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Zhou T, Li X. Chemically modified seaweed polysaccharides: Improved functional and biological properties and prospective in food applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13396. [PMID: 38925601 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Seaweed polysaccharides are natural biomacromolecules with unique physicochemical properties (e.g., good gelling, emulsifying, and film-forming properties) and diverse biological activities (e.g., anticoagulant, antioxidant, immunoregulatory, and antitumor effects). Furthermore, they are nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable, and abundant in resources. Therefore, they have been widely utilized in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, their properties and bioactivities sometimes are not satisfactory for some purposes. Modification of polysaccharides can impart the amphiphilicity and new functions to the biopolymers and change the structure and conformation, thus effectively improving their functional properties and biological activities so as to meet the requirement for targeted applications. This review outlined the modification methods of representative red algae polysaccharides (carrageenan and agar), brown algae polysaccharides (fucoidan, alginate, and laminaran), and green algae polysaccharides (ulvan) that have potential food applications, including etherification, esterification, degradation, sulfation, phosphorylation, selenylation, and so on. The improved functional properties and bioactivities of the modified seaweed polysaccharides and their potential food applications are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Bi D, Huang J, Cao J, Yao L, Guo W, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Xu H, Hu Z, Xu X. Preparation, characterization and immunomodulatory effects of unsaturated sulfated oligoguluronic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bi D, Yang X, Yao L, Hu Z, Li H, Xu X, Lu J. Potential Food and Nutraceutical Applications of Alginate: A Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090564. [PMID: 36135753 PMCID: PMC9502916 DOI: 10.3390/md20090564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginate is an acidic polysaccharide mainly extracted from kelp or sargassum, which comprises 40% of the dry weight of algae. It is a linear polymer consisting of β-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-L-guluronic acid (G) with 1,4-glycosidic linkages, possessing various applications in the food and nutraceutical industries due to its unique physicochemical properties and health benefits. Additionally, alginate is able to form a gel matrix in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Alginate properties also affect its gelation, including its structure and experimental conditions such as pH, temperature, crosslinker concentration, residence time and ionic strength. These features of this polysaccharide have been widely used in the food industry, including in food gels, controlled-release systems and film packaging. This review comprehensively covers the analysis of alginate and discussed the potential applications of alginate in the food industry and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lijun Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-755-86532680 (X.X.); +64-9-9219999 (ext. 7381) (J.L.)
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-755-86532680 (X.X.); +64-9-9219999 (ext. 7381) (J.L.)
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Lu S, Na K, Wei J, Zhang L, Guo X. Alginate oligosaccharides: The structure-function relationships and the directional preparation for application. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119225. [PMID: 35287920 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are degradation products of alginate extracted from brown algae. With low molecular weight, high water solubility, and good biological activity, AOS present anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. They also exert growth-promoting effects in animals and plants. Three types of AOS, mannuronate oligosaccharides (MAOS), guluronate oligosaccharides (GAOS), and heterozygous mannuronate and guluronate oligosaccharides (HAOS), can be produced from alginate by enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus far, most studies on the applications and biological activities of AOS have been based mainly on a hybrid form of HAOS. To improve the directional production of AOS for practical applications, systematic studies on the structures and related biological activities of AOS are needed. This review provides a summary of current understanding of structure-function relationships and advances in the production of AOS. The current challenges and opportunities in the application of AOS is suggested to guide the precise application of AOS in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Kai Na
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Jiani Wei
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China.
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Bi D, Yang X, Lu J, Xu X. Preparation and potential applications of alginate oligosaccharides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10130-10147. [PMID: 35471191 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alginate, a linear polymer consisting of β-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-L-guluronic acid (G) with 1,4-glycosidic linkages and comprising 40% of the dry weight of algae, possesses various applications in the food and nutraceutical industries. However, the potential applications of alginate are restricted in some fields because of its low water solubility and high solution viscosity. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) on the other hand, have low molecular weight which result in better water solubility. Hence, it becomes a more popular target to be researched in recent years for its use in foods and nutraceuticals. AOS can be obtained by multiple degradation methods, including enzymatic degradation, from alginate or alginate-derived poly G and poly M. AOS have unique bioactivity and can bring human health benefits, which render them potentials to be developed/incorporated into functional food. This review comprehensively covers methods of the preparation and analysis of AOS, and discussed the potential applications of AOS in foods and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xu Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
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Cao L, Zhu J, Li N. Selenium-agarose hybrid hydrogel as a recyclable natural substrate for selenium-enriched cultivation of mung bean sprouts. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:17-23. [PMID: 34822824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for human beings and animals. Traditional plant Se enrichment technology suffers from selenium pollution. Herein, environmentally friendly Se-agarose (Se-Agar) hybrid hydrogels are prepared by simply mixing agar with different Se species including selenocarrageenan (SeCA), selenite and Se yeast under heating and stirring for 0.5 h without any other reagent. Such Se-Agar hybrid hydrogels with excellent biocompatibility were used as natural substrates for the cultivation of Se-enriched mung bean sprouts. Compared with Se yeast, SeCA and selenite show a better Se enrichment effect on mung bean sprouts. Furthermore, the growth indices including plant weight and plant height of mung bean sprouts were investigated with different concentrations and sources of Se. Notably, the Se-Agar hybrid hydrogels could be easily regenerated and reused for multiple cycles. The results indicated that Se-Agar hybrid hydrogels as recyclable natural substrates offer a simple, sustainable and affordable strategy for plant Se enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Na Li
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Wang M, Chen L, Zhang Z. Potential applications of alginate oligosaccharides for biomedicine - A mini review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 271:118408. [PMID: 34364551 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research on marine algae, especially on their health-promoting properties, has been conducted. Various ingredients with potential biomedical applications have been discovered and extracted from marine algae. Alginate oligosaccharides are low molecular weight alginate polysaccharides present in cell walls of brown algae. They exhibit various health benefits such as anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and immunomodulation. Their low-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and biodegradability make them an excellent material in biomedicine. Alginate oligosaccharides can be chemically or biochemically modified to enhance their biological activity and potential in pharmaceutical applications. This paper provides a brief overview on alginate oligosaccharides characteristics, modification patterns and highlights their vital health promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpeng Wang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, China.
| | - Zhaojie Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Bi D, Xiao S, Lin Z, Yao L, Fang W, Wu Y, Xu H, Lu J, Xu X. Alginate-Derived Mannuronate Oligosaccharide Attenuates Tauopathy through Enhancing Autophagy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4438-4445. [PMID: 33829789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymannuronate (PM) is an acidic polysaccharide prepared from alginate, contained in edible brown seaweeds. An unsaturated mannuronate oligosaccharide (MOS) is an enzymatically depolymerized oligosaccharide prepared from PM. The effects of MOS on attenuating tauopathy were studied in HEK293/Tau cells and primary triple transgenic (3×Tg) neurons. MOS inhibited heparin-induced aggregation of the Tau-K18 oligomer and suppressed the levels of phosphorylated Tau protein. MOS treatment reduced the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) by decreasing its phosphorylation levels on the sites of Y216 and increasing phosphorylation levels on the sites of S9. MOS treatment increased the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I levels and reduced the expression of p62, indicating an increase in autophagy. Finally, MOS-induced decrease in Tau protein expression was attenuated by the addition of an autophagy inhibitor, confirming the involvement of autophagy. These data support MOS as a promising functional food or potential pharmaceutics for attenuating Tau protein-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Zhijian Lin
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lijun Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Weishan Fang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yan Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Jun Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Discovery, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Xu Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
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Unsaturated mannuronate oligosaccharide ameliorates β-amyloid pathology through autophagy in Alzheimer's disease cell models. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 251:117124. [PMID: 33142656 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated mannuronate oligosaccharide (MOS) is an enzymatic depolymerization product from alginate-derived polymannuronate (PM). In this study, we investigated for the first time the potential therapeutic effect of MOS on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its molecular mechanism in N2a-sw cells and 3×Tg-AD primary cortex neurons. Our results showed that MOS ranges from mannuronate dimer to mannuronate undecamer (M2-M11) with an unsaturated nonreducing terminal structure and with a double bond and 1,4-glycosidic linkages. It significantly inhibited the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42 oligomer, decreased expression of Aβ1-42 and reduced levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and BACE1. It promoted the autophagy, which involves the inactivation of mTOR signaling pathway and the facilitation of the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Finally, autophagy inhibitors blocked MOS' anti-AD actions, confirming the involvement of autophagy. In conclusion, MOS from seaweed alginate might be a promising nutraceutical or natural medicine for AD therapy.
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Bi D, Li X, Li T, Li X, Lin Z, Yao L, Li H, Xu H, Hu Z, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Xu X. Characterization and Neuroprotection Potential of Seleno-Polymannuronate. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:21. [PMID: 32153394 PMCID: PMC7044149 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seleno-polymannuronate (Se-PM) was prepared from alginate-derived polymannuronate (PM) through a sulfation followed by a selenylation replacement reaction. The organic selenium content of Se-PM was 437.25 μg/g and its average molecular weight was 2.36 kDa. The neuroprotection effect of Se-PM and corresponding molecular mechanisms were investigated. Our results showed that, comparing to both sulfated PM (S-PM) and PM, Se-PM remarkably inhibited the aggregation of Aβ1-42 oligomer in vitro and significantly reduced the APP and BACE1 protein expression in N2a-sw cells, highlighting the critical function of the selenium presented in Se-PM. Moreover, Se-PM decreased the expression of cytochrome c and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and enhanced the mitochondrial membrane potential in N2a-sw cells. These results suggested that Se-PM treatment can markedly inhibit N2a-sw cell apoptosis and promote N2a-sw cell survival and that Se-PM might be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of neurodegeneration owing to its remarkable neuroprotection effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Lin
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Macelignan inhibits the inflammatory response of microglia and regulates neuronal survival. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 339:577123. [PMID: 31838278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important pathological process of neurodegenerative diseases, and microglial contributes to chronic inflammation and neuronal loss in progressive neurodegenerative. Therefore, regulating the inflammatory response of microglia could lead to the discovery of promising treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of the nutmeg plant seed extract, macelignan, on the inflammatory response of microglia and neuronal cell survival. We detected NO and iNOS using the Griess test and Western blotting. We measured phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt expression by Western blotting. The release of NO and inflammatory cytokines and the expression of iNOS decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, with an increase in macelignan concentration. PI3K/Akt phosphorylation levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial cells after exposure to macelignan. We also demonstrated that macelignan improved HT22 cell viability, following exposure to a microglial-conditioned medium. Furthermore, macelignan inhibited microglial cell near neurons treated with a hypoxic conditioned medium. Finally, macelignan treatment reduced the expression of p27 and cyclin D1 in neurons cultured in an LPS-activated microglia-conditioned medium. Therefore, these results imply that macelignan can inhibit the inflammatory response of microglia and regulate neuronal survival through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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