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Chen Y, Li L, Xu J, Liu Y, Xie Y, Xiong A, Wang Z, Yang L. Mass spectrometric analysis strategies for pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Food Chem 2024; 445:138748. [PMID: 38422865 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in food and natural preparations have received widespread attention due to their hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and embryotoxicity. Mass spectrometry (MS), as a high resolution, high sensitive, and high throughput detection tool, has been the most commonly used technique for the determination of PAs. The continuous advancement of new technologies, methods, and strategies in the field of MS has contributed to the improvement of the analytical efficiency and methodological enhancement of PAs. This paper provides an overview of the structure, toxicity properties and commonly employed analytical methods, focusing on the concepts, advances, and novel techniques and applications of MS-based methods for the analysis of PAs. Additionally, the remaining challenges, future perspectives, and trends for PA detection are discussed. This review provides a reference for toxicological studies of PAs, content monitoring, and the establishment of quality control and safety standards for herbal and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanqiao Xie
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Lu Y, Han H, Jiang C, Liu H, Wang Z, Chai Y, Zhang X, Qiu J, Chen H. Uptake, accumulation, translocation and transformation of seneciphylline (Sp) and seneciphylline-N-oxide (SpNO) by Camellia sinensis L. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 188:108765. [PMID: 38810495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxide (PANOs), as emerging environmental pollutants and chemical hazards in food, have become the focus of global attention. PAs/PANOs enter crops from soil and reach edible parts, but knowledge about their uptake and transport behavior in crops is currently limited. In this study, we chose tea (Camellia sinensis L.) as a representative crop and Sp/SpNO as typical PAs/PANOs to analyze their root uptake and transport mechanism. Tea roots efficiently absorbed Sp/SpNO, utilizing both passive and active transmembrane pathways. Sp predominantly concentrated in roots and SpNO efficiently translocated to above-ground parts. The prevalence of SpNO in cell-soluble fractions facilitated its translocation from roots to stems and leaves. In soil experiment, tea plants exhibited weaker capabilities for the uptake and transport of Sp/SpNO compared to hydroponic conditions, likely due to the swift degradation of these compounds in the soil. Moreover, a noteworthy interconversion between Sp and SpNO in tea plants indicated a preference for reducing SpNO to Sp. These findings represent a significant stride in understanding the accumulation and movement mechanisms of Sp/SpNO in tea plants. The insights garnered from this study are pivotal for evaluating the associated risks of PAs/PANOs and formulating effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haolei Han
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changling Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Xiangchun Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
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Fan Y, Wang M, Zhang Q, Ouyang S, Mao W, Xu C, Wang M, Long C. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine Cynoglossum amabile: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1325283. [PMID: 38655180 PMCID: PMC11035817 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1325283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cynoglossum amabile, a member of the Boraginaceae family, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine known as Daotihu. Despite several studies confirming the presence of bioactive pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as amabiline, ambelline, echinatine, europine, and others in C. amabile, there has been no comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology thus far. This review was conducted by thoroughly examining the literature and analyzing network databases. It covers various aspects of C. amabile, including botanical characteristics, geographical distribution, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and clinical applications. The results have shown that C. amabile has been traditionally used for medicinal, edible, and ornamental purposes in China for many centuries. The whole plant, root, and leaf of C. amabile are used by different ethnic groups, such as Lisu, Bai, Naxi, Yi, Jinuo, and Han, to treat malaria, hepatitis, dysentery, leucorrhea, tuberculosis cough, fracture, joint dislocation, trauma bleeding, and skin carbuncle abscess. A total of 47 chemical components, including alkaloids (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs), sterols, organic acids, and saccharides, were isolated from C. amabile. Pharmacological studies show that the chemical extracts of C. amabile possess various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, cardiovascular effects, ganglionic action, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, it is important to note that C. amabile exhibits hepatotoxicity, with its toxicity being linked to its primary PAs components. Although preliminary studies suggest potential applications in the treatment of prostate diseases and alopecia, further research is needed to validate these clinical uses. Our review highlights the traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity, and clinical applications of C. amabile. It emphasizes the essential guiding role of the indigenous medicinal knowledge system in developing new drugs. Previous studies have shown that the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of C. amabile are significantly related to its traditional medicinal practices. Cynoglossum amabile has excellent market potential and can be further analyzed in terms of phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology, which are critical for its clinical drug safety, quality evaluation, and resource development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqi Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Mao
- Xianggelila Bureau of Forestry and Grassland, Beijing, China
| | - Congli Xu
- Baoshan Administrative of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Baoshan, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- BTBU-TANGYI Innovation Center for the Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Bioengineering Raw Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Long
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Institute of National Security Studies, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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Jiao W, Zhu L, Shen T, Wang L, Li QX, Wang C, Wu X, Chen H, Hua R. Simultaneous determination of 15 pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in weeds, soil, fresh tea leaves, and tea: Exploring the pollution source of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in tea. Food Chem 2024; 434:137305. [PMID: 37713752 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs) are novel contaminants in tea. However, the source of PA/PANO contamination in tea remains unclear. In this study, 15 PAs/PANOs were extracted from plant samples (tea, fresh tea leaves, and weeds) with 0.1 M sulfuric acid and from soil with 0.1 M sulfuric acid methanol after adjusting soil acidity with 0.1 M trisodium citrate. Satisfactory recoveries of PAs/PANOs from four different matrices at 0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 mg kg-1 was 72%-114% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.03%-16%. Seven out of 15 PAs/PANOs were detected in tea purchased from the local market ranging from undetected to 96.2 μg kg-1. Thirteen, three, and four PAs/PANOs were detected in weeds, fresh tea leaves, and soil, respectively. Based on the types of PAs/PANOs detected in the three matrices, it was preliminarily speculated that PAs/PANOs in tea originated from weeds in the tea garden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Jiao
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China; State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Tingting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Rimao Hua
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China.
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Lu YS, Qiu J, Mu XY, Qian YZ, Chen L. Levels, Toxic Effects, and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foods: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:536. [PMID: 38397512 PMCID: PMC10888194 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are naturally occurring secondary metabolites of plants. To date, more than 660 types of PAs have been identified from an estimated 6000 plants, and approximately 120 of these PAs are hepatotoxic. As a result of PAs being found in spices, herbal teas, honey, and milk, PAs are considered contaminants in foods, posing a potential risk to human health. Here, we summarize the chemical structure, toxic effects, levels, and regulation of PAs in different countries to provide a better understanding of their toxicity and risk assessment. With recent research on the risk assessment of PAs, this review also discusses the challenges facing this field, aiming to provide a scientific basis for PA toxicity research and safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Xi-Yan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Yong-Zhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-S.L.); (Y.-Z.Q.)
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Tábuas B, Cruz Barros S, Diogo C, Cavaleiro C, Sanches Silva A. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foods, Herbal Drugs, and Food Supplements: Chemistry, Metabolism, Toxicological Significance, Analytical Methods, Occurrence, and Challenges for Future. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:79. [PMID: 38393157 PMCID: PMC10892171 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumers are increasingly seeking natural alternatives to chemical compounds, including the use of dried aromatic plants as seasonings instead of salt. However, the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in food supplements and dried plants has become a concern because of their link to liver diseases and their classification as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Despite European Union (EU) Regulation (EU) 2023/915, non-compliance issues persist, as indicated by alerts on the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) portal. Analyzing PAs poses a challenge because of their diverse chemical structures and low concentrations in these products, necessitating highly sensitive analytical methods. Despite these challenges, ongoing advancements in analytical techniques coupled with effective sampling and extraction strategies offer the potential to enhance safety measures. These developments aim to minimize consumer exposure to PAs and safeguard their health while addressing the growing demand for natural alternatives in the marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Tábuas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal (C.C.)
| | - Sílvia Cruz Barros
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Catarina Diogo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal (C.C.)
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal (C.C.)
- Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal (C.C.)
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agro-Environment of the University of Porto (ICETA), University of Porto, 4501-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Casado N, Berenguer CV, Câmara JS, Pereira JAM. What Are We Eating? Surveying the Presence of Toxic Molecules in the Food Supply Chain Using Chromatographic Approaches. Molecules 2024; 29:579. [PMID: 38338324 PMCID: PMC10856495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumers in developed and Western European countries are becoming more aware of the impact of food on their health, and they demand clear, transparent, and reliable information from the food industry about the products they consume. They recognise that food safety risks are often due to the unexpected presence of contaminants throughout the food supply chain. Among these, mycotoxins produced by food-infecting fungi, endogenous toxins from certain plants and organisms, pesticides, and other drugs used excessively during farming and food production, which lead to their contamination and accumulation in foodstuffs, are the main causes of concern. In this context, the goals of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the presence of toxic molecules reported in foodstuffs since 2020 through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) portal and use chromatography to address this challenge. Overall, natural toxins, environmental pollutants, and food-processing contaminants are the most frequently reported toxic molecules, and liquid chromatography and gas chromatography are the most reliable approaches for their control. However, faster, simpler, and more powerful analytical procedures are necessary to cope with the growing pressures on the food chain supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Casado
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina V. Berenguer
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
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Girard MFC, Knight P, Hopfgartner G. Vacuum differential mobility spectrometry combined with column-switching liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry for the analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in tea samples. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464174. [PMID: 37348223 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The benefit of combining liquid chromatography (LC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and vacuum Differential Mobility Spectrometry - Mass Spectrometry (vDMS-MS) was investigated for the analysis of fourteen diastereomeric pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA); intermedine, echinatine, lycopsamine, indicine, intermedine-N-oxide, echinatine-N-oxide, indicine-N-oxide, lycopsamine-N-oxide, senecivernine, senecionine, jacobine, senecivernine-N-oxide, senecionine-N-oxide, retrorsine. The mobile phase composition (15-100% MeOH and ACN), flow rate (8-100 µL/min), vDMS cell pressure, and F value showed an effect on the mobility behavior of the analytes. At 15% MeOH with a flow rate of 100 µL/min and 33 mbar vDMS pressure, 8 out 14 PA could be partially or totally separated by vDMS-MS. As well as providing an additional separation dimension vDMS improved the selectivity and a 5-minute assay method was developed for the quantification of 10 out of 14 single diastereomeric PA in tea samples, using a short LC column-switching and hyphenated to vDMS-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. The performance of the method was found to be comparable with a 12-minute standard LC-MS/MS method using detection in the selected reaction monitoring mode. Additionally, the combination of vDMS and SFC-MS was investigated and suggests that the mixture of CO2/MeOH influences the CV shifting of the PA to more negative compensation voltage, and the signal-to-noise ratio is improved by a factor of three compared to SFC-MS without vDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Cifuentes Girard
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Knight
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory, Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1GP, UK
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Sousa AC, Ribeiro C, Gonçalves VMF, Pádua I, Leal S. Chromatographic Methods for Detection and Quantification of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Flora, Herbal Medicines, and Food: An Overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37300809 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2218476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural toxins produced by some plants that gained special interest due to their potential hazardous effects in humans and animals. These substances have been found in wild flora, herbal medicines and food products raising health concerns. Recently, maximum concentration levels of PAs were established for some food products; however, maximum daily intake frequently surpasses the upper limit set by the competent authorities posing a health risk. Given the scarcity or absence of occurrence data on PAs in many products, there is an urgent need to measure their levels and establish safety intake levels. Analytical methods have been reported to detect and quantify PAs in different matrices. The commonly used chromatographic methodologies provides accurate and reliable results. Analytical methods include diverse steps as extraction and sample preparation procedures that are critical for sensitivity and selectivity of the analytical method. Great efforts have been directed toward optimization of extraction procedures, clean up and chromatographic conditions to improve recovery, reduce matrix effects, and achieve low limits of detection and quantification. Therefore, this paper aims to give a general overview about the occurrence of PAs in flora, herbal medicines, and foodstuff; and discuss the different chromatographic methodologies used for PAs analysis, namely extraction and sample preparation procedures and chromatographic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Sousa
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Virgínia M F Gonçalves
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Inês Pádua
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- Epidemiology Unit - Institute of Public Health of University of Porto (ISPUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Leal
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- CINTESIS-RISE, MEDCIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zan K, Wang Z, Hu XW, Li YL, Wang Y, Jin HY, Zuo TT, Ma SC. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and health risk of three Boraginaceae used in TCM. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1075010. [PMID: 37033649 PMCID: PMC10076571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1075010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically explore the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) type, content and risk assessment in the three Boraginaceae used in TCM, involving Arnebia euchroma (AE), A. guttata (AG), and Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE). Method: A UHPLC-MS/MS method was established to simultaneously determine eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), namely intermedine, lycopsamine, intermedine N-oxide, lycopsamine N-oxide, 7-acetyllycopsamine, 7-acetyllycopsamine N-oxide, echimidine N-oxide, and echimidine in the three herbs. Based on these results, the risk assessment was explored using the routine margin of exposure (MOE) combined with relative potency (REP) for oral and external usage, respectively. Results and Conclusion: Imermedine and imermedine N-oxide were common components in the eight tested PAs. 7-acetyllycopsamine and its N-oxide were not detected in AE; echimidine and its N-oxide were not detected in AG; lycopsamine and its N-oxide, 7-acetyllycopsamine and its N-oxide were not detected in LE. The total contents of 8 PAs in 11 batches of AG was341.56-519.51 μg/g; the content in 15 batches of LE was 71.16-515.73 μg/g, and the content in 11 batches of AE was 23.35-207.13 μg/g. Based on these results, the risk assessment was explored using MOE combined with REP for oral and external usage, respectively. The findings of the risk assessment method of PAs based on MOE combined with the REP factor were consistent with the clinical toxicity results. As an oral herb, AE had low risk or no risk due to its low PA contents, and individual batches of LE were medium risk, while attention should be paid to their clinical use.AG was also low risk. The external use of the three Boraginaceae used in TCM was not associated with any risk. This study systematically explored the PA type and content of the three Boraginaceae used in TCM. Additionally, the refined risk assessment of PAs based on REP provided a more scientific basis for quality evaluation and rational use of the medicinal Boraginaceae used in TCM to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Lei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Yu Jin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zuo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tian-Tian Zuo, ; Shuang-Cheng Ma,
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tian-Tian Zuo, ; Shuang-Cheng Ma,
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11
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Thakur D, Dubey NP, Singh R. A Review on Spike and Recovery Method in Analytical Method Development and Validation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-19. [PMID: 36463526 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2152275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In multidisciplinary science, Analytical approaches based on spike and recovery (SAR) play a substantial role in analytical testing. The spike and recovery method is an important technique for analyzing and accessing the accuracy of analytical methods. The goal of this review seeks to provide clarity on the role of SAR methods in the forensic science discipline. Recent literature has been searched from numerous databases like Google, Web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciFinder. Websites like Science Direct are critically explored to gather scientific reports related to SAR utility. This review discusses the applications and current role of the SAR methods in Forensic Toxicology. It is suggested as one of the major parameters in the validation of the analytical method. SAR methodology is extremely important for the identification and quantitation of analytes in the sample matrix. Moreover, the extension of SAR methods to any scientific discipline is equally important for quality assurance. All relevant processes like method development and its optimization, quality control, and assurance rely on SAR-based studies. However, the method requires better apprehension and needs to be utilized using standard guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Thakur
- Department of Forensic Science, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Neeti Prakash Dubey
- Chemistry and Toxicology, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajvinder Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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12
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Al-Subaie SF, Alowaifeer AM, Mohamed ME. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Extraction and Analysis: Recent Updates. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233873. [PMID: 36496681 PMCID: PMC9740414 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are natural secondary metabolites that are mainly produced in plants, bacteria, and fungi as a part of an organism's defense machinery. These compounds constitute the largest class of alkaloids and are produced in nearly 3% of flowering plants, most of which belong to the Asteraceae and Boraginaceae families. Chemically, pyrrolizidine alkaloids are esters of the amino alcohol necine (which consists of two fused five-membered rings including a nitrogen atom) and one or more units of necic acids. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are toxic to humans and mammals; thus, the ability to detect these alkaloids in food and nutrients is a matter of food security. The latest advances in the extraction and analysis of this class of alkaloids are summarized in this review, with special emphasis on chromatographic-based analysis and determinations in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Al-Subaie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 11561, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Alowaifeer
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 11561, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged E. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-542990226
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13
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Wang H, Wang Q, Lai A, Zhu J, Huang X, Hu G. Multi-Response Optimization of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Removal from Chrysanthemum morifolium by High-Pressure Extraction. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233827. [PMID: 36496634 PMCID: PMC9737379 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As an ingredient in various foods, Chrysanthemum morifolium flower is popular due to its multiple health benefits. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are hepatotoxic secondary metabolites in Chrysanthemum family. Effects of high-pressure extraction (HPE) on PAs removal efficiency, as well as the retention efficiency of functional components, including chlorogenic acid, luteolin-7-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3,5-dicaffeyl quinic acid and total flavonoids, were investigated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Pressure (0.1-200 MPa), numbers of cycles (1-5) and acetic acid concentration (0-10%) were chosen as the independent variables. The results indicated that the pressure was the most significant factors affecting all responses. The optimum HPE for removing Pas and retaining functional components were set at 124 MPa, with one cycle and with an acetic acid concentration of 10%. After comparing the experimental optimum values and predicted optimum values, the validity of RSM model was proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Aiping Lai
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiuzhu Huang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 22 Maizidian Road, Beijing 100125, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (G.H.); Tel.: +86-010-59194067 (X.H.); +86-571-86417319 (G.H.)
| | - Guixian Hu
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (G.H.); Tel.: +86-010-59194067 (X.H.); +86-571-86417319 (G.H.)
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14
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Song J, Guo T, Wu W, Liao M, Xiao Q, Qiao B, Wan Y, Dai Q, Zhou Y. Simultaneous determination of five poppy husk alkaloids and three main components of acetaminophen‐caffeine‐aspirin tablets in hot pot broth by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Tianrong Guo
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Wenlin Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection Chengdu P. R. China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Mei Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Quanwei Xiao
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Binzong Qiao
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Yuping Wan
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Qin Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu P. R. China
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15
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Han H, Jiang C, Wang C, Lu Y, Wang Z, Chai Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Lu C, Chen H. Dissipation pattern and conversion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANOs) during tea manufacturing and brewing. Food Chem 2022; 390:133183. [PMID: 35597088 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANOs) are toxic secondary metabolites in plants, and one kind of main exogenous pollutants of tea. Herein, the dissipation pattern and conversion behavior of PAs/PANOs were investigated during tea manufacturing and brewing using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Compared with PAs (processing factor (PF) = 0.73-1.15), PANOs had higher degradation rates (PF = 0.21-0.56) during tea manufacturing, and drying played the most important role in PANOs degradation. Moreover, PANOs were firstly discovered to be converted to corresponding PAs especially in the time-consuming (spreading of green tea manufacturing and withering of black tea manufacturing) and high-temperature tea processing (drying). Moreover, higher transfer rates of PANOs (≥75.84%) than that of PAs (≤56.53%) were observed during tea brewing. Due to higher toxicity of PAs than PANOs, these results are conducive to risk assessment and pollution control of PAs/PANOs in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolei Han
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changling Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiangchun Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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16
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Combined Hepatotoxicity and Toxicity Mechanism of Intermedine and Lycopsamine. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090633. [PMID: 36136571 PMCID: PMC9501075 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common constituents of plants and have serious hepatotoxicity. Intermedine (Im) and lycopsamine (La) are two monoesters of PAs that frequently coexist in the PA-containing plants (e.g., comfrey and tea). The present study aimed to explore the combined hepatotoxicity and toxicity mechanism of the Im and La mixture. In vitro, the combined cytotoxicity of the Im and La mixture on human hepatocytes (HepD) was examined by CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Annexin V/PI staining assays. The combination of Im and La inhibited the ability of HepD cells to proliferate, colonize, and migrate and induced hepatocytes apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition to significantly causing a burst of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the Im and La mixture can also cause an increase in intracellular Ca2+, triggering the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP apoptosis pathway. This study provided the first direct evidence that the combined PAs induced hepatotoxicity through ER-mediated apoptosis. These results supplemented the basic toxicity data for the combined PAs and provided a new perspective for the risk assessment of combined PA toxicity.
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17
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Liu X, Jiang L, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Zhang H. Arecoline and arecaidine lixiviation in areca nut blanching: Liquid chromatography‐ion trap‐time of flight hybrid mass spectrometry determination and kinetic modeling. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Hainan University Haikou China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Active Substance and Functional Food Development Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Lian Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Hainan University Haikou China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Active Substance and Functional Food Development Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Hainan University Haikou China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Active Substance and Functional Food Development Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Hainan University Haikou China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Active Substance and Functional Food Development Hainan University Haikou China
- Analytical and Testing Center Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Haide Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
- Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources Hainan University Haikou China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Active Substance and Functional Food Development Hainan University Haikou China
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18
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Stefova E, Cvetanoska M, Bogdanov J, Matevski V, Stanoeva JP. Assessment of Distribution and Diversity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in the Most Prevalent Boraginaceae Species in Macedonia. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200066. [PMID: 35581149 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Systematic study of extraction efficiency of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and corresponding pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANOs) from plant material for subsequent LC/MS analysis was carried out. The optimal extraction was achieved with methanol and one clean up step using SPE C18 column. With the optimized LC-ESI-MS/MS method using ion trap, the distribution and diversity of PAs and PANOs in plant material (leaves, flowers and stems) obtained from wild-growing E. vulgare, E. italicum, S. officinale L., C. creticum and O. heterophylla species from Macedonia was assessed. These widespread Boraginaceae species contain various PAs and PANOs and 25 of them were identified. Based on these qualitative and quantitative analyses, the profiles of 1,2-unsaturated PAs for each sample were obtained and their toxic potential was estimated. The toxic potential of O. heterophylla and C. creticum were assumed to be highest (containing up to 4753 mg/kg and 3507 mg/kg), followed by E. vulgare (up to 1340 mg/kg), S. officinale L. (up to 479 mg/kg) and E. italicum (up to 16 mg/kg). This method can be used for monitoring the inclusion of these secondary metabolites in the food chain in order to contribute in their risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stefova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Marinela Cvetanoska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Jane Bogdanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Vlado Matevski
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia.,Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Krste Misirkov 2, 1000, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
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Hepatotoxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Compound Intermedine: Comparison with Other Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Its Toxicological Mechanism. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120849. [PMID: 34941687 PMCID: PMC8709407 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common secondary plant compounds with hepatotoxicity. The consumption of herbal medicines and herbal teas containing PAs is one of the main causes of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS), a potentially life-threatening condition. The present study aimed to reveal the mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of intermedine (Im), the main PA in Comfrey. We evaluated the toxicity of the retronecine-type PAs with different structures to cell lines derived from mammalian tissues, including primary mouse hepatocytes, human hepatocytes (HepD), mouse hepatoma-22 (H22) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The cytotoxicity of Im to hepatocyte was evaluated by using cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation experiment, wound healing assay and dead/live fluorescence imaging. In vitro characterization showed that these PAs were cytotoxic and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that Im induced cell apoptosis by generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), changing the mitochondrial membrane potential and releasing cytochrome c (Cyt c) before activating the caspase-3 pathway. Importantly, we directly observed the destruction of the cell mitochondrial structure after Im treatment through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study provided the first direct evidence of Im inducing hepatotoxicity through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. These results supplemented the basic toxicity data of PAs and facilitated the comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the toxicity caused by PA compounds.
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