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Yuan S, Chen Y, Wen A, Liu Q, He Y, Yu H, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Xie Y, Yao W. Deciphering the interactions between altertoxins and glutenin based on molecular dynamic simulation: inspiration from detection. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38967243 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxin contamination of food has been gaining increasing attention. Hidden mycotoxins that interact with biological macromolecules in food could make the detection of mycotoxins less accurate, potentially leading to the underestimation of the total exposure risk. Interactions of the mycotoxins alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) with high-molecular glutenin were explored in this study. RESULTS The recovery rates of AOH and AME (1, 2, and 10 μg kg-1) in three types of grains (rice, corn, and wheat) were relatively low. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that AOH and AME bound to glutenin spontaneously. Hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking were the primary interaction forces at the binding sites. Alternariol with one additional hydroxyl group exhibited stronger binding affinity to glutenin than AME when analyzing average local ionization energy. The average interaction energy between AOH and glutenin was -80.68 KJ mol-1, whereas that of AME was -67.11 KJ mol-1. CONCLUSION This study revealed the mechanisms of the interactions between AOH (or AME) and high-molecular glutenin using MD and molecular docking. This could be useful in the development of effective methods to detect pollution levels. These results could also play an important role in the evaluation of the toxicological properties of bound altertoxins. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yulun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Aying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingrun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yingying He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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2
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Saleh I, Zeidan R, Abu-Dieyeh M. The characteristics, occurrence, and toxicological effects of alternariol: a mycotoxin. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1659-1683. [PMID: 38662238 PMCID: PMC11106155 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria species are mycotoxin-producing fungi known to infect fresh produce and to cause their spoilage. Humans get exposed to fungal secondary metabolites known as mycotoxin via the ingestion of contaminated food. Alternariol (AOH) (C14H10O5) is an isocoumarins produced by different species of Alternaria including Alternaria alternata. AOH is often found in grain, fruits and fruits-based food products with high levels in legumes, nuts, and tomatoes. AOH was first discovered in 1953, and it is nowadays linked to esophagus cancer and endocrine disruption due to its similarity to estrogen. Although considered as an emerging mycotoxin with no regulated levels in food, AOH occurs in highly consumed dietary products and has been detected in various masked forms, which adds to its occurrence. Therefore, this comprehensive review was developed to give an overview on recent literature in the field of AOH. The current study summarizes published data on occurrence levels of AOH in different food products in the last ten years and evaluates those levels in comparison to recommended levels by the regulating entities. Such surveillance facilitates the work of health risk assessors and highlights commodities that are most in need of AOH levels regulation. In addition, the effects of AOH on cells and animal models were summarized in two tables; data include the last two-year literature studies. The review addresses also the main characteristics of AOH and the possible human exposure routes, the populations at risk, and the effect of anthropogenic activities on the widespread of the mycotoxin. The commonly used detection and control methods described in the latest literature are also discussed to guide future researchers to focus on mitigating mycotoxins contamination in the food industry. This review aims mainly to serve as a guideline on AOH for mycotoxin regulation developers and health risk assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saleh
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Randa Zeidan
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Marin DE, Bulgaru VC, Pertea A, Grosu IA, Pistol GC, Taranu I. Alternariol Monomethyl-Ether Induces Toxicity via Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in Swine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:223. [PMID: 38787075 PMCID: PMC11125839 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16050223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternariol monomethyl-ether (AME), together with altenuene and alternariol, belongs to the Alternaria mycotoxins group, which can contaminate different substrates, including cereals. The aim of the present study was to obtain a deeper understanding concerning the effects of AME on pig intestinal health using epithelial intestinal cell lines as the data concerning the possible effects of Alternaria toxins on swine are scarce and insufficient for assessing the risk represented by Alternaria toxins for animal health. Our results have shown a dose-related effect on IPEC-1 cell viability, with an IC50 value of 10.5 μM. Exposure to the toxin induced an increase in total apoptotic cells, suggesting that AME induces programmed cell death through apoptosis based on caspase-3/7 activation in IPEC-1 cells. DNA and protein oxidative damage triggered by AME were associated with an alteration of the antioxidant response, as shown by a decrease in the enzymatic activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase. These effects on the oxidative response can be related to an inhibition of the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway; however, further studies are needed in order to validate these in vitro data using in vivo trials in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Eliza Marin
- National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition (INCDBNA-IBNA-Balotesti), Calea Bucuresti nr.1, 077015 Balotesti Ilfov, Romania; (V.C.B.); (A.P.); (I.A.G.); (G.C.P.); (I.T.)
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4
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Behrens AM, Sulyok M, Krska R, Hennies I, Ern A, Blechmann C, Meyer JC. Occurrence of Alternaria secondary metabolites in milling oats and its de-hulled fractions from harvest years 2017 to 2021. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:188-200. [PMID: 38190265 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2294003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, secondary metabolites produced by Alternaria were investigated for their presence in milling oats. For this purpose, pre-cleaned milling oat samples (n = 193), intended for human consumption, out of harvest years 2017 to 2021 originating from different northern European countries were analysed by LC-MS/MS. Alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were positively identified in 38% of the samples with mean values of 2.1 µg/kg and 1.2 µg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations of 50.5 µg/kg alternariol and 24.2 µg/kg of alternariol methyl ether were detected in a Latvian sample. Tenuazonic acid was found in 45% of all samples, with a mean concentration of 28.9 µg/kg and a maximum concentration of 1430 µg/kg, also in a Latvian sample. Tentoxin was detected in 49% of all samples with a mean value of 1.7 µg/kg. The Alternaria metabolite most frequently detected in 96% of all samples was infectopyrone with a mean concentration of 593 µg/kg and a maximum value reaching up to 3990 µg/kg in a German sample. In addition, eight oat samples were selected to investigate to what extent the Alternaria metabolites are distributed between the oat hulls and the oat kernels. After de-hulling, approximately 23% of Alternaria metabolites were found in the remaining oat kernels. According to the results, alternariol, infectopyrone and altersetin were present in the kernels with the lowest proportion of 10%-20% on average, respectively. The values for tentoxin showed that about 60% of tentoxin was contained in the hulls, while almost 40% remained in the oat kernel. This suggests that potential health risks posed by Alternaria secondary metabolites and metabolites of other fungal genera in milling oats can be reduced by de-hulling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marie Behrens
- H. & J. Brüggen KG, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University Neubrandenburg, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Castañares E, Dinolfo MI, Patriarca A, Stenglein SA. SRAP markers as an alternative tool for Alternaria classification. Food Microbiol 2023; 116:104370. [PMID: 37689421 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria is one of the main fungal contaminants of cereal grains worldwide with the potential to produce mycotoxins hazardous to human and animal health. Many studies have been carried out to characterize Alternaria sp.-grp. using traditional morphology or polyphasic approach, but a good correlation between morphological sp.-grp., molecular, and chemotaxonomic groups has not always been achieved. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the usefulness of a cheaper alternative tool, SRAP markers, in identifying Alternaria sp.-grps. obtained from Argentinean barley grains and to compare it with preliminary characterization using morphological traits, phylogeny, and metabolite profiles. Fifty-three Alternaria isolates from barley grains of the main producing regions of Argentina were analyzed with four combinations of SRAP markers. The UPGMA dendrogram, based on the Simple Matching similarity coefficient, revealed three distinct groups. SRAP markers allowed the separation of Alternaria from Infectoriae sections in agreement with the results of a polyphasic approach previously made. Besides, isolates of A. arborescens sp.-grp. were clustered in a separate group from isolates of A. tenuissima and A. alternata sp.-grp., which were grouped in the same cluster. SRAP markers are a recommended tool for classifying Alternaria isolates because of its simplicity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness compared to other molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castañares
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M I Dinolfo
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Patriarca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, College Road, Bedford, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - S A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Meng J, Li R, Huang Q, Guo D, Fan K, Zhang J, Zhu X, Wang M, Chen X, Nie D, Cao C, Zhao Z, Han Z. Survey and toxigenic abilities of Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Alternaria fungi from wheat and paddy grains in Shanghai, China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1202738. [PMID: 37560029 PMCID: PMC10407302 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1202738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study was carried out on 638 wheat and paddy grains (including fresh and stored samples) collected in 2021 from Shanghai, China, to identify the major mycobiota and their toxigenic abilities. A total of 349 fungi, namely, 252 Fusarium, 53 Aspergillus, and 44 Alternaria, were characterized by morphological and molecular identification. Fusarium and Aspergillus were more frequently isolated in paddy with Fusarium sambucinum species complex and Aspergillus section flavi as the predominant species, respectively. The genus Alternaria was the most frequently isolated fungal species in wheat. The toxin-producing potentials of the identified fungi were further evaluated in vitro. Deoxynevalenol (DON) was produced by 34.5% of Fusarium isolates and zearalenone (ZEN) was produced by 47.6% of them, and one isolate also processed the abilities for fumonisin B1 (FB1), B2 (FB2), and B3 (FB3) productions. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), and G1 (AFG1) were only generated by Aspergillus section flavi, with the production rate of 65.5%, 27.6%, and 13.8%, respectively. Alternariol (AOH) was the most prevalent Alternaria toxin, which could be produced by 95.5% of the isolates, followed by alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) (72.7%), altenuene (ALT) (52.3%), tenuazonic acid (TeA) (45.5%), tentoxin (TEN) (29.5%), and altenusin (ALS) (4.5%). A combinational analysis of mycobiota and toxigenic ability allowed us to provide comprehensive information about the production mechanisms of mycotoxins in wheat and paddy in a specific geographic area, and will be helpful for developing efficient prevention and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Meng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijiao Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingwen Huang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Guo
- Technical Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingya Zhang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueting Zhu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Technical Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Nie
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Cao
- Technical Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Senatore MT, Prodi A, Tini F, Balmas V, Infantino A, Onofri A, Cappelletti E, Oufensou S, Sulyok M, Covarelli L, Beccari G. Different diagnostic approaches for the characterization of the fungal community and Fusarium species complex composition of Italian durum wheat grain and correlation with secondary metabolite accumulation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4503-4521. [PMID: 36828788 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the fungal communities associated with durum wheat was assessed using different diagnostic approaches. Durum wheat grain samples were collected in three different Italian cultivation macro-areas (north, center and south). Fungal isolation was realized by potato dextrose agar (PDA) and by deep-freezing blotter (DFB). Identification of Fusarium isolates obtained from PDA was achieved by partial tef1α sequencing (PDA + tef1α), while those obtained from DFB were identified from their morphological characteristics (DFB + mc). The fungal biomass of eight Fusarium species was quantified in grains by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fungal secondary metabolites were analyzed in grains by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Correlations between Fusarium detection techniques (PDA + tef1α; DFB + mc and qPCR) and mycotoxins in grains were assessed. RESULTS Alternaria and Fusarium showed the highest incidence among the fungal genera developed from grains. Within the Fusarium community, PDA + tef1α highlighted that F. avenaceum and F. graminearum were the most represented members, while, DFB + mc detected a high presence of F. proliferatum. Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins, principally enniatins, were particularly present in the grain harvested in central Italy. Deoxynivalenol was mainly detected in northern-central Italy. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of the different diagnostic techniques of Fusarium detection highlighted that, for some species, qPCR was the best method of predicting their mycotoxin contamination in grains. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Senatore
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Infantino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cappelletti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bionalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Ji X, Jin C, Xiao Y, Deng M, Wang W, Lyu W, Chen J, Li R, Li Y, Yang H. Natural Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Wheat Grains and Assessment of the Risks from Dietary Mycotoxins Exposure in China. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:389. [PMID: 37368690 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat grains are susceptible to contamination with various natural mycotoxins including regulated and emerging mycotoxins. This study surveyed the natural presence of regulated mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), and emerging mycotoxins such as beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs such as ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1) and Alternaria mycotoxins (i.e., alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), and altenuene (ALT)) in wheat grains randomly collected from eight provinces across China in 2021. The results revealed that each wheat grain sample was detected with at least one type of mycotoxin. The detection rates of these mycotoxins ranged from 7.1% to 100%, with the average occurrence level ranging from 1.11 to 921.8 µg/kg. DON and TeA were the predominant mycotoxins with respect to both prevalence and concentration. Approximately 99.7% of samples were found to contain more than one toxin, and the co-occurrence of ten toxins (DON + ZEN + ENA + ENA1 + ENB + ENB1 + AME + AOH + TeA + TEN) was the most frequently detected combination. The dietary exposure to different mycotoxins among Chinese consumers aged 4-70 years was as follows: 0.592-0.992 µg/kg b.w./day for DON, 0.007-0.012 µg/kg b.w./day for ZEN, 0.0003-0.007 µg/kg b.w./day for BEA and ENNs, 0.223-0.373 µg/kg b.w./day for TeA, and 0.025-0.041 µg/kg b.w./day for TEN, which were lower than the health-based guidance values for each mycotoxin, with the corresponding hazard quotient (HQ) being far lower than 1, implying a tolerable health risk for Chinese consumers. However, the estimated dietary exposure to AME and AOH was in the range of 0.003-0.007 µg/kg b.w./day, exceeding the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) value of 0.0025 µg/kg b.w./day, demonstrating potential dietary risks for Chinese consumers. Therefore, developing practical control and management strategies is essential for controlling mycotoxins contamination in the agricultural systems, thereby ensuring public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Canghong Jin
- School of Computer and Computing Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Meihua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiapeng Chen
- School of Computer and Computing Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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9
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Jaster-Keller J, Müller MEH, El-Khatib AH, Lorenz N, Bahlmann A, Mülow-Stollin U, Bunzel M, Scheibenzuber S, Rychlik M, von der Waydbrink G, Weigel S. Root uptake and metabolization of Alternaria toxins by winter wheat plants using a hydroponic system. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:109-126. [PMID: 36929507 PMCID: PMC10181980 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous in the environment. Their mycotoxins can leach out of contaminated plants or crop debris into the soil entering the plant via the roots. We aim to evaluate the importance of this entry pathway and its contribution to the overall content of Alternaria toxins (ATs) in wheat plants to better understand the soil-plant-phytopathogen system. A hydroponic cultivation system was established and wheat plants were cultivated for up to two weeks under optimal climate conditions. One half of the plants was treated with a nutrient solution spiked with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA), whereas the other half of the plants was cultivated without mycotoxins. Plants were harvested after 1 and 2 weeks and analyzed using a QuEChERS-based extraction and an in-house validated LC-MS/MS method for quantification of the ATs in roots, crowns, and leaves separately. ATs were taken up by the roots and transported throughout the plant up to the leaves after 1 as well as 2 weeks of cultivation with the roots showing the highest ATs levels followed by the crowns and the leaves. In addition, numerous AOH and AME conjugates like glucosides, malonyl glucosides, sulfates, and di/trihexosides were detected in different plant compartments and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first study demonstrating the uptake of ATs in vivo using a hydroponic system and whole wheat plants examining both the distribution of ATs within the plant compartments and the modification of ATs by the wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaster-Keller
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina E H Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed H El-Khatib
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicole Lorenz
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnold Bahlmann
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mülow-Stollin
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Current address: German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), South Campus, Adenauerring 20 A, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sophie Scheibenzuber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Grit von der Waydbrink
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Tian Y, Abdallah MF, De Boevre M, Audenaert K, Wang C, De Saeger S, Wu A. Deciphering Alternaria metabolic responses in microbial confrontation via an integrated mass spectrometric targeted and non-targeted strategy. Food Chem 2023; 404:134694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Lin H, Jia B, Wu A. Cytotoxicities of Co-occurring alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid on human gastric epithelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 171:113524. [PMID: 36442738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) are the three major Alternaria toxin contaminants in food. In the present study, we conducted their single and combined toxicity analyses using human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) that was first exposed to the toxins when they entered the human body. By comparing the cytotoxicity IC50, we found that compared to several other mycotoxins with limit standards there was cytotoxicity DON > OTA > AME > AOH > ZEN > TeA. Further, we obtained combination index (CI)-isobologram equation by the Chou-Talalay method according to a toxin ratio of 1:1:2 and carried out the combined toxicity analysis of the three binary and ternary compounds, and the results showed that AOH + AME + TeA showed synergistic toxic effects. Based on the co-occurring status, we also carried out the combined toxicity analysis of AME and AOH at different ratios and found antagonistic effects at low cytotoxic concentrations as well as synergistic and additive effects at high concentrations. Also, we found that all three and their combinations caused apoptosis, activation of caspase-3 cleavage, activation of DNA damage pathways ATR-Chk1-P53 and ATM-Chk2-P53. In conclusion, we used GES-1 cells to inform the risk of coaction of AOH, AME, and TeA in dietary exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huikang Lin
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bingxuan Jia
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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12
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Occurrence and Determination of Alternaria Mycotoxins Alternariol, Alternariol Monomethyl Ether, and Tentoxin in Wheat Grains by QuEChERS Method. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110791. [PMID: 36422965 PMCID: PMC9695878 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alternaria mycotoxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tentoxin (TEN) are mycotoxins, which can contaminate cereal-based raw materials. Today, wheat is one of the most important crops in temperate zones, and it is in increasing demand in the Western Balkans countries that are urbanizing and industrializing. This research aimed to investigate the occurrence and determine the concentration of Alternaria mycotoxins AOH, AME, and TEN in wheat samples from the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Albania, harvested in the year 2020 in the period between 15 June and 15 July. A total of 80 wheat grain samples, 40 from each country, were analyzed by an QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method. From the obtained results, it can be seen that the mean concentration of AOH was 3.3 µg/kg and AME was 2.2 µg/kg in wheat samples from Serbia, while TEN from both Serbia and Albania was under the limit of quantification (<LOQ). The maximum of AOH and AME mycotoxins was recorded only in wheat grain samples collected in the Republic of Serbia (5.3 and 2.3 µg/kg). In conclusion, Alternaria mycotoxins have concentrations above the LOQ, which could be potentially considered a health hazard to both humans and animals.
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13
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Van Coller GJ, Rose LJ, Boutigny AL, Ward TJ, Lamprecht SC, Viljoen A. The distribution and type B trichothecene chemotype of Fusarium species associated with head blight of wheat in South Africa during 2008 and 2009. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275084. [PMID: 36156602 PMCID: PMC9512189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat occurs commonly in irrigation regions of South Africa and less frequently in dryland regions. Previous surveys of Fusarium species causing FHB identified isolates using morphological characters only. This study reports on a comprehensive characterisation of FHB pathogens conducted in 2008 and 2009. Symptomatic wheat heads were collected from the Northern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), Bushveld and eastern Free State (irrigation regions), and from one field in the Western Cape (dryland region). Fusarium isolates were identified with species-specific primers or analysis of partial EF-1α sequences. A representative subset of isolates was characterized morphologically. In total, 1047 Fusarium isolates were collected, comprising 24 species from seven broad species complexes. The F. sambucinum (FSAMSC) and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complexes (FIESC) were most common (83.5% and 13.3% of isolates, respectively). The F. chlamydosporum (FCSC), F. fujikuroi (FFSC), F. oxysporum (FOSC), F. solani (FSSC), and F. tricinctum species complexes (FTSC) were also observed. Within the FSAMSC, 90.7% of isolates belonged to the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC), accounting for 75.7% of isolates. The FGSC was the dominant Fusaria in all four irrigation regions. F. pseudograminearum dominated at the dryland field in the Western Cape. The Northern Cape had the highest species diversity (16 Fusarium species from all seven species complexes). The type B trichothecene chemotype of FGSC and related species was inferred with PCR. Chemotype diversity was limited (15-ADON = 90.1%) and highly structured in relation to species differences. These results expand the known species diversity associated with FHB in South Africa and include first reports of F. acuminatum, F. armeniacum, F. avenaceum, F. temperatum, and F. pseudograminearum from wheat heads in South Africa, and of F. brachygibbosum, F. lunulosporum and F. transvaalense from wheat globally. Potentially novel species were identified within the FCSC, FFSC, FOSC, FSAMSC, FIESC and FTSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhardus J. Van Coller
- Directorate: Plant Science, Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Lindy J. Rose
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Anne-Laure Boutigny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Todd J. Ward
- United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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14
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Miao Y, Wang D, Chen Y, Zhu X, Tang X, Zhang J, Zhang L, Chen J. General toxicity and genotoxicity of alternariol: a novel 28-day multi-endpoint assessment in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:231-241. [PMID: 35913592 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH) is one of the toxins of Alternaria, and it has been widely detected in a variety of foods. It has been reported to be cytotoxic, dermally toxic, genotoxic, and potentially carcinogenic in vitro. However, in vivo toxicity data are lacking. This study used a novel in vivo 28-day multi-endpoint (Pig-a assay + micronucleus test + comet assay) genotoxicity evaluation system to evaluate the general toxicity and genotoxicity of AOH. A total of 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly distributed into three AOH-treated groups (5.51, 10.03, and 22.05 µg/kg bw), one AOH high-dose recovery group (AOH-HR, 22.05 µg/kg bw), one positive control group (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, 40 mg/kg bw), and two vehicle control groups (corn oil and PBS). Treatments were administered by oral gavage for 28 consecutive days. Histopathological lesions were observed in the liver, kidney, and spleen in all AOH-treated groups. No statistical difference was found in each genotoxicity index within 28 days in the AOH-treated groups compared with those in the corn oil group. On day 42, in the AOH-HR group, the rate of Pig-a mutant phenotype reticulocytes (RETCD59-) significantly increased. On day 56, both RETCD59- and the rate of Pig-a mutant phenotype erythrocytes (RBCCD59-) were significantly reduced. These findings indicated that AOH might cumulatively induce genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqiu Miao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongxia Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyao Tang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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15
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Distinction of Alternaria Sect. Pseudoalternaria Strains among Other Alternaria Fungi from Cereals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050423. [PMID: 35628679 PMCID: PMC9142887 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous and frequently isolated from various plants, including crops. There are two phylogenetically and morphologically close Alternaria sections: the relatively well-known Infectoriae and the rarely mentioned Pseudoalternaria. Currently, the latter includes at least seven species that are less studied and sometimes misidentified. To perform precise identification, two primers (APsF and APsR) were designed and a sect. Pseudoalternaria-specific PCR method was developed. Thirty-five Russian A. infectoria-like strains were then examined. Five strains were found to be the members of the sect. Pseudoalternaria. Additionally, specificity of the previously developed primer set (Ain3F and Ain4R) was checked. It was found to be highly specific for sect. Infectoriae and did not amplify sect. Pseudoalternaria DNA. Identification of strains of the sect. Pseudoalternaria was supported and refined by phylogenetic reconstruction based on analysis of two loci, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd), and the plasma membrane ATPase gene (ATP). These fungi belonged to Alternaria kordkuyana and A. rosae, which were the first detection of those taxa for the Eastern Europe. Alternaria kordkuyana was isolated from cereal seeds and eleuthero leaves. Alternaria rosae was obtained from oat seed. All strains of sect. Pseudoalternaria were not able to produce alternariol mycotoxin, as well as the majority of A. sect. Infectoriae strains.
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16
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Orina AS, Gavrilova OP, Gogina NN, Gannibal PB, Gagkaeva TY. Natural Occurrence of Alternaria Fungi and Associated Mycotoxins in Small-Grain Cereals from The Urals and West Siberia Regions of Russia. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100681. [PMID: 34678974 PMCID: PMC8538951 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria fungi dominate the grain microbiota in many regions of the world; therefore, the detection of species that are able to produce mycotoxins has received much attention. A total of 178 grain samples of wheat, barley and oat obtained from the Urals and West Siberia regions of Russia in 2017–2019 were included in the study. Grain contamination with Alternaria fungi belonging to sections Alternaria and Infectoriae was analysed using qPCR with specific primers. The occurrence of four mycotoxins produced by Alternaria, AOH, AME, TEN, and TeA, was defined by HPLC-MS/MS. Alternaria DNA was found in all analysed grain samples. The prevalence of DNA of Alternaria sect. Alternaria fungi (range 53 × 10−4–21,731 × 10−4 pg/ng) over the DNA of Alternaria sect. Infectoriae (range 11 × 10−4‒4237 × 10−4 pg/ng) in the grain samples was revealed. Sixty-two percent of grain samples were contaminated by at least two Alternaria mycotoxins. The combination of TEN and TeA was found most often. Eight percent of grain samples were contaminated by all four mycotoxins, and only 3% of samples were free from the analysed secondary toxic metabolites. The amounts varied in a range of 2–53 µg/kg for AOH, 3–56 µg/kg for AME, 3–131 µg/kg for TEN and 9–15,000 µg/kg for TeA. To our knowledge, a new global maximum level of natural contamination of wheat grain with TeA was detected. A positive correlation between the amount of DNA from Alternaria sect. Alternaria and TeA was observed. The significant effects of cereal species and geographic origin of samples on the amounts of DNA and mycotoxins of Alternaria spp. in grain were revealed. Barley was the most heavily contaminated with fungi belonging to both sections. The content of AOH in oat grain was, on average, higher than that found in wheat and barley. The content of TEN in the grain of barley was lower than that in wheat and similar to that in oat. The content of TeA did not depend on the cereal crop. The effect of weather conditions (summer temperature and rainfall) on the final fungal and mycotoxin contamination of grain was discussed. The frequent co-occurrence of different Alternaria fungi and their mycotoxins in grain indicates the need for further studies investigating this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra S. Orina
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (P.B.G.); (T.Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-812-333-3764
| | - Olga P. Gavrilova
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (P.B.G.); (T.Y.G.)
| | - Nadezhda N. Gogina
- Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Poultry, 141311 Sergiev Posad, Russia;
| | - Philipp B. Gannibal
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (P.B.G.); (T.Y.G.)
| | - Tatiana Yu. Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (P.B.G.); (T.Y.G.)
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17
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Raised concerns about the safety of barley grains and straw: A Swiss survey reveals a high diversity of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Baran K, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M, Guiné RPF. Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies-A Revisit. Foods 2021; 10:1279. [PMID: 34205122 PMCID: PMC8228748 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and are known to be toxic to humans and animals. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, patulin, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, trichothecenes, Alternaria toxins, tremorgenic mycotoxins, fusarins, 3-nitropropionic acid, cyclochlorotine, sporidesmin, etc. These mycotoxins can pose several health risks to both animals and humans, including death. As several mycotoxins simultaneously occur in nature, especially in foods and feeds, the detoxification and/or total removal of mycotoxins remains challenging. Moreover, given that the volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins is steadily on the rise, there is need for continuous synthesis of the body of knowledge. To supplement existing information, knowledge of mycotoxins affecting animals, foods, humans, and plants, with more focus on types, toxicity, and prevention measures, including strategies employed in detoxification and removal, were revisited in this work. Our synthesis revealed that mycotoxin decontamination, control, and detoxification strategies cut across pre-and post-harvest preventive measures. In particular, pre-harvest measures can include good agricultural practices, fertilization/irrigation, crop rotation, using resistant varieties of crops, avoiding insect damage, early harvesting, maintaining adequate humidity, and removing debris from the preceding harvests. On the other hand, post-harvest measures can include processing, chemical, biological, and physical measures. Additionally, chemical-based methods and other emerging strategies for mycotoxin detoxification can involve the usage of chitosan, ozone, nanoparticles, and plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinaza Godswill Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala P.O. Box 20000, Uganda
| | - Erick Nyakundi Ondari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
| | - Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Anjani K. Upadhyay
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751019, Odisha, India;
| | - Katarzyna Baran
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Raquel P. F. Guiné
- CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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19
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Jiang D, Wei D, Li H, Wang L, Jiang N, Li Y, Wang M. Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in wheat and potential of reducing associated risks using magnolol. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3071-3077. [PMID: 33124688 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is one of three major food crops in China. Alternaria species can cause spoilage of wheat with consequent mycotoxin accumulation. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) are the most common and frequently studied mycotoxins. There are limited regulations placed on Alternaria mycotoxin concentrations worldwide due to the lack of toxicity data available. More data on the levels of mycotoxin contamination are also needed. It is also important to reduce the risks of Alternaria mycotoxins. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-two wheat samples were collected from Hebei Province, China, and analyzed for AOH, AME, and TeA. Tenuazonic acid was found to be the predominant Alternaria mycotoxin, especially in flour samples. Studying Alternaria species that cause black-point disease of wheat indicated that Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima were the dominant species. Most of the Alternaria strains studied produced more than one mycotoxin and TeA was produced at the highest concentration, which may have resulted in the high level of TeA contamination in the wheat samples. Furthermore, magnolol displayed obvious antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity against Alternaria. This is the first report on the antimycotoxigenic activity of magnolol against Alternaria species. CONCLUSION The Alternaria mycotoxin contamination levels in wheat and wheat products from Hebei Province, China, were correlated with the toxigenic capacity of the Alternaria strains colonizing the wheat. Considering its safety, magnolol could be developed as a natural fungicide in wheat, or as a natural alternative food preservative based on its strong antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity against Alternaria strains. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Jiang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Dizhe Wei
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology/Research Center for Agricultural Products Quality and Safety, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchao Li
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology/Research Center for Agricultural Products Quality and Safety, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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20
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Babič J, Tavčar-Kalcher G, Celar FA, Kos K, Knific T, Jakovac-Strajn B. Occurrence of Alternaria and Other Toxins in Cereal Grains Intended for Animal Feeding Collected in Slovenia: A Three-Year Study. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:304. [PMID: 33923249 PMCID: PMC8145452 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the less-studied Alternaria mycotoxins have attracted increasing interest due to the lack of survey data and their ability to cause toxic effects in animals and humans. To fill the gap, the aim of this three-year survey was to investigate the presence and co-occurrence of Alternaria and other mycotoxins in a total of 433 cereal grain samples from Slovenian farms and agricultural cooperatives from 2014 to 2016. Using the multi-mycotoxin method, 14 mycotoxins were determined. In 53% of 433 analysed samples, contamination with at least one mycotoxin was found. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) were present in 32% and 26% of cereal grain samples, respectively, whereas alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TEN), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3- and 15-AcDON), and zearalenone (ZEN) were present in fewer than 15% of the samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in one rye sample, while diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 and T-2 toxin, and fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2) were not detected. The highest maximum and median concentrations of Alternaria toxins were determined in spelt in 2016 (TeA, 2277 µg/kg and 203 µg/kg, respectively), and those of Fusarium toxins in wheat in 2015 (DON, 4082 µg/kg and 387 µg/kg, respectively). The co-occurrence of two or more mycotoxins was found in 43% of the positive samples. The correlations between Alternaria toxins were very weak but statistically significant (r: 0.15-0.17, p: 0.0042-0.0165). A well-known correlation between Fusarium toxins DON and ZEN was weak and highly significant (r = 0.28, p < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Babič
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (T.K.); (B.J.-S.)
| | - Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (T.K.); (B.J.-S.)
| | - Franci Aco Celar
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (F.A.C.); (K.K.)
| | - Katarina Kos
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (F.A.C.); (K.K.)
| | - Tanja Knific
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (T.K.); (B.J.-S.)
| | - Breda Jakovac-Strajn
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (T.K.); (B.J.-S.)
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Habschied K, Kanižai Šarić G, Krstanović V, Mastanjević K. Mycotoxins-Biomonitoring and Human Exposure. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:113. [PMID: 33546479 PMCID: PMC7913644 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that commonly have a toxic effect on human and animal health. Different foodstuff can be contaminated and are considered the major source of human exposure to mycotoxins, but occupational and environmental exposure can also significantly contribute to this problem. This review aims to provide a short overview of the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and regulated mycotoxins in foods and workplaces, following the current literature and data presented in scientific papers. Biomonitoring of mycotoxins in plasma, serum, urine, and blood samples has become a common method for determining the exposure to different mycotoxins. Novel techniques are more and more precise and accurate and are aiming toward the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins in one analysis. Application of liquid chromatography (LC) methodologies, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become a common and most reliable method for determining the exposure to mycotoxins. Numerous references confirm the importance of mycotoxin biomonitoring to assess the exposure for humans and animals. The objectives of this paper were to review the general approaches to biomonitoring of different mycotoxins and the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins, using recent literature sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Habschied
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Gabriella Kanižai Šarić
- Department of Agroecology and Environment Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Vinko Krstanović
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (V.K.); (K.M.)
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Masiello M, Somma S, Susca A, Ghionna V, Logrieco AF, Franzoni M, Ravaglia S, Meca G, Moretti A. Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Production by Alternaria Species Occurring on Durum Wheat, Showing Black Point Symptoms. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040275. [PMID: 32340279 PMCID: PMC7232423 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Black point is a fungal disease of wheat, mainly associated with mycotoxigenic Alternaria species. Affected wheat kernels are characterized by dark brown discolouration of the embryo region and reduction of grain quality. Potential risk is the possible accumulation of Alternaria mycotoxins, alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TA), and altenuene (ALT), provided by haemato-toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. One hundred and twenty durum wheat samples belonging to 30 different genotypes grown in Bologna and Modena areas, in Italy, showing black point symptoms, were analyzed for Alternaria species and their mycotoxin contamination. Alternariol was selected as an indicator of the capability of the Alternaria species to produce mycotoxin in vivo in field conditions. The data showed that Alternaria species occurred in 118 out of 120 wheat kernels samples, with the incidence of infected kernels ranging between 1% and 26%. Moreover, AOH was detected by using a HPLC with a diode array detector (LC-DAD) in 98 out of 120 samples with values ranging between 24 and 262 µg Kg−1. Ninety-two Alternaria representative strains, previously identified morphologically, were identified at species/section level using gene sequencing, and therefore were analyzed for their mycotoxin profiles. Eighty-four strains, phylogenetically grouped in the Alternaria section, produced AOH, AME, and TA with values up to 8064, 14,341, and 3683 µg g−1, respectively, analyzed by using a LC-DAD. On the other hand, eight Alternaria strains, included in Infectoriae Section, showed a very low or no capability to produce mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Masiello
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Stefania Somma
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Veronica Ghionna
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Antonio Francesco Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Matteo Franzoni
- S.I.S. Società Italiana Sementi S.p.A, Via Mirandola 1, 40068 San Lazzaro di Savena (BO), Italy; (M.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefano Ravaglia
- S.I.S. Società Italiana Sementi S.p.A, Via Mirandola 1, 40068 San Lazzaro di Savena (BO), Italy; (M.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Food Science Area, University of Valencia (Spain), Avenida Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.G.); (A.F.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.M.)
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Rausch AK, Brockmeyer R, Schwerdtle T. Development and Validation of a QuEChERS-Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Multi-Method for the Determination of 38 Native and Modified Mycotoxins in Cereals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4657-4669. [PMID: 32216338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, a reliable and sensitive method for the determination of 38 (modified) mycotoxins was developed. Using a QuEChERS-based extraction method [acetonitrile/water/formic acid (75:20:5, v/v/v)], followed by two runs of high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with different conditions, relevant mycotoxins in cereals were analyzed. The method was validated according to the performance criteria defined by the European Commission (EC) in Commission Decision no. 657/2002. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.05 to 150 μg/kg. Good linearity (R2 > 0.99), recovery (61-120%), repeatability (RSDr < 15%), and reproducibility (RSDR < 20%) were obtained for most mycotoxins. However, validation results for Alternaria toxins and fumonisins were unsatisfying. Matrix effects (-69 to +59%) were compensated for using standard addition. Application on reference materials gave correct results while analysis of samples from local retailers revealed contamination, especially with deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, fumonisins, and zearalenone, in concentrations up to 369, 58, 1002, and 21 μg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Rausch
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Eurofins SOFIA GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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24
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Castañares E, Pavicich MA, Dinolfo MI, Moreyra F, Stenglein SA, Patriarca A. Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in malting barley grains in the main producing region of Argentina. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1004-1011. [PMID: 31646639 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereals worldwide, and its quality is affected by fungal contamination such as species of the genus Alternaria. No information is available about the occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean barley grains, which is of concern, because they can be transferred into malt and beer. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) in malting barley grains from the main producing region of Argentina during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. RESULTS The most frequent mycotoxin was AOH (64%), which was detected at higher levels (712 μg kg-1 ) compared with other studies, followed by TeA (37%, 1522 μg kg-1 ), while AME was present in five samples in the 2015 growing season only, with a mean of 4876 μg kg-1 . A similar frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was observed in both years (80.8 vs 85.3%), but more diverse contamination was found in 2015, which was characterized by lower accumulated precipitation. Nevertheless, AOH was more frequently found in 2014 than in 2015 (80.8 and 47.1% respectively). A negative correlation between AOH concentration and temperature was observed. The susceptibility of different barley varieties to mycotoxin accumulation varied with the mycotoxin, geographical location and meteorological conditions. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the present work represent a tool for risk assessment of exposition to these mycotoxins and could be used by food safety authorities to determine the need for their regulation. Furthermore, the establishment of a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system to minimize fungal and mycotoxin contamination in barley from farm to processing could be apply to ensure food safety. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Castañares
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria A Pavicich
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria I Dinolfo
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Moreyra
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Bordenave, Bordenave, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Janić Hajnal E, Vukić M, Pezo L, Orčić D, Puač N, Škoro N, Milidrag A, Šoronja Simović D. Effect of Atmospheric Cold Plasma Treatments on Reduction of Alternaria Toxins Content in Wheat Flour. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E704. [PMID: 31816906 PMCID: PMC6950655 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Beside Fusarium toxins, Alternaria toxins are among the most commonly found mycotoxins in wheat and wheat products. Currently, investigations of possibilities of reduction of Alternaria toxins in the wheat-processing chain are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the potency of cold atmospheric plasma treatments, as a new non-thermal approach, for reduction of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tentoxin (TEN) content in spiked white wheat flour samples. Samples were treated with plasma generated in the air during 30 s to 180 s, with an increment step of 30 s, and at four varying distances from the cold plasma source (6 mm, 21 mm, 36 mm and 51 mm). The reduction of the Alternaria toxins content in samples after treatment was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The maximum reduction of the examined Alternaria toxins was obtained by treatment performed at 6 mm distance from the plasma source, lasting 180 s, resulting in reductions of 60.6%, 73.8% and 54.5% for AOH, AME and TEN, respectively. According to the obtained experimental results, five empirical models in the form of the second-order polynomials were developed for the prediction of AOH, AME and TEN reduction, as well as the temperature and the moisture content of the wheat flour, that gave a good fit to experimental data and were able to predict the response variables successfully. The developed second-order polynomial models showed high coefficients of determination for prediction of experimental results (between 0.918 and 0.961).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Research Center for Technology of Plant Based Food Products, Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milan Vukić
- Department of Carbohydrate Food Engineering, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.V.); (D.Š.S.)
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology Zvornik, University of East Sarajevo, 75400 Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dejan Orčić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Nevena Puač
- Laboratory for Gaseous Electronics, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (N.Š.)
| | - Nikola Škoro
- Laboratory for Gaseous Electronics, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (N.Š.)
| | - Ardea Milidrag
- Chair of general physiology and biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dragana Šoronja Simović
- Department of Carbohydrate Food Engineering, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.V.); (D.Š.S.)
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Müller T, Lentzsch P, Behrendt U, Barkusky D, Müller MEH. Pseudomonas simiae effects on the mycotoxin formation by fusaria and alternaria in vitro and in a wheat field. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:147-158. [PMID: 31755073 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent pseudomonads colonizing wheat ears have a high antagonistic potential against phytopathogenic fungi. To check this hypothesis, the bacterial antagonist Pseudomonas simiae 9 rif+/kan+ was spray-inoculated onto the ears of winter wheat in a locally demarcated experimental field plot. Fusarium and Alternaria fungi naturally occurring on the ears and the formation of their mycotoxins in the ripe grains were investigated. Inoculated bacteria were recovered from the plants in the inoculation cell, but not in the untreated neighboring plots or in the air above the plants. Growth of fusaria and alternaria on the ears was not influenced by the bacterial antagonist. Wheat kernels were co-inoculated in vitro with the antagonist and one mycotoxin-producing strain of Fusarium and Alternaria, respectively. Mycotoxin production was almost completely suppressed in these approaches. Concentrations of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, alternariol, and tenuazonic acid were also significantly reduced in ripe grains in the field, but to a lesser extent than in vitro. The results of this and previous studies suggest that widespread biological control of the growth of fusaria and alternaria and their mycotoxin formation by naturally occurring pseudomonads with antagonistic activity is rather unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany.
| | - Peter Lentzsch
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Undine Behrendt
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Barkusky
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Marina E H Müller
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
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Crudo F, Varga E, Aichinger G, Galaverna G, Marko D, Dall'Asta C, Dellafiora L. Co-Occurrence and Combinatory Effects of Alternaria Mycotoxins and other Xenobiotics of Food Origin: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E640. [PMID: 31684145 PMCID: PMC6891783 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are low-molecular weight compounds produced by diverse genera of molds that may contaminate food and feed threatening the health of humans and animals. Recent findings underline the importance of studying the combined occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and the relevance of assessing the toxicity their simultaneous exposure may cause in living organisms. In this context, for the first time, this work has critically reviewed the most relevant data concerning the occurrence and toxicity of mycotoxins produced by Alternaria spp., which are among the most important emerging risks to be assessed in food safety, alone or in combination with other mycotoxins and bioactive food constituents. According to the literature covered, multiple Alternaria mycotoxins may often occur simultaneously in contaminated food, along with several other mycotoxins and food bioactives inherently present in the studied matrices. Although the toxicity of combinations naturally found in food has been rarely assessed experimentally, the data collected so far, clearly point out that chemical mixtures may differ in their toxicity compared to the effect of toxins tested individually. The data presented here may provide a solid foothold to better support the risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins highlighting the actual role of chemical mixtures on influencing their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Crudo
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Aichinger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Samak MA, Elshatory A, Mohamed EM. Outcomes of Gallic Acid on Alternariol Induced Cyto-Morphic and Genotoxic In Vivo Changes in Parotid Gland: 4-HNE Incorporated. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7040084. [PMID: 31717852 PMCID: PMC6966541 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria toxins are emerging mycotoxins that gained considerable interest with increasing evidence of their existence and toxicological properties. There is limited research and insufficient data about their in vivo hazardous effects. We designed this study to evaluate histopathological and genotoxic in vivo impacts of alternariol (AOH) on the parotid gland as well as to assess the competency of gallic acid (GA) in reversing these effects. Forty healthy adult male Wister rats were utilized and assigned equally on control, GA, alternariol and AOH+ gallic treated groups. Parotid gland samples from experimental groups were collected and then examined for histopathological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examination for 4-hydroxynonenal “4-HNE as lipid peroxidation marker” as well as Comet assay for DNA damage. Additionally, parotid tissue homogenates were tested for catalase “CAT”, superoxide dismutase “SOD” and malondialdehyde “MDA” levels. Our data proved that alternariol produced various histopathological and ultrastructural alterations of parotid acini as well as significant DNA damage, significant reduction of CAT and SOD enzymatic activity and significant boosting of 4-HNE immunohistochemical expression and MDA levels as compared to control group. On the other hand, gallic acid administration almost restored histological and ultrastructural parotid architecture, 4-HNE immune-expression and biochemical levels. Ultimately, we demonstrated alternariol-induced histopathological and genotoxic alterations on parotid gland as well as the competency of gallic acid in reversing these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A. Samak
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +02-0100-620-7209
| | - Ahmed Elshatory
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
| | - Eman M. Mohamed
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
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29
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Schiro G, Colangeli P, Müller MEH. A Metabarcoding Analysis of the Mycobiome of Wheat Ears Across a Topographically Heterogeneous Field. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2095. [PMID: 31552005 PMCID: PMC6746991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant associated microbial communities have recently received a lot of attention because thought to play a fundamental role in plant health and development. Focusing on cultivated crops, optimized farming practices must consider the role of these communities when aiming at reducing the impact of pathogens and increasing yields. Typical inhabitants of plant’s phyllosphere are bacteria and microscopic fungi, some of them pathogenic for the plant and dangerous for the consumers, due to the production of toxins. In order to efficiently manage the microbiome, the natural drivers regulating community assembly must be clearly understood. In our study we investigated the within field variation of the phyllosphere mycobiome of wheat ears by metabarcoding of the fungal internal transcribed sequence 1 (ITS1). We selected a field characterized by a high topographic heterogeneity, which is reflected in differences in plant productivity and fitness across it. Samples were taken from 30 sampling points laid across the field where data-loggers were placed, measuring the productivity driven under canopy microclimate. The microclimatic conditions were tested as a source of potential environmental variance. Further independent spatial structures were tested using spatial eigenvector maps (MEMs). Results show considerable differences in the phyllosphere composition across the field. The local under canopy environmental conditions at each point were strong predictors of the community composition. Independent spatial effects given by the geographical position of the sampling points showed also a weaker but significant effect. Moreover we observed different spatial responses from different fungal phyla, with results resembling those described in studies done at a regional scale. This study is the first one to investigate the spatial variation of the phyllosphere mycobiome of a commercial crop within the same field. It contributes to the study of the epidemiology and community assembly dynamics of wheat phyllosphere fungi, showing how in-field community variations are the results of different environmental and spatial processes acting simultaneously. It also shows how heterogeneous fields are a smart and useful system to investigate the ecological mechanisms regulating plant microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Schiro
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Research Area 1 "Landscape Functioning", Müncheberg, Germany
| | | | - Marina E H Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Research Area 1 "Landscape Functioning", Müncheberg, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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Yao CY, Xu ZL, Wang H, Zhu F, Luo L, Yang JY, Sun YM, Lei HT, Tian YX, Shen YD. High affinity antibody based on a rationally designed hapten and development of a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for quantification of Alternariol in fruit Juice, maize and flour. Food Chem 2019; 283:359-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wall-Martínez HA, Pascari X, Ramos AJ, Marín S, Sanchis V. Frequency and levels of mycotoxins in beer from the Mexican market and exposure estimate for deoxynivalenol mycotoxins. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:207-216. [PMID: 30859459 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of 23 mycotoxins in beer purchased in Mexico and to assess two exposure scenarios in the Mexican population through beer consumption. Multi-mycotoxin analysis of a total of 61 different beers (132 samples) was carried out using UHPLC-MS/MS equipment. Probability density functions were used to describe mycotoxins contamination. The daily intake of mycotoxins was estimated using a semi-probabilistic approach, applying the Monte Carlo method. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON)) were the mycotoxins found in higher proportions in contaminated samples. None of the other mycotoxins overpassed the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method. The combined intake of DON and its analogues ranged from 5.24 to 86.59 ng kg-1 bw day-1, which represent from 1.20 to 19.83% of the DON TDI. The results suggest that depending on the individual consumption of beer and depending on the type of beer, the intake of DON via beer could represent a significant percentage of the tolerable daily intake (TDI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiram A Wall-Martínez
- UNIDA-Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. Veracruz, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, 91860, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Xenia Pascari
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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Janić Hajnal E, Mastilović J, Bagi F, Orčić D, Budakov D, Kos J, Savić Z. Effect of Wheat Milling Process on the Distribution of Alternaria Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E139. [PMID: 30832284 PMCID: PMC6468426 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria toxins are mycotoxins produced by various Alternaria species which, besides the Fusarium species, represent the principal contaminants of wheat worldwide. As currently, only limited information on the behaviour of Alternaria toxins during processing of cereals is available, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the dry milling process of wheat on Alternaria toxins distribution. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) content were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in all milling fractions of untreated (control), fungicide-treated, Alternaria tenuissima inoculated and commercial wheat sample. After dry milling process, in last break and milling flows and by-products, increased concentration of examined Alternaria toxins was detected. TeA was quantified in almost all milling fractions in all tested wheat samples, while AOH and AME were detectable mostly in last break and milling flows and by-products. In respect to the contamination with Alternaria toxins, white flour can be considered as relatively safe product. Since Alternaria toxins are concentrated mainly in the peripheral parts of the kernel, a special attention should be given to their content in low-grade flours and milling by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Research Center for Technology of Plant Based Food Products, Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Jasna Mastilović
- Research Center for Technology of Plant Based Food Products, Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Ferenc Bagi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Dejan Orčić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Dragana Budakov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Jovana Kos
- Research Center for Technology of Plant Based Food Products, Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Zagorka Savić
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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da Cruz Cabral L, Delgado J, Patriarca A, Rodríguez A. Differential response to synthetic and natural antifungals by Alternaria tenuissima in wheat simulating media: Growth, mycotoxin production and expression of a gene related to cell wall integrity. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 292:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Topi D, Tavčar-Kalcher G, Pavšič-Vrtač K, Babič J, Jakovac-Strajn B. Alternaria mycotoxins in grains from Albania: alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid and tentoxin. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of four Alternaria toxins in maize and wheat harvested in 2014 and 2015 in Albania was investigated. In total, 45 samples of maize and 71 samples of wheat were collected from the country’s main producing regions. The presence of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin (TTX) was studied by an LC-MS/MS method. The incidence of Alternaria toxins in maize was 45.2% in the year 2014 and 7.1% in 2015, and the contamination rate in wheat was 82.9% in 2014 and 86.1% in 2015. Considering maize and wheat samples together, 65.2 and 64.0% of samples were contaminated by Alternaria toxins in the harvesting years 2014 and 2015, respectively. The occurrence rate was much higher in wheat than in maize, but the concentrations were higher in maize. The highest concentration of total Alternaria toxins in maize was 1,283 μg/kg (mean 243.0 μg/kg, median 110.2 μg/kg), while the maximum concentration in wheat was 175.7 μg/kg (mean 29.9 μg/kg, median 16.5 μg/kg). TeA was the major Alternaria mycotoxin detected. It was found in 70 out of 116 samples (60.3%). Chronic exposure of the adult population in Albania to Alternaria toxins through cereal consumption was assessed by the estimated daily intake (EDI) taking into account daily consumption of wheat and maize of 380 and 4.9 g, respectively. The main contribution to chronic dietary exposure was by TeA originating from wheat, with EDIs of 88.6-94.1 ng/kg body weight (bw) per day in 2014 and 152.7-155.5 ng/kg bw per day in 2015. TTX EDIs were 7.8- 34.0 and 10.6-38.7 ng/kg bw per day in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The contribution of AOH and AME originating from wheat was 0-31.7 ng/kg bw per day. The contribution of Alternaria toxins through maize consumption was significantly lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Topi
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Boulevard Zogu 1, 25, Tirana, Albania
| | - G. Tavčar-Kalcher
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - K. Pavšič-Vrtač
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J. Babič
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - B. Jakovac-Strajn
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Guo W, Fan K, Nie D, Meng J, Huang Q, Yang J, Shen Y, Tangni EK, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Han Z. Development of a QuEChERS-Based UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Six Alternaria Toxins in Grapes. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020087. [PMID: 30717237 PMCID: PMC6410285 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and reliable analytical method for the simultaneous determination of alternariol (AOH), altenuene (ALT), tentoxin (TEN), altenusin (ALS), tenuazonic acid (TeA), and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) in grapes was developed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure with the extraction by acetonitrile and purification by sodium chloride (0.5 g) and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (0.5 g) was established to recover the six Alternaria toxins. After validation by determining the linearity (R2 > 0.99), recovery (77.8–101.6%), sensitivity (limit of detection in the range of 0.03–0.21 μg kg−1, and limit of quantification in the range of 0.09–0.48 μg kg−1), and precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 12.9%), the analytical method was successfully applied to reveal the contamination state of Alternaria toxins in grapes. Among 56 grape samples, 40 (incidence of 71.4%) were contaminated with Alternaria toxins. TEN was the most frequently found mycotoxin (37.5%), with a concentration range of 0.10–1.64 μg kg−1, followed by TeA (28.6%) and AOH (26.8%). ALT (10.7%), AME (3.6%), and ALS (5.4%) were also detected in some samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the Alternaria toxins contamination in grapes in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Guo
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Dongxia Nie
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Jiajia Meng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Qingwen Huang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;.
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Emmanuel K Tangni
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Tervuren 3080, Belgium.
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;.
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
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Janić-Hajnal E, Kos J, Orčić D. Stability of Alternaria toxins during bread-making process. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr1901073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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37
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A novel hapten and monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive ELISA for simultaneous analysis of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in wheat. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Alternariol induced proliferation in primary mouse keratinocytes and inflammation in mouse skin is regulated via PGE 2/EP2/cAMP/p-CREB signaling pathway. Toxicology 2018; 412:79-88. [PMID: 30503586 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH) is a mycotoxin that contaminates various food stuffs as well as animal feed and may cause toxicity after consumption. However, a dermal toxic potential of AOH has not been explored so far. In the present study, skin toxicity after topical exposure of AOH and the involved mechanism/s are revealed. Single topical application of different AOH doses (12.5, 25, 50 μg/animal) caused increased bi-fold thickness as well as hyperplasia and higher production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) along with cAMP in the skin demonstrating its inflammatory potential. Western blot analysis showed that exposure of AOH lead to phosphorylation of CREB and increased the expression of COX-2, cyclin D1 as well as prostanoid EP2 receptor. Further studies on primary mouse keratinocytes (PMK) revealed that very low concentrations of AOH (50-500 nM) resulted in significant PMK proliferation. Additionally, using specific antagonist or agonist of prostanoid receptors, we delineated that EP2 receptor play a key role in AOH-induced PMKs proliferation. Collectively, our findings show that AOH can lead to dermal toxicity in mice by activating the EP2/cAMP/p-CREB signaling cascade.
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Qiao X, Yin J, Yang Y, Zhang J, Shao B, Li H, Chen H. Determination of Alternaria Mycotoxins in Fresh Sweet Cherries and Cherry-Based Products: Method Validation and Occurrence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11846-11853. [PMID: 30350977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweet cherry is susceptible to disease caused by the Alternaria species and produces various Alternaria mycotoxins. Analytical methodologies based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and LC-MS/MS to simultaneously determine five main Alternaria mycotoxins (tenuazonic acid, 1; alternariol, 2; alternariol methyl ether, 3; altenuene, 4; and tentoxin, 5) in fresh sweet cherries and cherry products were developed and validated. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) of the analytes ranged from 0.002-0.066 μg/kg. The method was successfully applied to 83 fresh cherry and cherry-related product samples. 1 and 5 were the predominant toxins with detection frequencies >50%, followed by 3 (42%), 2 (35%), and 4 (31%). Daily intakes of Alternaria mycotoxins via fresh sweet cherries were assessed preliminarily using the measured concentrations, and consumption data were obtained from a web-based dietary questionnaire ( n = 476). The maximum exposure of 1 and 3 were 4.6 and 16.7 times the threshold of the toxicological concern (TTC) value, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P.R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P.R. China
| | - Yunjia Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P.R. China
| | - Bing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P.R. China
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Oliveira RCD, Carnielli-Queiroz L, Correa B. Epicoccum sorghinum in food: occurrence, genetic aspects and tenuazonic acid production. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rico-Yuste A, Gómez-Arribas LN, Pérez-Conde MC, Urraca JL, Moreno-Bondi MC. Rapid determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in tomato samples by pressurised liquid extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2175-2182. [PMID: 30235069 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1512759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and reliable method using pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) followed by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) has been developed for the analysis of alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) in tomato samples. Influence of several extraction parameters that affect PLE efficiency were evaluated for the simultaneous extraction of both mycotoxins in the selected samples. AOH and AME were optimally extracted using MeOH/water (25:75, v/v) at 70°C as solvent, a pressure of 1000 psi and a single extraction cycle. The resulting PLE extracts were pre-concentrated by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) cartridges followed of analysis by HPLC with fluorescence detection (λexc = 258, λem = 440 nm). The proposed method was applied to the analysis of AOH and AME in fortified tomato samples (20-72 µg· kg-1) with recoveries of 84-97% (RSD < 8%, n = 6) for AOH and 67-91% (RSD < 13%, n = 6) for AME. The detection limit for AOH and AME were 7 and 15 µg· kg-1, respectively. The ensuing PLE-MISPE-HPLC-FLD method was validated for the analysis of both mycotoxins in tomato samples in accordance with European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rico-Yuste
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Lidia N Gómez-Arribas
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Javier L Urraca
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Cruz Moreno-Bondi
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Schiro G, Müller T, Verch G, Sommerfeld T, Mauch T, Koch M, Grimm V, Müller MEH. The distribution of mycotoxins in a heterogeneous wheat field in relation to microclimate, fungal and bacterial abundance. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:177-190. [PMID: 30216614 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To observe the variation in accumulation of Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins across a topographically heterogeneous field and tested biotic (fungal and bacterial abundance) and abiotic (microclimate) parameters as explanatory variables. METHODS AND RESULTS We selected a wheat field characterized by a diversified topography, to be responsible for variations in productivity and in canopy-driven microclimate. Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins where quantified in wheat ears at three sampling dates between flowering and harvest at 40 points. Tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside (DON.3G) were quantified. In canopy temperature, air and soil humidity were recorded for each point with data-loggers. Fusarium spp. as trichothecene producers, Alternaria spp. and fungal abundances were assessed using qPCR. Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria were quantified with a culture based method. We only found DON, DON.3G, TeA and TEN to be ubiquitous across the whole field, while AME, AOH and ZEN were only occasionally detected. Fusarium was more abundant in spots with high soil humidity, while Alternaria in warmer and drier spots. Mycotoxins correlated differently to the observed explanatory variables: positive correlations between DON accumulation, tri 5 gene and Fusarium abundance were clearly detected. The correlations among the others observed variables, such as microclimatic conditions, varied among the sampling dates. The results of statistical model identification do not exclude that species coexistence could influence mycotoxin production. CONCLUSIONS Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins accumulation varies heavily across the field and the sampling dates, providing the realism of landscape-scale studies. Mycotoxin concentrations appear to be partially explained by biotic and abiotic variables. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We provide a useful experimental design and useful data for understanding the dynamics of mycotoxin biosynthesis in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schiro
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - T Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - G Verch
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - T Sommerfeld
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - T Mauch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - M Koch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - V Grimm
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - M E H Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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Müller T, Ruppel S, Behrendt U, Lentzsch P, Müller MEH. Antagonistic Potential of Fluorescent Pseudomonads Colonizing Wheat Heads Against Mycotoxin Producing Alternaria and Fusaria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2124. [PMID: 30250459 PMCID: PMC6139315 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural control of phytopathogenic microorganisms is assumed as a priority function of the commensal plant microbiota. In this study, the suitability of fluorescent pseudomonads in the phyllosphere of crop plants as natural control agents was evaluated. Under field conditions, ears of winter wheat were found to be colonized with high consistency and at a high density by pseudomonads at the late milk dough stage. Isolates of these bacteria were evaluated for their potential to protect the plants from phytopathogenic Alternaria and Fusarium fungi. More Pseudomonas isolates were antagonistically active against alternaria than against fusaria in the dual culture test. The alternaria responded species-specifically and more sensitively to bacterial antagonism than the strain-specific reacting fusaria. A total of 110 randomly selected Pseudomonas isolates were screened for genes involved in the biosynthesis of the antibiotics 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, pyoluteorin, and pyrrolnitrin. The key gene for production of the phloroglucinol was found in none of these isolates. At least one of the genes, encoding the biosynthesis of the other antibiotics was detected in 81% of the isolates tested. However, the antagonistic effect found in the dual culture assay was not necessarily associated with the presence of these antibiotic genes. Wheat grains as natural substrate were inoculated with selected antagonistic Pseudomonas isolates and Alternaria and Fusarium strains, respectively. The fungal growth was only slightly delayed, but the mycotoxin production was significantly reduced in most of these approaches. In conclusion, the distribution of phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Alternaria and Fusarium in the field is unlikely to be inhibited by naturally occurring pseudomonads, also because the bacterial antagonists were not evenly distributed in the field. However, pseudomonads can reduce the production of Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat grains and thus have the potential to improve the crop quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Ruppel
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Undine Behrendt
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Lentzsch
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina E. H. Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
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Romero Bernal ÁR, Reynoso CM, García Londoño VA, Broggi LE, Resnik SL. Alternaria toxins in Argentinean wheat, bran, and flour. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 12:24-30. [PMID: 30160642 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1509900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria species have been reported to infect a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops. Wheat is one of the most consumed cereal worldwide. A sensitive HPLC-DAD methodology was applied to quantify alternariol (AOH), alternariol methyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) in 65 samples of whole wheat, bran, and flour. The extraction methodology allowed extracting the three toxins simultaneously. Limits of detection in wheat were 3.4, 4.5, and 0.5 µg kg-1 for AOH, AME and TeA, respectively. For bran, these data were 3.1, 4.5, and 12 µg kg-1 and for flour 50, 70, and 14 µg kg-1, respectively. The studied recoveries were higher than 70% and RSD was below 10%. Wheat and bran samples showed low AOH and AME contamination compared to TeA. The averages levels found for TeA in wheat, bran and flour were 19,190, 16,760, and 7360 µg kg-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Rocío Romero Bernal
- a Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Cora Marcela Reynoso
- b Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Víctor Alonso García Londoño
- b Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,c Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,d Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedictina de la Cruz , Luján , Argentina
| | - Leticia Elvira Broggi
- e Facultad de Bromatología , Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos , Gualeguaychú , Argentina
| | - Silvia Liliana Resnik
- b Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,d Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedictina de la Cruz , Luján , Argentina.,f Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires , La Plata , Argentina
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Zwickel T, Kahl SM, Rychlik M, Müller MEH. Chemotaxonomy of Mycotoxigenic Small-Spored Alternaria Fungi - Do Multitoxin Mixtures Act as an Indicator for Species Differentiation? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1368. [PMID: 30018598 PMCID: PMC6037717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotrophic as well as saprophytic small-spored Alternaria (A.) species are annually responsible for major losses of agricultural products, such as cereal crops, associated with the contamination of food and feedstuff with potential health-endangering Alternaria toxins. Knowledge of the metabolic capabilities of different species-groups to form mycotoxins is of importance for a reliable risk assessment. 93 Alternaria strains belonging to the four species groups Alternaria tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata, and A. infectoria were isolated from winter wheat kernels harvested from fields in Germany and Russia and incubated under equal conditions. Chemical analysis by means of an HPLC-MS/MS multi-Alternaria-toxin-method showed that 95% of all strains were able to form at least one of the targeted 17 non-host specific Alternaria toxins. Simultaneous production of up to 15 (modified) Alternaria toxins by members of the A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata species-groups and up to seven toxins by A. infectoria strains was demonstrated. Overall tenuazonic acid was the most extensively formed mycotoxin followed by alternariol and alternariol mono methylether, whereas altertoxin I was the most frequently detected toxin. Sulfoconjugated modifications of alternariol, alternariol mono methylether, altenuisol and altenuene were frequently determined. Unknown perylene quinone derivatives were additionally detected. Strains of the species-group A. infectoria could be segregated from strains of the other three species-groups due to significantly lower toxin levels and the specific production of infectopyrone. Apart from infectopyrone, alterperylenol was also frequently produced by 95% of the A. infectoria strains. Neither by the concentration nor by the composition of the targeted Alternaria toxins a differentiation between the species-groups A. alternata, A. tenuissima and A. arborescens was possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Zwickel
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra M. Kahl
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina E. H. Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
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Zhou J, Xu JJ, Cai ZX, Huang BF, Jin MC, Ren YP. Simultaneous determination of five Alternaria toxins in cereals using QuEChERS-based methodology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1068-1069:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fraeyman S, Croubels S, Devreese M, Antonissen G. Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria Mycotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity and Toxicokinetics. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070228. [PMID: 28718805 PMCID: PMC5535175 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins gain more and more interest due to their frequent contamination of food and feed, although in vivo toxicity and toxicokinetic data are limited. Whereas the Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin, moniliformin and enniatins particularly contaminate grain and grain-based products, Alternaria mycotoxins are also detected in fruits, vegetables and wines. Although contamination levels are usually low (µg/kg range), higher contamination levels of enniatins and tenuazonic acid may occasionally occur. In vitro studies suggest genotoxic effects of enniatins A, A1 and B1, beauvericin, moniliformin, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altertoxins and stemphyltoxin-III. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest immunomodulating effects of most emerging toxins and a reproductive health hazard of alternariol, beauvericin and enniatin B. More in vivo toxicity data on the individual and combined effects of these contaminants on reproductive and immune system in both humans and animals is needed to update the risk evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority. Taking into account new occurrence data for tenuazonic acid, the complete oral bioavailability, the low total body clearance in pigs and broiler chickens and the limited toxicity data, a health risk cannot be completely excluded. Besides, some less known Alternaria toxins, especially the genotoxic altertoxins and stemphyltoxin III, should be incorporated in risk evaluation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fraeyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Abstract
The genus Alternaria includes more than 250 species. The traditional methods for identification of Alternaria species are based on morphological characteristics of the reproductive structures and sporulation patterns under controlled culture conditions. Cladistics analyses of "housekeeping genes" commonly used for other genera, failed to discriminate among the small-spored Alternaria species. The development of molecular methods achieving a better agreement with morphological differences is still needed. The production of secondary metabolites has also been used as a means of classification and identification. Alternaria spp. can produce a wide variety of toxic metabolites. These metabolites belong principally to three different structural groups: (1) the dibenzopyrone derivatives, alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and altenuene (ALT); (2) the perylene derivative altertoxins (ATX-I, ATX-II, and ATX II); and (3) the tetramic acid derivative, tenuazonic acid (TeA). TeA, AOH, AME, ALT, and ATX-I are the main. Certain species in the genus Alternaria produce host-specific toxins (HSTs) that contribute to their pathogenicity and virulence. Alternaria species are plant pathogens that cause spoilage of agricultural commodities with consequent mycotoxin accumulation and economic losses. Vegetable foods infected by Alternaria rot could introduce high amounts of these toxins to the human diet. More investigations on the toxic potential of these toxins and their hazard for human consumption are needed to make a reliable risk assessment of dietary exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Elena Fernández Pinto
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pab. II- 3° Piso- Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pab. II- 3° Piso- Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
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