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Prakasham K, Gurrani S, Shiea J, Wu MT, Singhania RR, Patel AK, Dong CD, Lin YC, Tsai B, Huang PC, Andaluri G, Ponnusamy VK. Facile analysis of mycotoxin in coffee and tea samples using a novel semi-automated in-syringe based fast mycotoxin extraction (FaMEx) technique coupled with direct-injection ESI-MS/MS analysis. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:1992-2000. [PMID: 37206414 PMCID: PMC10188741 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the risk of ochratoxin A in our daily food has become fundamental because of its toxicity. In this work, we report a novel semi-automated in-syringe-based fast mycotoxin extraction (IS-FaMEx) technique coupled with direct-injection electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometer (ESI-MS/MS) detection for the quantification of ochratoxin A in coffee and tea samples. Under the optimized conditions, the results reveal that the developed method's linearity was more remarkable, with a correlation coefficient of > 0.999 and > 92% extraction recovery with a precision of 6%. The detection and quantification limits for ochratoxin A were 0.2 and 0.8 ng g-1 for the developed method, respectively, which is lower than the European Union regulatory limit of toxicity for ochratoxin-A (5 ng g-1) in coffee. Furthermore, the newly developed modified IS-FaMEx-ESI-MS/MS exhibited lower signal suppression of 8% with a good green metric score of 0.64. In addition, the IS-FaMEx-ESI-MS/MS showed good extraction recovery, matrix elimination, good detection, and quantification limits with high accuracy and precision due to the fewer extraction steps with semi-automation. Therefore, the presented method can be applied as a potential methodology for the detection of mycotoxins in food products for food safety and quality control purposes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05733-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Prakasham
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807 Taiwan
| | - Swapnil Gurrani
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807 Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807 Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807 Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Lin
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No.392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City, 813 Taiwan
| | - Bongee Tsai
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No.392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City, 813 Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807 Taiwan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli County, 35053 Taiwan
| | - Gangadhar Andaluri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807 Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804 Taiwan
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, 807 Taiwan
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Braga AVU, Miranda MA, Aoyama H, Schmidt FL. Study on coffee quality improvement by self-induced anaerobic fermentation: Microbial diversity and enzymatic activity. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112528. [PMID: 36869528 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The postharvest fermentation process of coffee has rapidly advanced in the last few years due to the search for quality and diversity of sensorial profiles. A new type of fermentation, named self-induced-anaerobic fermentation (SIAF), is a promising process that has been increasingly used. This study aims to evaluate the sensorial improvement of coffee beverages during SIAF and the influence of microorganism's community and enzymatic activity. The SIAF process was conducted in Brazilian farms for up to 8 days. The sensorial quality of coffee was evaluated by Q-graders; the microbial community was identified by the high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS regions; and the enzymatic activity (invertase, polygalacturonase, and endo-β-mannanase) was also investigated. SIAF increased up to 3.8 points in the total score of sensorial evaluation (compared to the non-fermented sample), in addition to presenting more flavor diversity (especially within the fruity and sweetness descriptors). The high-throughput sequencing identified 655 bacterial and 296 fungal species during the three processes. The bacteria Enterobacter sp., Lactobacillus sp., Pantoea sp., and the fungi Cladosporium sp. and Candida sp. were the predominant genera. Fungi that are potential producers of mycotoxin were identified throughout the process, which indicates a risk of contamination since some of them are not degraded in the roasting process. Thirty-one species of microorganisms were described for the first time in coffee fermentation. The microbial community was influenced by the place where the process was carried out, mainly in relation to the diversity of fungi. Washing the coffee fruits before fermenting led to a fast reduction of pH; a fast development of Lactobacillus sp. and a fast dominance of Candida sp.; a reduction of the fermentation time necessary to achieve the best sensorial score; an increase in the invertase activity in the seed; a more expressive invertase activity in the husk; and a decreasing trend in polygalacturonase activity in the coffee husk. The increase in endo-β-mannanase activity suggests that coffee starts germinating during the process. SIAF has a huge potential to increase the quality and add value to coffee, but further studies must be conducted to access its safety. The study allowed a better knowledge of the spontaneous microbial community and the enzymes that were present in the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valéria Ulhano Braga
- Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, n°80 - ZIP Code 13083-862. Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Márcio André Miranda
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, n°255 - ZIP Code 13083-862. Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo. Rua Heitor Lacerda Guedes, n °1000 - ZIP Code 13059-581. Cidade Satélite Íris, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hiroshi Aoyama
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, n°255 - ZIP Code 13083-862. Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio Luís Schmidt
- Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, n°80 - ZIP Code 13083-862. Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prakasham K, Gurrani S, Shiea JT, Wu MT, Wu CF, Ku YJ, Tsai TY, Hua HT, Lin YJ, Huang PC, Andaluri G, Ponnusamy VK. Rapid Identification and Analysis of Ochratoxin-A in Food and Agricultural Soil Samples Using a Novel Semi-Automated In-Syringe Based Fast Mycotoxin Extraction (FaMEx) Technique Coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031442. [PMID: 36771116 PMCID: PMC9921652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a fast mycotoxin extraction (FaMEx) technique was developed for the rapid identification and quantification of carcinogenic ochratoxin-A (OTA) in food (coffee and tea) and agricultural soil samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection. The FaMEx technique advancement is based on two plastic syringes integrated setup for rapid extraction and its subsequent controlled clean-up process. In the extraction process, a 0.25-g sample and extraction solvent were added to the first syringe barrel for the vortex-based extraction. Then, the extraction syringe was connected to a clean-up syringe (pre-packed with C18, activated carbon, and MgSO4) with a syringe filter. Afterward, the whole set-up was placed in an automated programmable mechanical set-up for controlled elution. To enhance FaMEx technology performance, the various influencing sample pretreatment parameters were optimized. Furthermore, the developed FaMEx method indicated excellent linearity (0.9998 and 0.9996 for coffee/tea and soil) with highly sensitive detection (0.30 and 0.29 ng/mL for coffee/tea and soil) and quantification limits (1.0 and 0.96 for coffee/tea and soil), which is lower than the toxicity limit compliant with the European Union regulation for OTA (5 ng/g). The method showed acceptable relative recovery (84.48 to 100.59%) with <7.34% of relative standard deviation for evaluated real samples, and the matrix effects were calculated as <-13.77% for coffee/tea and -9.7 for soil samples. The obtained results revealed that the developed semi-automated FaMEx/UHPLC-MS/MS technique is easy, fast, low-cost, sensitive, and precise for mycotoxin detection in food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Prakasham
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Swapnil Gurrani
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Taie Shiea
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jia Ku
- Research and Development Center, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No. 392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan
| | - Tseng-Yu Tsai
- Research and Development Center, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No. 392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ta Hua
- Research and Development Center, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No. 392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Lin
- Research and Development Center, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No. 392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Gangadhar Andaluri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Arimah A, Dewanti-Hariyadi R, Nuraida L. Estimasi Risiko Okratoksin A dari Konsumsi Kopi Bubuk di Indonesia. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2022. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2022.33.2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin that can be found in coffee. This study aimed to obtain the processing steps commonly applied by coffee shops in Indonesia, calculate the level of OTA in coffee bean and ground coffee, and the risk estimate of OTA exposure from ground coffee in Indonesia. The processing steps were determined through an online survey while the level of OTA in coffee was calculated from available references. The consumption level of ground coffee was determined from the Indonesia total diet study report and the exposure assessment was carried out by deterministic approach. The risk estimates were expressed as % risk towards provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and margin of exposure (MOE). Based on the survey of coffee shops (n=20), ground coffee is commonly processed using dry method consisting of cherries sorting, sun drying, roasting and grinding. Ground coffee was the most common coffee consumed by adults. Based on references from countries with climate similar to Indonesia, the level of OTA in coffee bean ranged from 0.033 to 168 μg/kg with an average of 12.25 μg/kg and 0.018-55 μg/kg in ground coffee averaging at 5.60 μg/kg. The individual exposure to OTA from drinking coffee is 0.014-0.744 ng/kg bw/day. The risk estimates shows that risk of ochratoxin A from ground coffee consumption is low, with risk percentage of <100 % provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and a MOE of higher than 10000 for all age groups. The study suggested that adults (19-55 years) have higher exposure and risk than the other age groups.
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Oueslati S, Ben Yakhlef S, Vila-Donat P, Pallarés N, Ferrer E, Barba F, Berrada H. Multi-mycotoxin determination in coffee beans marketed in Tunisia and the associated dietary exposure assessment. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shao S, Shang W, Bai Y, Dou L, Zhang S, Shen J, Wang Z, Wen K. Development of a Highly Sensitive and Specific ic-ELISA and Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Diacetoxyscirpenol. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111548. [PMID: 35681298 PMCID: PMC9180083 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor the contamination of a type A trichothecene, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), one monoclonal antibody (mAb) 8A9 with high affinity and specificity was prepared in the present study. The mAb 8A9 showed a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 0.31 μg/L, which is of the highest affinity reported to date. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on mAb 8A9 were developed and exhibited limits of detection as low as 0.65 μg/kg and 100 μg/kg in rice samples, respectively. The molecular recognition mechanism of mAb 8A9 to DAS was explored by molecular docking. The results showed that the hydrophobic amino acids of mAb 8A9 interacted with DAS by forming hydrogen bonds and a pi-sigma bond, which lead to a highly specific recognition of DAS. In summary, we produced one mAb, developed ELISA and LFIA for DAS detection in rice with significantly sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision.
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Multimycotoxin Analysis in Oat, Rice, Almond and Soy Beverages by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study developed and validated an analytical methodology for the determination of aflatoxins, enniatins, beauvericin, zearalenone, ochratoxin-A, alternariols, HT-2 and T-2 toxin in soy, oat, rice and almond beverages, based on solid phase extraction columns (SPE) and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem. C18 SPE was successfully applied, obtaining recoveries that range from 72 ± 12% (ochratoxin-A) to 99 ± 4% (ENA1) at high level (L1) and 65 ± 8% (T-2) to 128 ± 9% (alternariol monomethyl ether) at low levels (L3). The methodology was validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, with limits of quantification ranging from 0.3 (AFs in oat beverages) to 18 ng/mL (HT-2 in rice beverage). The analysis of 56 beverage samples purchased from Valencia (Spain) showed at least one mycotoxin occurring in 95% of samples, including carcinogenic aflatoxins, and oat beverage was the most contaminated. This is a newest validated methodology for the quantification of sixty mycotoxins in oat, rice, almond and soy beverages.
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Ouakhssase A, Fatini N, Ait Addi E. A facile extraction method followed by UPLC-MS/MS for the analysis of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in raw coffee beans. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1551-1560. [PMID: 34047680 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1925165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in raw coffee samples. Mycotoxins were extracted using a modified QuEChERS method with little sample preparation excluding clean-up and enrichment procedures. Linearity was demonstrated for the five mycotoxins in the range 0.125-20 µg/kg. This method shows negligible matrix effect for individual concentrations, thus allowing the use of an external standard procedure. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.45 to 1 μg/kg. Recoveries between 63% and 89% were achieved. The intra- and inter-day precisions were lower than 15%. The applicability of the method was demonstrated, taking into account fitness for purpose, with simplicity, reliability, low costs and environmental friendliness. The results show that 3 out of 4 samples were contaminated with OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Ouakhssase
- Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir, Research Group: Génie des Procédés et Ingénierie Chimique, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Fatini
- Département de Contaminants Organiques, Laboratoire Marocain de l'Agriculture (LABOMAG), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Elhabib Ait Addi
- Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir, Research Group: Génie des Procédés et Ingénierie Chimique, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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11
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Coffee Silverskin and Spent Coffee Suitable as Neuroprotectors against Cell Death by Beauvericin and α-Zearalenol: Evaluating Strategies of Treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020132. [PMID: 33579040 PMCID: PMC7916764 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee silverskin and spent coffee have been evaluated in a neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y cells) against beauvericin (BEA) and α-zearalenol (α-ZEL)-induced cytotoxicity with different strategies of treatment. First, the direct treatment of mycotoxins and coffee by-products extracts in SH-SY5Y cells was assayed. IC50 values for α-ZEL were 20.8 and 14.0 µM for 48 h and 72 h, respectively and, for BEA only at 72 h, it was 2.5 µM. Afterwards, the pre-treatment with spent coffee obtained by boiling water increased cell viability for α-ZEL at 24 h and 48 h from 10% to 16% and from 25% to 30%, respectively; while with silverskin coffee, a decrease was observed. Opposite effects were observed for BEA where an increase for silverskin coffee was observed at 24 h and 48 h, from 14% to 23% and from 25% to 44%, respectively; however, a decrease below 50% was observed for spent coffee. Finally, the simultaneous treatment strategy for the highest concentration assayed in SH-SY5Y cells provided higher cytoprotection for α-ZEL (from 44% to 56% for 24 h and 48 h, respectively) than BEA (30% for 24 h and 48 h). Considering the high viability of coffee silverskin extracts for SH-SY5Y cells, there is a forthcoming promising use of these unexploited residues in the near future against mycotoxins effects.
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Gautier C, Pinson-Gadais L, Richard-Forget F. Fusarium Mycotoxins Enniatins: An Updated Review of Their Occurrence, the Producing Fusarium Species, and the Abiotic Determinants of Their Accumulation in Crop Harvests. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4788-4798. [PMID: 32243758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains and their processed food products are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins produced by the Fusarium genus. Enniatins (ENNs), which belong to the so-called "emerging mycotoxins" family, are among the most frequently found in small grain cereals. Health hazards induced by a chronic exposure to ENNs or an association of ENNs with other major mycotoxins is a risk that cannot be excluded given the current toxicological data. Thus, efforts must be pursued to define efficient control strategies to mitigate their presence in cereal grains. A key condition for achieving this aim is to gain deep and comprehensive knowledge of the factors promoting the appearance of ENNs in crop harvests. After an update of ENN occurrence data, this review surveys the scientific literature on the Fusarium species responsible for ENN contamination and covers the recent advances concerning the abiotic determinants and the genetic regulation of ENN biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gautier
- INRAE, UR 1264, Unité MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- INRAE, UR 1264, Unité MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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13
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Antimicrobial activity of gaseous chlorine dioxide against Aspergillus flavus on green coffee beans. Food Microbiol 2020; 86:103308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Tang X, Wu J, Wu W, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Chen X, Li P. Competitive-Type Pressure-Dependent Immunosensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of Diacetoxyscirpenol in Wheat via Monoclonal Antibody. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3563-3571. [PMID: 31899867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin with low molecular weight, and with respect to its toxicity and the occurrence in food and feed, it is known as a potential risk for public and animal health. In the present study, first, a sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody (5E7) was developed. Then, the antibody was applied to develop a competitive-type pressure-dependent immunosensor (CTPDI). The Au@PtNP was synthesized and labeled with goat antimouse antibody (Au@PtNPs-IgG). Finally, the concentration of DAS was negatively correlated with the pressure signal. In the presence of optimal conditions, matrix-matched calibration curves were plotted for wheat samples, in which an optimal IC50 value (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of 3.08 ng/g was achieved. The CTPDI was further applied to detect natural and blind wheat samples, and validation was carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that CTPDI was highly appropriate and accurate for detection of DAS in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Wenqin Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.,Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
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Jonatova P, Dzuman Z, Prusova N, Hajslova J, Stranska-Zachariasova M. Occurrence of ochratoxin A and its stereoisomeric degradation product in various types of coffee available in the Czech market. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) belongs among the most frequently occurring mycotoxins in coffee. In order to investigate its contamination levels in products currently available in the market, a broad set of coffee samples (103 in total) collected between 2016 and 2018 in the Czech Republic was investigated. Aqueous-methanolic extracts purified by using immunoaffinity columns were analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-MS/MS). The undertaken study revealed a relatively low OTA contamination of roasted coffee (in the range 0.2-2.5 μg/kg with the mean concentration of 0.6 μg/kg, and 71% of positive samples). The roasted coffee samples did not exceed the maximum limit of 5 μg/kg set by 1881/2006/EC. With regard to instant coffee samples, OTA concentrations were considerably higher. All the samples were positive, with a mean concentration of 2.9 μg/kg (ranging from 0.6 to 12.8 μg/kg, with 100% of positive samples). One of the analysed samples of instant coffee even exceeded the maximum limit of 10 μg/kg (1881/2006/EC). The study further revealed a relatively high incidence of 14-(R)-OTA, stereoisomer of OTA (14-(S)-OTA), originating as its main degradation product. Its identity was confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS). Most of the samples positive for OTA were also positive for this diastereoisomer, with signal intensities of approx. one-third to one half of the signal of 14-(S)-OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Jonatova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z. Dzuman
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - N. Prusova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J. Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Golubović J, Heath E, Heath D. Validation challenges in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of naturally occurring compounds in foodstuffs. Food Chem 2019; 294:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Rehmat Z, Mohammed WS, Sadiq MB, Somarapalli M, Kumar Anal A. Ochratoxin A detection in coffee by competitive inhibition assay using chitosan-based surface plasmon resonance compact system. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 174:569-574. [PMID: 30502668 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the evaluation of ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee on compact surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors based on crosslinked chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan nanomatrix substrates. Ochratoxin A is a toxic secondary metabolite widely produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi and requires regular quantification and detection in food samples. The gold coated SPR chips were synthesized with chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan through spin coating technique. The SPR nanomatrix chips were used for the immobilization of ochratoxin A-bovine serum albumin (OTA-BSA) conjugate to develop a competitive inhibition immunoassay. The monoclonal ochratoxin A antibodies (mAb-OTA) were used as biological receptors for the detection of OTA in buffer and coffee samples. The limit of detection (LOD) in coffee for chitosan (CS) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) substrates was 5.7 ng/mL and 3.8 ng/mL, respectively. Compact surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system based on chitosan-based (CS-AU) nanomatrix substrates provides a platform for the detection of ochratoxin A with high sensitivity, accuracy, ease-of-use and cost-effectiveness. This compact SPR system can be used at farm and industrial levels for the detection of OTA in food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainia Rehmat
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Waleed S Mohammed
- Center of Research in Optoelectronics, Communication and Control Systems (BU-CROCCS), Bangkok University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Manjunath Somarapalli
- Center of Research in Optoelectronics, Communication and Control Systems (BU-CROCCS), Bangkok University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anil Kumar Anal
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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Abstract
This review is mainly centered on beverages obtained from tropical crops, including tea, nut milk, coffee, cocoa, and those prepared from fruits. After considering the epidemiological data found on the matrices above, the focus was given to recent methodological approaches to assess the most relevant mycotoxins. Aspects such as singularities among the mycotoxin and the beverage in which their were found, and the economic effects and repercussions that the mycotoxin-tainted ingredients have on the beverage industry were pointed out. Finally, the burden of their consumption through beverages, including risk and health effects on humans, was addressed as well.
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20
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Parent-Massin D, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Colombo P, Horváth Z, Levorato S, Edler L. Risk to human and animal health related to the presence of 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol in food and feed. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05367. [PMID: 32626015 PMCID: PMC7009455 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
4,15‐Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi and occurring predominantly in cereal grains. As requested by the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) assessed the risk of DAS to human and animal health related to its presence in food and feed. Very limited information was available on toxicity and on toxicokinetics in experimental and farm animals. Due to the limitations in the available data set, human acute and chronic health‐based guidance values (HBGV) were established based on data obtained in clinical trials of DAS as an anticancer agent (anguidine) after intravenous administration to cancer patients. The CONTAM Panel considered these data as informative for the hazard characterisation of DAS after oral exposure. The main adverse effects after acute and repeated exposure were emesis, with a no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL) of 32 μg DAS/kg body weight (bw), and haematotoxicity, with a NOAEL of 65 μg DAS/kg bw, respectively. An acute reference dose (ARfD) of 3.2 μg DAS/kg bw and a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.65 μg DAS/kg bw were established. Based on over 15,000 occurrence data, the highest acute and chronic dietary exposures were estimated to be 0.8 and 0.49 μg DAS/kg bw per day, respectively, and were not of health concern for humans. The limited information for poultry, pigs and dogs indicated a low risk for these animals at the estimated DAS exposure levels under current feeding practices, with the possible exception of fattening chicken. Assuming similar or lower sensitivity than for poultry, the risk was considered overall low for other farm and companion animal species for which no toxicity data were available. In consideration of the similarities of several trichothecenes and the likelihood of co‐exposure via food and feed, it could be appropriate to perform a cumulative risk assessment for this group of substances.
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21
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Vidal A, Marín S, Sanchis V, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. Hydrolysers of modified mycotoxins in maize: α-Amylase and cellulase induce an underestimation of the total aflatoxin content. Food Chem 2018; 248:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Reichert B, de Kok A, Pizzutti IR, Scholten J, Cardoso CD, Spanjer M. Simultaneous determination of 117 pesticides and 30 mycotoxins in raw coffee, without clean-up, by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1004:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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de Oliveira GB, de Castro Gomes Vieira CM, Orlando RM, Faria AF. Simultaneous determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in different types of maize by matrix solid phase dispersion and HPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2017; 233:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Udomkun P, Wiredu AN, Nagle M, Bandyopadhyay R, Müller J, Vanlauwe B. Mycotoxins in Sub-Saharan Africa: Present situation, socio-economic impact, awareness, and outlook. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Geremew T, Abate D, Landschoot S, Haesaert G, Audenaert K. Occurrence of toxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in Ethiopian coffee for local consumption. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Magneto-controlled aptasensor for simultaneous electrochemical detection of dual mycotoxins in maize using metal sulfide quantum dots coated silica as labels. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 89:802-809. [PMID: 27816583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is an urgent need for multi-mycotoxin detection methods due to the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in food raw materials and their augmented toxicity. Herein, a magneto-controlled aptasensor has been developed for simultaneous electrochemical detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), two typical mycotoxins found in food crops world-wide. This aptasensor was designed using the high specificity between the target and aptamer with heavy CdTe or PbS quantum dots (QDs) coated silica as labels and the complementary DNA functionalized magnetic beads as capture probes. In presence of targets, the aptamer preferred to form the target-aptamer binding which forced the partial release of the preloaded labels from the magnetic beads. After a one-step incubation and a simple magnetic separation, the electrochemical signals of Cd2+ and Pb2+ dissolved from the reserved labels which had negative correlation with targets contents, was measured based on the difference of peak potentials. This aptasensor provided a wide detection range of 10pgmL-1 to 10ngmL-1 for OTA and 50pgmL-1 to 50ngmL-1 for FB1, and succeeded in real maize samples. This method provides a new avenue for high throughput screen of mycotoxins due to the advantages of simple instrument, low sample consumption, short assay times, and lower detection costs per assay. Moreover, it could be readily expanded for the simultaneous detection of a large panel of mycotoxins by using different metal sulfide QDs when their specific aptamers are available.
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Kokina A, Pugajeva I, Bartkevics V. Improved sensitivity of ochratoxin A analysis in coffee using high-performance liquid chromatography with hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqQLIT-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:693-702. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1152138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Zouaoui N, Mallebrera B, Berrada H, Abid-Essefi S, Bacha H, Ruiz MJ. Cytotoxic effects induced by patulin, sterigmatocystin and beauvericin on CHO-K1 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 89:92-103. [PMID: 26802678 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by different genera of fungi; mainly Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. The natural co-occurrence of beauvericin (BEA), patulin (PAT) and sterigmatocystin (STE) has been proved in feed and food commodities. This study investigates the cytotoxicity of individual and combined mycotoxins BEA, PAT and STE. The cytotoxicity on immortalized ovarian cells (CHO-K1) was evaluated using the MTT assay. After 24, 48 and 72 h, the IC50 values were 2.9 μM for PAT and ranged from 10.7 to 2.2 μM and from 25.0 to 12.5 μM for BEA and STE, respectively. Cytotoxic interactions were assayed by the isobologram method, which provides a combination index (CI) value as a quantitative measure of the three mycotoxin interaction's degree. Binary and tertiary combinations showed a dose dependent effect. At low fraction affected, mycotoxin combinations were synergetic; whereas, at higher fraction affected, the combinations showed additive effect. Our results indicate that the co-occurrence of low concentrations of mycotoxin in food may increase their toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhal Zouaoui
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds (LRSBC), Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Beatriz Mallebrera
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vincent Andrés Estelles, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Houda Berrada
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vincent Andrés Estelles, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds (LRSBC), Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Bacha
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds (LRSBC), Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Maria-Jose Ruiz
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vincent Andrés Estelles, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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29
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García-Moraleja A, Font G, Mañes J, Ferrer E. Analysis of mycotoxins in coffee and risk assessment in Spanish adolescents and adults. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:225-33. [PMID: 26514696 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungal secondary metabolism that cause toxicological effects. Coffee is a highly popular beverage that is susceptible to contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of the following 21 mycotoxins in coffee using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS-IT): aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2; ochratoxin A; nivalenol; deoxynivalenol; 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol; 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; diacetoxyscirpenol; neosolaniol; T-2 and HT-2 toxin; sterigmatocystin; enniatin A, A1, B, and B1; beauvericin; and fumonisin B1 and B2. We aimed to determine differences by coffee process (coffee maker, electrical machine, soluble and traditional Turkish process) and to calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI) and risk assessment of mycotoxins from coffee consumption using deterministic approach at various scenarios of food consumption in Spanish adolescents and adults. The results demonstrate that all studied mycotoxins were detected in samples with mean concentrations ranging from 0.69 µg/kg to 282.89 µg/kg. Eleven percent of samples did not show contamination with legislated mycotoxins. Only 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, fumonisin B1, and ochratoxin A exhibited significant differences between methods of coffee brewing. The results show that coffee intake does not represent a potential risk for consumers with respect to individual mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Moraleja
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - G Font
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - J Mañes
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - E Ferrer
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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