1
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El Filali Z, El Idrissi Boutaher A, Oumato J, Abdelmoumen H, Bourais I. Validation and screening of patulin in apple beverages marketed in Morocco. Food Chem 2024; 456:139994. [PMID: 38914035 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Patulin is one of the mycotoxins frequently detected in apples and derivatives, representing a major food safety risk. This study aimed to validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with an ultraviolet (UV) detector for patulin quantification and assess its occurrence in apple beverages marketed in Morocco. The validation parameters showed satisfactory results with adequate linearity (R > 0.997), a relative standard deviation below 2.5%, repeatability between 3.6 and 7.1%, reproducibility between 3.9 and 11.5%, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 4 μg/L, and recoveries close to 100% for three levels. Analysis of 30 samples revealed patulin levels ranging from 0 to 16.36 μg/L, with 50% of samples showing negative levels. All positive results remained below the regulatory maximum limit of 50 μg/L. These findings affirm the efficacy of the HPLC proposed method in ensuring compliance with patulin regulations in apple beverages, underlining its importance in safeguarding food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab El Filali
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco; Regional Laboratory of Analysis and Research, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Jihane Oumato
- Food Science Department, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hanaa Abdelmoumen
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ilhame Bourais
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco; Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco; Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation (CM6RI), Rabat, Morocco.
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2
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Iqbal SZ, Waseem M, Abdull Razis AF, Bhatti IA, Khaneghah AM, Mohammed OA, Lakshminarayanan SP, Iqbal M. Mycotoxin patulin contamination in various fruits and estimating its dietary impact on the consumers: From orchard to table. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30252. [PMID: 38778946 PMCID: PMC11109727 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The present research examined patulin's presence across the whole supply chain of selected fruits. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 442 samples of fruits (oranges, apples, apricots, lemons, and guava) to determine the presence of patulin contamination. This analysis used Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector. The findings indicate that 17, 23, and 28 % of selected fruit samples tested positive for patulin levels in farm, transportation, and market samples. However, the sample collected during the transportation step showed that 56 % (percentage of positive samples) of fruits have patulin levels greater than 50 μg/kg, and 41 % (percentage of positive samples) have greater levels than 50 μg/kg in market samples. The findings of the one-way analysis of variance indicated that no statistically significant variation existed between the amounts of patulin across the various stages of the food supply chain system (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the analysis of the correlation study, namely Kendall's tau_b and Spearman's rho, denote a robust association between the levels of patulin and the food supply system. The apple samples exhibited the most significant average dietary intake of patulin, with an average value of 0.11 μg/kg bw/day. The maximum mean hazard quotient (HQ) of 0.28 was also recorded. The prevalence and incidence of patulin in specific fruits were found to be relatively high, and it was observed that market samples had elevated levels of patulin in the selected fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Z. Iqbal
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab., Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab., Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ijaz A. Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, 191002, 9 Lomonosova Street, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Osama A. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Srimathi Priya Lakshminarayanan
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Horticultural College and Research Institute (HC & RI), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Periyakulam, 625604, India
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
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3
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Abdallah MF, Gado M, Abdelsadek D, Zahran F, El-Salhey NN, Mehrez O, Abdel-Hay S, Mohamed SM, De Ruyck K, Yang S, Gonzales GB, Varga E. Mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world: Highlighting the main knowledge gaps and the current legislation. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:19-44. [PMID: 38117428 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, knowledge in the mycotoxin research field has increased dramatically. Hundreds of review articles have been published summarizing many different aspects, including mycotoxin contamination per country or region. However, mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world, which includes 22 countries in Africa and Asia, has not yet been specifically reviewed. To this end, the contamination of mycotoxins in the Arab world was reviewed not only to profile the pervasiveness of the problem in this region but also to identify the main knowledge gaps imperiling the safety of food and feed in the future. To the best of our knowledge, 306 (non-)indexed publications in English, Arabic, or French were published from 1977 to 2021, focusing on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in matrices of 14 different categories. Characteristic factors (e.g., detected mycotoxins, concentrations, and detection methods) were extracted, processed, and visualized. The main results are summarized as follows: (i) research on mycotoxin contamination has increased over the years. However, the accumulated data on their occurrences are scarce to non-existent in some countries; (ii) the state-of-the-art technologies on mycotoxin detection are not broadly implemented neither are contemporary multi-mycotoxin detection strategies, thus showing a need for capacity-building initiatives; and (iii) mycotoxin profiles differ among food and feed categories, as well as between human biofluids. Furthermore, the present work highlights contemporary legislation in the Arab countries and provides future perspectives to mitigate mycotoxins, enhance food and feed safety, and protect the consumer public. Concluding, research initiatives to boost mycotoxin research among Arab countries are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Muhammad Gado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma Zahran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nada Nabil El-Salhey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ohaila Mehrez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel-Hay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Heperkan ZD, Gunalan-Inci E, Ceyhan T. Unexpectedly high patulin contamination and co-occurrence of ochratoxin A in homemade vinegar. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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5
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Bacha SAS, Li Y, Nie J, Xu G, Han L, Farooq S. Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1139757. [PMID: 37077634 PMCID: PMC10108681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi, which can contaminate various food commodities, including fruits and their derived products. Patulin and Alternaria toxins are among the most commonly encountered mycotoxins in fruit and their derived products. In this review, the sources, toxicity, and regulations related to these mycotoxins, as well as their detection and mitigation strategies are widely discussed. Patulin is a mycotoxin produced mainly by the fungal genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. Alternaria toxins, produced by fungi in the Alternaria genus, are another common group of mycotoxins found in fruits and fruit products. The most prevalent Alternaria toxins are alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). These mycotoxins are of concern due to their potential negative effects on human health. Ingesting fruits contaminated with these mycotoxins can cause acute and chronic health problems. Detection of patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and their derived products can be challenging due to their low concentrations and the complexity of the food matrices. Common analytical methods, good agricultural practices, and contamination monitoring of these mycotoxins are important for safe consumption of fruits and derived products. And Future research will continue to explore new methods for detecting and managing these mycotoxins, with the ultimate goal of ensuring the safety and quality of fruits and derived product supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Asim Shah Bacha
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinping Li
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Nie, ; Yinping Li,
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Nie, ; Yinping Li,
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Saqib Farooq
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
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6
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Golge O, Yenisehirlioglu E, Kabak B. A preliminary study on patulin contamination in spirit drinks. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:152-157. [PMID: 35440278 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2066191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A total of 120 spirit drinks and 40 apple juices were collected between 2018 and 2020 in three regions of Turkey and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) for the incidence of patulin. The analytical method was successfully validated for both matrices. In 26.7% of apple juice samples, patulin was quantified at levels between 5.8 and 66.4 µg L-1. Only one regulatory level exceedance was identified for apple juice. The mean dietary exposure of the adult population to patulin ranged from 0.083 to 0.091 ng kg-1 bw day-1. With the HPLC-PDA method, patulin was measured in quantifiable concentrations in 11 out of 25 cognac, 5 out of 40 liqueur, and 1 out of 10 whisky samples, up to a level of 42.6 µg/l, whereas all vodka samples were free from patulin. In only one liqueur sample, the presence of patulin could be confirmed with LC-MS/MS, at a level of 8.9 µg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Golge
- Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Yenisehirlioglu
- Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
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7
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Nan M, Xue H, Bi Y. Contamination, Detection and Control of Mycotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:309. [PMID: 35622556 PMCID: PMC9143439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by pathogenic fungi that colonize fruits and vegetables either during harvesting or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination in fruits and vegetables has been a major problem worldwide, which poses a serious threat to human and animal health through the food chain. This review systematically describes the major mycotoxigenic fungi and the produced mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables, analyzes recent mycotoxin detection technologies including chromatography coupled with detector (i.e., mass, ultraviolet, fluorescence, etc.) technology, electrochemical biosensors technology and immunological techniques, as well as summarizes the degradation and detoxification technologies of mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables, including physical, chemical and biological methods. The future prospect is also proposed to provide an overview and suggestions for future mycotoxin research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nan
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Basic Experiment Teaching Center, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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8
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Han JJW, Nguyen CD, Thrasher JP, DeGuzman A, Chan JY. The Nrf1 transcription factor is induced by patulin and protects against patulin cytotoxicity. Toxicology 2022; 471:153173. [PMID: 35367319 PMCID: PMC9522914 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds that is found in various food products. The adverse health effects associated with exposure to patulin has led to many investigations into the biological basis driving the toxicity of patulin. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which mammalian cells resists patulin-mediated toxicity is poorly understood. Here, we show that loss of the Nrf1 transcription factor renders cells sensitive to the acute cytotoxic effects of patulin. Nrf1 deficiency leads to accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and protein aggregates in response to patulin exposure. Nrf1 expression is induced by patulin, and activation of proteasome genes by patulin is Nrf1-dependent. These findings suggest the Nrf1 transcription factor plays a crucial role in modulating cellular stress response against patulin cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J W Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Carolyn D Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Julianna P Thrasher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anna DeGuzman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jefferson Y Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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9
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Kim HM, Choi HY, Cho GH, Im JH, Hong EY, Chun HS. Natural Thiols, but Not Thioethers, Attenuate Patulin-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in HepG2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100727. [PMID: 34679020 PMCID: PMC8537938 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin, a mycotoxin, is known to have cytotoxic effects, but few studies have focused on the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in patulin toxicity and the natural compounds that attenuate it in HepG2 cells. This study tested the ability of patulin to induce ER stress, and that of four thiols and three thioethers to attenuate patulin-induced ER stress in HepG2 cells. Patulin dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation (IC50, 8.43 μM). Additionally, patulin was found to increase the expression levels of ER stress-related genes and/or protein markers, including BiP, CHOP, and spliced XBP1, in HepG2 cells compared to the vehicle control, indicating its potential in ER stress induction. Patulin-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was reduced by naturally occurring thiol compounds (glutathione, L-acetyl-L-cysteine, cysteine, and captopril), but not by thioether compounds (sulforaphane, sulforaphene, and S-allyl-L-cysteine). Patulin-thiol co-treatment decreased CHOP expression and BiP and CHOP levels in HepG2 cells but did not alter BiP expression. Spliced XBP1 expression was decreased by patulin-thiol co-treatment. Thus, patulin induced ER stress in HepG2 cells and thiols, but not in thioethers, attenuated patulin-induced ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Mi Kim
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (H.M.K.); (H.Y.C.); (G.H.C.); (J.H.I.)
- HK Inno. N Corporation, Eulji-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul 04551, Korea;
| | - Hwa Young Choi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (H.M.K.); (H.Y.C.); (G.H.C.); (J.H.I.)
| | - Gun Hee Cho
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (H.M.K.); (H.Y.C.); (G.H.C.); (J.H.I.)
| | - Ju Hee Im
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (H.M.K.); (H.Y.C.); (G.H.C.); (J.H.I.)
| | - Eun Young Hong
- HK Inno. N Corporation, Eulji-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul 04551, Korea;
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (H.M.K.); (H.Y.C.); (G.H.C.); (J.H.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-6703290; Fax: +82-31-6753108
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10
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Qiao N, Yu L, Zhang C, Wei C, Zhao J, Zhang H, Tian F, Zhai Q, Chen W. A comparison of the inhibitory activities of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium against Penicillium expansum and an analysis of potential antifungal metabolites. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5897356. [PMID: 32845333 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection of fruits by Penicillium expansum (P. expansum) do not only cause economic loss but also potentially endanger human health, especially because few biocontrol agents against this fungus have been well studied yet. In this work, to verity the antifungal activity against P. expansum of 22 Bifidobacterium and 44 Lactobacillus, dual-culture overlay assay, microtiter plate well assay and agar spot assay were successively performed. One of the strain, Bifidobacterium adolescentis (B. adolescentis) CCFM1108 exhibited the most potent inhibition ability among all tested strains. Additionally, we showed that multiple antifungal compounds produced by tested strain synergistically inhibit the growth of P. expansum, including lactic acid, acetic acid, 3-phenyllactic acid and p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid. Those active compounds mentioned were detected in the cell-free supernatant and characterized by metabolomics analysis using GC-MS. Correspondingly, B. adolescentis CCFM1108 supernatant disrupted plasma membrane integrity of the P. expansum mycelial and drastically reduced patulin production in P. expansum. The inhibitive effects of B. adolescentis CCFM1108 were also confirmed with three other P. expansum strains. The active inhibitory properties of Bifidobacterium strains, especially B. adolescentis CCFM1108, indicate that B. adolescentis can be potentially used as a novel bioagent to prevent or delay fungal spoilage on fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanzhen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chaozhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch.,(Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, and National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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11
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Mahato DK, Kamle M, Sharma B, Pandhi S, Devi S, Dhawan K, Selvakumar R, Mishra D, Kumar A, Arora S, Singh NA, Kumar P. Patulin in food: A mycotoxin concern for human health and its management strategies. Toxicon 2021; 198:12-23. [PMID: 33933519 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin patulin is primarily produced as a secondary metabolite by numerous fungal species and predominantly by Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium species. It is generally associated with fungal infected food materials. Penicillium expansum is considered the only fungal species liable for patulin contamination in pome fruits, especially in apples and apple-based products. This toxin in food poses serious health concerns and economic threat, which has aroused the need to adopt effective detection and mitigation strategies. Understanding its origin sources and biosynthetic mechanism stands essential for efficiently designing a management strategy against this fungal contamination. This review aims to present an updated outline of the sources of patulin occurrence in different foods and their biosynthetic mechanisms. It further provides information regarding the detrimental effects of patulin on human and agriculture as well as its effective detection, management, and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, 791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Bharti Sharma
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sheetal Devi
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, 131028, India.
| | - Kajal Dhawan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Diwakar Mishra
- Department of Dairy Technology, Birsa Agricultural University, Dumka, 814145, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shalini Arora
- Department of Dairy Technology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Namita Ashish Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, 791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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Hussain S, Asi MR, Iqbal M, Akhtar M, Imran M, Ariño A. Surveillance of Patulin in Apple, Grapes, Juices and Value-Added Products for Sale in Pakistan. Foods 2020; 9:E1744. [PMID: 33255986 PMCID: PMC7761417 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The prime objective of the current study was to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxin patulin (PAT) in apples, grapes and their value added products. PAT was determined by a validated method based on HPLC with UV detector. A total of 381 samples comprising apple and grape fruits (n = 133 each), apple-based products (n = 76, juice, puree, jam) and grape juice (n = 39) were analyzed. PAT was found in 58.9% samples of apple and apple-based products, with a mean of 49.8 µg/kg (maximum 396 µg/kg), while 27.3% samples contained PAT beyond the maximum regulatory limit of 50 µg/kg. The average levels of PAT contamination in apple-derived products was higher in apple juice concentrate, followed by apple puree, apple juice and apple jam. The incidence of PAT in table grapes was 65.1%, with a mean of 53.9 µg/kg (maximum 505 µg/kg), whereas 23.8% exceeded the maximum level. Among the fruit samples, there were differences in PAT contents due to apple variety (6 types) or grape variety (8 types), as well as for sampling location. Our investigations showed the wide PAT occurrence in fruits and derived value-added products affecting consumer product safety, so that the population is chronically exposed to this toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Hussain
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- Central Analytical Facility Division (CAFD), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), P. O. Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafique Asi
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- Soil & Environmental Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Soil & Environmental Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Agustín Ariño
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Facultad de Veterinaria, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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The characteristics of patulin detoxification by Lactobacillus plantarum 13M5. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111787. [PMID: 33031840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a widespread mycotoxin that harms the health of both humans and animals. In this study, among the 17 tested Lactobacillus plantarum strains, L. plantarum 13M5, isolated from traditional Chinese fermented foods, showed the highest PAT degradation rate of up to 43.8% (PAT 5 mg/L). Evaluation of the living and dead 13M5 cells revealed that only the living cells had the ability to remove PAT and degrade it into E-ascladiol. A cell-based assay revealed that L. plantarum 13M5 administration alleviated PAT-induced injuries in Caco-2 cells, including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and tight junction disruption. Our results suggest that L. plantarum 13M5 has the potential to reduce PAT toxicity and can thus be used as a probiotic supplement to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of PAT ingested from diet.
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Lien KW, Ling MP, Pan MH. Probabilistic risk assessment of patulin in imported apple juice and apple-containing beverages in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4776-4781. [PMID: 32458424 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Taiwan, nearly 90% of apples and raw ingredients for apple-based products are imported. Apple juices (137 samples) and apple-containing beverages (35 samples) were collected in Taiwan from imported food and analyzed for patulin content. RESULTS The results revealed that the incidence levels of patulin for apple juice and apple-containing beverages are 5.84% and 5.71%. The mean contamination levels were 1.7 and 1.4 μg kg-1 for apple juice and apple-containing beverages. One sample exceeded 50 μg kg-1 , the maximum permissible limit according to the Taiwan Sanitation Standard for the Tolerance of Mycotoxins in Foods. The estimated intake of patulin for consumers ranged from 5.4 to 18.0 ng kg-1 body weight per day for apple juice and between 6.1 and 11.2 ng kg-1 body weight for apple-containing beverages. The highest average patulin intake was observed among infants aged 0-3 years, followed by children aged 4-12 years old. Finally, the hazard index (HI) for the 50th, 90th, and 95th percentiles are 0.0186, 0.1201, and 0.2048, respectively, for infants aged 0-3 years. CONCLUSION The dietary intake of patulin from imported apple juices and apple-containing beverages is well below the safety levels and does not present a risk for adult and children consumers. However, it is important to point out that we only analyzed imported apple juices and apple-containing beverages. More studies are necessary to establish if the HI for patulin will still remain below 1 when other foods and beverages are included in the risk calculations. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Wen Lien
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Min-Pei Ling
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Song X, Wang D, Kim M. Development of an immuno-electrochemical glass carbon electrode sensor based on graphene oxide/gold nanocomposite and antibody for the detection of patulin. Food Chem 2020; 342:128257. [PMID: 33051098 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of fungal-produced patulin in foods poses a high health risk to people because it can cause neurologic and gastrointestinal illnesses. A glass carbon electrode (GCE) sensor was developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of patulin. Anti-patulin-BSA IgG of a rabbit was produced and immobilised on a GCE coated with a graphene oxide/gold nanocomposite. The mycotoxin patulin in the samples could be captured by the anti-patulin-BSA IgG on the surface of the GCE sensor. The spatial hindrance effect of IgG on the GCE sensor was reduced by the reaction between IgG and patulin, resulting in a decrease in the electron transfer resistance. The current changes in the immobilised anti-patulin-BSA IgG GCE sensor exhibited a linear relationship with patulin concentration and facilitated the sensitive detection of patulin. This immuno-electrochemical GCE sensor could rapidly detect patulin in less than 1 min with a detection limit of 5 µg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Song
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Danhua Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Yu L, Qiao N, Zhao J, Zhang H, Tian F, Zhai Q, Chen W. Postharvest control of Penicillium expansum in fruits: A review. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Chiotta ML, Fumero MV, Cendoya E, Palazzini JM, Alaniz-Zanon MS, Ramirez ML, Chulze SN. Toxigenic fungal species and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in crops harvested in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 52:339-347. [PMID: 32718824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that mainly belong to Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Alternaria, which can grow in a variety of crops including cereals, oilseeds and fruits. Consequently, their prevalence in foods and by-products not only affects human and animal health but also causes important losses in both domestic and international markets. This review provides data about toxigenic fungal species and mycotoxin occurrence in different crops commonly grown in Argentina. This information will be relevant to establish adequate management strategies to reduce the impact of mycotoxins on human food and animal feed chains and to implement future legislation on the maximum permitted levels of these fungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Chiotta
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET.
| | - María Verónica Fumero
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow from CONICET
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow from CONICET
| | - Juan Manuel Palazzini
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - Sofía Noemí Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
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Gizaw Z. Public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market: a systematic literature review. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:68. [PMID: 31785611 PMCID: PMC6885314 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food safety in the food market is one of the key areas of focus in public health, because it affects people of every age, race, gender, and income level around the world. The local and international food marketing continues to have significant impacts on food safety and health of the public. Food supply chains now cross multiple national borders which increase the internationalization of health risks. This systematic review of literature was, therefore, conducted to identify common public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market. METHODS All published and unpublished quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method studies were searched from electronic databases using a three step searching. Analytical framework was developed using the PICo (population, phenomena of interest, and context) method. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) version 2018. The included full-text articles were qualitatively analyzed using emergent thematic analysis approach to identify key concepts and coded them into related non-mutually exclusive themes. We then synthesized each theme by comparing the discussion and conclusion of the included articles. Emergent themes were identified based on meticulous and systematic reading. Coding and interpreting the data were refined during analysis. RESULTS The analysis of 81 full-text articles resulted in seven common public health risks related with food safety in the food market. Microbial contamination of foods, chemical contamination of foods, food adulteration, misuse of food additives, mislabeling, genetically modified foods (GM foods), and outdated foods or foods past their use-by dates were the identified food safety-related public health risks in the food market. CONCLUSION This systematic literature review identified common food safety-related public health risks in the food market. The results imply that the local and international food marketing continues to have significant impacts on health of the public. The food market increases internationalization of health risks as the food supply chains cross multiple national borders. Therefore, effective national risk-based food control systems are essential to protect the health and safety of the public. Countries need also assure the safety and quality of their foods entering international trade and ensure that imported foods conform to national requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemichael Gizaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Saleh I, Goktepe I. Health risk assessment of Patulin intake through apples and apple-based foods sold in Qatar. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02754. [PMID: 31844700 PMCID: PMC6895755 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first report on assessing the non-carcinogenic health risk associated with Patulin exposure in Qatar. The concentrations of Patulin, as determined in previous studies, in apples, apple juice, and apple-based baby foods sold in Qatar and nearby countries were used to conduct the health risk assessment (HRA). The risk related to Patulin intake by different age groups was calculated using the USEPA risk assessment models. The intake levels (ILs) of various age groups was compared with the international standards. The highest IL in Qatar was for babies between 5-12 months old through ingesting contaminated apple-based baby foods, yet those levels were below the tolerable daily intake of Patulin set by the EU at 0.4 μg/kg BW/d. The results showed that the intake of Patulin in Qatar is lower than that in Tunisia and Iran based on the HRA analysis. The risk caused by chronic exposure to Patulin through ingesting raw apples and apple juice separately was below “1,” indicating that the overall population is not likely to be at risk of Patulin exposure. However, various uncertainties should be considered when adopting these results, mainly the low number of samples and additive exposure to other mycotoxins from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saleh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ipek Goktepe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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20
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Mewa-Ngongang M, du Plessis HW, Ntwampe SKO, Chidi BS, Hutchinson UF, Mekuto L, Jolly NP. The Use of Candida pyralidae and Pichia kluyveri to Control Spoilage Microorganisms of Raw Fruits Used for Beverage Production. Foods 2019; 8:E454. [PMID: 31590435 PMCID: PMC6835701 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Undesired fermentation of fruit-derived beverages by fungal, yeast and bacterial spoilage organisms are among the major contributors of product losses in the food industry. As an alternative to chemical preservatives, the use of Candida pyralidae and Pichia kluyveri was assessed for antimicrobial activity against several yeasts (Dekkera bruxellensis, Dekkera anomala, Zygosaccharomyces bailii) and fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum and Rhizopus stolonifer) associated with spoilage of fruit and fruit-derived beverages. The antagonistic properties of C. pyralidae and P. kluyveri were evaluated on cheap solidified medium (grape pomace extract) as well as on fruits (grapes and apples). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from C. pyralidae and P. kluyveri deemed to have antimicrobial activity were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A cell suspension of C. pyralidae and P. kluyveri showed growth inhibition activity against all spoilage microorganisms studied. Direct contact and extracellular VOCs were two of the mechanisms of inhibition. Twenty-five VOCs belonging to the categories of alcohols, organic acids and esters were identified as potential sources for the biocontrol activity observed in this study. This study reports, for the first time, the ability of C. pyralidae to inhibit fungal growth and also for P. kluyveri to show growth inhibition activity against spoilage organisms (n = 6) in a single study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Mewa-Ngongang
- PostHarvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute of the Agricultural Research Council), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; (H.W.d.P.); (B.S.C.); (U.F.H.); (N.P.J.)
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (S.K.O.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Heinrich W. du Plessis
- PostHarvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute of the Agricultural Research Council), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; (H.W.d.P.); (B.S.C.); (U.F.H.); (N.P.J.)
| | - Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (S.K.O.N.); (L.M.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Boredi Silas Chidi
- PostHarvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute of the Agricultural Research Council), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; (H.W.d.P.); (B.S.C.); (U.F.H.); (N.P.J.)
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (S.K.O.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Ucrecia Faith Hutchinson
- PostHarvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute of the Agricultural Research Council), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; (H.W.d.P.); (B.S.C.); (U.F.H.); (N.P.J.)
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (S.K.O.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Lukhanyo Mekuto
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (S.K.O.N.); (L.M.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Neil Paul Jolly
- PostHarvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute of the Agricultural Research Council), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; (H.W.d.P.); (B.S.C.); (U.F.H.); (N.P.J.)
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Dias JV, da Silva RC, Pizzutti IR, dos Santos ID, Dassi M, Cardoso CD. Patulin in apple and apple juice: Method development, validation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and survey in Brazilian south supermarkets. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Vidal A, Ouhibi S, Ghali R, Hedhili A, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. The mycotoxin patulin: An updated short review on occurrence, toxicity and analytical challenges. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:249-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Saleh I, Goktepe I. The characteristics, occurrence, and toxicological effects of patulin. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:301-311. [PMID: 31029720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the secondary metabolites secreted by different types of fungi to which humans can get exposed mainly via ingestion. Patulin (C7H6O4) is a polyketide lactone produced by various fungal specifies, including Penicillium expansum as the main producer. P. expansum can infect different fruits and vegetables yet it has preference to apples in which they cause blue rot. Therefore, apples and apple-based food products are the main source of Patulin exposure for humans. Patulin was first identified in 1943 under the name of tercinin as a possible antimicrobial agent. Although it is categorized as a non-carcinogen, Patulin has been linked, in the last decades, to neurological, gastrointestinal, and immunological adverse effects, mainly causing liver and kidney damages. In this review, the characteristics of and possible human exposure pathways to Patulin are discussed. Various surveillance and toxicity studies on the levels of Patulin in various food products and effects of Patulin on cells and animal models have been documented as well. Importance of epidemiological studies and a summary of the possible toxicity mechanisms are highlighted with a case study. The commonly used control methods as described in the literature are also discussed to guide future researchers to focus on mitigating mycotoxins contamination in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saleh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ipek Goktepe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Sajid M, Mehmood S, Yuan Y, Yue T. Mycotoxin patulin in food matrices: occurrence and its biological degradation strategies. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:105-120. [PMID: 30857445 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1589493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a number of filamentous fungal species. It is a polyketide secondary metabolite which can gravely cause human health problems and food safety issues. This review deals with the occurrence of patulin in major food commodities from 2008 to date, including historical aspects, source, occurrence, regulatory limits and its toxicity. Most importantly, an overview of the recent research progress about the biodegradation strategies for contaminated food matrices is provided. The physical and chemical approaches have some drawbacks such as safety issues, possible losses in the nutritional quality, chemical hazards, limited efficacy, and high cost. The biological decontamination based on elimination or degradation of patulin using yeast, bacteria, and fungi has shown good results and it seems to be attractive since it works under mild and environment-friendly conditions. Further studies are needed to make clear the detoxification pathways by available potential biosorbents and to determine the practical applications of these methods at a commercial level to remove patulin from food products with special reference to their effects on sensory characteristics of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sajid
- a College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China.,b Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro Products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture , Yangling , China.,c National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) , Yangling , China
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- d State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- a College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China.,b Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro Products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture , Yangling , China.,c National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) , Yangling , China
| | - Tianli Yue
- a College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China.,b Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro Products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture , Yangling , China.,c National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) , Yangling , China
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Zhong L, Carere J, Lu Z, Lu F, Zhou T. Patulin in Apples and Apple-Based Food Products: The Burdens and the Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E475. [PMID: 30445713 PMCID: PMC6267208 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Apples and apple-based products are among the most popular foods around the world for their delightful flavors and health benefits. However, the commonly found mold, Penicillium expansum invades wounded apples, causing the blue mold decay and ensuing the production of patulin, a mycotoxin that negatively affects human health. Patulin contamination in apple products has been a worldwide problem without a satisfactory solution yet. A comprehensive understanding of the factors and challenges associated with patulin accumulation in apples is essential for finding such a solution. This review will discuss the effects of the pathogenicity of Penicillium species, quality traits of apple cultivars, and environmental conditions on the severity of apple blue mold and patulin contamination. Moreover, beyond the complicated interactions of the three aforementioned factors, patulin control is also challenged by the lack of reliable detection methods in food matrices, as well as unclear degradation mechanisms and limited knowledge about the toxicities of the metabolites resulting from the degradations. As apple-based products are mainly produced with stored apples, pre- and post-harvest strategies are equally important for patulin mitigation. Before storage, disease-resistance breeding, orchard-management, and elicitor(s) application help control the patulin level by improving the storage qualities of apples and lowering fruit rot severity. From storage to processing, patulin mitigation strategies could benefit from the optimization of apple storage conditions, the elimination of rotten apples, and the safe and effective detoxification or biodegradation of patulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Jason Carere
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
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Tantaoui-Elaraki A, Riba A, Oueslati S, Zinedine A. Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin occurrence and prevention in food and feed in northern Africa – a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
North African countries (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) are surrounded by water bodies, such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Their climate is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity in some areas, which are environmental conditions favourable to fast fungal growth and toxinogenesis. This paper reports information on the presence of toxigenic fungi, mycotoxins (especially aflatoxins and ochratoxin A) and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin and fusaproliferin) in some Northern African commodities that are largely consumed and were investigated thoroughly, especially raw cereals, bread, couscous, pasta, milk, spices, wine, beer, fruit juices, olives and olive oil, dried fruits and nuts, poultry feeds, etc. in the three North African countries. High contamination levels have been reported for some food samples from the three countries. Steps towards better prevention of mycotoxin production in feeds and decrease of intestinal absorption, by means of plant essential oils associated with clay, have been undertaken. Morocco presumably is the country where mycotoxin regulation is the most detailed in comparison with Algeria and Tunisia. Finally, the conclusion section offers some prospects and recommendations for actions by authorities and scientists during the monitoring of mycotoxins in the foods and feeds produced and/or commercialised in the three countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Tantaoui-Elaraki
- FENEX Office, Résidence Al-Khadra, No. 11, Guich Oudayas, 10100 Témara, Morocco
| | - A. Riba
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger & Département de Biologie, Université M’hamed Bougara, Avenue de l’indépendance, 35000 Boumerdès, Algeria
| | - S. Oueslati
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Molécules et Applications, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, BP 51, La Marsa 2070, Tunisia
| | - A. Zinedine
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, BP 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
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Sadok I, Stachniuk A, Staniszewska M. Developments in the Monitoring of Patulin in Fruits Using Liquid Chromatography: an Overview. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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Diao E, Chu X, Hou H, Dong H, Gao D. Improving the safety of apple juice by UV irradiation. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Gonçalves BL, Coppa CFSC, Neeff DVD, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF. Mycotoxins in fruits and fruit-based products: occurrence and methods for decontamination. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1457056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Leonel Gonçalves
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | - Diane Valganon de Neeff
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Carlos Humberto Corassin
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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31
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Poostforoushfard A, Pishgar AR, Berizi E, Nouraei H, Sobhani Z, Mirzaie R, Zomorodian K. Patulin contamination in apple products marketed in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Curr Med Mycol 2017; 3:32-35. [PMID: 29707677 PMCID: PMC5917099 DOI: 10.29252/cmm.3.4.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Patulin is one of the important mycotoxins, produced by a wide range of molds, including Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Bysochlamys. Patulin is mainly found in the rotten parts of fruits and vegetables, such as apples, pears, peach, apricots, and grapes. Currently, the Codex Alimentarius and Food and Drug Administration have recommended a maximum level of 50 µg/L patulin for apple products. The purpose of this study was to investigate patulin contamination of apple juice and cans in 75 samples collected from 15 manufacturers in Shiraz, southern Iran. Materials and Methods: The detection of patulin was accomplished using a high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. Results: A total of 38 apple juice samples (53%) and 17 apple cans (45%) were contaminated with patulin. Overall 50% and 3% of the apple juice and apple cans samples had a patulin level of > 3 µg/L. Conclusion: Although the maximum level of patulin in our samples was considerably lower than the permitted level established by the European Union (i.e., 50 µg/L), the high incidence of this mycotoxin in our samples should be lessen by improving their good manufacturing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Poostforoushfard
- Vice Chancellery for Research Affairs, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad R Pishgar
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Enayat Berizi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hasti Nouraei
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Sobhani
- Food and Drug Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rohallah Mirzaie
- Food and Drug Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Poapolathep S, Tanhan P, Piasai O, Imsilp K, Hajslova J, Giorgi M, Kumagai S, Poapolathep A. Occurrence and Health Risk of Patulin and Pyrethroids in Fruit Juices Consumed in Bangkok, Thailand. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1415-1421. [PMID: 28762777 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin patulin (PAT) is well known as a natural contaminant of apple- and other fruit-based products. Pesticides are a group of chemicals abundantly used in agriculture to maximize productivity by protecting crops from pests and weeds. Because of their harmful health effects, PAT and pesticides are strictly monitored. The current study was undertaken to investigate the significance of PAT and pyrethroid insecticide contamination in a variety of fruit juices in Bangkok. To do this, a total of 200 fruit juice samples, consisting of 40 samples each of apple, apricot, peach, pineapple, and grape juice, were collected from supermarkets in Bangkok, Thailand. PAT contamination in a variety of fruit juices was detected using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pyrethroid insecticides (cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, and flumethrin) were analyzed using a gas chromatography equipped with micro-electron capture detector. The survey found that PAT concentrations were lower than the maximum residue limit established by European Union. The results of the present study suggest that the risk of exposure to harmful levels of PAT, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, and flumethrin in fruit juices is very low in urban areas of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.,2 Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies (CASAF, NRU-KU)
| | - Phanwimol Tanhan
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.,2 Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies (CASAF, NRU-KU)
| | - Onuma Piasai
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Imsilp
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.,2 Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies (CASAF, NRU-KU)
| | - Jana Hajslova
- 4 Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technica 3, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Giorgi
- 5 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Susumu Kumagai
- 6 Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.,2 Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies (CASAF, NRU-KU)
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33
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Torović L, Dimitrov N, Assunção R, Alvito P. Risk assessment of patulin intake through apple-based food by infants and preschool children in Serbia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:2023-2032. [PMID: 28783008 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1364434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study reports for the first time in Serbia the occurrence of patulin in apple-based food and the risk assessment associated with patulin intake by infants and preschool children. In total, 214 samples of infant fruit juices (48), infant purée (66), and juices for children (small package with straw, 100) were collected over 3 years (2013-15) and analysed using HPLC with ultraviolet detection. Patulin was found in 43.8% of infant juices and 16.7% of infant purée, with all values below the legal limit of 10 μg kg-1 (maximum 8.3 and 7.7 μg kg-1, respectively). The proportion of contaminated samples among fruit juices for children was 43.0%, with the highest patulin concentration at 30.2 μg kg-1, not exceeding the maximum allowed level of 50 μg kg-1. Risk assessment of patulin intake by Serbian infants and preschool children, conducted by deterministic and probabilistic approaches, revealed a hazard quotient well below 1, indicating a tolerable exposure level and no health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljilja Torović
- a University of Novi Sad , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy , Novi Sad , Serbia.,b Centre for Hygiene and Human Ecology , Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Nina Dimitrov
- a University of Novi Sad , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- c Food and Nutrition Department , National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisboa , Portugal.,d IIFA, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada , Universidade de Évora, Palácio do Vimioso , Évora , Portugal.,e CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro , Campus Universitário de Santiago , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- c Food and Nutrition Department , National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisboa , Portugal.,e CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro , Campus Universitário de Santiago , Aveiro , Portugal
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34
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Pal S, Singh N, Ansari KM. Toxicological effects of patulin mycotoxin on the mammalian system: an overview. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:764-771. [PMID: 30090541 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin PAT (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran-2[6H]-one) is a secondary metabolic product of molds such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys species. PAT is a common contaminant of fruit and vegetable based products, most notably apples. Despite PAT's original discovery as an antibiotic, it has come under heavy scrutiny for its potential to impart negative health effects. Studies investigating these health effects have proved its toxic potential. PAT occurrence in the food commodities poses a serious threat and necessitates novel and cost-effective mitigation methods to remove it from food products. It also creates a demand to improve handling and food processing techniques. With this being the case, several studies have been devoted to understanding the key biological and chemical attributes of PAT. While past research has elucidated a great deal, PAT contamination continues to be a challenge for the food industry. Here, we review its influence within the mammalian system, including its regulation, incidences of experimental evidence of PAT toxicity, its interaction with intracellular components, and the effects of PAT induced systemic toxicity on vital organs. Finally, key areas where future PAT research should focus to best control the PAT contamination problem within the food industry have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pal
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory , Food , Drug , and Chemical Toxicology Group CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) , Vishvigyan Bhawan , 31 , Mahatma Gandhi Marg , P.O. Box#80 , Lucknow-226001 , Uttar Pradesh , India . ; ; Tel: +91-522-2627586 ext. 543.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-IITR , Lucknow Campus , India
| | - Neha Singh
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory , Food , Drug , and Chemical Toxicology Group CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) , Vishvigyan Bhawan , 31 , Mahatma Gandhi Marg , P.O. Box#80 , Lucknow-226001 , Uttar Pradesh , India . ; ; Tel: +91-522-2627586 ext. 543.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-IITR , Lucknow Campus , India
| | - Kausar Mahmood Ansari
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory , Food , Drug , and Chemical Toxicology Group CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) , Vishvigyan Bhawan , 31 , Mahatma Gandhi Marg , P.O. Box#80 , Lucknow-226001 , Uttar Pradesh , India . ; ; Tel: +91-522-2627586 ext. 543
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35
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Occurrence of patulin in various fruit products and dietary exposure assessment for consumers in China. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Oteiza JM, Khaneghah AM, Campagnollo FB, Granato D, Mahmoudi MR, Sant’Ana AS, Gianuzzi L. Influence of production on the presence of patulin and ochratoxin A in fruit juices and wines of Argentina. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Tannous J, Keller NP, Atoui A, El Khoury A, Lteif R, Oswald IP, Puel O. Secondary metabolism in Penicillium expansum: Emphasis on recent advances in patulin research. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2082-2098. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1305945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Tannous
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Technologie et Valorisation Alimentaire, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Food Irradiation, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - André El Khoury
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Technologie et Valorisation Alimentaire, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Roger Lteif
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Technologie et Valorisation Alimentaire, Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle P. Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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38
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Li X, Li H, Li X, Zhang Q. Determination of trace patulin in apple-based food matrices. Food Chem 2017; 233:290-301. [PMID: 28530578 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a toxic metabolite of a number of fungi; its toxicity is serious and its contamination in food is a worldwide problem, especially in apple-based food. Effective control of patulin contamination strongly depends on reliable analytical methods. In this review, various analytical methods, especially those that have appeared in the last ten years, are summarized, including the highly reproducible chromatography and mass-spectrometry-based methods, highly selective sensor-based methods and indirect quantitative PCR methods. This review also summarizes the promising features of novel materials in sample preparation for patulin determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiang Li
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
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39
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Yang Y, Yang Y, Shao B, Zhang J. A Simple and Rapid Method for Determination of Patulin in Juice by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Anene A, Hosni K, Chevalier Y, Kalfat R, Hbaieb S. Molecularly imprinted polymer for extraction of patulin in apple juice samples. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Boussabbeh M, Prola A, Ben Salem I, Guilbert A, Bacha H, Lemaire C, Abis-Essefi S. Crocin and quercetin prevent PAT-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells: Involvement of ROS-mediated ER stress pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1851-1858. [PMID: 26314699 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a secondary metabolite produced by several species of the genera of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys that can be found in rotting fruits, especially in apples and apple-based products. Exposure to this mycotoxin has been reported to induce intestinal and kidney injuries. The mechanism underlying such toxicity has been linked to the induction of apoptosis which occurred with reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the two common dietary compounds Quercetin (QUER), a natural flavonoid, and Crocin (CRO), a natural carotenoid, on PAT-induced toxicity in human colon carcinoma (HCT116) and embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). We showed that antioxidant properties of QUER and CRO help to prevent ER stress activation and lipid peroxidation as evidenced by the reduction in GRP78 and GADD34 expressions and the decrease in malondialdehyde production. Furthermore, we demonstrated their ability to re-establish the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential to inhibit caspase 3 activation and DNA fragmentation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1851-1858, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Boussabbeh
- Faculty of Dentistry, Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5019, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizetre, Carthage University, Tunisia
| | | | - Intidhar Ben Salem
- Faculty of Dentistry, Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5019, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizetre, Carthage University, Tunisia
| | | | - Hassen Bacha
- Faculty of Dentistry, Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5019, Tunisia
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- INSERM UMR-S 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Faculté De Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Université De Versailles Saint Quentin En Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Salwa Abis-Essefi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5019, Tunisia
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42
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Marsol-Vall A, Balcells M, Eras J, Canela-Garayoa R. A rapid gas chromatographic injection-port derivatization method for the tandem mass spectrometric determination of patulin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in fruit juices. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1453:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Boussabbeh M, Ben Salem I, Belguesmi F, Bacha H, Abid-Essefi S. Tissue oxidative stress induced by patulin and protective effect of crocin. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:343-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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45
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Boussabbeh M, Ben Salem I, Neffati F, Najjar MF, Bacha H, Abid-Essefi S. Crocin Prevents Patulin-Induced Acute Toxicity in Cardiac Tissues via the Regulation of Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 29:479-488. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manel Boussabbeh
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds; Faculty of Dental Medicine; Rue Avicenne Monastir 5019 Tunisia
- Faculty of Science of Bizerte; University of Carthage; Tunisia
| | - Intidhar Ben Salem
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds; Faculty of Dental Medicine; Rue Avicenne Monastir 5019 Tunisia
- Faculty of Science of Bizerte; University of Carthage; Tunisia
| | - Fadwa Neffati
- Laboratory of Biochemistry-Toxicology; Monastir University Hospital; Tunisia
| | | | - Hassen Bacha
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds; Faculty of Dental Medicine; Rue Avicenne Monastir 5019 Tunisia
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds; Faculty of Dental Medicine; Rue Avicenne Monastir 5019 Tunisia
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46
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Zouaoui N, Sbaii N, Bacha H, Abid-Essefi S. Occurrence of patulin in various fruit juice marketed in Tunisia. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Mahunu GK, Zhang H, Yang Q, Li C, Zheng X. Biological Control of Patulin by Antagonistic Yeast: A case study and possible model. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:643-55. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1009823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Komla Mahunu
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiya Yang
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chaolan Li
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Zheng
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
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48
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Tannous J, Atoui A, El Khoury A, Kantar S, Chdid N, Oswald IP, Puel O, Lteif R. Development of a real-time PCR assay for Penicillium expansum quantification and patulin estimation in apples. Food Microbiol 2015; 50:28-37. [PMID: 25998812 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the occurrence and spread of the fungal contaminants in food and the difficulties to remove their resulting mycotoxins, rapid and accurate methods are needed for early detection of these mycotoxigenic fungi. The polymerase chain reaction and the real time PCR have been widely used for this purpose. Apples are suitable substrates for fungal colonization mostly caused by Penicillium expansum, which produces the mycotoxin patulin during fruit infection. This study describes the development of a real-time PCR assay incorporating an internal amplification control (IAC) to specifically detect and quantify P. expansum. A specific primer pair was designed from the patF gene, involved in patulin biosynthesis. The selected primer set showed a high specificity for P. expansum and was successfully employed in a standardized real-time PCR for the direct quantification of this fungus in apples. Using the developed system, twenty eight apples were analyzed for their DNA content. Apples were also analyzed for patulin content by HPLC. Interestingly, a positive correlation (R(2) = 0.701) was found between P. expansum DNA content and patulin concentration. This work offers an alternative to conventional methods of patulin quantification and mycological detection of P. expansum and could be very useful for the screening of patulin in fruits through the application of industrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Tannous
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (Faculté des Sciences), Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, P.O Box 11-514, Riad El Solh, 1107 2050 Beirut, Lebanon; INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027 Toulouse, Cedex, France; Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Food Irradiation, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS, P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, 1107 2260 Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - André El Khoury
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (Faculté des Sciences), Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, P.O Box 11-514, Riad El Solh, 1107 2050 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sally Kantar
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (Faculté des Sciences), Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, P.O Box 11-514, Riad El Solh, 1107 2050 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nader Chdid
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (Faculté des Sciences), Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, P.O Box 11-514, Riad El Solh, 1107 2050 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027 Toulouse, Cedex, France; Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Puel
- INRA, UMR 1331 Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027 Toulouse, Cedex, France; Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Roger Lteif
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (Faculté des Sciences), Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, P.O Box 11-514, Riad El Solh, 1107 2050 Beirut, Lebanon
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49
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Boussabbeh M, Ben Salem I, Prola A, Guilbert A, Bacha H, Abid-Essefi S, Lemaire C. Patulin induces apoptosis through ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:328-37. [PMID: 25577197 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a toxic metabolite produced by several filamentous fungi of the genera of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. PAT is the most common mycotoxin found in apples and apple-based products including juice, compotes, cider, and baby food. Exposure to this mycotoxin has been reported to induce intestinal and kidney injuries. This study investigated the mechanism of PAT-induced toxicity in human colon carcinoma (HCT116) and embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). We demonstrated that PAT activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and unfolded protein response as evidenced by up-regulation of GRP78 and GADD34, splicing of XBP1 mRNA, and expression of the proapoptotic factor CHOP. This ER stress response was accompanied by the induction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Apoptosis occurred with ROS production, drop in mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase activation. Further, we showed that deficiency of the proapoptotic protein Bax or Bak protected cells against PAT-induced apoptosis. The treatment of cells with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine inhibits the ER stress response and prevents mitochondrial apoptosis. Collectively, our data provide new mechanistic insights in the signaling pathways of the cell death induced by PAT and demonstrate that PAT induces cytotoxicity through a ROS-dependent mechanism involving ER stress and activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in human intestinal and kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Boussabbeh
- *Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia, INSERM UMR-S 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Intidhar Ben Salem
- *Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia, INSERM UMR-S 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Alexandre Prola
- *Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia, INSERM UMR-S 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Arnaud Guilbert
- *Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia, INSERM UMR-S 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Hassen Bacha
- *Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia, INSERM UMR-S 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- *Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia, INSERM UMR-S 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- *Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia, INSERM UMR-S 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France *Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia, INSERM UMR-S 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France *Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia, INSERM UMR-S 1180, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
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50
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Rahimi E, Rezapoor Jeiran M. Patulin and its dietary intake by fruit juice consumption in Iran. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2014; 8:40-3. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2014.967814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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