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Fiege JL, Woll B, Hebig S, Dabrowski A, Gräf V, Walz E, Nöbel S, Schrader K, Stahl M. Observation of a temperature dependent anomaly in the UV translucency of milk useful for UV-C preservation techniques. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21937. [PMID: 38081890 PMCID: PMC10713634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk fat globules and casein micelles are the dispersed particles of milk that are responsible for its typical white turbid appearance and usually make it difficult to treat with modern ultraviolet light (UV) preservation techniques. The translucency of milk depends largely on the refractive indices of the dispersed particles, which are directly affected by temperature changes, as incorporated triglycerides can crystallize, melt or transition into other polymorphs. These structural changes have a significant effect on the scattering properties and thus on the UV light propagation in milk, especially by milk fat globules. In this study, a temporary minimum in the optical density of milk was observed within UV wavelength at 14 °C when heating the milk from 6 to 40 °C. This anomaly is consistent with structural changes detected by a distinct endothermic peak at 14 °C using differential scanning calorimetry. Apparently, the optical density anomaly between 10 and 20 °C disappears when the polymorphic transition already has proceeded through previous isothermal equilibration. Thus, melting of equilibrated triglycerides may not affect the RI of milk fat globules at ca. 14 °C as much as melt-mediated polymorphic transitioning. An increased efficiency of UV-C preservation (254 nm) at the translucency optimum was demonstrated by temperature-dependent microbial inactivation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaayke L Fiege
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Woll
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Hebig
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexandra Dabrowski
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 24103, Kiel, Germany
| | - Volker Gräf
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elke Walz
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Nöbel
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 24103, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katrin Schrader
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 24103, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mario Stahl
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Ferrario PG, Bub A, Frommherz L, Krüger R, Rist MJ, Watzl B. A new statistical workflow (R-packages based) to investigate associations between one variable of interest and the metabolome. Metabolomics 2023; 20:2. [PMID: 38036896 PMCID: PMC10689553 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In metabolomics, the investigation of associations between the metabolome and one trait of interest is a key research question. However, statistical analyses of such associations are often challenging. Statistical tools enabling resilient verification and clear presentation are therefore highly desired. OBJECTIVES Our aim is to provide a contribution for statistical analysis of metabolomics data, offering a widely applicable open-source statistical workflow, which considers the intrinsic complexity of metabolomics data. METHODS We combined selected R packages tailored for all properties of heterogeneous metabolomics datasets, where metabolite parameters typically (i) are analyzed in different matrices, (ii) are measured on different analytical platforms with different precision, (iii) are analyzed by targeted as well as non-targeted methods, (iv) are scaled variously, (v) reveal heterogeneous variances, (vi) may be correlated, (vii) may have only few values or values below a detection limit, or (viii) may be incomplete. RESULTS The code is shared entirely and freely available. The workflow output is a table of metabolites associated with a trait of interest and a compact plot for high-quality results visualization. The workflow output and its utility are presented by applying it to two previously published datasets: one dataset from our own lab and another dataset taken from the repository MetaboLights. CONCLUSION Robustness and benefits of the statistical workflow were clearly demonstrated, and everyone can directly re-use it for analysis of own data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola G Ferrario
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Achim Bub
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lara Frommherz
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Krüger
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manuela J Rist
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernhard Watzl
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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von Süßkind-Schwendi M, Dötsch A, Haberland V, Ferrario P, Krüger R, Louis S, Döring M, Graf D. Addition of soluble fiber to standard purified diets is important for gut morphology in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19340. [PMID: 37935741 PMCID: PMC10630450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purified diets (PD) increase standardization and repeatability in rodent studies but lead to differences in the phenotype of animals compared to grain-based "chow" diets. PD contain less fiber and are often devoid of soluble fiber, which can impact gut health. Thus, the aim of the present study was to modify the PD AIN93G by addition of soluble fiber, to promote more natural gut development as seen with chow diets. One hundred twenty male C57BL/6J mice were fed over 12 weeks either a chow diet, AIN93G or one of three modified AIN93G with increased fiber content and different ratios of soluble fiber to cellulose. Gut health was assessed through histological and immunohistochemical parameters and gut barrier gene expression. Gut microbiota composition was analyzed and its activity characterized through short chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantification. Feeding AIN93G led to tissue atrophy, a less diverse microbiota and a lower production of SCFA compared to chow diet. The addition of soluble fiber mitigated these effects, leading to intermediate colon and caecum crypt lengths and microbiota composition compared to both control diets. In conclusion, the addition of soluble fibers in PDs seems essential for gut morphology as well as a diverse and functional gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta von Süßkind-Schwendi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI)-Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Dötsch
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI)-Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vivien Haberland
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI)-Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paola Ferrario
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI)-Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Krüger
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI)-Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sandrine Louis
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI)-Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maik Döring
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI)-Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- National Reference Centre for Authentic Food, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI)-Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, E.-C.-Baumann-Straße 20, 95326, Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Daniela Graf
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI)-Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Pascari X, Weigel S, Marin S, Sanchis V, Maul R. Detection and quantification of zearalenone and its modified forms in enzymatically treated oat and wheat flour. J Food Sci Technol 2023; 60:1367-1375. [PMID: 36936126 PMCID: PMC10020390 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for the analysis of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) and its modified forms was developed. Sample preparation was performed based on a modified QuEChERS method combined with liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detection. The method was tested for linearity, precision, limits of detection and quantification and recoveries. The evaluation of the above-mentioned parameters was performed on oat flour. The method was applied to oat and wheat flours that were submitted to an amylolytic treatment (α-amylase and amyloglucosidase), similar to the one used in the cereal-based baby food production process. A decrease in β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) and β-ZEL-14-sulfate of approximately 40% after 90 min incubation was observed, the other analytes did not show any significant changes. To our knowledge, this is the first method that approaches the identification and assessment of ZEN-sulfate derivates in a cereal matrix. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05683-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Pascari
- grid.15043.330000 0001 2163 1432Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Stefan Weigel
- grid.417830.90000 0000 8852 3623Department Safety in the Food Chain, BfR German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Marin
- grid.15043.330000 0001 2163 1432Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- grid.15043.330000 0001 2163 1432Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Ronald Maul
- grid.417830.90000 0000 8852 3623Department Safety in the Food Chain, BfR German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- grid.72925.3b0000 0001 1017 8329Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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Kunz BM, Pförtner L, Weigel S, Rohn S, Lehmacher A, Maul R. Growth and toxin production of phomopsin A and ochratoxin A forming fungi under different storage conditions in a pea (Pisum sativum) model system. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:37-50. [PMID: 34921667 PMCID: PMC8816495 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phomopsins are mycotoxins mainly infesting lupines, with phomopsin A (PHOA) being the main mycotoxin. PHOA is produced by Diaporthe toxica, formerly assigned as toxigenic Phomopsis leptostromiformis, causing infections in lupine plants and harvested seeds. However, Diaporthe species may also grow on other grain legumes, similar to Aspergillus westerdijkiae as an especially potent ochratoxin A (OTA) producer. Formation of PHOA and OTA was investigated on whole field peas as model system to assess fungal growth and toxin production at adverse storage conditions. Field pea samples were inoculated with the two fungal strains at two water activity (aw) values of 0.94 and 0.98 and three different levels of 30, 50, and 80% relative air humidity.After 14 days at an aw value of 0.98, the fungi produced 4.49 to 34.3 mg/kg PHOA and 1.44 to 3.35 g/kg OTA, respectively. Strains of D. toxica also tested showed higher PHOA concentrations of 28.3 to 32.4 mg/kg.D. toxica strains did not grow or produce PHOA at an aw values of 0.94, while A. westerdijkiae still showed growth and OTA production.Elevated water activity has a major impact both on OTA and, even more pronouncedly, on PHOA formation and thus, proper drying and storage of lupins as well as other grain legumes is crucial for product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Maria Kunz
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science (HSFS), University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Pförtner
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science (HSFS), University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
- Food Microbiology, Institute for Hygiene and Environment Hamburg, Marckmannstraße 129a, 20539, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science (HSFS), University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anselm Lehmacher
- Food Microbiology, Institute for Hygiene and Environment Hamburg, Marckmannstraße 129a, 20539, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
- Department Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103, Kiel, Germany.
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Schamann A, Schmidt-Heydt M, Geisen R. Analysis of the competitiveness between a non-aflatoxigenic and an aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strain on maize kernels by droplet digital PCR. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 38:27-36. [PMID: 34913138 PMCID: PMC8816369 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains are used as a biocontrol system on maize fields to decrease the aflatoxin biosynthesis of aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains. A. flavus strain AF36 was the first commercially available biocontrol strain and is authorized for use on maize fields by the US Environmental Protection Agency, e.g., in Texas and Arizona. A droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay was developed to analyze the mechanisms of competition and interaction of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains. This assay enables the parallel identification and quantification of the biocontrol strain A. flavus AF36 and the aflatoxigenic A. flavus strain MRI19. To test the assay, spores of both strains were mixed in varying ratios and were incubated on maize-based agar or maize kernels for up to 20 days. Genomic equivalent ratios (genome copy numbers) of both strains were determined by ddPCR at certain times after incubation and were compared to the spore ratios used for inoculation. The aflatoxin biosynthesis was also measured. In general, A. flavus MRI19 had higher competitiveness in the tested habitats compared to the non-aflatoxigenic strain, as indicated by higher final genomic equivalent ratios of this strain compared to the spore ratios used for inoculation. Nevertheless, A. flavus AF36 effectively controlled aflatoxin biosynthesis of A. flavus MRI19, as a clear aflatoxin inhibition was already seen by the inoculation of 10% spores of the biocontrol strain mixed with 90% spores of the aflatoxigenic strain compared to samples inoculated with only spores of the aflatoxigenic A. flavus MRI19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schamann
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Schmidt-Heydt
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Rolf Geisen
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
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