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Gräfenhahn M, Beyrer M. Plant-Based Meat Analogues in the Human Diet: What Are the Hazards? Foods 2024; 13:1541. [PMID: 38790841 PMCID: PMC11121679 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Research regarding meat analogues is mostly based on formulation and process development. Information concerning their safety, shelf life, and long-term nutritional and health effects is limited. This article reviews the existing literature and analyzes potential hazards introduced or modified throughout the processing chain of plant-based meat analogues via extrusion processing, encompassing nutritional, microbiological, chemical, and allergen aspects. It was found that the nutritional value of plant-based raw materials and proteins extracted thereof increases along the processing chain. However, the nutritional value of plant-based meat analogues is lower than that of e.g., animal-based products. Consequently, higher quantities of these products might be needed to achieve a nutritional profile similar to e.g., meat. This could lead to an increased ingestion of undigestible proteins and dietary fiber. Although dietary fibers are known to have many positive health benefits, they present a hazard since their consumption at high concentrations might lead to gastrointestinal reactions. Even though there is plenty of ongoing research on this topic, it is still not clear how the sole absorption of metabolites derived from plant-based products compared with animal-based products ultimately affects human health. Allergens were identified as a hazard since plant-based proteins can induce an allergic reaction, are known to have cross-reactivities with other allergens and cannot be eliminated during the processing of meat analogues. Microbiological hazards, especially the occurrence of spore- and non-spore-forming bacteria, do not represent a particular case if requirements and regulations are met. Lastly, it was concluded that there are still many unknown variables and open questions regarding potential hazards possibly present in meat analogues, including processing-related compounds such as n-nitrosamines, acrylamide, and heterocyclic aromatic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gräfenhahn
- Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis (HES-SO VS), 1950 Sion, Switzerland
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2
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Augustin Mihalache O, Torrijos R, Dall'Asta C. Occurrence of mycotoxins in meat alternatives: Dietary exposure, potential health risks, and burden of disease. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108537. [PMID: 38452463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to present the occurrence of sixteen mycotoxins in 105 meat alternatives based on wheat, legumes, and vegetables from Italy. The targeted mycotoxins were aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1, FB2), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2/HT-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin B (ENNB), and beauvericin (BEA). The occurrence of mycotoxins was between 0% (AFB2) - 97.4% (ENNB). Mycotoxin co-occurrence varied from binary combinations up to mixtures of twelve. To assess the dietary exposure and potential health risks we simulated the replacement of meat consumption for Italian consumers with meat alternatives. The cumulative exposure to Alternaria mycotoxins and trichothecenes indicated a potential health risk while the exposure to aflatoxins and ochratoxin A indicated a potential health concern related to liver and renal cancer in the model scenario. Moreover, we estimated the risk of liver cancer from exposure to AFB1 and quantified the potential burden using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Luckily, the potential risk of liver cancer was low between 0 and 0.05/100,000 individuals with an associated burden of disease of 0.83 DALYs/100,000 individuals. Taking into consideration the presence of meat alternatives on the food market and the ongoing shift towards plant-based diets there is a need for continuous monitoring to keep the occurrence at safe levels. More attention is needed from the regulatory side for policymakers to consider the legislations of mycotoxins in meat alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Torrijos
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124, Parma, Italy; Department of Food Science and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Ave. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124, Parma, Italy
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3
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Galluzzo FG, Cammilleri G, Pulvirenti A, Mannino E, Pantano L, Calabrese V, Buscemi MD, Messina EMD, Alfano C, Macaluso A, Ferrantelli V. Determination of Mycotoxins in Plant-Based Meat Alternatives (PBMAs) and Ingredients after Microwave Cooking. Foods 2024; 13:339. [PMID: 38275706 PMCID: PMC10815609 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the role of microwave cooking in reducing mycotoxin contamination in plant-based food matrices, with a focus on veggie burgers (purchased and home-made) and their ingredients (soybean, potatoes, zucchini, carrots). Two different conditions were studied (Max-Min) that were 800 W for 60 s and 800 W for 90 s, respectively. The degradation patterns of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB3), trichothecenes (T2, HT2, ZEA), and ochratoxin A (OTA) were studied. The extraction procedures were conducted with the QuEChERS extraction, and the analyses were conducted with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that degradation under microwave cooking varies considerably across different food matrices and cooking conditions. This study provides valuable insights into the degradation of mycotoxins during microwave cooking and underscores the need for more research in this area to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giuseppe Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.); (M.D.B.); (E.M.D.M.); (C.A.); (A.M.); (V.F.)
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.); (M.D.B.); (E.M.D.M.); (C.A.); (A.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Andrea Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Erika Mannino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.); (M.D.B.); (E.M.D.M.); (C.A.); (A.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Licia Pantano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.); (M.D.B.); (E.M.D.M.); (C.A.); (A.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Università degli studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Maria Drussilla Buscemi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.); (M.D.B.); (E.M.D.M.); (C.A.); (A.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Elisa Maria Domenica Messina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.); (M.D.B.); (E.M.D.M.); (C.A.); (A.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Calogero Alfano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.); (M.D.B.); (E.M.D.M.); (C.A.); (A.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.); (M.D.B.); (E.M.D.M.); (C.A.); (A.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (E.M.); (M.D.B.); (E.M.D.M.); (C.A.); (A.M.); (V.F.)
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4
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Li S, Zhang S, Li X, Zhou S, Ma J, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Yin X. Determination of multi-mycotoxins in vegetable oil via liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry assisted by a complementary liquid-liquid extraction. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100887. [PMID: 38144739 PMCID: PMC10740109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of multi-mycotoxins in food commodities are highly desirable due to their potential toxic effects and mass consumption of foods. Herein, liquid chromatography-quadrupole exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry was proposed to analyze multi-mycotoxins in commercial vegetable oils. Specifically, the method featured a successive liquid-liquid extraction process, in which the complementary solvents consisted of acetonitrile and water were optimized. Resultantly, matrix effects were reduced greatly. External calibration approach revealed good quantification property for each analyte. Under optimal conditions, the recovery ranging from 80.8% to 109.7%, relative standard deviation less than 11.7%, and good limit of quantification (0.35 to 45.4 ng/g) were achieved. The high accuracy of proposed method was also validated. The detection of 20 commercial vegetable oils revealed that aflatoxins B1 and B2, zearalenone were observed in 10 real samples. The as-developed method is simple and low-cost, which merits the wide applications for scanning mycotoxins in oil matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Li
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Siyao Zhang
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Shukun Zhou
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiong Yin
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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Mbisana M, Rebagamang T, Mogopodi D, Chibua I. Development and validation of a QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method for determination of multiple mycotoxins in maize and sorghum from Botswana. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1141427. [PMID: 37746116 PMCID: PMC10512389 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1141427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Climatic conditions such as drought, high temperatures, and pre-harvest rainfalls promote the occurrence of mycotoxins in grains. Contamination of staple food sources such as maize and sorghum means that many populations are at risk of being poisoned by mycotoxins. Hence the need for sensitive methods for their simultaneous analysis. Herein, a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of ten mycotoxins in maize and sorghum is presented. The QuEChERS extraction procedure was optimized to maximize extraction recovery and minimize matrix effects while using relatively small quantities of organic solvents and acids. This method was validated according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, and Regulation (EC) no. 401/2006. The developed method met the specified requirements. Recoveries of 80.77% to 109.83% and CVs below 15% were obtained. The correlation coefficient values (R2) were all above 0.98, and low limits of quantification ranging from 0.53 to 89.28 µg/Kg were recorded. The method was applied to 10 maize and 10 sorghum samples collected from markets in Botswana. Half of the samples had detectable mycotoxins, Aflatoxins, Fumonisins, T2-toxin, HT2-toxin, and Zearalenone. Two maize samples had levels of aflatoxin B1 above the maximum permitted level (2.55, 4.07 µg/Kg). These findings point to the necessity of more stringent monitoring of mycotoxins, particularly AFB1 in maize, as well as the value of regular assessment using LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesha Mbisana
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Dikabo Mogopodi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Inonge Chibua
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
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Sharafi H, Alizadeh N, Moradi M, Sharafi K, Khaneghah AM. The prevalence and concentration of ochratoxin A in meat and edible offal: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 178:113921. [PMID: 37390956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in meat, edible offal, and meat products (MOP) was assessed through systematic review and meta-analysis. Four electronic databases were used to gather data from 1975 to September 15, 2022. Seventy-five articles comprising 8585 samples were identified and analyzed. The studies included in the analysis were conducted at a global level, with a predominant focus on Europe [72% (54/75)], Asia [13.33% (10/75)], Africa [13.33% (10/75)], and North America [1.33% (1/75)]. The overall prevalence of OTA in MOP was 39%. The highest and lowest prevalence percentages were recorded in Iraq (77%) and the USA (3%), respectively. Concerning food type, OTA prevalence was highest in the poultry gizzard (66%) and lowest in the cow liver (2%). The overall concentration of OTA in the MOP was 1.789 μg/kg. Poultry kidneys had the highest concentration of OTA (0.880-22.984 μg/kg), while pork had the lowest concentration (0.127-0.824 μg/kg). Conspicuous amounts of OTA contamination have been reported in fermented sausages. The lowest OTA concentration was found in Belgium (0.220 μg/kg) and the highest in Denmark (60.527μg/kg). These results can help food authorities minimize and control OTA in the MOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshmand Sharafi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - Negar Alizadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mehran Moradi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 1177, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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7
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Marins-Gonçalves L, Martins Ferreira M, Rocha Guidi L, De Souza D. Is chemical analysis suitable for detecting mycotoxins in agricultural commodities and foodstuffs? Talanta 2023; 265:124782. [PMID: 37339540 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the risks of mycotoxins to humans through consuming contaminated foods resulted in specific legislation that evaluates the presence, quantities, and type of mycotoxins in agricultural commodities and foodstuffs. Thus, to ensure compliance with legislation, food safety and consumer health, the development of suitable analytical procedures for identifying and quantifying mycotoxins in the free or modified form, in low-concentration and in complex samples is necessary. This review reports the application of the modern chemical methods of analysis employed in mycotoxin detection in agricultural commodities and foodstuffs. It is reported extraction methods with reasonable accuracy and those present characteristics according to guidelines of Green Analytical Chemistry. Recent trends in mycotoxins detection using analytical techniques are presented and discussed, evaluating the robustness, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity in the detection of different classes of mycotoxins. Sensitivity coming from modern chromatographic techniques allows the detection of very low concentrations of mycotoxins in complex samples. However, it is essential the development of more green, fast and more suitable accuracy extraction methods for mycotoxins, which agricultural commodities producers could use. Despite the high number of research reporting the use of chemically modified voltammetric sensors, mycotoxins detection still has limitations due to the low selectivity from similar chemical structures of mycotoxins. Furthermore, spectroscopic techniques are rarely employed due to the limited number of reference standards for calibration procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorranne Marins-Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Electroanalytical Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering (LEABE), Chemistry Institute, Uberlândia Federal University, Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Food Engineering, Chemistry Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University; Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil
| | - Mariana Martins Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Food Engineering, Chemistry Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University; Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rocha Guidi
- Postgraduate Program in Food Engineering, Chemistry Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University; Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil
| | - Djenaine De Souza
- Laboratory of Electroanalytical Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering (LEABE), Chemistry Institute, Uberlândia Federal University, Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Food Engineering, Chemistry Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University; Patos de Minas Campus, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG, 38700-002, Brazil.
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8
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Jin L, Liu W, Xiao Z, Yang H, Yu H, Dong C, Wu M. Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors for Mycotoxin Assay. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:653. [PMID: 37367018 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient detection of mycotoxins is of great significance in the field of food safety. In this review, several traditional and commercial detection methods are introduced, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), test strips, etc. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors have the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity. The use of ECL biosensors for mycotoxins detection has attracted great attention. According to the recognition mechanisms, ECL biosensors are mainly divided into antibody-based, aptamer-based, and molecular imprinting techniques. In this review, we focus on the recent effects towards the designation of diverse ECL biosensors in mycotoxins assay, mainly including their amplification strategies and working mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longsheng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weishuai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ziying Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haijian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huihui Yu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changxun Dong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meisheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
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Xia W, Fang X, Gao Y, Wu W, Han Y, Liu R, Yang H, Chen H, Gao H. Advances of stable isotope technology in food safety analysis and nutrient metabolism research. Food Chem 2023; 408:135191. [PMID: 36527919 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Food quality, safety, and the regulatory metabolism of food nutrients in cells are primary factors in determining human health. However, residues of undesirable or hazardous compounds in food products and dysregulation in the nutrient metabolism inevitably occur occasionally. For years, chromatography-mass spectrometry technology has been recognized as an essential research tool in food analysis and nutrient metabolism research, and it is more accurate and robust when coupled with stable isotopes. In this study, we summarize the applications of stable isotope technology in the quantification of contaminant residues (pesticides, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other hazardous compounds) in foods and in the nutrients (glucose, lipids, amino acids and proteins) metabolism research. The aim of this review was to serve as a reference for providing effective analysis techniques for protecting food quality and human health, and to pave the way for the broader application of stable isotope technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiangjun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Weijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yanchao Han
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Hangjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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10
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Chen M, Qileng A, Liang H, Lei H, Liu W, Liu Y. Advances in immunoassay-based strategies for mycotoxin detection in food: From single-mode immunosensors to dual-mode immunosensors. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1285-1311. [PMID: 36717757 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in foods and other goods has become a broad issue owing to serious toxicity, tremendous threat to public safety, and terrible loss of resources. Herein, it is necessary to develop simple, sensitive, inexpensive, and rapid platforms for the detection of mycotoxins. Currently, the limitation of instrumental and chemical methods cannot be massively applied in practice. Immunoassays are considered one of the best candidates for toxin detection due to their simplicity, rapidness, and cost-effectiveness. Especially, the field of dual-mode immunosensors and corresponding assays is rapidly developing as an advanced and intersected technology. So, this review summarized the types and detection principles of single-mode immunosensors including optical and electrical immunosensors in recent years, then focused on developing dual-mode immunosensors including integrated immunosensors and combined immunosensors to detect mycotoxins, as well as the combination of dual-mode immunosensors with a portable device for point-of-care test. The remaining challenges were discussed with the aim of stimulating future development of dual-mode immunosensors to accelerate the transformation of scientific laboratory technologies into easy-to-operate and rapid detection platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aori Qileng
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Augustin Mihalache O, Carbonell-Rozas L, Cutroneo S, Dall'Asta C. Multi-mycotoxin determination in plant-based meat alternatives and exposure assessment. Food Res Int 2023; 168:112766. [PMID: 37120216 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to fill in the gap regarding the occurrence of mycotoxins in plant-based meat alternatives. Hence, a multi-mycotoxin method (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, and mycotoxins from the Alternaria alternata genera) was developed followed by an exposure assessment for the Italian consumers' exposure to mycotoxins. A total of 13 meat alternatives samples based on soy, pea, chickpea, lupin, and seitan were analysed. With the exception of seitan, all of the remaining samples were contaminated with one mycotoxin or mixtures of up to seven mycotoxins. The level of contamination was as low as 0.2 μg/kg alternariol methyl ether and as high as 66.9 μg/kg fumonisin B1. To analyse the exposure to mycotoxins due to plant-based meat alternatives consumption we used the consumption meat data from the Food and Agriculture Organization for Italian adult consumers and simulated a full replacement of meat with plant-based meat alternatives. Based on our model, consumption of plant-based meat alternatives led to a non-tolerable exposure to alternariol (hazard index (HI) > 1) in pea-based burger and soy + wheat-based steak, while samples contaminated with aflatoxins, respectively ochratoxin A, indicated a health concern related to liver and renal cancer (margin of exposure (MOE) < 10,000). This is the first study that presents the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in multiple plant-based meat alternatives. Moreover, these results indicate that there is a need for policymakers to consider the regulation of mycotoxins in plant-based meat alternatives in order to ensure consumers' safety.
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12
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Tao Q, Tang N, OuYang S, Jiang Y, Luo Y, Liu Y, Xiong X. Rapid Visual Screening of OTA Based on Multicolor Electrochemiluminescence. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Mihalache OA, Dellafiora L, Dall'Asta C. Risk–benefit assessment of shifting from traditional meat‐based diets to alternative dietary patterns. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200919. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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14
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Acuña-Gutiérrez C, Jiménez VM, Müller J. Occurrence of mycotoxins in pulses. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4002-4017. [PMID: 35876644 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pulses, dry grains of the Fabaceae family used for food and feed, are particularly important agricultural products with increasing commercial and nutritional relevance. Similar to other plant commodities, pulses can be affected by fungi in the field and during postharvest. Some of these fungi produce mycotoxins, which can seriously threaten human and animal health by causing acute poisoning and chronic effects. In this review, information referring to the analysis and occurrence of these compounds in pulses is summarized. An overview of the aims pursued, and of the methodologies employed for mycotoxin analysis in the different reports is presented, followed by a comprehensive review of relevant articles on mycotoxins in pulses, categorized according to the geographical region, among other considerations. Moreover, special attention was given to the effect of climatic conditions on microorganism infestation and mycotoxin accumulation. Furthermore, the limited literature available was considered to look for possible correlations between the degree of fungal infection and the mycotoxin incidence in pulses. In addition, the potential effect of certain phenolic compounds on reducing fungi infestation and mycotoxin accumulation was reviewed with examples on beans. Emphasis was also given to a specific group of mycotoxins, the phomopsins, that mainly impact lupin. Finally, the negative consequences of mycotoxin accumulation on the physiology and development of contaminated seeds and seedlings are presented, focusing on the few reports available on pulses. Given the agricultural and nutritional potential that pulses offer for human well-being, their promotion should be accompanied by attention to food safety issues, and mycotoxins might be among the most serious threats. Practical Application: According to the manuscript template available in the website, this section is for "JFS original research manuscripts ONLY; optional". Since we are publishing in CRFSFS this requirement will not be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Acuña-Gutiérrez
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Tropics and Subtropics Group (440e), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,CIGRAS, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Víctor M Jiménez
- CIGRAS, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,IIA, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Tropics and Subtropics Group (440e), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Panda D, Dash BP, Manickam S, Boczkaj G. Recent advancements in LC-MS based analysis of biotoxins: Present and future challenges. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:766-803. [PMID: 33624883 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There has been a rising concern regarding the harmful impact of biotoxins, source of origin, and the determination of the specific type of toxin. With numerous reports on their extensive spread, biotoxins pose a critical challenge to figure out their parent groups, metabolites, and concentration. In that aspect, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based analysis paves the way for its accurate identification and quantification. The biotoxins are ideally categorized as phytotoxins, mycotoxins, shellfish-toxins, ciguatoxins, cyanotoxins, and bacterial toxins such as tetrodotoxins. Considering the diverse nature of biotoxins, both low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been implemented for their detection. The sample preparation strategy for complex matrix usually includes "QuEChERS" extraction or solid-phase extraction coupled with homogenization and centrifugation. For targeted analysis of biotoxins, the LRMS consisting of a tandem mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode has been widely implemented. With the help of the reference standard, most of the toxins were accurately quantified. At the same time, the suspect screening and nontarget screening approach are facilitated by the HRMS platforms during the absence of reference standards. Significant progress has also been made in sampling device employment, utilizing novel sample preparation strategies, synthesizing toxin standards, employing hybrid MS platforms, and the associated data interpretation. This critical review attempts to elucidate the progress in LC-MS based analysis in the determination of biotoxins while pointing out major challenges and suggestions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Panda
- Center of Excellence (CoE), Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Odisha, India
| | - Bisnu P Dash
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Odisha, India
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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16
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Augustin Mihalache O, Dellafiora L, Dall'Asta C. A systematic review of natural toxins occurrence in plant commodities used for plant-based meat alternatives production. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Gützkow KL, Al Ayoubi C, Vasco LS, Rohn S, Maul R. Analysis of ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1 and its biosynthetic precursors in cheese – Method development and market sample screening. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Fungal flora and mycotoxin contamination in tea: Current status, detection methods and dietary risk assessment - A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Wang M, He J, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Xu P, Zhang X, Li Y, Chen J, He L. Application of magnetic hydroxyapatite surface-imprinted polymers in pretreatment for detection of zearalenone in cereal samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1201-1202:123297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Lijalem YG, Gab-Allah MA, Choi K, Kim B. Development of isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the accurate determination of zearalenone and its metabolites in corn. Food Chem 2022; 384:132483. [PMID: 35202990 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A method using isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MS/MS) was developed for the accurate determination of zearalenone (ZEN) and its five major metabolites in corn. 13C- or 2H-labeled analogues of the target mycotoxins were used as internal standards. As the immunoaffinity columns used demonstrated selectivity to a specific chiral isomer of a racemic mixture of zearalanone-d6, a clean-up cartridge without stereoselectivity (Mycosep 226 column) was selected for the same recovery of the analyte and its internal standard with adequate elimination of matrix interferences. The method demonstrated sufficient selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision over a concentration range of 20-400 µg/kg. The limit of detections and limit of quantifications were 0.14-0.33 µg/kg and 0.45-1.11 µg/kg, respectively. The accuracy values were 96.7%-103.6%, with intra and inter-day precisions of less than 3% and 4%, respectively. The expanded measurement uncertainty was less than 7% (with a 95% confidence level).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Getachew Lijalem
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; National Metrology Institute of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa P. O. Box: 5722, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed A Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, Tersa St, Haram, P. O. Box: 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea.
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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21
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Kunz BM, Pförtner L, Weigel S, Rohn S, Lehmacher A, Maul R. Growth and toxin production of phomopsin A and ochratoxin A forming fungi under different storage conditions in a pea (Pisum sativum) model system. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:37-50. [PMID: 34921667 PMCID: PMC8816495 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phomopsins are mycotoxins mainly infesting lupines, with phomopsin A (PHOA) being the main mycotoxin. PHOA is produced by Diaporthe toxica, formerly assigned as toxigenic Phomopsis leptostromiformis, causing infections in lupine plants and harvested seeds. However, Diaporthe species may also grow on other grain legumes, similar to Aspergillus westerdijkiae as an especially potent ochratoxin A (OTA) producer. Formation of PHOA and OTA was investigated on whole field peas as model system to assess fungal growth and toxin production at adverse storage conditions. Field pea samples were inoculated with the two fungal strains at two water activity (aw) values of 0.94 and 0.98 and three different levels of 30, 50, and 80% relative air humidity.After 14 days at an aw value of 0.98, the fungi produced 4.49 to 34.3 mg/kg PHOA and 1.44 to 3.35 g/kg OTA, respectively. Strains of D. toxica also tested showed higher PHOA concentrations of 28.3 to 32.4 mg/kg.D. toxica strains did not grow or produce PHOA at an aw values of 0.94, while A. westerdijkiae still showed growth and OTA production.Elevated water activity has a major impact both on OTA and, even more pronouncedly, on PHOA formation and thus, proper drying and storage of lupins as well as other grain legumes is crucial for product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Maria Kunz
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science (HSFS), University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Pförtner
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science (HSFS), University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
- Food Microbiology, Institute for Hygiene and Environment Hamburg, Marckmannstraße 129a, 20539, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science (HSFS), University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anselm Lehmacher
- Food Microbiology, Institute for Hygiene and Environment Hamburg, Marckmannstraße 129a, 20539, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
- Department Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103, Kiel, Germany.
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22
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Wang W, Zhang Q, Ma F, Li P. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins, fumonisin B 1, T-2 and cyclopiazonic acid in agri-products by immunomagnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2022; 378:132020. [PMID: 35033719 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.132020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a rapid and sensitive determination method of seven mycotoxins was developed using immunomagnetic solid-phase extraction (IMPSE) coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS. Monoclonal antibodies were conjugated with CNBr superparamagnetic beads, and the major parameters affecting the IMPSE efficiency were systematically investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the mycotoxins were purified with the IMSPE procedure within 15 min and simultaneously quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS. Good linearities of the analytic method were established with the determination coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.9952 to 0.9997. The limit of quantifications were 0.04 µg kg-1 ∼ 0.16 µg kg-1, which fully satisfied the regulatory maximum levels. The recoveries were 84.5-112.7% with intra-day and inter-day precision less than 15.2%. Finally, the proposed IMSPE-UHPLC-MS/MS was successfully utilized to analyze seven mycotoxins in peanut, maize, and wheat, providing a simple and robust extraction and enrichment procedure of hydrophilic and zwitterionic analytes from complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
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23
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Mackay N, Marley E, Leeman D, Poplawski C, Donnelly C. OUP accepted manuscript. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1330-1340. [PMID: 35258598 PMCID: PMC9446684 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Regulations limiting aflatoxin levels in animal feed and guidance values for maximum levels for fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZON), HT-2, and T-2 toxins are in place both to protect animal health and to minimize potential transfer to animal products for human consumption. A multi-mycotoxin method which can handle complex feed matrices such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is essential for analysis and accurate quantification without the need to revert to separately analyze individual mycotoxins. Objective The objective of this study is to generate single laboratory validation data for a method employing a multi-antibody immunoaffinity column (IAC) capable of providing cleanup for eleven mycotoxins, followed by LC–MS/MS quantification without the need for isotopic labelled and matrix-matched standards. The applicability of method is to be demonstrated for corn feed, pig feed, and DDGS by fortification and naturally occurring mycotoxins covering the range of regulated limits. Methods Feed sample (1 kg) ground by milling to approximately 1–2 mm particle size and sub-sample (5 g) extracted with acetonitrile–water–formic acid, passing through a multi-mycotoxin IAC, washing, and eluting prior to LC–MS/MS analysis monitoring selected ion transitions. Results Recoveries were in the range 74 to 117% (excluding five outliers) for aflatoxins, FB1, FB2, DON, OTA, ZON, HT-2, and T2- toxins spiked into three commercial animal feed matrixes (n = 84) and within-day RSDs averaged 1.7 to 10.3% (n = 99). Conclusion Single laboratory validation of a multi-antibody IAC method coupled with LC–MS/MS has shown the method to be suitable for accurate quantification of eleven regulated mycotoxins in DDGS, pig feed, and poultry feed. Highlights IAC method capable of accurately quantifying eleven regulated mycotoxins in complex feed matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaine Marley
- R-Biopharm Rhone Ltd, Block 10, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Rd, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK
| | - Dave Leeman
- R-Biopharm Rhone Ltd, Block 10, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Rd, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK
| | - Cezary Poplawski
- R-Biopharm Rhone Ltd, Block 10, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Rd, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK
| | - Carol Donnelly
- R-Biopharm Rhone Ltd, Block 10, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Rd, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK
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Wu J, Ali S, Ouyang Q, Wang L, Rong Y, Chen Q. Highly specific and sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 in food based on upconversion nanoparticles-black phosphorus nanosheets aptasensor. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Nunes MDGP, Pizzutti IR, Brackmann A, Reichert B, Zorzella Fontana ME, Duarte Dos Santos I, Cuti LK, Jänisch BD, Panciera MP, Ludwig V, Cardoso CD. Multimycotoxin Determination in Grains: A Comprehensive Study on Method Validation and Assessment of Effectiveness of Controlled Atmosphere Storage in Preventing Mycotoxin Contamination. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11440-11450. [PMID: 34520209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two simple and low-cost QuEChERS approaches were optimized and validated for multimycotoxin determination in grains by UPLC-MS/MS and applied to assess effectiveness of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage in preventing mycotoxin contamination. Common bean, soybean, and maize samples were stored for 6 months. CA treatments were conducted varying O2 and CO2 partial pressures, temperatures, and moisture contents of the chambers. In the validation study for common bean and maize, 8 out of 11 mycotoxins were successfully validated. For soybean, 10 out of 11 mycotoxins were validated. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in all commodities. Statistical tests suggest that storage temperature played a key role in aflatoxin B1 concentrations in common bean and soybean, but had no influence on maize. Maize was also positive for fumonisins B1 and B2. Differences in fumonisin concentrations were not significant among different treatments. Concentrations of aflatoxin B1 in some samples exceeded legislation's maximum levels. Thus, some of the CA treatments applied were effective in preventing mycotoxin contamination in common bean and soybean but were not effective for maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da Graça Pereira Nunes
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ionara Regina Pizzutti
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Auri Brackmann
- Plant Science Department, Postharvest Research Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Reichert
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marlos Eduardo Zorzella Fontana
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Duarte Dos Santos
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97015-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lisandra Kopp Cuti
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Daiana Jänisch
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Matheus Pelizzaro Panciera
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ludwig
- Plant Science Department, Postharvest Research Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carmem Dickow Cardoso
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Pinto L, Santos A, Vargas E, Madureira F, Faria A, Augusti R. Validation of an analytical method based on QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS to quantify nine mycotoxins in plant-based milk. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based beverages (popularly known as vegetable milk) have become increasingly important in recent years. However, the nonexistence of information on mycotoxin contamination is noticeable. We herein describe the development and validation of an analytical methodology that employs QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of nine mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, fumonisins B1 and B2, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and citreoviridin) in seven types of vegetable milk (peanut, oat, rice, cashew, maize, soybean, and coconut). The method provided the following quantification limits, recoveries at the lowest validated concentration and relative standard deviations under repeatability conditions at the lowest validated concentration, respectively: aflatoxin B1 (0.023 μg/l, 84.98 and 9.23%); aflatoxin B2 (0.024 μg/, 93.00 and 4.85%); aflatoxin G1 (0.057 μg/l, 98.85 and 5.53%); aflatoxin G2 (0.031 μg/l, 96.64 and 4.08%); fumonisin B1 (2.166 μg/l, 75.55 and 16.78%); fumonisin B2 (1.105 μg/l, 70.47 and 11.89%); ochratoxin A (0.104 μg/l, 72.05 and 5.12%); zearalenone (8.093 μg/l, 107.10 and 6.37%); citreoviridin (1.305 μg/l, 97.25 and 7.28%). The method uses small amounts of samples, solvents, and other inexpensive reagents with no need for laborious clean-up and pre-concentration steps. Its attractive characteristics (simplicity, low cost compared to procedures that use immunoaffinity columns, and full compatibility with routine analyses) make it potentially valuable. As a proof-of-principle, the validated methodology was applied to seven commercial samples of different compositions showing that some were contaminated with aflatoxins and ochratoxin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte/MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - A. Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte/MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - E. Vargas
- Laboratory of Quality Control and Food Safety, Av. Raja Gabaglia 245, Belo Horizonte/MG, 30380-103, Brazil
| | - F. Madureira
- Laboratory of Quality Control and Food Safety, Av. Raja Gabaglia 245, Belo Horizonte/MG, 30380-103, Brazil
| | - A. Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte/MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - R. Augusti
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte/MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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Li R, Wen Y, Yang L, Liu A, Wang F, He P. Dual quantum dot nanobeads-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay for simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone in feedstuffs. Food Chem 2021; 366:130527. [PMID: 34284186 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel dual quantum dot nanobeads-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (QBs-FLISA) was successfully developed for simultaneously detecting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) in feedstuffs. Dual CdSe/ZnS quantum dot nanobeads with different diameters that emit red and green fluorescence were conjugated with anti-AFB1 and anti-ZEN monoclonal antibodies to prepare fluorescent probes, which greatly enhance analytical performance. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection for AFB1 and ZEN were 9.3 and 102.1 pg mL-1, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 82.50% to 116.21% with relative standard deviation less than 11.3%. Compared with traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, detection sensitivities of AFB1 and ZEN using QBs-FLISA were increased 20 and 5 folds, respectively. In addition, results of feedstuff samples analyzed by QBs-FLISA and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry showed a good agreement (R2 = 0.99).
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Luqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Anguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fenglai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Pingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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A simple and low-cost sample preparation for the effective extraction, purification and enrichment of aflatoxins in wheat by combining with ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Salim SA, Sukor R, Ismail MN, Selamat J. Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) and LC-MS/MS Analysis for Multi-Mycotoxin in Rice Bran: Method Development, Optimization and Validation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040280. [PMID: 33920815 PMCID: PMC8071159 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bran, a by-product of the rice milling process, has emerged as a functional food and being used in formulation of healthy food and drinks. However, rice bran is often contaminated with numerous mycotoxins. In this study, a method to simultaneous detection of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), sterigmatocystin (STG), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and zearalenone (ZEA) in rice bran was developed, optimized and validated using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In DLLME, using a solvent mixture of methanol/water (80:20, v/v) as the dispersive solvent and chloroform as the extraction solvent with the addition of 5% salt improved the extraction recoveries (63–120%). The developed method was further optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Under the optimized experimental conditions, good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.990 and a limit of detection (LOD) between 0.5 to 50 ng g−1. The recoveries ranged from 70.2% to 99.4% with an RSD below 1.28%. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze multi-mycotoxin in 24 rice bran samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiyatul Akmal Salim
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (S.A.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Rashidah Sukor
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.A.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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30
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Reinholds I, Jansons M, Fedorenko D, Pugajeva I, Zute S, Bartkiene E, Bartkevics V. Mycotoxins in cereals and pulses harvested in Latvia by nanoLC-Orbitrap MS. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2021; 14:115-123. [PMID: 33648416 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1892204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven mycotoxins in unprocessed cereals (n = 110) and pulses (n = 23) harvested in Latvia were analysed by nanoflow liquid chromatography combined with Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. One or more mycotoxins were found in 99% of the cereals and 78% of the pulses. Deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and T-2 and HT-2 toxins were prevalent in 9 to 86% of the cereals, mostly below their maximum levels as set by the European regulations. Non-regulated type A and B trichothecenes were prevalent in 5 to 87% of the cereals, at concentrations of 0.27-83 µg kg-1 and 1.7-4,781 µg kg-1, respectively. Quantification of emerging mycotoxins was also provided. Enniatins were detected in 94% of the cereals (3.5-2,073 µg kg-1) and 13% of the pulses (4.4-17 µg kg-1). Alternaria toxins were prevalent in 94% of the cereals at concentrations of 0.72-307 µg kg-1 and in 39% of the pulses at 0.69-10 µg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingars Reinholds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Jansons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Deniss Fedorenko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia
| | - Sanita Zute
- Stende Research Centre, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics (AREI), Riga, Latvia
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Sohrabi H, Arbabzadeh O, Khaaki P, Khataee A, Majidi MR, Orooji Y. Patulin and Trichothecene: characteristics, occurrence, toxic effects and detection capabilities via clinical, analytical and nanostructured electrochemical sensing/biosensing assays in foodstuffs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5540-5568. [PMID: 33624529 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1887077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patulin and Trichothecene as the main groups of mycotoxins in significant quantities can cause health risks from allergic reactions to death on both humans and animals. Accordingly, rapid and highly sensitive determination of these toxics agents is of great importance. This review starts with a comprehensive outlook regarding the characteristics, occurrence and toxic effects of Patulin and Trichothecene. In the following, numerous clinical and analytical approaches have been extensively discussed. The main emphasis of this review is placed on the utilization of novel nanomaterial based electrochemical sensing/biosensing tools for highly sensitive determination of Patulin and Trichothecene. Furthermore, a detailed and comprehensive comparison has been performed between clinical, analytical and sensing methods. Subsequently, the nanomaterial based electrochemical sensing platforms have been approved as reliable tools for on-site analysis of Patulin and Trichothecene in food processing and manufacturing industries. Different nanomaterials in improving the performance of detecting assays were investigated and have various benefits toward clinical and analytical methods. This paper would address the limitations in the current developments as well as the future challenges involved in the successful construction of sensing approaches with the functionalized nanomaterials and also allow exploring into core-research works regarding this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessamaddin Sohrabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Arbabzadeh
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pegah Khaaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Рeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mir Reza Majidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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33
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Tittlemier S, Brunkhorst J, Cramer B, DeRosa M, Lattanzio V, Malone R, Maragos C, Stranska M, Sumarah M. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2019-2020. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises developments on the analysis of various matrices for mycotoxins published in the period from mid-2019 to mid-2020. Notable developments in all aspects of mycotoxin analysis, from sampling and quality assurance/quality control of analytical results, to the various detection and quantitation technologies ranging from single mycotoxin biosensors to comprehensive instrumental methods are presented and discussed. Aside from sampling and quality control, discussion of this past year’s developments is organised by detection and quantitation technology and covers chromatography with targeted or non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, detection other than mass spectrometry, biosensors, as well as assays that use alternatives to antibodies. This critical review aims to briefly present the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of the presented methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main St, Winnipeg, MB, R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - J. Brunkhorst
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - B. Cramer
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M.C. DeRosa
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Stranska
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - M.W. Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
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34
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Current role of modern chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of mycotoxins in food. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Kunz BM, Voß A, Dalichow J, Weigel S, Rohn S, Maul R. Impact of experimental thermal processing of artificially contaminated pea products on ochratoxin A and phomopsin A. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:63-78. [PMID: 33068264 PMCID: PMC7819913 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium genus can infect peas (Pisum sativum), leading to a contamination with the nephrotoxic and carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA). Under unfavourable conditions, a fungus primarily found on lupines, Diapothe toxica, may also grow on peas and produce the hepatotoxic phomopsin A (PHOA). To study the effect of processing on OTA and PHOA content, two model products-wheat/rye-mixed bread with pea flour addition and pea pasta-were manufactured at small-business scale from artificially contaminated pea flour. The decrease of OTA and PHOA contents were monitored along the production process as indicators for toxin transformation. Pea bread dough was subjected to proofing for 30-40 min at 32 °C and baked at 250 °C to 230 °C for 40 min. OTA content (LODs < 0.1 μg/kg) showed a reduction in the bread crust (initially 17.0 μg/kg) to 88% and no reduction in the crumb (110%). For PHOA (LODs < 3.6 μg/kg), a decrease to approximately 21% occurred in the bread crust (initially 12.5 μg/kg), whilst for crumb, a less intense decrease to 91% was found. Pea pasta prepared with two toxin levels was extruded at room temperature, dried and cooked for 8 min in boiling water. In pea pasta, OTA was reduced from 29.8 to 13.9 μg/kg by 22% each after cooking, whilst 15% and 10% of the initial toxin amounts were found in the cooking water, respectively. For PHOA, 60% and 78% of initially 14.3 μg/kg and 7.21 μg/kg remained in the cooked pasta. As only the decrease of the initial content was measured and no specific degradation products could be detected, further research is needed to characterise potential transformation products. Heat treatment reduces the initial PHOA content stronger than the OTA content during pasta cooking and bread making. However, significant amounts of both toxins would remain in the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Maria Kunz
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Voß
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research (ILU) e. V., Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 40-41, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Julia Dalichow
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research (ILU) e. V., Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 40-41, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 , Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research (ILU) e. V., Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 40-41, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ronald Maul
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Max Rubner Institute, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103, Kiel, Germany
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36
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Efremenko E, Maslova O, Stepanov N, Ismailov A. Using Cholinesterases and Immobilized Luminescent Photobacteria for the Express-Analysis of Mycotoxins and Estimating the Efficiency of Their Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:34. [PMID: 33418863 PMCID: PMC7825120 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel sensitive analytical agents that can be used for simple, affordable, and rapid analysis of mycotoxins are urgently needed in scientific practice, especially for the screening of perspective bio-destructors of the toxic contaminants. We compared the characteristics of a rapid quantitative analysis of different mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone) using acetyl-, butyrylcholinesterases and photobacterial strains of luminescent cells in the current study. The best bioindicators in terms of sensitivity and working range (μg/mL) were determined as follows: Photobacterium sp. 17 cells for analysis of deoxynivalenol (0.8-89) and patulin (0.2-32); Photobacterium sp. 9.2 cells for analysis of ochratoxin A (0.4-72) and zearalenone (0.2-32); acetylcholinesterase for analysis of sterigmatocystin (0.12-219). The cells were found to be more sensitive than enzymes. The assayed strains of photobacterial cells ensured 44%-83% lower limit of detection for deoxynivalenol and sterigmatocystin as compared to the previously known data for immobilized luminescent cells, and the range of working concentrations was extended by a factor of 1.5-3.5. Calibration curves for the quantitative determination of patulin using immobilized photobacteria were presented in this work for the first time. This calibration was applied to estimate the enzyme efficiency for hydrolyzing mycotoxins using zearalenone and His6-tagged organophosphorus hydrolase as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosigina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Maslova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikolay Stepanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (N.S.)
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosigina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anvar Ismailov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/12, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
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Gab-Allah MA, Choi K, Kim B. Development of isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the accurate determination of type-A trichothecenes in grains. Food Chem 2020; 344:128698. [PMID: 33272759 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a highly accurate method based on isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of four major type-A trichothecenes in cereal grains. Uniformly labeled [13C] analogues of the target analytes were used as internal standards. An expedient sample preparation procedure was established. After extraction with acetonitrile/water (84:16; v/v), further clean-up was performed using MycoSep 227 solid-phase extraction cartridges. Unlike the commonly used immunoaffinity columns having strong selectivity for only certain target analytes, the cartridges allowed the simultaneous recovery of all four mycotoxins and efficient elimination of co-extracted matrix interferences. The ID-LC-MS/MS method exhibited very good analytical performance in the concentration range of 10-200 µg/kg; accuracy ranged from 97 to 103% with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations of less than 5% and 4%, respectively. Measurement uncertainties were generally below 5%. The applicability of the method was assessed by measuring the target mycotoxins in several samples at sub-µg/kg levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, Tersa St, Haram, P. O. Box: 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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38
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Etching of halloysite nanotubes hollow imprinted materials as adsorbent for extracting of Zearalenone from grain samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based assay for the rapid and sensitive group-specific detection of fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 325:108627. [PMID: 32334331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins that contaminate maize and maize-based food products, and feed. They have been associated with nerve system disorders in horses, pulmonary edema in swine as well as neural tube defects and esophageal cancer in humans. The fum1 gene codes for a polyketide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of fumonisins. It is present in the genomes of all fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. Reliable detection of fum1 can provide an estimate of the toxicological potential of cultures and food sources. Therefore, a fum1 specific LAMP assay was developed and tested with purified DNA of 48 different species from the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). The fum1 gene was detected in 22 species among which F. fujikuroi, F. globosum, F. nygamai, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides were the most prominent fumonisin producers. None out of 92 tested non-Fusarium species showed cross reactions with the new assay. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) was 5 pg of genomic DNA per reaction for F. fujikuroi, F. nygamai and F. verticillioides. Higher LODs were found for other LAMP positive species. Apart from pure genomic DNA, the LAMP assay detected fumonisin-producers when 103 conidia/reaction were used as template after mechanical lysis. LAMP-results were well correlated with FB1 production. This is the first report on fumonisin production in strains of F. annanatum, F. coicis, F. mundagurra, F. newnesense, F. pininemorale, F. sororula, F. tjataeba, F. udum and F. werrikimbe. Usefulness of the LAMP assay was demonstrated by analyzing fumonisin contaminated maize grains. The new LAMP assay is rapid, sensitive and reliable for the diagnosis of typical fumonisin producers and can be a versatile tool in HACCP concepts that target the reduction of fumonisins in the food and feed chain.
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