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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Buchmann K, Careche M, Levsen A, Mattiucci S, Mladineo I, Santos MJ, Barcia‐Cruz R, Broglia A, Chuzhakina K, Goudjihounde SM, Guerra B, Messens W, Guajardo IM, Bolton D. Re-evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 1: ToRs1-3. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8719. [PMID: 38650612 PMCID: PMC11033839 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance data published since 2010, although limited, showed that there is no evidence of zoonotic parasite infection in market quality Atlantic salmon, marine rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, turbot, meagre, Atlantic halibut, common carp and European catfish. No studies were found for greater amberjack, brown trout, African catfish, European eel and pikeperch. Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and Cryptocotyle lingua were found in European seabass, Atlantic bluefin tuna and/or cod, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum and Paracoenogonimus ovatus in tench, produced in open offshore cages or flow-through ponds or tanks. It is almost certain that fish produced in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) or flow-through facilities with filtered water intake and exclusively fed heat-treated feed are free of zoonotic parasites. Since the last EFSA opinion, the UV-press and artificial digestion methods have been developed into ISO standards to detect parasites in fish, while new UV-scanning, optical, molecular and OMICs technologies and methodologies have been developed for the detection, visualisation, isolation and/or identification of zoonotic parasites in fish. Freezing and heating continue to be the most efficient methods to kill parasites in fishery products. High-pressure processing may be suitable for some specific products. Pulsed electric field is a promising technology although further development is needed. Ultrasound treatments were not effective. Traditional dry salting of anchovies successfully inactivated Anisakis. Studies on other traditional processes - air-drying and double salting (brine salting plus dry salting) - suggest that anisakids are successfully inactivated, but more data covering these and other parasites in more fish species and products is required to determine if these processes are always effective. Marinade combinations with anchovies have not effectively inactivated anisakids. Natural products, essential oils and plant extracts, may kill parasites but safety and organoleptic data are lacking. Advanced processing techniques for intelligent gutting and trimming are being developed to remove parasites from fish.
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Williams M, Hernandez-Jover M, Shamsi S. Parasites of zoonotic interest in selected edible freshwater fish imported to Australia. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 26:e00138. [PMID: 34977391 PMCID: PMC8686024 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia imports a significant amount of edible freshwater fish. The safety of the imported product is therefore of great importance. Previous research has shown that certain types of edible freshwater fish imported into Australia are not compliant with Australian importation guidelines and additionally are contaminated with many species of parasites, some of which may cause illness in humans if consumed. The present study, to the best of authors knowledge, is the first to publish the occurrence of zoonotic parasites in edible fish imported into Australia. Eustrongylides sp. Jägerskiöld, 1909 (P. 15.5%), family Dioctophymidae; Euclinostomum sp. Travassos, 1928 (P. 4.8%), family Clinostomidae, were recovered from imported edible and consumer ready Channidae fish and Isoparorchis sp. Southwell, 1913 (P. 11%), family Isoparorchiidae, from imported edible Bagridae fish. Euclinostomum sp. and Isoparorchis sp. were identified using morphological method. Molecular identification of Eustrongylides sp. was achieved through sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Eustrongylides sp. and Isoparorchis sp. have been identified as the causative agent in cases of human infection and are a recognised zoonosis. Euclinostomum sp. is considered to have zoonotic potential and for this reason this species has been included in the importation risk assessments for freshwater fish from certain countries. This study confirmed the presence of zoonotic parasite species in edible imported fish. Whilst this fish product was frozen and parasites therefore inactivated, both fish species according to importation commodity codes, at the time this manuscript was written, are permitted entry into Australia chilled. Further study using a greater sample size is required to understand the human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Williams
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
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Proteomic Profiling and In Silico Characterization of the Secretome of Anisakis simplex Sensu Stricto L3 Larvae. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020246. [PMID: 35215189 PMCID: PMC8879239 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases. Nevertheless, to date, Anisakis secretome proteins, with important functions in nematode pathogenicity and host-parasite interactions, have not been extensively explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize the excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of A. simplex L3 larvae. ES proteins of A. simplex were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the identified proteins were then analyzed using bioinformatics tools. A total of 158 proteins were detected. Detailed bioinformatic characterization of ES proteins was performed, including Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, identification of enzymes, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis, protein family classification, secretory pathway prediction, and detection of essential proteins. Furthermore, of all detected ES proteins, 1 was identified as an allergen, which was Ani s 4, and 18 were potential allergens, most of which were homologs of nematode and arthropod allergens. Nine potential pathogenicity-related proteins were predicted, which were predominantly homologs of chaperones. In addition, predicted host-parasite interactions between the Anisakis ES proteins and both human and fish proteins were identified. In conclusion, this study represents the first global analysis of Anisakis ES proteins. The findings provide a better understanding of survival and invasion strategies of A. simplex L3 larvae.
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Sánchez-Alonso I, Carballeda-Sangiao N, Rodríguez S, Tejada M, Navas A, Arcos SC, González-Muñoz M, Careche M. Anisakis simplex (s.l.) resistance to the action of gastric enzymes depends upon previous treatments applied to infected fish mince and affects antigen release. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3908-3916. [PMID: 33348457 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freezing is considered the most suitable technological treatment to avoid Anisakis infection from eating raw or undercooked fish but modifications of their cuticles upon freezing may reduce their resistance to gastric fluids, provoking a greater release of allergens. This work aimed to study the relationship between freezing-induced modifications of Anisakis simplex s.l., antigen recognition, and resistance to oral and gastric digestion in spiked fish mince. RESULTS (i) Differences between non-treated larvae and larvae that survived freezing / thawing were studied in terms of respiratory capacity, survival in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), recognition of antigens and allergens. (ii) Untreated (i.e. chilled) mince containing live larvae, mince frozen at two freezing rates, with a negative (uninfected) mince and a positive mince (infected with broken larvae) as controls, were subjected to the oral and gastric phases of a simulated digestion process. Anisakis able to survive freezing showed lower resistance to gastric fluid (i.e. faster mortality as compared to controls). Untreated larvae released significantly more antigens than freeze-surviving larvae but only after 96 h in SGF. In treatments rendering complete larvae mortality, the highest loss of larvae integrity was found upon fast freezing. There was a positive correlation between antigen release and the number of ruptures of larvae after the oral digestion phase, whereas a more complex trend was observed after oral plus gastric digestion phases. CONCLUSION These results suggest a new factor to consider for sensitized patients and suggest that the numbers of L3 should be reduced before industrial freezing to minimize risk. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sánchez-Alonso
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Carballeda-Sangiao
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Rodríguez
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Tejada
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navas
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C Arcos
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Careche
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez-Alonso I, Rodríguez S, Tejada M, Navas A, González-Muñoz M, Careche M. The artificial digestion method underestimates the viability of Anisakis simplex ( s.l.) L3 present in processed fish products. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2021; 23:e00121. [PMID: 33851038 PMCID: PMC8022855 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work studied the performance of the artificial digestion method in terms of recovery and viability of Anisakis simplex third-stage larvae (L3) when previous treatments given to the infected fish muscle may accidentally render viable larvae. For that: a) hake mince was spiked with 10 L3/75g mince, frozen at -10, -15, -20, and -30 °C and immediately thawed, or stored for 12 or 24 h, and subjected to pepsin digestion; b) the mince was spiked under the same conditions, frozen at the above temperatures and thawed immediately. After manual recovery, L3 were assessed for viability, used to spike again the minced fish and subjected to pepsin digestion; c) the mince was spiked with 10 L3 which were: i) living (i.e. chilled), ii) freeze-surviving (live L3 had been previously recovered after freezing at -10 °C), or iii) dead (frozen at -30 °C or - 80 °C), and then subjected to pepsin digestion. Results showed that the artificial digestion method kills a significant number of larvae that may have survived freezing and thus may underestimate the number of viable larvae in a given batch. The method may also underestimate the infection level of fish batches containing dead larvae. It is suggested to take these limitations into account when designing digestion protocols for specific applications, especially when there is a risk of insufficiently treated or cooked fish batches or ready-to-eat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sánchez-Alonso
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Santiago Rodríguez
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Margarita Tejada
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navas
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Mercedes Careche
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Thermal patterns of heat treated Anisakis L3-infected fishery products allow separation into low, intermediate and high risk groups of potential use in risk management. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Pardo González MÁ, Cavazza G, Gustinelli A, Caffara M, Fioravanti M. Absence of anisakis nematodes in smoked farmed Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) products on sale in European countries. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 9:8615. [PMID: 33532370 PMCID: PMC7844585 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of global demand of aquaculture products as compensation for the lowering of fishery sustainability has shown a parallel awareness by the consumers on the importance of the safety and quality of fish products. Among these, salmon industry has reached a leading position demonstrating the negligible risk of presence of zoonotic helminths such as anisakis nematodes in farmed salmon. Despite the massive production of data in literature on parasitological surveys carried out on fresh salmon, no data are published on processed farmed salmon such as smoked products. In 2016, 270 slices of smoked farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and 13 smoked slices from wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) have been analyzed by visual inspection and UV-press method searching for the presence of anisakid nematodes. No parasites were detected in samples from farmed Atlantic salmon, while 10 out of 13 from wild salmon were positive for Anisakis simplex s.s. larvae. This first survey on the possible presence of anisakid nematodes in processed smoked salmon confirms that this risk in farmed Atlantic salmon products has to be considered negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Cavazza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Marialetizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
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8
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Freezing kinetic parameters influence allergenic and infective potential of Anisakis simplex L3 present in fish muscle. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kochanowski M, Różycki M, Dąbrowska J, Karamon J, Sroka J, Antolak E, Bełcik A, Cencek T. Development and Application of Novel Chemiluminescence Immunoassays for Highly Sensitive Detection of Anisakis simplex Proteins in Thermally Processed Seafood. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100777. [PMID: 32977528 PMCID: PMC7598195 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The third-stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis simplex are the most important source of hidden allergens in seafood products. However, there exist no commercial methods for detecting Anisakis proteins in food. Furthermore, only a few methods have been validated for the detection of A. simplex in thermally processed food. The aims of our study are (i) the development and validation of high-sensitivity chemiluminescent (CL) immunoassays for the detection of A. simplex proteins in processed seafood, (ii) and A. simplex antigen detection in common seafood products from Polish markets. We developed and validated CL sandwich ELISA (S-ELISA) and CL competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) methods for A. simplex proteins detection in food, with respective detection limits of 0.5 and 5 ng/mL. The usefulness of the assays for detecting A. simplex proteins in highly processed food was evaluated by examination of autoclaved canned fish spiked with A. simplex larvae (1–8 larvae/200 g). Commercial real-time PCR was unable to detect A. simplex in autoclaved samples at all levels of enrichment with Anisakis larvae. CL-S-ELISA was used to test various types of seafood products from Polish markets. Among all tested products (n = 259), 28% were positive. A. simplex antigens were found mostly (n = 39) in smoked fish products: mackerel, herring, cod, and hake. Other positive samples were found in marinated herrings, canned cod livers, canned mackerels, and surimi sticks. In tuna, Atlantic argentine, anchovy, sardine, sprat, and squid products, A. simplex antigens were not detected. This study provides novel effective tools for the detection of A. simplex proteins in processed food and highlights the potential allergic hazards for Anisakis-sensitized Polish consumers of seafood.
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Kochanowski M, Różycki M, Dąbrowska J, Bełcik A, Karamon J, Sroka J, Cencek T. Proteomic and Bioinformatic Investigations of Heat-Treated Anisakis simplex Third-Stage Larvae. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1066. [PMID: 32708775 PMCID: PMC7407331 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakis simplex third-stage larvae are the main source of hidden allergens in marine fish products. Some Anisakis allergens are thermostable and, even highly processed, could cause hypersensitivity reactions. However, Anisakis proteome has not been studied under autoclaving conditions of 121 °C for 60 min, which is an important process in the food industry. The aim of the study was the identification and characterization of allergens, potential allergens, and other proteins of heat-treated A. simplex larvae. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify 470 proteins, including allergens-Ani s 1, Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 4, Ani s 5-and 13 potential allergens that were mainly homologs of Anisakis spp., Ascaris spp., and Acari allergens. Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 5, and three possible allergens were found among the top 25 most abundant proteins. The computational analysis allowed us to detect allergen epitopes, assign protein families, and domains as well as to annotate the localization of proteins. The predicted 3D models of proteins revealed similarities between potential allergens and homologous allergens. Despite the partial degradation of heated A. simplex antigens, their immunoreactivity with anti-A. simplex IgG antibodies was confirmed using a Western blot. In conclusion, identified epitopes of allergenic peptides highlighted that the occurrence of Anisakis proteins in thermally processed fish products could be a potential allergic hazard. Further studies are necessary to confirm the IgE immunoreactivity and thermostability of identified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (J.S.); (T.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (J.S.); (T.C.)
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D’Amelio S, Lombardo F, Pizzarelli A, Bellini I, Cavallero S. Advances in Omic Studies Drive Discoveries in the Biology of Anisakid Nematodes. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E801. [PMID: 32679891 PMCID: PMC7397233 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in technologies employed in high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods are supporting the spread of studies that, combined with advances in computational biology and bioinformatics, have greatly accelerated discoveries within basic and biomedical research for many parasitic diseases. Here, we review the most updated "omic" studies performed on anisakid nematodes, a family of marine parasites that are causative agents of the fish-borne zoonosis known as anisakiasis or anisakidosis. Few deposited data on Anisakis genomes are so far available, and this still hinders the deep and highly accurate characterization of biological aspects of interest, even as several transcriptomic and proteomic studies are becoming available. These have been aimed at discovering and characterizing molecules specific to peculiar developmental parasitic stages or tissues, as well as transcripts with pathogenic potential as toxins and allergens, with a broad relevance for a better understanding of host-pathogen relationships and for the development of reliable diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (F.L.); (A.P.); (I.B.)
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Anisakis simplex products impair intestinal epithelial barrier function and occludin and zonula occludens-1 localisation in differentiated Caco-2 cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008462. [PMID: 32628665 PMCID: PMC7365482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anisakis spp. are nematode parasites found in a wide range of marine organisms. Human beings may accidentally become infected, showing the symptoms of anisakiasis and allergic responses. There has been evidence of increased intestinal permeability in A. simplex–sensitized subjects and that specific IgE titres increase in some allergic patients when fishery products are re-introduced into their diet. The aims of this work were to study the effect of A. simplex crude extract on the intestinal integrity and permeability by using Caco-2 cell monolayer. To analyse the capacity of Ani s 4 allergen to cross the epithelial barrier. Methodology/Principal findings Cellular bioenergetics, transepithelial electrical resistance, viability, permeability, reactive oxygen species generation and immunofluorescent staining of tight junction proteins were analysed. A. simplex crude extract compromises the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is detected at 1 hour of culture and integrity is recovered after 24 hours of culture. The epithelial barrier disruption is accompanied by an increase in paracellular permeability and reactive oxygen species production and by a delocalization of occludin and zonula occludens-1. Finally, Ani s 4, a thermostable and resistant to digestion allergen with cystatin activity, is able to cross the epithelial barrier in Caco-2 monolayer and reach a cumulative mean percentage of 22.7% of total concentration in the basolateral side after 24 hours of culture. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate that A. simplex induces an early and reversible alteration of integrity and permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayer and that an underlying mechanism of this effect would involve the oxidative stress and disruption of epithelial tight junctions. Additionally, it has been shown that Ani s 4 allergen is able to cross the epithelial barrier. These findings could explain the increased intestinal permeability observed in Anisakis-sensitized patients, the changes over time in IgE sensitization to A. simplex allergens, and the specific IgE persistence in Anisakis allergy. The nematode Anisakis simplex is a parasite of marine mammals that can parasitize humans when a raw or undercooked fish containing live A. simplex larvae is consumed. As a result, gastrointestinal and/or allergic symptoms are reported. There has been evidence of increased intestinal permeability in A. simplex-sensitized subjects and serum levels of the specific immunoglobulin involved in allergic reactions (IgE) in some allergic patients when fishery products are re-introduced into their diet. These results suggest that A. simplex material present in fishery products could alter the normal gut function. We have analysed the effects of a cellular model of epithelial barrier exposed to A. simplex products. We have found that A. simplex induces an early and reversible alteration of integrity and permeability of epithelial cell monolayer and that an underlying mechanism of this effect would involve the oxidative stress and disruption of the proteins maintaining the barrier function. Additionally, it has been shown that Ani s 4, an A. simplex allergen, is able to cross the epithelial barrier. These findings could explain the increased intestinal permeability observed in Anisakis-sensitized patients, and the changes in specific IgE to A. simplex allergens when fishery products are re-introduced into their diet.
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Rodríguez AC, Pérez-Mateos M, Careche M, Sánchez-Alonso I, Escribano MI, Sanz PD, Otero L. Evaluation of the effects of weak oscillating magnetic fields applied during freezing on systems of different complexity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2019-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effects of weak oscillating magnetic fields (OMFs ≤7 mT at 50 Hz) on freezing were studied in three systems of different complexity. To do so, ferric chloride solutions, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and minced hake muscle experimentally infected with Anisakis L3 were frozen with and without OMF application. OMFs did not affect freezing kinetics of either ferric chloride solutions or minced hake muscle. LDH activity, Anisakis mortality, and water-holding capacity of the hake muscle after thawing were not affected by OMF either. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of stronger OMFs in a wider frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Pérez-Mateos
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Careche
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez-Alonso
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Escribano
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Dimas Sanz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Otero
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Łopieńska-Biernat E, Stryiński R, Polak I, Pawlikowski B, Pawlak J, Podolska M. Effect of freezing on the metabolic status of L3 larvae of Anisakis simplex s. s. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 82:104312. [PMID: 32247867 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The fish-borne parasite, Anisakis simplex s. s., triggers a disease called anisakiasis, that is associated with a gastrointestinal infection. The Anisakis is also associated with allergic response which may lead to anaphylactic shock. The A. simplex s. s. L3 larvae may be freeze tolerant despite when the nematodes will be cooled rapidly to -20 °C according to the sanitary authorities of the USA and the EU. The aim of this work was to study the metabolic status of A. simplex s. s. L3 larvae when frozen in terms of viability, expression of genes involved in the nematodes' survival of freezing, as well content of carbohydrates which play a cryoprotective role in thermal stress and are the main source of energy. The levels of trehalose were significantly higher after slow freezing treatment (p < .0001), than the fast freezing (p < .002). The lower temperatures induce changes, especially in trehalose synthesis gene expression, genes responsible for oxidative metabolism, and chaperone proteins, but we cannot state clearly whether these changes occur during freezing, or because they are already prevalent during cold acclimation. The induction of mentioned genes seems to be a common trait of both cold- and dehydration tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Robert Stryiński
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Polak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bogusław Pawlikowski
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podolska
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
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Sonne C, Lakemeyer J, Desforges JP, Eulaers I, Persson S, Stokholm I, Galatius A, Gross S, Gonnsen K, Lehnert K, Andersen-Ranberg EU, Tange Olsen M, Dietz R, Siebert U. A review of pathogens in selected Baltic Sea indicator species. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105565. [PMID: 32070804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the state-of-the-art of pathogens in select marine and terrestrial key species of the Baltic Sea, i.e. ringed seal (Pusa hispida), harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), common eider (Somateria mollissima), pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus) and white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). This review is the first to merge and present available information and baseline data for the FP7 BONUS BaltHealth project: Baltic Sea multilevel health impacts on key species of anthropogenic hazardous substances. Understanding the spread, prevalence and effects of wildlife pathogens is important for the understanding of animal and ecosystem health, ecosystem function and services, as well as human exposure to zoonotic diseases. This review summarises the occurrence of parasites, viruses and bacteria over the past six decades, including severe outbreaks of Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV), the seroprevalence of Influenza A and the recent increase in seal parasites. We show that Baltic high trophic key species are exposed to multiple bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases. Parasites, such as C. semerme and P. truncatum present in the colon and liver Baltic grey seals, respectively, and anisakid nematodes require particular monitoring due to their effects on animal health. In addition, distribution of existing viral and bacterial pathogens, along with the emergence and spread of new pathogens, need to be monitored in order to assess the health status of key Baltic species. Relevant bacteria are Streptococcus spp., Brucella spp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Mycoplasma spp. and Leptospira interrogans; relevant viruses are influenza virus, distemper virus, pox virus and herpes virus. This is of special importance as some of the occurring pathogens are zoonotic and thus also pose a potential risk for human health. Marine mammal handlers, as well as civilians that by chance encounter marine mammals, need to be aware of this risk. It is therefore important to continue the monitoring of diseases affecting key Baltic species in order to assess their relationship to population dynamics and their potential threat to humans. These infectious agents are valuable indicators of host ecology and can act as bioindicators of distribution, migration, diet and behaviour of marine mammals and birds, as well as of climate change and changes in food web dynamics. In addition, infectious diseases are linked to pollutant exposure, overexploitation, immune suppression and subsequent inflammatory disease. Ultimately, these diseases affect the health of the entire ecosystem and, consequently, ecosystem function and services. As global warming is continuously increasing, the impact of global change on infectious disease patterns is important to monitor in Baltic key species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Jan Lakemeyer
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany.
| | - Jean-Pierre Desforges
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Sara Persson
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Iben Stokholm
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany; Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Anders Galatius
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Stephanie Gross
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany.
| | - Katharina Gonnsen
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany.
| | - Kristina Lehnert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany.
| | - Emilie U Andersen-Ranberg
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany.
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Ramos P. Parasites in fishery products - Laboratorial and educational strategies to control. Exp Parasitol 2020; 211:107865. [PMID: 32101764 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of parasites, including Anisakis spp. larvae in fishery products jeopardizes their safety and quality, which is a matter of concern and a challenge for official authorities, as well as for food businesses operators, and a potential health risk to consumers. In the last ten years, a total of 2367 samples from different seafood products, whole fish (n = 1022), fish steaks (n = 417), fish fillets (n = 46), roes (n = 11), canned fish fillets (n = 35), fish fingers (n = 705), and ready-made Japanese dishes (n = 131) were analysed at the Laboratory of Pathology of Aquatic Animals of IPMA. From the fishery products analysed, a total of 4643 visible Anisakis larvae were collected from eighteen different species of whole fish and there were two cases with numerous larvae, although live larvae were only found in fresh fish. Anisakis larvae (n = 523) were collected from fish steaks, (n = 20) from frozen fish fillets, (n = 7) from five different brands of fish fingers, (n = 2) from two cans of cod fillets and numerous viable larvae were collected from the serosae of European hake fresh roes. The great majority of the larvae were identified as L3 Anisakis larvae. Plerocercoids of Gymnorhynchus gigas and Hepatoxylon trichiuri and the myxosporean, Kudoa spp. were also observed and led to the withdrawal of the fish from the supply chain. No Anisakis larvae were collected from the farmed fish as well as from the ready-made Japanese dishes. However, Kudoa hexapunctata spores were observed in the tuna muscle from one sashimi meal. The data shows that fresh fish with live Anisakis larvae have been marketed. Educational strategies concerning parasites were implemented with workshops, "Parasites in Fishery Products" to train and instruct professionals within the fish supply chain and training activities for target groups, including children, were promoted, to raise awareness of this issue. One of the most relevant outcomes obtained was the improvement of implementation of parasite identification techniques in the industry, including private labs, and consequently: (1) decrease in the parasitological analysis number of common parasites and (2) reduction in the analysis of anatomical structures confused with parasites requested to IPMA's Laboratory of Pathology. In addition, the practice of freezing trash fish used to feed farmed fish, and the placement of nets at the water entry points of the earth ponds, in order to avoid wild fish introduction, were simple and important measures that were implemented to prevent Anisakis and other parasites entering fish farms. The two complementary parts of this work, laboratorial activities used to support the fish supply chain, and the educational strategies concerning parasites, have made an essential contribution towards the availability of data for assessing and minimizing the level of risk associated with fish consumption, and have particularly increased and improved awareness, regarding foodborne parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ramos
- Pathology Laboratory of Aquatic Animals. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua Dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal. http://www.ipma.pt
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18
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Podolska M, Pawlikowski B, Nadolna-Ałtyn K, Pawlak J, Komar-Szymczak K, Szostakowska B. How effective is freezing at killing Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova krabbei, and P. decipiens larvae? An experimental evaluation of time-temperature conditions. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2139-2147. [PMID: 31098726 PMCID: PMC6611746 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of raw or inadequately cooked marine fish can lead to several disorders caused by the ingestion of viable anisakid nematodes. Although anisakid larvae can be killed by subzero temperatures, making freezing an important control measure for this potential health hazard, these parasites can survive freezing under some conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to experimentally evaluate the time-temperature conditions needed to kill Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova spp. The effectiveness of freezing was tested on two species of fish: cod, Gadus morhua from the North Atlantic, and herring, Clupea harengus membras from the southern Baltic Sea. Samples, which comprised skinless fillets of cod (n = 40) with visible parasites and whole herring (n = 240), were separately frozen at − 15, − 18, or − 20 °C for 24 h, or at − 20 °C for 48 h in the single-compressor freezer and at − 20, − 25, or − 35 °C for 24 h in the double-compressor freezer. After thawing, parasites were stained with malachite green and examined under the microscope for viability. All A. simplex and Pseudoterranova spp. larvae in cod fillets died at a temperature of − 15 °C or lower. However, freezing did not kill all the A. simplex larvae in whole herring: spontaneous movement of these parasites was observed in samples stored in the single-compressor freezer at − 15, − 18, and − 20 °C over 24 h. Our results demonstrate that the freezing procedure must consider both the capability of the freezing device and the nature of the fish product to ensure consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Podolska
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Bogusław Pawlikowski
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Pawlak
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland
| | | | - Beata Szostakowska
- A&A Biotechnology, Aleja Zwycięstwa 96/98, 81-451, Gdynia, Poland.,Medical University of Gdańsk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
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19
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Łopieńska-Biernat E, Stryiński R, Dmitryjuk M, Wasilewska B. Infective larvae of Anisakis simplex (Nematoda) accumulate trehalose and glycogen in response to starvation and temperature stress. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.040014. [PMID: 30824422 PMCID: PMC6451339 DOI: 10.1242/bio.040014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisakis simplex L3 larvae infect fish and other seafood species such as squid or octopi; therefore, humans consuming raw or undercooked fish may become accidental hosts for this parasite. These larvae are induced to enter hypometabolism by cold temperatures. It is assumed that sugars (in particular trehalose and glycogen) are instrumental for survival under environmental stress conditions. To elucidate the mechanisms of environmental stress response in A. simplex, we observed the effects of starvation and temperature on trehalose and glycogen content, the activity of enzymes metabolizing those sugars, and the relative expression of genes of trehalose and glycogen metabolic pathways. The L3 of A. simplex synthesize trehalose both in low (0°C) and high temperatures (45°C). The highest content of glycogen was observed at 45°C at 36 h of incubation. On the second day of incubation, tissue content of trehalose depended on the activity of the enzymes: TPS was more active at 45°C, and TPP was more active at 0°C. The changes in TPP activity were consistent with the transcript level changes of the TPP gene, and the trehalose level, while glycogen synthesis correlates with the expression of glycogen synthase gene at 45°C; this suggests that the synthesis of trehalose is more essential. These results show that trehalose plays a key role in providing energy during the thermotolerance and starvation processes through the molecular and biochemical regulation of trehalose and glycogen metabolism. Summary: Carbohydrate metabolism in L3 of A. simplex is affected by temperature shock and by starvation. The metabolic shift from glycogen to trehalose suggests that blocking or silencing the trehalose synthesis pathway could be a limiting factor for Anisakis life and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Robert Stryiński
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dmitryjuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Wasilewska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
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20
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Respiratory analysis as a tool to detect physiological changes in Anisakis larvae subjected to stress. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1127-1135. [PMID: 30790039 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human infection due to eating fish parasitized by live Anisakis larvae in the third stage is considered an important health problem, and the application of treatments to ensure their mortality in the fish products is crucial to prevent the risk of infection. Mobility is used to assess viability, but mobile larvae may not always be infective and immobile larvae may be erroneously considered as non-viable. The objective was to establish whether the analysis of respiratory activity by means of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of Anisakis could be used to identify subtle differences between larvae that were still considered viable in terms of their mobility but had been subjected to thermal and/or chemical stress. The metabolic modulators FCCP [carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone] and sodium azide were used and the basal, maximum, spare and residual respiration rates calculated. Results showed that maximum respiratory capacity of larvae subjected to freezing significantly decreased immediately after thawing, but after some acclimatization, they recovered their capacity fully. However, when these larvae were stored at 4.6 °C, their mitochondria became dysfunctional faster than those of untreated larvae. OCR also showed that mitochondria of larvae were affected by incubation at 37 °C in NaCl or gastric juice. To conclude, OCR of Anisakis in the presence of metabolic modulators can help to identify subtle changes that occur in the larva. These measurements could be used to characterize larvae subjected to various stresses so that a broader picture of Anisakis pathogenic potential can be gained.
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Prevalence and Risk of Anisakid Larvae in Fresh Fish Frequently Consumed in Spain: An Overview. FISHES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anisakidosis is a fish-borne zoonosis caused by parasitic nematodes of the family Anisakidae, of which the species belonging to Anisakis simplex complex are the most representative. It is considered an emerging disease in Spain. The objective of this study is to analyse the presence of larvae in fish frequently consumed in Spanish supermarkets, inferring the risk of infection. In total 1,786 specimens of 9 different fish species, from two geographical origins (Atlantic and Mediterranean), acquired fresh and not eviscerated were examined for anisakid nematodes. Analysis showed that 33.7% of the samples were parasitized by Anisakis larvae. The horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) presented the highest total prevalence (66.0%), followed by the silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) (59.5%), the mackerel (Scomber scombrus) (58.4%), the blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) (53.9%) and the European hake (Merlucius merlucius) (45.0%). In general, the prevalence was higher in Atlantic than in Mediterranean fish. In all the species analysed, a higher presence of the parasite was detected in the viscera than in the flesh, although in the most parasitized species a noteworthy prevalence and abundance was observed in the flesh. In conclusion, risk factors, like fish species and origin, should be considered by consumers, in addition of following the recommendations established by Commission Regulation (EU) No1276/2011 and the Spanish Royal Decree 1420/2006.
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Guardone L, Armani A, Nucera D, Costanzo F, Mattiucci S, Bruschi F. Human anisakiasis in Italy: a retrospective epidemiological study over two decades. Parasite 2018; 25:41. [PMID: 30058531 PMCID: PMC6065268 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective analysis on human anisakiasis in Italy since its first description in 1996 was performed by conducting a literature search. Inclusion criteria based on the presence of a larva and on parasite identification were applied. Epidemiological data and clinical features were analysed. Particular attention was paid to the source of infection. In total, 73 cases were included in the analysis, while 34 were excluded. Cases were reported from eight Italian regions, most frequently Abruzzo, Apulia and Latium. The parasite was detected by endoscopy (51.4%) or laparotomy (48.6%). The site of infection was intestinal (42.5%), gastric (43.8%), oesophageal (1.4%) or ectopic (12.3%). Most of the parasites (71.0%) were identified as Anisakis sp. or A. simplex (s.l.). However, when molecular methods were used (21 cases), A. pegreffii was always identified. In most of the patients (65.7%), the source of infection was raw or undercooked anchovies, followed by "anchovies or sardines" (15.1%), generic "raw seafood" (15.1%), and sardines (1.4%). In only 2 cases (2.7%), the source was not available. This is the first systematic analysis of Italian cases of anisakiasis. The main conclusions derived from the results are: i) attention should be given to the history, in particular when raw marinated anchovies, proven to be the main source of human anisakiasis in Italy, are consumed; ii) in order to assess correct epidemiological data, a confirmed and specific etiological identification should always be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Guardone
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FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Via delle Piagge 2 56124
Pisa Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
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FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Via delle Piagge 2 56124
Pisa Italy
| | - Daniele Nucera
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Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Turin Largo Braccini 2 10095
Grugliasco – Torino Italy
| | - Francesco Costanzo
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FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Via delle Piagge 2 56124
Pisa Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
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Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, “Sapienza – University of Rome”, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185
Rome Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bruschi
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Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., School of Medicine, University of Pisa via Roma, 55 56126
Pisa Italy
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