1
|
Liu B, Zhang H, Zhu J, Chen Y, Pan Y, Gong X, Yan J, Zhang H. Pixel-Level Recognition of Trace Mycotoxins in Red Ginseng Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with 1DCNN-Residual-BiLSTM-Attention Model. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3457. [PMID: 38894248 PMCID: PMC11174722 DOI: 10.3390/s24113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Red ginseng is widely used in food and pharmaceuticals due to its significant nutritional value. However, during the processing and storage of red ginseng, it is susceptible to grow mold and produce mycotoxins, generating security issues. This study proposes a novel approach using hyperspectral imaging technology and a 1D-convolutional neural network-residual-bidirectional-long short-term memory attention mechanism (1DCNN-ResBiLSTM-Attention) for pixel-level mycotoxin recognition in red ginseng. The "Red Ginseng-Mycotoxin" (R-M) dataset is established, and optimal parameters for 1D-CNN, residual bidirectional long short-term memory (ResBiLSTM), and 1DCNN-ResBiLSTM-Attention models are determined. The models achieved testing accuracies of 98.75%, 99.03%, and 99.17%, respectively. To simulate real detection scenarios with potential interfering impurities during the sampling process, a "Red Ginseng-Mycotoxin-Interfering Impurities" (R-M-I) dataset was created. The testing accuracy of the 1DCNN-ResBiLSTM-Attention model reached 96.39%, and it successfully predicted pixel-wise classification for other unknown samples. This study introduces a novel method for real-time mycotoxin monitoring in traditional Chinese medicine, with important implications for the on-site quality control of herbal materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Hongxu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Jieqiang Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yixia Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haq IU, Taj R, Nafees M, Hussain A. Mycotoxin detection in selected medicinal plants using chromatographic techniques. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5831. [PMID: 38291628 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic mycological products that when consumed, absorbed or inhaled cause sickness or even the death of humans. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the contamination levels of mycotoxins (aflatoxins, AFB1 , AFB2 , AFG1 , AFG2 , and ochratoxin A, OTA) in selected medicinal herbs and shrubs using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 15 samples of medicinal herbs and shrubs were selected. Among them, four samples were aflatoxin contaminated while two samples were ochratoxin A contaminated. The highest level of aflatoxin was detected in Justicia adhathoda (4,704.94 ppb) through HPLC (153.4 ppb) and through TLC, while the lowest level of aflatoxin was detected in Pegnum harmala (205.1 ppb) through HPLC. Similarly, the highest level of OTA was detected in Dodonia viscosa (0.53 ppb) through HPLC (0.5 ppb) and through TLC, while the lowest level was detected in J. adhathoda (O.11 ppb) through HPLC (0.4 ppb) and through TLC. The OTA concentration was very low, being negligible and below permissible limits. The present study concludes that there is a potential risk for the consumption of herbal decoctions. Therefore, regular monitoring and proper management of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and OTA, in herbal medicines are needed to ensure the safety of herbal drugs to protect consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ul Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Raheela Taj
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nafees
- Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Hussain
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang Z, Fang F, Lou T, Manatbai B, Peng C, Gong Z, Guo J. Determination of ochratoxin A in licorice extract based on modified immunoaffinity column clean-up and HPLC analysis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1470-1481. [PMID: 37862446 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2266042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common concern for the quality and safety of licorice and its derivatives, while their complex sample matrices always restrict the monitoring and regulation of OTA. Taking the much more concentrated and complicated licorice extract as the representative, a modified analysis method was established for OTA by HPLC. Parameters were comprehensively investigated based on liquid-liquid extraction and immunoaffinity column clean-up. In comparison to other methods, the developed method achieved effective clean-up efficiency and selectivity without tedious procedures and specialized instrumentation. Good linearity (R2 ≥0.9995), low LOD/LOQ (0.10 μg/kg/0.33 μg/kg), and satisfactory recovery (90.0%-96.4%, RSDs <7.0%) indicated the satisfactory sensitivity and reliability of the method. In addition, the applicability and robustness of the method was demonstrated by the analysis of large numbers of licorice extract samples. It is noteworthy that 66.5% of 176 samples were contaminated with OTA, while the concentrations of 9.1% of samples exceeded the maximum limit (ML, 80 μg/kg) defined by the EU. On account of the high contamination frequency and broad concentration range of OTA, the daily intake limit of licorice extract was preliminarily determined to be 123.18-123.93 g/day (chronic exposure) and 24.24 g/day (acute exposure), indicating a potential of acute risk through daily exposure. This calls for improved supervision and regulation for OTA contamination in licorice samples. This study suggests a prospective option for the efficient determination and routine monitoring of OTA in licorice and its derivatives, simultaneously providing a valuable data base for its health risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Technology Center of Urumqi Customs District P.R. China, Urumqi, China
| | - Tingting Lou
- Animal, Plant, and Foodstuffs Inspection Center of Tianjin Customs District P.R. China, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiguo Gong
- Technology Center of Urumqi Customs District P.R. China, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Li X, Xie J, Huang Z. Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Aflatoxin B 1, Zearalenone, and T-2 Toxin in Medicinal and Edible Food Using Gold Immunochromatographic Test Strip. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030633. [PMID: 36766161 PMCID: PMC9914187 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Medicinal and edible food and traditional Chinese medicine have been used to treat various diseases. However, their safety has not been thoroughly assessed. (2) Methods: An immunochromatographic test strip (ICS) was used for the first time to screen some mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN), and T-2 toxin, in medicinal and edible food and traditional Chinese medicine. Antibody/nano-gold particle coupling was used with the prepared ICS, and the pH, monoclonal antibody concentration, and antigen amount were optimized. The extraction sample solution was diluted 10 times with phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.5% Tween-20 and 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulfate to remove the complex matrix in medicinal and edible food. (3) Results: Under optimal conditions, the sensitivities of the developed ICS for AFB1, ZEN, and T-2 were 0.5, 5.0, and 5.0 ng/mL, respectively. Among the 30 medicinal and edible food samples tested, two samples (both of sand jujube kernels) were positive, and the results were verified by high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and were consistent with the ICS test results. (4) Conclusions: The ICS could be used for rapid screening and simultaneous detection of mycotoxins at medicinal and edible food storage facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiujiang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwai Main Street, Nanjing West Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhibing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Volatiles from Pseudomonas palleroniana Strain B-BH16-1 Suppress Aflatoxin Production and Growth of Aspergillus flavus on Coix lacryma-jobi during Storage. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15010077. [PMID: 36668896 PMCID: PMC9861347 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Semen coicis is not only a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), but also a typical food in China, with significant medical and healthcare value. Because semen coicis is rich in starch and oil, it can be easily contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and its aflatoxins (AFs). Preventing and controlling the contamination of semen coicis with Aspergillus flavus and its aflatoxins is vital to ensuring its safety as a drug and as a food. In this study, the endosphere bacteria Pseudomonas palleroniana strain B-BH16-1 produced volatiles that strongly inhibited the mycelial growth and spore formation activity of A. flavus. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling revealed three volatiles emitted from B-BH16-1, of which 1-undecene was the most abundant. We obtained authentic reference standards for these three volatiles; these significantly reduced mycelial growth and sporulation in Aspergillus, with dimethyl disulfide showing the most robust inhibitory activity. Strain B-BH16-1 was able to completely inhibit the biosynthesis of aflatoxins in semen coicis samples during storage by emitting volatile bioactive components. The microscope revealed severely damaged mycelia and a complete lack of sporulation. This newly identified plant endophyte bacterium was able to strongly inhibit the sporulation and growth of Aspergillus and the synthesis of associated mycotoxins, thus not only providing valuable information regarding an efficient potential strategy for the prevention of A. flavus contamination in TCM and food, but potentially also serving as a reference in the control of toxic fungi.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shang Z, Liu C, Qiao X, Ye M. Chemical analysis of the Chinese herbal medicine licorice (Gan-Cao): An update review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 299:115686. [PMID: 36067839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice, called Gan-Cao in China, is one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines. It is derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and G. inflata. Licorice is recorded in the pharmacopoeias of China, Japan, US, and Europe. AIM This review updates research progress of licorice from the perspectives of chemical analysis, quality evaluation, drug metabolism, and pharmacokinetic studies from 2009 to April 2022. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both English and Chinese literatures were collected from databases including PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, and CNKI (Chinese). Licorice, extraction, structural characterization/identification, quality control, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics were used as keywords. RESULTS Newly developed analytical methods, including LC/UV, 2DLC, LC/MS, GC/MS, and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for chemical analysis of licorice were summarized. CONCLUSION This review provides a comprehensive summary on chemical analysis of licorice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chenrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China; Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Advances in the Application of Liquid Chromatography in the Detection of Pollutants. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2152615. [PMID: 36060653 PMCID: PMC9439901 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2152615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Food is easy to be contaminated because of its complex composition. Therefore, in order to protect people from potential food contaminants, it is very necessary to test for various contaminants in food. Liquid chromatography is widely used in the field of food safety detection. In addition, with the development of liquid chromatography technology, more and more new instruments are combined with liquid chromatography. Compared with traditional liquid chromatography, combined liquid chromatography has great advantages in efficiency and operation. Therefore, it is rapidly promoted in the field of food safety testing. In this paper, the results of the determination of three kinds of food pollutants by different liquid chromatography methods are reviewed, and the indexes are compared and analyzed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Geleta GS. A colorimetric aptasensor based on gold nanoparticles for detection of microbial toxins: an alternative approach to conventional methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7103-7122. [PMID: 35902394 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Frequent contamination of foods with microbial toxins produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae represents an increasing public health problem that requires the development of quick and easy tools to detect them at trace levels. Recently, it has been found that colorimetric detection methods may replace traditional methods in the field because of their ease of use, quick response, ease of manufacture, low cost, and naked-eye visibility. Therefore, it is suitable for fieldwork, especially for work in remote areas of the world. However, the development of colorimetric detection methods with low detection limits is a challenge that limits their wide applicability in the detection of food contaminants. To address these challenges, nanomaterial-based transduction systems are used to construct colorimetric biosensors. For example, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) provide an excellent platform for the development of colorimetric biosensors because they offer the advantages of easy synthesis, biocompatibility, advanced surface functionality, and adjustable physicochemical properties. The selectivity of the colorimetric biosensor can be achieved by the combination of aptamers and gold nanoparticles, which provides an unprecedented opportunity to detect microbial toxins. Compared to antibodies, aptamers have significant advantages in the analysis of microbial toxins due to their smaller size, higher binding affinity, reproducible chemical synthesis and modification, stability, and specificity. Two colorimetric mechanisms for the detection of microbial toxins based on AuNPs have been described. First, sensors that use the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon of gold nanoparticles can exhibit very strong colors in the visible range because of changes caused by aggregation or disaggregation. Second, the detection mechanism of AuNPs is based on their enzyme mimetic properties and it is possible to construct a colorimetric biosensor based on the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine/Hydrogen peroxide, TMB/H2O2 reaction to detect microbial toxins. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent applications of AuNP-based colorimetric aptasensors for detecting microbial toxins, including bacterial toxins, fungal toxins, and algal toxins focusing on selectivity, sensitivity, and practicality. Finally, the most important current challenges in this field and future research opportunities are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girma Salale Geleta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Salale University, P.O. Box 245, Oromia, Fiche, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Analysis of Fungal Microbiomes in Edible Medicinal Morindae Officinalis Radix and Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus Using DNA Metabarcoding. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121748. [PMID: 35741950 PMCID: PMC9222558 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Morindae Officinalis Radix (MOR) and Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus (AOF) have been widely used as dietary supplements and traditional herbal medicines for centuries. Fungal and mycotoxin contamination in MOR and AOF has been reported recently. In this study, fungi in MOR and AOF are first investigated using DNA metabarcoding, and the differences in fungal microbiome between moldy and non−moldy samples are analyzed. The results show that Ascomycota is the most prevailing fungus at the phylum level in MOR and AOF with relative abundances of 49.53–94.32% and 14.81–81.85%, respectively. Penicillium (1.86–76.14%), Cladosporium (1.82–56.65%), and Trichoderma (0.12–19.71%) are the dominant genera in MOR. Penicillium (0.27–56.06%), Papiliotrema (0.04–51.71%), and Cladosporium (3.08–44.41%) are the dominant genera in AOF. Two potential toxigenic fungi were detected, namely, Trichoderma atroviride and Fusarium equiseti. Moreover, the differences in fungal communities between moldy and non−moldy samples were monitored. In conclusion, DNA metabarcoding can be used to assess the fungal microbiome in edible medicinal herbs, thereby providing a basis for ensuring food safety and drug efficacy.
Collapse
|
10
|
Monitoring of Aflatoxin M1 in Various Origins Greek Milk Samples Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1(AFM1), a major metabolite of Aflatoxin B1(AFB1), has been identified as a potential contaminant in dairy products. Because of its possible carcinogenicity, the legislation limits as set by Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 are very strict, namely 0.050 μg kg−1 in milk and 0.025 μg kg−1 in infant formulas. To meet these requirements, a sensitive and accurate method was developed, employing liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Ιmmunoaffinity columns (R-Biopharm) were used for sample purification and preconcentration of the analyte of interest. The quantification of AFM1 was conducted using fortified milk samples, while Aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) was used as an internal standard (IS). The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, trueness, limits of detection and quantification and uncertainty. The performance criteria for the method were evaluated based on European Commission Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006 and its most recent amendment, as well as the suggested criteria for revision by the EU Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins. The recovery was in the range of 77.9–81.0% for all fortification levels (0.025–0.050–0.075 μg kg−1), with RSDR values (Relative Standard Deviation of intermediate precision) ranging from 6.1% to 12%. The method’s detection and quantification limits were 0.0027 μg kg−1 and 0.0089 μg kg−1, respectively. The occurrence of AFM1 was investigated in 40 samples of different animal origin (cow, goat and sheep milk) provided by Greek producers.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu Q, Liu Y, Liu Q, Liu J, Yang Q, Tang J, Meng Z, Su Q, Li S, Luo Y. Visual detection of aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone via activating a new catalytic reaction of “naked” DNAzyme. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32102-32109. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It was found for the first time that the catalytic activity of “naked” DNAzyme can be modulated by aflatoxins and zearalenone to generate different color changes, which could be applied to the visual detection for the above two analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Lu
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, P. R. China
| | - Jiancai Tang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Meng
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, P. R. China
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Individualized Drug Therapy, Nanchong 637000, P. R. China
| | - Shengmao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, P. R. China
| | - Yingping Luo
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu H, Sun J, Wang H, Zhang Y, Sun X. Adsorption of aflatoxins and ochratoxins in edible vegetable oils with dopamine-coated magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Food Chem 2021; 365:130409. [PMID: 34256225 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new, green, and cost-effective magnetic solid-phase extraction of aflatoxins and ochratoxins from edible vegetable oils samples was developed using polydopamine-coated magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PDA@Fe3O4-MWCNTs) as the absorbent. PDA@Fe3O4-MWCNTs nanomaterials were prepared by chemical co-precipitation and in situ oxidation and self-polymerization of dopamine and was characterized. Factors affecting MSPE and the adsorption behavior of the adsorbent to mycotoxins were studied, and the optimal extraction conditions of MSPE and the complexity of the adsorption process were determined. Based on this, the magnetic solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection method (MSPE-HPLC-FLD) was established for determining six mycotoxins [aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, and ochratoxin A (OTA) and OTB)] in vegetable oils. The recovery was 70.15%~89.25%, and RSD was ≤6.4%. PDA@Fe3O4-MWCNTs showed a high affinity toward aflatoxins and ochratoxins, allowing selective extraction and quantification of aflatoxins and ochratoxins from complex sample matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, 214122 Wuxi, China; Guangzhou Guangdian Metrology and Inspection Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510627 China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Haiming Wang
- Guangzhou Guangdian Metrology and Inspection Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510627 China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, 214122 Wuxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Y, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhao M, OuYang Z, Yang M. A comprehensive strategy for screening and exploring multi-class mycotoxins contamination status in Astragali Radix. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
14
|
Xuan Z, Liu H, Ye J, Li L, Tian W, Wang S. Reliable and disposable quantum dot-based electrochemical immunosensor for aflatoxin B 1 simplified analysis with automated magneto-controlled pretreatment system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7615-7625. [PMID: 32856110 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An integrated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) detection platform with quantum dot (QD)-based electrochemical immunosensor and an automated magneto-controlled pretreatment system was successfully developed. The automated pretreatment system adopts the immunoaffinity magnetic beads (IMB) as the capture probe of AFB1 and QD-labeled AFB1 complete antigen (AFB1-BSA-QDs) as the signal probe. AFB1-BSA-QDs can be easily converted into corresponding metallic cations through acidic treatment, which can be detected electrochemically via anode stripping voltammetry (ASV). Moreover, a disposable screen-printed electrode (SPE) without requiring any further modification is used in the novel electrochemical immunosensor' making routine testing feasible. Under optimal conditions, the detectable concentration range of AFB1 was 0.08-800 μg/kg. The metal ion signal associated linearly with the logarithm of AFB1 concentration within the range of 5-240 μg/kg, with a detection limit of 0.05 μg/kg. The spiked recoveries of three different concentrations in four different matrixes ranged from 83.9 to 118.0%, and inter-day relative standard deviations were below 10%. Furthermore, the methodology was validated by analyzing naturally contaminated samples, and results of the novel immunosensor were in good agreement with those of LC-MS/MS, demonstrating the potentiality of the developed method for the monitor of AFB1 in cereals and oils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Xuan
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Li Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Songxue Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No.11 Baiwanzhuang Str, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miklós G, Angeli C, Ambrus Á, Nagy A, Kardos V, Zentai A, Kerekes K, Farkas Z, Jóźwiak Á, Bartók T. Detection of Aflatoxins in Different Matrices and Food-Chain Positions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1916. [PMID: 32983001 PMCID: PMC7480073 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, produced mainly by filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are one of the most carcinogenic compounds that have adverse health effects on both humans and animals consuming contaminated food and feed, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) as well as aflatoxin G1(AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) occur in the contaminated foods and feed. In the case of dairy ruminants, after the consumption of feed contaminated with aflatoxins, aflatoxin metabolites [aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2)] may appear in milk. Because of the health risk and the official maximum limits of aflatoxins, there is a need for application of fast and accurate testing methods. At present, there are several analytical methods applied in practice for determination of aflatoxins. The aim of this review is to provide a guide that summarizes worldwide aflatoxin regulations and analytical methods for determination of aflatoxins in different food and feed matrices, that helps in the decision to choose the most appropriate method that meets the practical requirements of fast and sensitive control of their contamination. Analytical options are outlined from the simplest and fastest methods with the smallest instrument requirements, through separation methods, to the latest hyphenated techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Miklós
- Székesfehérvár Regional Food Chain Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | | | - Árpád Ambrus
- University of Debrecen Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Nagy
- Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valéria Kardos
- Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Zentai
- System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Kerekes
- System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Farkas
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jóźwiak
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang W, Guo M, Yang M, Mantri N, Chen X, Pang X. High-throughput analysis of fungal communities in Myristicae Semen. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
17
|
Liu P, Liao YH, Zheng HB, Tang Y. Facile dispersive solid-phase extraction based on humic acid for the determination of aflatoxins in various edible oils. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:2308-2316. [PMID: 32930255 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00534g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs), as the secondary metabolites of the toxigenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are well known to be extremely harmful to humans and animals because of their high toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity. Recurring and increasing studies on AF ingestion incidents indicate that AF contamination is a serious food safety issue worldwide. Currently, immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) has become the most conventional sample clean-up method for determining AFs in foodstuffs. However, the IAC method may be limited to some laboratories because it requires the use of expensive disposable cartridges and the IA procedure is time-consuming. Herein, to achieve the cost-effective determination of AFs in edible oils, we developed a dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) clean-up method based on humic acids (HAs), which is followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. HAs could be directly used as a DSPE sorbent after simple treatment without any chemical modification. In the HA-DSPE, AFs could remain on the HA sorbent by both hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, whereas the oil matrix was retained on HA via only hydrophobic interactions. The oil matrix could be sufficiently washed off by n-hexane, whereas the AFs could still be retained on HA; thus, the selective extraction of AFs and clean-up of oil matrices were achieved. Under the optimal conditions of HA-DSPE, satisfactory recoveries ranging from 81.3% to 106.2% for four AFs (B1, B2, G1, and G2) were achieved in various oil matrices i.e. blended oil, mixed olive oil, tea oil, sunflower seed oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, rice oil, corn oil, and peanut oil. Minor matrix effects ranging from 89.3% to 112.9% were obtained for the four AFs, which were acceptable. Moreover, the LODs of AFs between 0.063 and 0.102 μg kg-1 completely meet the regulatory levels fixed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Union (EU), China, or other countries. The proposed methodology was further validated using a naturally contaminated peanut oil, and the results indicated that the accuracy of the HA-DSPE could match the accuracy of the referenced IAC. In addition, HA-DSPE can be used to directly treat diluted edible oil without liquid-liquid extraction and HA is cheap and can be easily obtained from the market worldwide; these advantages make the proposed methodology simple, low-cost, and accessible for the determination of AFs in edible oils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yan-Hua Liao
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China.
| | - Hao-Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qin L, Jiang JY, Zhang L, Dou XW, Ouyang Z, Wan L, Yang MH. Occurrence and analysis of mycotoxins in domestic Chinese herbal medicines. Mycology 2020; 11:126-146. [PMID: 32923021 PMCID: PMC7448902 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1727578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For time immemorial, Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have been widely used in China for disease treatment and promotion of general well-being. However, in recent years, many studies have shown that mycotoxins produced by fungi could contaminate CHMs due to unfavourable pre- or post-harvest conditions, raising major concern for consumer safety. At present, there is a significant focus on developing novel mycotoxin detection methods for analysing CHMs, and numerous studies have aimed to determine which kinds of raw herbal materials are most susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding and detection of mycotoxins in domestic raw herbal materials and related products from 2000 to 2018. Aspects of mycotoxin contamination of CHMs covered in this review include common mycotoxin contaminants in CHMs, maximum mycotoxin residue limits, analytical methods for mycotoxin detection and their applications and limitations, as well as a brief discussion of the trends in ongoing research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Yi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Dou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Wan
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jiménez Medina ML, Lafarga T, Garrido Frenich A, Romero-González R. Natural Occurrence, Legislation, and Determination of Aflatoxins Using Chromatographic Methods in Food: A Review (from 2010 to 2019). FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1701009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Jiménez Medina
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Tomas Lafarga
- Processed Fruits & Vegetables, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), XaRTA-Postharvest, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rocha-Miranda F, Venâncio A. Mycotoxigenic fungi in plant-based supplements and medicines. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
21
|
İçelli O, Öz E, Bakırdere S, Nuroğlu E. Analysis of Conventionally and Magnetic-Field Dried Fruit and Nuts for Mycotoxins by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and Trace Elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1669630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orhan İçelli
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ersoy Öz
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Nuroğlu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qiu F, Shi H, Wang S, Ma L, Wang M. Safety evaluation of Semen Sojae Preparatum based on simultaneous LC-ESI-MS/MS quantification of aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , G 2 and M 1. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4541. [PMID: 30927286 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Semen Sojae Preparatum (SSP) is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines, and is also a functional food. However, contamination with aflatoxins may occur in the fermentation process. To evaluate its safety, an accurate and rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of AFB1 , AFB2 , AFG1 , AFG2 and AFM1 in SSP. After a simple ultrasonic extraction of SSP samples, chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 3.5 μm) with a flow rate of 0.50 mL/min. The gradient elution program was performed using a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% formic acid. Detection of five aflatoxins was based on triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using a multiple reaction monitoring mode with an electrospray ionization source. SSP is likely to be contaminated by aflatoxins in the processes of fermentation, storage, transportation and usage, and it is necessary to strictly monitor it. Artemisia annua L. and Morus alba L. may inhibit the production and growth of AFB1 - and AFB2 -producing fungi, which has a certain detoxification effect on contamination with aflatoxins in SSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Henan Shi
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ma
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Manyuan Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cho HD, Suh JH, Feng S, Eom T, Kim J, Hyun SM, Kim J, Wang Y, Han SB. Comprehensive analysis of multi-class mycotoxins in twenty different species of functional and medicinal herbs using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Xu L, Zhang H, Yan X, Peng H, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Li P, Zhang Z, Le XC. Binding-Induced DNA Dissociation Assay for Small Molecules: Sensing Aflatoxin B1. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2590-2596. [PMID: 30430837 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new fluorescence turn-on sensor for homogeneous detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent low molecular weight mycotoxin. A key innovation is the binding-induced intramolecular interaction involving the following two sets of probes: (1) a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) immobilized with hundreds of assistant oligonucleotides (AO) and dozens of anti-AFB1 monoclonal antibodies, and (2) the AFB1-BSA (BSA = bovine serum albumin) antigen conjugated with fluorophore-labeled signal oligonucleotides (SO) that contained a short sequence complementary to AO. Specific binding of AFB1-BSA to the antibody brought the fluorophore very close to the surface of the AuNP through a stable intramolecular hybridization between AO and SO, resulting in efficient quenching of fluorescence. The improved fluorescence quenching substantially reduced the background, due to the binding-induced intramolecular hybridization, and improved the signal-to-background ratio by 390%. In the presence of AFB1 in a sample, competitive binding of AFB1 in the sample to the antibodies immobilized on the AuNP caused the release of the fluorophore-labeled AFB1-BSA from the AuNP, turning on fluorescence. A detection limit of 2.3 nM was achieved, which meets the requirement for AFB1 detection at regulatory levels. Analyses of rice samples using this assay showed recoveries of 86-102%. Incorporating appropriate antibody probes could extend the assay to the detection of other small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, and National Reference Laboratory for Biotoxin Test, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Yan
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Hanyong Peng
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, and National Reference Laboratory for Biotoxin Test, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, and National Reference Laboratory for Biotoxin Test, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, and National Reference Laboratory for Biotoxin Test, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - X. Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guo M, Jiang W, Luo J, Yang M, Pang X. Analysis of the Fungal Community in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen through High-Throughput Sequencing. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E494. [PMID: 30477258 PMCID: PMC6315384 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS) has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine system for decades. Under proper humidity and temperature, ZSS is easily contaminated by fungi and mycotoxins during harvest, storage, and transport, thereby posing a considerable threat to consumer health. In this study, we first used the Illumina MiSeq PE250 platform and targeted the internal transcribed spacer 2 sequences to investigate the presence of fungi in moldy and normal ZSS samples collected from five producing areas in China. Results showed that all 14 samples tested were contaminated by fungi. Ascomycota was the dominant fungus at the phylum level, accounting for 64.36⁻99.74% of the fungal reads. At the genus level, Aspergillus, Candida, and Wallemia were the most predominant genera, with the relative abundances of 13.52⁻87.87%, 0.42⁻64.56%, and 0.06⁻34.31%, respectively. Meanwhile, 70 fungal taxa were identified at the species level. Among these taxa, three potential mycotoxin-producing fungi, namely, Aspergillusflavus, A. fumigatus, and Penicillium citrinum that account for 0.30⁻36.29%, 0.04⁻7.37%, and 0.01⁻0.80% of the fungal reads, respectively, were detected in all ZSS samples. Moreover, significant differences in fungal communities were observed in the moldy and normal ZSS samples. In conclusion, our results indicated that amplicon sequencing is feasible for the detection and analysis of the fungal community in the ZSS samples. This study used a new approach to survey the fungal contamination in herbal materials. This new approach can provide early warning for mycotoxin contamination in herbal materials, thereby ensuring drug efficacy and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Guo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaohui Pang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A test strip for ochratoxin A based on the use of aptamer-modified fluorescence upconversion nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:497. [PMID: 30291459 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An aptamer-based test strip is described for visual and instrumental determination of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA). It is based on the use of NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as a label for the aptamer and on the competition between OTA and its complementary sequence for an OTA-specific aptamer. To improve the analytical performance, the optical properties of the UCNPs, the fluidity of the UCNP-aptamer conjugate, and the migration rate on the nitrocellulose membranes were investigated. Under the optimal experimental conditions and by using a 980-nm laser, the relative fluorescence intensity (test line value/control line value) is proportional to the logarithm of the OTA concentration over a range from 5 to 100 ng·mL-1 (R2 = 0.9955). The limit of the detection is 1.86 ng·mL-1. This aptamer based flow assay can be performed within 15 min and has no serious cross-sensitivity to potentially interfering species. It was successfully applied to the determination of OTA in spiked wheat and beer samples. Graphical abstract An aptamer-based upconversion fluorescent strip based on the use of NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles was developed for sensitive detection of Ochratoxin A. The limit of the detection was determined as 1.86 ng·mL-1. The assay can be performed within 15 min, indicating its great potential in point-of-care testing.
Collapse
|
27
|
Luo J, Zhou W, Dou X, Qin J, Zhao M, Yang M. Occurrence of multi-class mycotoxins in Menthae haplocalycis analyzed by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3974-3984. [PMID: 30168664 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To determine the presence of multi-class mycotoxins in Menthae haplocalycis, a sample processing procedure based on a modified quick, easy, effective, rugged, and safe method, and a rapid and accurate testing method using ultra-fast performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, was developed and validated. We systematically evaluated the methodology for multi-mycotoxin analysis in the Menthae haplocalycis samples, and chose matrix-matched calibration curves as a reference to calculate the recoveries. Overall, the average recoveries varied between 67.1 and 103%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.34 to 10.3%. The optimized and validated method was applied to detect the presence of the target mycotoxins in 40 batches of Menthae haplocalycis samples. Results showed that the levels of mycotoxins varied among the samples. The most prevalent mycotoxin was tentoxin, followed by alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, zearalenone, fumonisin B2 , fumonisin B1 , ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1 , aflatoxin B2 , aflatoxin G1 , and T-2 toxin. The analytical method developed herein could be applied for the routine monitoring of multi-mycotoxins in Menthae haplocalycis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenju Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaowen Dou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Du L, Wang S, Huang J, Chu C, Li R, Li Q, Wang Q, Hu Y, Cao J, Chen Y, Peng L, Yang J. Determination of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk and jujube by miniaturized solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3677-3685. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Du
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Shuling Wang
- Medical College; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Alibaba Business School; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Rongrong Li
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Qin Li
- Institute of Matetia Medica; Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yuhan Hu
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yubo Chen
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Liqing Peng
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - Juan Yang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xiao MW, Bai XL, Liu YM, Yang L, Liao X. Simultaneous determination of trace Aflatoxin B 1 and Ochratoxin A by aptamer-based microchip capillary electrophoresis in food samples. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:222-228. [PMID: 30037541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An aptamer-based microchip capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser induced fluorescence (MCE-LIF) detection method for fast determination of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) was developed. Aptamers that are specific to these two mycotoxins were first hybridized with their aptamer complementary oligonucleotides. The double strand DNA that comes in contact with mycotoxin-containing environment would be unwound into separate aptamer-mycotoxin complex and aptamer complementary single strand. Different types of oligonucleotides can be separated in MCE and detected under the aid of fluorescent dye SYBR gold in LIF detection unit. Under the optimal conditions, on-chip aptamer-mycotoxin conjugates analysis was achieved within 3 min with extremely low LODs (0.026 ng/mL for AFB1 and 0.021 ng/mL for OTA). Specificity study indicated that other major mycotoxins would not cross-react with these two aptamers, demonstrating the good selectivity of the proposed method. Quantification of trace AFB1 and OTA in real food samples was carried out and satisfactory recoveries were obtained. It is demonstrated that this method is fast, facile and specific for Simultaneous determination of trace AFB1 and OTA from foodstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wei Xiao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao-Lin Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Li Yang
- Maccura Biotechnology Co. Ltd, 2nd Anhe Road, Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Extrinsic harmful residues in Chinese herbal medicines: types, detection, and safety evaluation. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
31
|
Zhang L, Dou XW, Zhang C, Logrieco AF, Yang MH. A Review of Current Methods for Analysis of Mycotoxins in Herbal Medicines. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E65. [PMID: 29393905 PMCID: PMC5848166 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in herbal medicines is an established problem throughout the entire world. The sensitive and accurate analysis of mycotoxin in complicated matrices (e.g., herbs) typically involves challenging sample pretreatment procedures and an efficient detection instrument. However, although numerous reviews have been published regarding the occurrence of mycotoxins in herbal medicines, few of them provided a detailed summary of related analytical methods for mycotoxin determination. This review focuses on analytical techniques including sampling, extraction, cleanup, and detection for mycotoxin determination in herbal medicines established within the past ten years. Dedicated sections of this article address the significant developments in sample preparation, and highlight the importance of this procedure in the analytical technology. This review also summarizes conventional chromatographic techniques for mycotoxin qualification or quantitation, as well as recent studies regarding the development and application of screening assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, lateral flow immunoassays, aptamer-based lateral flow assays, and cytometric bead arrays. The present work provides a good insight regarding the advanced research that has been done and closes with an indication of future demand for the emerging technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiao-Wen Dou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- National Research Council of Italy, CNR-ISPA, Via G. Amendola, 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried fruits in Iran: Dietary exposure risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:202-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
33
|
Hu SW, Chen S. Large-Scale Membrane- and Lignin-Modified Adsorbent-Assisted Extraction and Preconcentration of Triazine Analogs and Aflatoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040801. [PMID: 28398252 PMCID: PMC5412385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The large-scale simultaneous extraction and concentration of aqueous solutions of triazine analogs, and aflatoxins, through a hydrocarbon-based membrane (e.g., polyethylene, polyethylene/polypropylene copolymer) under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure is reported. The subsequent adsorption of analyte in the extraction chamber over the lignin-modified silica gel facilitates the process by reducing the operating time. The maximum adsorption capacity values for triazine analogs and aflatoxins are mainly adsorption mechanism-dependent and were calculated to be 0.432 and 0.297 mg/10 mg, respectively. The permeation, and therefore the percentage of analyte extracted, ranges from 1% to almost 100%, and varies among the solvents examined. It is considered to be vapor pressure- and chemical polarity-dependent, and is thus highly affected by the nature and thickness of the membrane, the discrepancy in the solubility values of the analyte between the two liquid phases, and the amount of adsorbent used in the process. A dependence on the size of the analyte was observed in the adsorption capacity measurement, but not in the extraction process. The theoretical interaction simulation and FTIR data show that the planar aflatoxin molecule releases much more energy when facing toward the membrane molecule when approaching it, and the mechanism leading to the adsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Wei Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
| | - Shushi Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Preparation and application of immunoaffinity column coupled with dcELISA detection for aflatoxins in eight grain foods. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
35
|
Zhang L, Dou X, Kong W, Liu C, Han X, Yang M. Assessment of critical points and development of a practical strategy to extend the applicable scope of immunoaffinity column cleanup for aflatoxin detection in medicinal herbs. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1483:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
36
|
Huang S, Chen X, Wang Y, Zhu F, Jiang R, Ouyang G. High enrichment and ultra-trace analysis of aflatoxins in edible oils by a modified hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction technique. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8988-8991. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03261g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An improved hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction approach with excellent purification and enrichment capabilities enabled the method have good potential for future ultra-trace analysis of AFTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siming Huang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Xiao Chen
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guiyang Medical College
- Guiyang 550004
- China
| | - Fang Zhu
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- School of Environment
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xing Y, Ouyang Q, Wang S, Zhou X. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1 in dairy products by high-performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01468f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fast and reliable method was established for the simultaneous detection of aflatoxins in dairy products by HPLC–FLD coupled with the optimized chromatographic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang Normal University
- Urumqi 830054
- China
| | - Qiaofeng Ouyang
- Xinjiang Hope Link Detection Technology Institute
- Urumqi 831400
- China
| | - Shaokun Wang
- Xinjiang Hope Link Detection Technology Institute
- Urumqi 831400
- China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy
- Xinjiang Medical University
- Urumqi 830011
- China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Quantitative Scrutinization of Aflatoxins in Different Spices from Pakistan. Int J Anal Chem 2016; 2016:4907425. [PMID: 27781067 PMCID: PMC5066014 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4907425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research work aimed to access the contamination level of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in the household spices that are widely consumed in huge amounts. 200 different spice samples, 100 packed and 100 unpacked, were analyzed for the aflatoxins profile by HPLC with an incidence of 61.5% contamination out of which 53.66% samples exceed the EU limit. The results disclosed that the unpacked samples are more contaminated as compared to the packed samples except for white cumin seeds. Among packed and unpacked samples of spices, the maximum value of aflatoxins was detected in fennel, that is, 27.93 μg/kg and 67.04 μg/kg, respectively. The lowest concentration of aflatoxin was detected in cinnamon in packed form (0.79 μg/kg) and in the unpacked samples of white cumin seeds which is 1.75 μg/kg. Caraway seeds and coriander in its unpacked form showed positive results whereas black pepper (packed and unpacked) was found free from aflatoxins. This is the first report on the occurrence of aflatoxins in packed and unpacked samples of spices from Pakistan. To ensure safe consumption of spices, there should be constant monitoring of aflatoxin and more studies need to be executed with the intention of preventing mycotoxin accretion in this commodity.
Collapse
|
39
|
Xing Y, Meng W, Sun W, Li D, Yu Z, Tong L, Zhao Y. Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of 21 mycotoxins in Radix Paeoniae Alba by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry and QuEChERS for sample preparation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1031:202-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
40
|
Li J, Wang J, Li J, Liu D, Li H, Gao W, Li J, Liu S. Aspergillus niger Enhance Bioactive Compounds Biosynthesis As Well As Expression of Functional Genes in Adventitious Roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:576-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
41
|
Fan S, Li Q, Sun L, Du Y, Xia J, Zhang Y. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1 and M1 in milk, fresh milk and milk powder by LC-MS/MS utilising online turbulent flow chromatography. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1175-84. [PMID: 25952817 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1048311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel, fully automated method based on dual-column switching using online turbulent flow chromatography followed by LC-MS/MS was developed for the determination of aflatoxin B1 and M1 in milk, fresh milk and milk powder samples. After ultrasound-assisted extraction, samples were directly injected into the chromatographic system and the analytes were concentrated on the clean-up loading column. Through purge switch, analytes were transferred to the analytical column for subsequent detection by mass spectrometry. Different types of TurboFlow(TM) columns, transfer flow rates and transfer times were optimised. Method limits of detection obtained for AFB1 and AFM1 were 0.05 μg kg(-1), and limits of quantification were 0.1 μg kg(-1). Recoveries of aflatoxin B1 and M1 were in range of 81.1-102.1% for all samples. Matrix effects of aflatoxin B1 and M1 were in range of 63.1-94.3%. The developed method was successfully used for the analysis of aflatoxin B1 and M1 in real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Fan
- a Department of Chemical Safety Inspection , Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute , Shijiazhuang , China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu Q, Kong W, Guo W, Yang M. Multi-class mycotoxins analysis in Angelica sinensis by ultra fast liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:175-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
43
|
Fan S, Li Q, Zhang X, Cui X, Zhang D, Zhang Y. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2in corn powder, edible oil, peanut butter, and soy sauce by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry utilizing turbulent flow chromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1310-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Fan
- Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute; Shijiazhuang China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety of Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Qiang Li
- Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute; Shijiazhuang China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety of Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute; Shijiazhuang China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety of Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xiaobin Cui
- Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute; Shijiazhuang China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety of Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute; Shijiazhuang China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety of Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute; Shijiazhuang China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety of Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Selvaraj JN, Wang Y, Zhou L, Zhao Y, Xing F, Dai X, Liu Y. Recent mycotoxin survey data and advanced mycotoxin detection techniques reported from China: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:440-52. [PMID: 25604871 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in agro-food systems has been a serious concern over the last few decades in China, where the Ministry of Health has set maximum limits for mycotoxins in different agro-products. Overall survey data show that aflatoxin contamination in infant cereals, edible oils, raw milk, ginger and its related products are far below Chinese regulatory limits. The absence of aflatoxin M1 contamination in infant milk powders indicates a high standard of control. Aflatoxins in liquorice roots and lotus seeds have been reported for the first time. For deoxynivalenol, high levels were found in wheat grown in the Yangtze Delta region, which is more prone to rainfall, supporting Fusarium infection. The emerging mycotoxins beauvericins and enniatins have been reported in the medicinal herbs in China. Ochratoxin A in wine was below the European Union regulatory limits, but fumonisins in maize need to be monitored and future regulatory control considered. Overall from all the survey data analysed in this review, it can be concluded that 92% of the samples analysed had mycotoxin levels below the Chinese regulatory limits. In terms of detection techniques in recent years, immuno-based assays have been developed largely due to their excellent sensitivity and ease of use. Assays targeting multiple mycotoxins like aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol have been reported using microarrays and suspension arrays targeting in particular maize, rice and peanuts. Aptamer-based assays against ochratoxin A and aflatoxins B1 and B2 have been developed involving fluorescence detection; and surface plasmon resonance immunosensors have been developed targeting wine, maize, wheat, wild rye, hay and peanut oil with high sensitivity (> 0.025 ng l(-1)). Commercialisation of these technologies is much needed for wider usage in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj
- a Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing , Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang L, Kong W, Yang M, Han J, Chen S. Safety issues and new rapid detection methods in traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:38-46. [PMID: 26579423 PMCID: PMC4629208 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a major strategic issue that involves human health. With the continuous improvement in disease prevention and treatment, the export of TCM and its related products has increased dramatically in China. However, the frequent safety issues of Chinese medicine have become the 'bottleneck' impeding the modernization of TCM. It was proved that mycotoxins seriously affect TCM safety; the pesticide residues of TCM are a key problem in TCM international trade; adulterants have also been detected, which is related to market circulation. These three factors have greatly affected TCM safety. In this study, fast, highly effective, economically-feasible and accurate detection methods concerning TCM safety issues were reviewed, especially on the authenticity, mycotoxins and pesticide residues of medicinal materials.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2D DNA barcodes
- AA, aristolochic acid, Afs, aflatoxins
- Authentication
- DON, deoxynivalenol, GICA, gold immunochromatographic assay
- LOD, limit of detection, OTA, ochratoxin A
- Mycotoxins
- PAs, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- Pesticide residues
- Rapid detection
- SSCP, single-strand conformation polymorphism, ZEN, zearalenone
- Safety issue
- Traceability
- Traditional Chinese medicine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yang X, Hu Y, Kong W, Chu X, Yang M, Zhao M, Ouyang Z. Ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry determination of ochratoxin A in traditional Chinese medicines based on vortex-assisted solid-liquid microextraction and aptamer-affinity column clean-up. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3052-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangsu University; Jiangsu China
| | - Yichen Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Xianfeng Chu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangsu University; Jiangsu China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangsu University; Jiangsu China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangsu University; Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cao J, Zhou S, Kong W, Ma X, Yang M, Wan L, Yang S. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2inFructus Bruceaeby high-performance liquid chromatography with online postcolumn photochemical derivatization. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2771-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
- School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of TCM; Chengdu China
| | - Shujun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- College of Pharmacy; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Li Wan
- School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of TCM; Chengdu China
| | - Shihai Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Multi-mycotoxins analysis in ginger and related products by UHPLC-FLR detection and LC-MS/MS confirmation. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
49
|
Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stroka J, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2012-2013. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2012 and mid-2013. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. A wide range of analytical methods for mycotoxin determination in food and feed were developed last year, in particular immunochemical methods and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based methods. After a section on sampling and sample preparation, due to the rapid spread and developments in the field of LC-MS/MS multimycotoxin methods, a separate section has been devoted to this area of research. It is followed by a section on mycotoxins in botanicals and spices, before continuing with the format of previous reviews in this series with dedicated sections on method developments for the individual mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P.A. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 5, 228220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M.H. Iha
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Laboratrio I de Ribeiro Preto, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, CEP 14085-410, Ribeiro Preto SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari 700126, Italy
| | - J. Stroka
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), European Commission Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kong W, Wen J, Yang Y, Qiu F, Sheng P, Yang M. Simultaneous targeted analysis of five active compounds in licorice by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid linear-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 2014; 139:1883-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an02209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|