze how to design better strategies for Indonesia when dealing with the more stringent food laws and regulations of the EU, particularly in the case of shrimp and nutmeg. This study proposes that the choice of strategy should depend on the nature of the hazard, the existing national food control system, and the availability of the relevant international standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasep Wahidin
- Law and Governance Group, Wageningen University and Research, Hollandseweg 1, PO Box 8130, 6700 EW, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia (NADFC), Percetakan Negara, 23, 10560, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kai Purnhagen
- Law and Governance Group, Wageningen University and Research, Hollandseweg 1, PO Box 8130, 6700 EW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Shankar J, Tiwari S, Shishodia SK, Gangwar M, Hoda S, Thakur R, Vijayaraghavan P. Molecular Insights Into Development and Virulence Determinants of Aspergilli: A Proteomic Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:180. [PMID: 29896454 PMCID: PMC5986918 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species are the major cause of health concern worldwide in immunocompromised individuals. Opportunistic Aspergilli cause invasive to allergic aspergillosis, whereas non-infectious Aspergilli have contributed to understand the biology of eukaryotic organisms and serve as a model organism. Morphotypes of Aspergilli such as conidia or mycelia/hyphae helped them to survive in favorable or unfavorable environmental conditions. These morphotypes contribute to virulence, pathogenicity and invasion into hosts by excreting proteins, enzymes or toxins. Morphological transition of Aspergillus species has been a critical step to infect host or to colonize on food products. Thus, we reviewed proteins from Aspergilli to understand the biological processes, biochemical, and cellular pathways that are involved in transition and morphogenesis. We majorly analyzed proteomic studies on A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terreus, and A. niger to gain insight into mechanisms involved in the transition from conidia to mycelia along with the role of secondary metabolites. Proteome analysis of morphotypes of Aspergilli provided information on key biological pathways required to exit conidial dormancy, consortia of virulent factors and mycotoxins during the transition. The application of proteomic approaches has uncovered the biological processes during development as well as intermediates of secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway. We listed key proteins/ enzymes or toxins at different morphological types of Aspergillus that could be applicable in discovery of novel therapeutic targets or metabolite based diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jata Shankar
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Shraddha Tiwari
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Sonia K Shishodia
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Manali Gangwar
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Shanu Hoda
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Raman Thakur
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
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Integrated proteome and HPLC analysis revealed quercetin-mediated inhibition of aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:47. [PMID: 29354358 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of aflatoxins in maize or maize-related products synthesized by Aspergillus flavus causes severe economical loss and threat to human health. Use of eco-friendly phytochemicals has shown potential to inhibit secondary metabolites in Aspergillus species. Thus, A. flavus cultured in corn flour (CF) and corn flour with quercetin (CFQ) was used for protein extraction for proteome analysis using nLC-Q-TOF mass spectrometer. Proteome analysis revealed the expressions of 705 and 843 proteins in CFQ and CF, respectively. Gene Ontology Slim Categories (GOSC) of CF exhibited major transcriptional factors; involved in acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins, carbohydrate metabolism, and hydrolase activity, whereas GOSC analysis of CFQ showed membrane transport activity, including both influx and efflux proteins. cAMP/PKA signaling pathway was observed in CFQ, whereas MAPK pathway in CF. To quantify biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in CF and CFQ, HPLC analysis at 7, 12, 24 and 48 h was carried out which showed decrease in AFB1 (1%) at 7-24 h in CFQ. However, remarkable decrease in AFB1 biosynthesis (51%) at 48 h time point was observed. Thus, the present study provided an insight into the mechanism of quercetin-mediated inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus and raises the possibility to use quercetin as an anti-aflatoxigenic agent.
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Memari H, Ebrahimi Mohammadi K, Esmaeilzadeh P. 7 Memari H, Ebrahimi Mohammadi K, Esmaeilzadeh P; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran. Total Aflatoxin”, “Aflatoxin B1” and “Ochratoxin A” Residues in Wheat Flour Produced in Kurdistan Province-Iran. mljgoums 2017;11:1-6. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.11.5.1] [Cited by in Crossref: 3] [Cited by in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] Open. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.11.5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Lee HJ, Ryu D. Worldwide Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Food Products: Public Health Perspectives of Their Co-occurrence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7034-7051. [PMID: 27976878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains and their processed food products are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins. Among many, five major mycotoxins of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone are of significant public health concern as they can cause adverse effects in humans. Being airborne or soilborne, the cosmopolitan nature of mycotoxigenic fungi contribute to the worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins. On the basis of the global occurrence data reported during the past 10 years, the incidences and maximum levels in raw cereal grains were 55% and 1642 μg/kg for aflatoxins, 29% and 1164 μg/kg for ochratoxin A, 61% and 71,121 μg/kg for fumonisins, 58% and 41,157 μg/kg, for deoxynivalenol, and 46% and 3049 μg/kg for zearalenone. The concentrations of mycotoxins tend to be lower in processed food products; the incidences varied depending on the individual mycotoxins, possibly due to the varying stability during processing and distribution of mycotoxins. It should be noted that more than one mycotoxin, produced by a single or several fungal species, may occur in various combinations in a given sample or food. Most studies reported additive or synergistic effects, suggesting that these mixtures may pose a significant threat to public health, particularly to infants and young children. Therefore, information on the co-occurrence of mycotoxins and their interactive toxicity is summarized in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
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Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, and fumonisins in cereal-derived products by QuEChERS extraction coupled with LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Liu J, Song WJ, Zhang NY, Tan J, Krumm C, Sun LH, Qi DS. Biodetoxification of aflatoxin B1 in cottonseed meal by fermentation of Cellulosimicrobium funkei in duckling diet. Poult Sci 2017; 96:923-930. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sun XD, Su P, Shan H. Mycotoxin Contamination of Rice in China. J Food Sci 2017; 82:573-584. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Dong Sun
- Quality & Safety Inst. of Agricultural Products; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150086 China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Harbin); Ministry of Agriculture; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Ping Su
- Quality & Safety Inst. of Agricultural Products; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150086 China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Harbin); Ministry of Agriculture; Harbin 150086 China
| | - Hong Shan
- Quality & Safety Inst. of Agricultural Products; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150086 China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Harbin); Ministry of Agriculture; Harbin 150086 China
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Kamle M, Mohanta TK, Kang SG. Aflatoxins: A Global Concern for Food Safety, Human Health and Their Management. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2170. [PMID: 28144235 PMCID: PMC5240007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aflatoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus spp., are widely spread in nature and have severely contaminated food supplies of humans and animals, resulting in health hazards and even death. Therefore, there is great demand for aflatoxins research to develop suitable methods for their quantification, precise detection and control to ensure the safety of consumers' health. Here, the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the mycotoxins is discussed in brief along with their occurrence, and the health hazards to humans and livestock. This review focuses on resources, production, detection and control measures of aflatoxins to ensure food and feed safety. The review is informative for health-conscious consumers and research experts in the fields. Furthermore, providing knowledge on aflatoxins toxicity will help in ensure food safety and meet the future demands of the increasing population by decreasing the incidence of outbreaks due to aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and TechnologyNirjuli, India
| | - Dipendra K. Mahato
- Division of Food Science & Postharvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and TechnologyNirjuli, India
| | - Tapan K. Mohanta
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sang G. Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
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39
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Zhao J, Zhu Y, Jiao Y, Ning J, Yang Y. Ionic-liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with magnetic solid-phase extraction for the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2in animal feeds by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3789-3797. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Yunnan Province China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Central monitoring center of Kunming City; Yunnan Province China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Yunnan Jianniu Bio Technology Co., Ltd; Kunming China
| | - Jinyan Ning
- Yunnan Jianniu Bio Technology Co., Ltd; Kunming China
| | - Yaling Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Yunnan Province China
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40
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Şengül Ü, Yalçın E, Şengül B, Çavuşoğlu K. Investigation of aflatoxin contamination in maize flour consumed in Giresun, Turkey. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2015.0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ü. Şengül
- Central Research Laboratory, Güre Location, Giresun University, 28100 Giresun, Turkey
| | - E. Yalçın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Güre Location, Giresun University, 28100 Giresun, Turkey
| | - B. Şengül
- Vocational High School of Giresun, Debboy Location, Giresun University, 28049 Giresun, Turkey
| | - K. Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Güre Location, Giresun University, 28100 Giresun, Turkey
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41
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Agriopoulou S, Koliadima A, Karaiskakis G, Kapolos J. Kinetic study of aflatoxins' degradation in the presence of ozone. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Mycotoxin Menace in Stored Agricultural Commodities and Their Management by Plant Volatiles: An Overview. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Aydın M, Aydın S, Bacanlı M, Başaran N. Aflatoxin levels in chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma in Balıkesir, Turkey. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:926-35. [PMID: 25894298 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, the secondary metabolites produced by species of naturally occurring Aspergilli, are commonly found in food such as cereals, dried fruits and juice, wine, beer and spices. They are hepatotoxic and are well known human carcinogens based on evidence from human studies. Aflatoxins are an environmental risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic hepatitis B-infected patients are at increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatic failure and liver cancer. This study was designed to determine the serum aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2 ), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1 ) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2 ) concentrations using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in hepatitis B-infected patients with or without cirrhosis and liver cancer, alongside healthy controls in Balıkesir, Turkey. The mean AFB1 and total AF levels in patients without liver cancer and cirrhosis were significantly higher than healthy controls. The mean AFB1 and total AF levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B and HCC were significantly higher than infected patients with or without cirrhosis. These results suggest that patients with chronic hepatitis B who are exposed to AFs are at increased risk for developing HCC, which might be prevented by reducing consumption of contaminated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aydın
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Hospital of Başkent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Aydın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Bacanlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Başaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Sahar N, Arif S, Iqbal S, Afzal QUA, Aman S, Ara J, Ahmed M. Moisture content and its impact on aflatoxin levels in ready-to-use red chillies. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 8:67-72. [PMID: 25339440 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2014.978395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Moisture content (MC) and aflatoxin contamination were analysed to determine Red Chilli quality. A wide range (9.1-19.8%) of MC with a mean value of 11.4 ± 2.4% was found. Of 116 chilli samples, about 37% had low MC (<10%), 29.4% had medium-low MC (10-12%), 18.9% had medium-high MC (12 < MC < 14%) and 14.7% were above 14%. These four chilli groups had average aflatoxin levels of 2.1 ± 1.1, 5.3 ± 4.2, 8.9 ± 5.9 and 37 ± 20 µg/Kg, respectively. A direct relationship between moisture and aflatoxin content was found. The data best fitted a polynomial trend (R² = 0.89). The obtained equation could be utilised to assess aflatoxin levels based on MC. This study highlights the importance of using properly dried chillies with low MC, that is, ≤10%, to minimise health hazards associated with aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmus Sahar
- a Food Quality and Safety Research Institute, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council , University Block, University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
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Amirkhizi B, Arefhosseini SR, Ansarin M, Nemati M. Aflatoxin B1 in eggs and chicken livers by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and HPLC. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 8:245-9. [PMID: 26160230 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1067649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, low-cost and simple technique has been developed for the determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in eggs and livers using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. In this study, the presence of AFB1 was investigated in 150 eggs and 50 chicken livers from the local market of Tabriz, Iran. AFB1 was extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile:water (80:20) and cleaned up by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction which is a very economical, fast and sensitive method. AFB1 was quantified by HPLC-UV without need for any complex derivatisation in samples to enhance the detection. The results showed that 72% of the liver and 58% of the egg samples were contaminated with AFB1 ranging from 0.30 to 16.36 µg kg (̶1). limit of detection and limit of quantification for AFB1 were 0.08 and 0.28 µg kg (̶ 1), respectively. The proposed method is suitable for fast analysing of AFB1 in egg and liver samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Amirkhizi
- a Drug Applied Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Faculty of Nutrition , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Students' Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | | | - Masoud Ansarin
- a Drug Applied Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mahboob Nemati
- a Drug Applied Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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46
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Andrade P, Caldas E. Aflatoxins in cereals: worldwide occurrence and dietary risk assessment. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), genotoxic mycotoxins, in raw maize, rice, sorghum and wheat samples collected since the year 2000 was evaluated using published data and occurrence data from the GEMS/Food database (https://extranet.who.int/gemsfood). Dietary risk assessments were conducted using GEMS/Food total aflatoxin occurrence and food consumption data obtained from the 17 Cluster Diets. Risk characterisation arising from aflatoxin exposure was conducted using both cancer risk and margin of exposure (MOE) approaches. A total of 89 publications were retrieved from the literature, reporting data related to 18,097 samples, of which 37.6% were positive for at least one aflatoxin. The total upper bound (UB) mean for all samples analysed was 13.6 μg/kg, and was higher for rice (24.6 μg/kg) and sorghum (25.9 μg/kg). Of data related to the analysis of 4,536 samples reported to GEMS/Food database, 12.7% were positive for at least one aflatoxin. The total UB mean was 1.9 μg/kg, and was higher for rice (2.4 μg/kg) and maize (1.6 μg/kg). Total intakes ranged from 3.0 ng/kg bw/day (Cluster C11) to 17.1 ng/kg bw/day (Cluster C09). On average, the consumption of rice contributed to 41.6% of the total aflatoxin intake in all clusters, followed by wheat (35.4%), maize (21.2%) and sorghum (1.8%). The lowest cancer risk was found in cluster C11 (0.057 cancers/year/105 individuals), and the highest in cluster C09 (0.467 cancers/year/105 individuals). MOE ranged from 56 (C11) to 10 (C09), indicating a potential risk to consumers. These results highlight the need for continuous action by health authorities to decrease aflatoxin contamination in cereals, as they are staple foods in diets worldwide. These actions include the enforcement of code of practices at the national level and the establishment of maximum contamination levels by the Codex System.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.D. Andrade
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Darci Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - E.D. Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Darci Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Xie J, Peng T, He JL, Shao Y, Fan CL, Chen Y, Jiang WX, Chen M, Wang Q, Pei XY, Ding SY, Jiang HY. Preparation and characterization of an immunoaffinity column for the selective extraction of aflatoxin B1 in 13 kinds of foodstuffs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 998-999:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Lai X, Zhang H, Liu R, Liu C. Potential for aflatoxin B1 and B2 production by Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from rice samples. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:176-80. [PMID: 25737649 PMCID: PMC4336447 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the potential for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and B2 (AFB2) production in rice grain by 127 strains of Aspergillus flavus isolated from rice grains collected from China. These strains were inoculated onto rice grains and incubated at 28 °C for 21 days. AFB1 and AFB2 were extracted and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. Among the tested strains, 37% produced AFB1 and AFB2 with levels ranging from 175 to 124 101 μg kg(-1) for AFB1 and from not detected to 10 329 μg kg(-1) for AFB2. The mean yields of these isolates were 5884 μg kg(-1) for AFB1 and 1968 μg kg(-1) for AFB2. Overall, most of the aflatoxigenic strains produced higher levels of AFB1 than AFB2 in rice. The obtained information is useful for assessing the risk of aflatoxin contamination in rice samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chenglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, China
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49
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Hernández-Martínez R, Navarro-Blasco I. Surveillance of aflatoxin content in dairy cow feedstuff from Navarra (Spain). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Manoochehri M, Asgharinezhad AA, Safaei M. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Powder by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Dispersive Solid-Phase Clean-up. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:1000-6. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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