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Bastianelli G, Morales-Rodriguez C, Thomidis T, Vannini A. Fungal community and toxigenic taxa in chestnut fruits in postharvest conditioning process and storage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38975814 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chestnut fruit quality is affected by fungal contamination. The study of the patterns of contamination in the postharvest is crucial to individuate the critical phases and propose solutions. To understand how fungal colonization varies on fruits, the composition of mycobiota was investigated in postharvest handling and in between tissues (shell and kernel). RESULTS Fungal sequences were clustered into 308 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Biodiversity was higher in shell than kernel tissues. Results evidenced the risk of new contamination in specific phases such as the 'cold bath' and storage. Genera known as mycotoxin producers were detected in all phases. Specifically, 47 OTUs belonging to Penicillium, eight to Fusarium and two to Aspergillus genera were identified. While Fusarium spp. was sensitive to 'warm bath' phase, Penicillium spp. was largely insensitive and accumulated in storage conditions. Surprisingly, Aspergillus spp. was poorly represented. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, fumonisins and T-2/HT-2 detection was performed for shell and kernel, and process phases. Higher contamination was observed on shell than in kernel samples. While aflatoxins were within the European Union (EU) limits for dry fruits, Ochratoxin exceeded the EU limits. The present study represents the first report of fumonisins and T-2/HT-2 detection in chestnuts. CONCLUSION Fungal contamination taxa is high in chestnut fruits following postharvest handling and storage. A parametrization of process phases such as the 'warm bath' is functional to reduce the risk for some taxa. For other spoilage and mycotoxigenic genera strict sanitation procedures of equipment and water must be individuated and implemented to reduce their impact. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bastianelli
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Carmen Morales-Rodriguez
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Thomas Thomidis
- Department of Human Nutrition and Diabetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andrea Vannini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Human Nutrition and Diabetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Conti V, Salusti P, Romi M, Cantini C. Effects of Drying Methods and Temperatures on the Quality of Chestnut Flours. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091364. [PMID: 35564087 PMCID: PMC9101811 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for chestnut flour is growing because of its use in gluten-free products. Previous studies have correlated the quality of chestnut flours to the drying temperature and technology applied. This work is a novel study on the role of the traditional drying method with a wood fire in a “metato” building for flour compared with a food dryer at 40 °C or 70 °C. The contents of antioxidants, total polyphenols and sugars were determined as well as the presence of toxic volatiles or aflatoxins. The flour, resulting from the traditional method, presented lower polyphenol content and antioxidant power compared to the others. The content of the sugars was similar to the flours obtained after drying with hot air, both at 40 °C and 70 °C. The toxic volatile molecules, furfural, guaiacol, and o-cresol, were found. There was no correlation between the aflatoxin content and the presence of damage in chestnut fruits. The traditional method should not be abandoned since it confers a pleasant smoky taste to the product, but it is necessary to regulate the level and steadiness of temperature. Future research needs to be directed to the quantification of harmful volatile compounds and their correlation with the quantity of smoke emitted by the wood fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Conti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-232392
| | - Patrizia Salusti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Bioeconomy (CNR-IBE), 58022 Follonica, Italy; (P.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Marco Romi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Claudio Cantini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Bioeconomy (CNR-IBE), 58022 Follonica, Italy; (P.S.); (C.C.)
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ZHOU J, CHEN X, JIN M. [Adulteration identification of wheat flour in chestnut flour based on differences in mycotoxin contamination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2022; 40:303-312. [PMID: 35362678 PMCID: PMC9404217 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical method based on dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) and ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) was employed for the determination of 43 mycotoxins in chestnut flour and wheat flour. A total of 128 samples consisting of 48 chestnut samples and 80 wheat flour samples were collected randomly and subjected to analysis. Finally, five specific toxins were selected as markers to identify these two foodstuffs. Acetonitrile-water (84∶16, v/v) was used to extract mycotoxins from chestnut flour and wheat flour. After extraction, the supernatant was transferred to the d-SPE equipment, using which purification was performed with C18 and EMR-Lipid (lipid adsorbent). Chromatographic separation was carried out by gradient elution with eluent A (ESI+: 0.1% formic acid, ESI-: water) and eluent B (ESI+: methanol-acetonitrile (1∶1) containing 0.1% formic acid, ESI-: acetonitrile) on a BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm). Quantitative analysis was performed with the aid of matrix-matched curves. When establishing the method, the experimental matrix for optimization was designed by central-composite design based on the response surface methodology. Quadratic polynomial equations were deduced to describe the relationships between the responses and variables, and assess the interaction effects among the variables to acquire the true optimal conditions with less workload. Using the optimum experimental conditions, the accuracy of the proposed method was determined through three-level spiking tests, while the precision was evaluated in terms of the repeatability (six replications per level). Satisfactory precisions (RSDs≤7.5% in chestnut flour and RSDs≤9.3% in wheat flour) were achieved in all tested assays. The recoveries were also acceptable, and ranged from 72.4% to 109.4% for chestnut flour and from 70.7% to 112.9% for wheat flour. The matrix effects of mycotoxins were 48%-128% in wheat flour and 41%-112% in chestnut flour. The detectability of mycotoxins in the two matrices was assessed by spiking the blank extracts with various low concentrations, and determined as the lowest values that can produce chromatographic peaks at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3∶1. The obtained limits of quantification varied from 0.10 μg/kg to 20 μg/kg (bongkrekic acid) in both investigated matrices. Satisfactory linearities were obtained, with correlation coefficients>0.9991 for all the analytes. After validation, the contamination status of the multiple mycotoxins was evaluated for various concentration ranges. Based on the obtained data, both wheat flour and chestnut flour were severely contaminated, with 17 mycotoxins detected in them. Particularly, chaetoglobosin A, ochratoxin B, and penicillic acid were only detected in chestnut flour, while 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol were detected in wheat flour. Further, the positive rates and contamination concentrations of chaetoglobosin A, ochratoxin B, and penicillic acid were not significant; hence, they did not qualify as identification markers. On the other hand, the incidence of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour almost reached 100%, which is very significant. Finally, deoxynivalenol and its four derivatives (3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol) were treated as adulteration markers for the two foodstuffs. To improve the reliability of the conclusion, all samples were re-tested using the first method prescribed by the National Food Safety Standard, i. e., GB 5009.111-2016. Ten chestnut flour samples were also randomly selected to prepare moldy samples under suitable environmental conditions for the growth of Fusarium, to verify the production and release of deoxynivalenol and its derivative mycotoxins under the extreme conditions. The distribution data for these mycotoxins were consistent with those obtained by d-SPE, confirming that the adulteration criterion is trustworthy. The established method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate, and can effectively meet the requirements for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins in chestnut flour and wheat flour. Moreover, the adulteration results, which were obtained for natural contaminants (deoxynivalenol and its four derivatives), are less affected by humans and hence, much more accurate and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian ZHOU
- 宁波市疾病预防控制中心, 浙江省微量有毒化学物健康风险评估技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 宁波 315010
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Xiaohong CHEN
- 宁波市疾病预防控制中心, 浙江省微量有毒化学物健康风险评估技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 宁波 315010
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Micong JIN
- 宁波市疾病预防控制中心, 浙江省微量有毒化学物健康风险评估技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 宁波 315010
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China
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Zhou J, Zhang DD, Chen XH, Guo YB, Jin MC, Zhao YG. Investigation on the occurrence and contamination of multi-mycotoxin in chestnut and jujube (red date). J Chromatogr A 2021; 1659:462486. [PMID: 34710806 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient QuEChERS-based preparation method was established for the simultaneous determination of 43 mycotoxins in chestnut and jujube (Chinese date). The contaminants were extracted using acetonitrile and subjected to dispersive solid-phase extraction for further clean-up. Central composite design was conducted to overcome the limitations of conventional optimization methods, and assess the interaction effects between variables and reach the true optimal conditions. Quantitative analysis was performed on UHPLC-MS/MS with the aid of stable isotope internal standards and matrix-matched curves, whereas qualitative identification was carried out by using high-resolution MS based on exact masses and fragmentation patterns. In addition to the mycotoxins that are routinely monitored (like aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, etc.), this study also revealed a non-negligible contamination of zearalenone (56/170), beauvericin (52/170), enniatin B (43/170), and alternariol monomethyl ether (42/170) in chestnut and jujube, especially the chestnut flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Yan-Bo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Mi-Cong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China.
| | - Yong-Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China; Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
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5
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Application of Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry to Detect the Mycotoxin Roquefortine C in Blue Cheese. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Liang J, Ning M, Guan S, Fang L, Chen X, Dong Z, Fan L. Risk assessment of multiple-mycotoxin exposure for consumers of chestnuts in Shandong Province markets in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2137-2150. [PMID: 34666620 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1970240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 321 chestnut samples from Shandong Province in China were analysed for the presence of mycotoxins. We screened for 14 mycotoxins including aflatoxins (AFs: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), T-2 toxin (T-2), zearalenone (ZEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB3), and penicillic acid (PeA). Mycotoxins were detected in 56.4% of the samples, and 11 of these mycotoxins were found. Thirty samples from the Shandong Province markets were deemed positive for AFs (9.3%) and had an AFB1 level of >2 μg/kg or a sum of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 that was >4 μg/kg, which exceed the maximum tolerable level of the European regulations standards (EC/188/2006). The contamination level for total mycotoxins found in chestnuts was in the range of 0.6-2,791.0 μg/kg. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values for each individual mycotoxin and for all of the mycotoxins collectively were calculated by both a deterministic approach and a probabilistic approach. For risk characterisation, dietary exposure to DON, ZEA, FBs, and OTA through consumption of chestnuts, analysed according to both approaches, showed no health risk to Chinese adolescents and adults from exposure to either individual mycotoxins or in combination, but more concern should be paid to the AFs for adolescents and adults at a high consumption level. This is believed to be the first work performing risk assessment of multiple mycotoxins specifically for adolescents, including the recently isolated FBs and PeA, which have recently emerged as mycotoxins of concern, in chestnuts of Shandong Province in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Liang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxiao Ning
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Guan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liping Fang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Economics and Management, Taishan University, Taian, China
| | - Zhan Dong
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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8
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Maragos CM. Roquefortine C in blue-veined and soft-ripened Cheeses in the USA. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2021; 15:1-9. [PMID: 34425737 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1967462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Certain fungi can produce secondary metabolites that are toxic, mycotoxins. Two groups of cheeses where fungi are used for ripening are the blue-veined cheeses (Penicillium roqueforti) and the "soft-ripened" cheeses (P. camemberti). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to screen for the mycotoxin roquefortine C (ROQC) in 202 samples of cheeses sold in the United States. Of these 152 were blue-veined cheeses, 46 were soft-ripened cheeses and 4 were other varieties of mould-ripened cheeses. ROQC was not detected in any of the soft-ripened cheeses, at a limit of detection of 1.8 µg/kg. ROQC was found in 151 of 152 blue-veined cheeses. The maximum level found was 6,630 µg/kg (median 903 µg/kg, average of positives 1430 µg/kg, limit of quantitation 6.9 µg/kg). These levels are consistent with the levels found previously in blue-veined cheeses in the United Kingdom and Europe, which have generally been considered non-hazardous for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Maragos
- Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Peoria, IL, USA
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9
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Pereira RHA, Keijok WJ, Prado AR, de Oliveira JP, Guimarães MCC. Rapid and sensitive detection of ochratoxin A using antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. Toxicon 2021; 199:139-144. [PMID: 34153309 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of tolerable levels of ochratoxin A in food for human and animal consumption has been defined in some countries. To meet these levels, simpler, more efficient, and faster analytical methods are being developed to facilitate the identification of this dangerous contaminant in food. Here, we combined gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with anti-ochratoxin A (OTA) IgG to detect elementary levels of OTA based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. AuNPs were prepared with trisodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The conjugation of AuNPs to IgG anti-OTA was confirmed by bathochromic shift (UV-vis) and RAMAN spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the nanosensor was investigated by measuring LSPR band λmax shifts. Our results suggest this assay is highly sensitive, with a lower detection limit of about 0.001 pg mL-1. The LSPR nanosensor reduced detection limits by roughly 10 times compared to other methods. We demonstrated that the approach investigated here is a rapid and sensitive method for OTA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jairo Pinto de Oliveira
- Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av Marechal Campos1468, Vitoria, ES, 29.040-090, Brazil
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11
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Mycotoxins and flours: Effect of type of crop, organic production, packaging type on the recovery of fungal genus and mycotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 334:108808. [PMID: 32835995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat-stable mycotoxins are widely detected in flour and produced by Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. Forty different flours purchased in Italy are used to assess potential risk factors via a systematically screening of a number of variables: the type of flour, organic, whole and white wheat, types of packaging (paper, plastic and weight). Fungal recovery and co-occurrence of specific mycotoxins was also assessed. The results showed that flour originated from fruits had a significant higher recovery of fungi, while seed/pseudocereals had the highest mycotoxins detection. Flours originating from organic agriculture are more prone to higher fungal recovery and mycotoxins detection when compared with not-organic flours. Packaging is also important: packaging weighting less than 376 g supports significantly more fungal recovery and the plastic packages was observed to retain more fungi and mycotoxins detection when compared with paper. Recovery measured as Log (CFU/g) of fungal genera is not directly proportional to the amount of mycotoxins. Finally, linear regression and mixed logit regression models show that the mean level of aflatoxins B1 (ng/g on the logarithmic scale) reduces by 0.485 when moving from an organic to a non-organic flour, while a significant increase of 0.369 when moving from paper to a plastic packaging.
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12
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Maragos CM. Development and characterisation of a monoclonal antibody to detect the mycotoxin roquefortine C. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1777-1790. [PMID: 32730172 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1781937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Roquefortine, also known as roquefortine C (ROQC) is a fungal secondary metabolite (mycotoxin) that is produced by some of the same Penicillia as the tremorgen penitrem-A (PEN-A). The two mycotoxins have been linked to sporadic cases of toxicosis in dogs, cattle, and humans, leading some to consider ROQC as a biomarker of PEN-A. Reported here are the development of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and associated competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the screening of ROQC in extracts of nuts (nut "milks"), and dog serum. The ELISA was sensitive for ROQC, with a level of 0.117 ng ml-1 inhibiting colour development by 50% (IC50), a limit of detection of 0.026 ng ml-1, and a dynamic range (IC20 to IC80) of 0.038 to 0.289 ng ml-1 in buffer. The assay was tolerant to significant levels of methanol. Recoveries from 4 types of nut milks spiked over the range of 0.25 to 2 ng ml-1 were in the range of 83.5% to 116%. A small survey of commercial nut "milks" and "creamers" indicated 4 of 35 samples contained ROQC at levels so low that they are unlikely to be significant to human health (<0.6 ng ml-1). The assay was also applied to canine serum. Recoveries from serum spiked over the range of 0.2 to 5 ng ml-1 ranged from 98.1% to 123%. The results suggest the ELISA can be applied to the screening of food products, such as nut extracts, as well as for the screening of serum from dogs suspected to be suffering from mycotoxin-induced tremors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service , Peoria, IL, USA
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Atapattu SN, Poole CF. Recent advances in analytical methods for the determination of citrinin in food matrices. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461399. [PMID: 32823104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Citrinin is a toxic small organic molecule produced as a secondary metabolite by fungi types Penicillium, Monascus and Aspergillus and is known to contaminate various food commodities during postharvest stages of food production. During the last 10 years, most reported methods for citrinin analysis employed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or high-performance liquid chromatography. Over this same time period, liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS were the most cited sample preparation and clean-up methods. In this review the advantages and disadvantages of the various sample preparation, separation and detection methods for citrinin analysis over the last decade are evaluated. Furthermore, current trends, emerging technologies and the future prospects of these methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin F Poole
- Department of chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
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14
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Spadaro D, Meloni GR, Siciliano I, Prencipe S, Gullino ML. HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by Penicillium spp. in Nuts. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E307. [PMID: 32397224 PMCID: PMC7290882 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium spp. are emerging as producers of mycotoxins and other toxic metabolites in nuts. A HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to detect 19 metabolites produced by Penicillium spp. on chestnuts, hazelnuts, walnuts and almonds. Two extraction methods were developed, one for chestnuts and one for the other three nuts. The recovery, LOD, LOQ and matrix effect were determined for each analyte and matrix. Correlation coefficients were always >99.99%. In walnuts, a strong signal suppression was observed for most analytes and patulin could not be detected. Six strains: Penicillium bialowiezense, P. brevicompactum, P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. glabrum and P. solitum, isolated from chestnuts, were inoculated on four nuts. Chestnuts favored the production of the largest number of Penicillium toxic metabolites. The method was used for the analysis of 41 commercial samples: 71% showed to be contaminated by Penicillium-toxins. Cyclopenin and cyclopenol were the most frequently detected metabolites, with an incidence of 32% and 68%, respectively. Due to the risk of contamination of nuts with Penicillium-toxins, future studies and legislation should consider a larger number of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Spadaro
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.R.M.); (I.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Giovanna Roberta Meloni
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.R.M.); (I.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Ilenia Siciliano
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.R.M.); (I.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Simona Prencipe
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.R.M.); (I.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (G.R.M.); (I.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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15
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Pigłowski M. Comparative analysis of notifications regarding mycotoxins in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2018.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pigłowski
- Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
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16
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Liang J, Dong Y, Yuan X, Fan L, Zhao S, Wang L. Fast determination of 14 mycotoxins in chestnut by dispersive solid‐phase extraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2191-2201. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Liang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro‐ProductsShandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jinan P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety Jinan P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro‐ProductsShandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jinan P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xuexia Yuan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro‐ProductsShandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jinan P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety Jinan P. R. China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro‐ProductsShandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jinan P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety Jinan P. R. China
| | - Shancang Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro‐ProductsShandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jinan P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety Jinan P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro‐ProductsShandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jinan P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety Jinan P. R. China
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17
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Chestnut Drying Is Critical in Determining Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Contamination. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120530. [PMID: 30544921 PMCID: PMC6316821 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chestnut drying is used to prevent postharvest losses and microorganism contamination during storage. Several studies reported the contamination by aflatoxins (AFs) produced by Aspergillus spp. in chestnuts. The effect of drying temperatures (from 30 to 50 °C) was evaluated on the growth of A. flavus and the production of aflatoxins in chestnuts. The influence of the treatment on the proximate composition, the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of chestnuts was considered. Fungal colonization was observed on the nuts dried at 30, 35, and 40 °C; the incidence was lower at 40 °C. The highest concentrations of AFB1 and AFB2 were produced at 40 °C. No aflatoxins were detected at 45 or 50 °C. At 40 °C A. flavus was under suboptimal conditions for growth (aw 0.78), but the fungus was able to synthesize aflatoxins. As the temperatures applied increased, the total phenol content increased, while the antioxidant activity decreased. A drying treatment at 45 °C for seven days (aw 0.64) could be a promising method to effectively control both the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi and the production of aflatoxins. This study provides preliminary data useful to improve the current drying conditions used in chestnut mills, to reduce both fungal growth and aflatoxin production.
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Olagunju O, Mchunu N, Venter S, Guibert B, Durand N, Métayer I, Montet D, Ijabadeniyi O. Fungal contamination of food commodities in Durban, South Africa. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omotola Olagunju
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food TechnologyDurban University of Technology Durban South Africa
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementUMR Qualisud Montpellier France
| | - Nokuthula Mchunu
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food TechnologyDurban University of Technology Durban South Africa
| | - Sonja Venter
- Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat‐Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute Pretoria South Africa
| | - Benjamin Guibert
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementUMR Qualisud Montpellier France
| | - Noel Durand
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementUMR Qualisud Montpellier France
| | - Isabelle Métayer
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementUMR Qualisud Montpellier France
| | - Didier Montet
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DéveloppementUMR Qualisud Montpellier France
| | - Oluwatosin Ijabadeniyi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food TechnologyDurban University of Technology Durban South Africa
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Several species of Penicillium isolated from chestnut flour processing are pathogenic on fresh chestnuts and produce mycotoxins. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:396-404. [PMID: 30166166 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A collection of 124 isolates of Penicillium spp. was created by monitoring fresh chestnuts, dried chestnuts, chestnut granulates, chestnut flour and indoor chestnut mills. Sequencing of the ITS region, β-tubulin and calmodulin, macro-morphology and secondary metabolite production made it possible to determine 20 species of Penicillium. P. bialowiezense was dominant in the fresh chestnuts, while P. crustosum was more frequent in the other sources. A pathogenicity test on chestnut showed that around 70% of the isolates were virulent. P. corylophilum and P. yezoense were not pathogenic, while the other 18 species had at least one virulent isolate. P. expansum and P. crustosum were the most virulent. The isolates were characterized to establish their ability to produce 14 toxic metabolites in vivo: 59% were able to produce at least one mycotoxin. P. expansum was able to produce patulin, chaetoglobosin A and roquefortine, while P. bialowiezense produced C. Mycophenolic acid. Cyclopenins and viridicatins were produced by most of the P. crustosum, P. polonicum, P. solitum and P. discolour isolates. Some of the P. crustosum isolates were also able to produce roquefortine C or penitrem A. Information about the occurrence of Penicillium spp. and their mycotoxins will help producers to set up management procedures that can help to control the fungal growth and the mycotoxin production of chestnuts.
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Prencipe S, Siciliano I, Contessa C, Botta R, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML, Spadaro D. Characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from fresh chestnuts and along the chestnut flour process. Food Microbiol 2017; 69:159-169. [PMID: 28941897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An extensive sampling of Aspergillus section Flavi considered to be the main agent responsible for aflatoxin contamination, was carried out in the field and along the processing phases of chestnut flour production in 2015. Fifty-eight isolates were characterized by means of biological, molecular and chemical assays. The highest incidence of Aspergillus section Flavi was found in the field. The identification of the isolates was based on β-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences. A. flavus was found to be the dominant species, and this was followed by A. oryzae var effusus, A. tamarii, A. parasiticus and A. toxicarius. Nineteen percent of the strains produced aflatoxins in vitro and forty percent in vivo. The pathogenicity assay on chestnut showed 56 virulent strains out of 58. The molecular, morphological, chemical and biological analyses of A. flavus strains showed an intraspecific variability. These results confirm that a polyphasic approach is necessary to discriminate the species inside the Aspergillus section Flavi. The present research is the first monitoring and characterization of aflatoxigenic fungi from fresh chestnut and the chestnut flour process, and it highlights the risk of a potential contamination along the whole chestnut production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Prencipe
- DISAFA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; Centro di competenza per l'Innovazione in campo agro-ambientale (AGROINNOVA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Ilenia Siciliano
- Centro di competenza per l'Innovazione in campo agro-ambientale (AGROINNOVA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Cecilia Contessa
- DISAFA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Roberto Botta
- DISAFA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Angelo Garibaldi
- Centro di competenza per l'Innovazione in campo agro-ambientale (AGROINNOVA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- DISAFA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; Centro di competenza per l'Innovazione in campo agro-ambientale (AGROINNOVA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Davide Spadaro
- DISAFA - Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; Centro di competenza per l'Innovazione in campo agro-ambientale (AGROINNOVA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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22
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Wei D, Wang Y, Jiang D, Feng X, Li J, Wang M. Survey of Alternaria Toxins and Other Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits in China. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070200. [PMID: 28672847 PMCID: PMC5535147 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of toxigenic molds and mycotoxins on dried fruits is a worldwide problem, but limited information is available in China. A total of 220 dried fruits (raisins, dried apricots, dates and wolfberries) purchased from China were analyzed for 17 mycotoxins (i.e., Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT) and trichothecenes) by UPLC-MS/MS, combined with a single-step cleanup. The result showed that at least one mycotoxin was detected in 142 samples (64.6%). The lowest incidence of contaminated samples was observed in dried apricots (48.2%), and the highest incidence in dried wolfberries (83.3%). The Alternaria toxins seemed to be the major problem in dried fruits, rather than OTA or PAT. Tenuazonic acid (TeA) was the predominant mycotoxin, in both frequency and concentration, ranging from 6.9 to 5665.3 μg kg−1, followed by tentoxin (TEN; 20.5%), and mycophenolic acid (MPA; 19.5%). Moreover, raisins are more likely to be contaminated with OTA than the other dried fruits. Penicillic acid (PA) was detected only in dried dates, and PAT was detected only in one apricot sample. In addition, our results also showed that the simultaneous presence of 2–4 mycotoxins was observed in 31.4% of dried fruits. TeA and TEN were the most frequent combination, detected in 29 (13.2%) samples, followed by TeA and MPA with a prevalence of 11.4%. Therefore, the results of this survey suggest the need for wider monitoring on the contamination of these mycotoxins, especially Alternaria toxins in agro-products, and indicate the importance of setting a maximum limit for Alternaria toxins in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dizhe Wei
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Dongmei Jiang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Feng
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Food Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
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23
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Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of major Aspergillus and Penicillium mycotoxins in rice wine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Ruocco M, Lanzuise S, Lombardi N, Varlese R, Aliberti A, Carpenito S, Woo S, Scala F, Lorito M. New tools to improve the shelf life of chestnut fruit during storage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2016.1144.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Dietrich R, Märtlbauer E. Development and application of monoclonal antibodies against the mycotoxin mycophenolic acid. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:185-90. [PMID: 26382857 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is frequently found, often in high concentrations, in a broad range of food and feed matrices. Apart from the well-known contamination of blue-veined cheeses caused by the use of toxinogenic Penicillium roqueforti strains for manufacturing, a broad range of other Penicillium spp. is able to produce this immunosuppressive toxin. Therefore, MPA has been proposed to be a suitable marker for Penicillium-infected food commodities. In the present work, a high-affinity monoclonal antibody (mAb) for the specific detection of MPA was developed by immunizing mice with a MPA-protein conjugate coupled by an activated ester method. Under the conditions of a direct competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA), 50% inhibition and detection limits of MPA standard curves were 1.2 and 0.3 ng/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the mAb could be successfully employed for the production of an immunoaffinity (IA) column enabling the efficient enrichment of MPA from processed foodstuffs. By combining the IA clean-up with a polyclonal antibody-based EIA, an ultrasensitive analysis method could be established which allowed the reliable and reproducible detection of MPA in artificially contaminated tomato ketchup as a model matrix at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstraße 8, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstraße 8, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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26
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Ostry V, Malir F, Dofkova M, Skarkova J, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Ruprich J. Ochratoxin A Dietary Exposure of Ten Population Groups in the Czech Republic: Comparison with Data over the World. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3608-35. [PMID: 26378578 PMCID: PMC4591665 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic and renal carcinogenic mycotoxin and is a common contaminant of various food commodities. Eighty six kinds of foodstuffs (1032 food samples) were collected in 2011–2013. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was used for ochratoxin A determination. Limit of quantification of the method varied between 0.01–0.2 μg/kg depending on the food matrices. The most exposed population is children aged 4–6 years old. Globally for this group, the maximum ochratoxin A dietary exposure for “average consumer” was estimated at 3.3 ng/kg bw/day (lower bound, considering the analytical values below the limit of quantification as 0) and 3.9 ng/kg bw/day (middle bound, considering the analytical values below the limit of quantification as 1/2 limit of quantification). Important sources of exposure for this latter group include grain-based products, confectionery, meat products and fruit juice. The dietary intake for “high consumers” in the group 4–6 years old was estimated from grains and grain-based products at 19.8 ng/kg bw/day (middle bound), from tea at 12.0 ng/kg bw/day (middle bound) and from confectionery at 6.5 ng/kg bw/day (middle bound). For men aged 18–59 years old beer was the main contributor with an intake of 2.60 ng/kg bw/day (“high consumers”, middle bound). Tea and grain-based products were identified to be the main contributors for dietary exposure in women aged 18–59 years old. Coffee and wine were identified as a higher contributor of the OTA intake in the population group of women aged 18–59 years old compared to the other population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ostry
- National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Marcela Dofkova
- National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jarmila Skarkova
- National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Department Bioprocess & Microbial Systems, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, INP/ENSA Toulouse, University of Toulouse, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
| | - Jiri Ruprich
- National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
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