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Abstract
In the last years, the use of natural phytochemical compounds as protective agents in the prevention and treatment of obesity and the related-metabolic syndrome has gained much attention worldwide. Different studies have shown health benefits for many vegetables such Opuntia ficus-indica and Beta vulgaris and their pigments collectively referred as betalains. Betalains exert antioxidative, anti-inflammation, lipid lowering, antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects. This review summarizes findings in the literature and highlights the therapeutic potential of betalains and their natural source as valid alternative for supplementation in obesity-related disorders treatment. Further research is needed to establish the mechanisms through which these natural pigments exert their beneficial effects and to translate the promising findings from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Calvi
- Department of Biological- Chemical- Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo- Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy.,Dipartment of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Terzo
- Department of Biological- Chemical- Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo- Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Amato
- Department of Biological- Chemical- Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo- Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
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2
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Tan ML, Hamid SBS. Beetroot as a Potential Functional Food for Cancer Chemoprevention, a Narrative Review. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:1-17. [PMID: 33842401 PMCID: PMC8020175 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are prone to several debilitating side effects including fatigue, insomnia, depression and cognitive disturbances. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) as a health promoting functional food may be potentially beneficial in cancer. As a source of polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary nitrates and other useful nutrients, beetroot supplementation may provide a holistic means to prevent cancer and manage undesired effects associated with chemotherapy. The main aim of this narrative review is to discuss beetroot's nutrient composition, current studies on its potential utility in chemoprevention and cancer-related fatigue or treatment-related side effects such as cardiotoxicity. This review aims to provide the current status of knowledge and to identify the related research gaps in this area. The flavonoids and polyphenolic components present in abundance in beetroot support its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. Most in vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising results; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive and chemoprotective effects of beetroot have not been completely elucidated. Although recent clinical trials have shown that beetroot supplementation improves human performance, translational studies on beetroot and its functional benefits in managing fatigue or other symptoms in patients with cancer are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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3
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Escribano J, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Light Emission in Betalains: From Fluorescent Flowers to Biotechnological Applications. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:159-175. [PMID: 31843371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of visible fluorescence in the plant pigments betalains revealed the existence of fluorescent patterns in flowers of plants of the order Caryophyllales, where betalains substitute anthocyanins. The serendipitous initial discovery led to a systemized characterization of the role of different substructures on the photophysical phenomenon. Strong fluorescence is general to all members of the family of betaxanthins linked to the structural property that the betalamic acid moiety is connected to an amine group. This property has led to bioinspired tailor-made probes and to the development of novel biotechnological applications in screening techniques or microscopy labeling. Here, we comprehensively review the photophysics, photochemistry, and photobiology of betalain fluorescence and describe all current applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josefa Escribano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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4
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Li G, Meng X, Zhu M, Li Z. Research Progress of Betalain in Response to Adverse Stresses and Evolutionary Relationship Compared with Anthocyanin. Molecules 2019; 24:E3078. [PMID: 31450587 PMCID: PMC6749444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Betalains are applicable to many aspects of life, and their properties, characteristics, extraction and biosynthesis process have been thoroughly studied. Although betalains are functionally similar to anthocyanins and can substitute for them to provide pigments for plant color, it is rare to study the roles of betalains in plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. Owing to their antioxidant capability to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants and humans, betalains have attracted much attention due to their bioactivity. In addition, betalains can also act as osmotic substances to regulate osmotic pressure in plants and play important roles in plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. The study of the physiological evolution of betalains is almost complete but remains complicated because the evolutionary relationship between betalains and anthocyanins is still uncertain. In this review, to provide a reference for the in-depth study of betalains compared with anthocyanins, the biochemical properties, biosynthesis process and roles of betalains in response to environmental stress are reviewed, and the relationship between betalains and anthocyanins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingku Zhu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zongyun Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
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Niziński S, Popenda Ł, Rode MF, Kumorkiewicz A, Fojud Z, Paluch-Lubawa E, Wybraniec S, Burdziński G. Structural studies on the stereoisomerism of a natural dye miraxanthin I. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in miraxanthin I is enhanced by intramolecular hydrogen bond formation hampering torsional motion around the central bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Niziński
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan
- Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
| | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan
- Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
| | - Michał F. Rode
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Aleja Lotników 32/46
- 02-668 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Institute C-1
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- Warszawska 24
| | - Zbigniew Fojud
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
| | - Ewelina Paluch-Lubawa
- Department of Plant Physiology
- Institute of Experimental Biology
- Faculty of Biology
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan
- Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Institute C-1
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- Warszawska 24
| | - Gotard Burdziński
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan
- Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
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6
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Esteves LC, Pinheiro AC, Pioli RM, Penna TC, Baader WJ, Correra TC, Bastos EL. Revisiting the Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Betanin. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:853-864. [PMID: 29412460 DOI: 10.1111/php.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Betanin (betanidin 5-O-β-D-glucoside) is a water-soluble plant pigment used as a color additive in food, drugs and cosmetic products. Despite its sensitivity to light and heat, betanin maintains appreciable tinctorial strength in low acidic and neutral conditions, where the color of other plant pigments, such as anthocyanins, quickly fades. However, betanin is an iminium natural product that experiences acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis to form the fairly stable betalamic acid and cyclo-DOPA-5-O-β-D-glucoside. Here, we show that the decomposition of betanin in aqueous phosphate solution pH 2-11 is subject to general base catalysis by hydrogen phosphate ion and intramolecular general acid and base catalysis, providing new insights on the mechanism of betanin hydrolysis. UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometry, 1 H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were used to investigate product formation. Furthermore, theoretical calculations support the hypothesis that the nitrogen atom of the tetrahydropyridine ring of betanin is doubly protonated, as observed for structurally simpler amino dicarboxylic acids. Our results contribute to the study of betanin and other pigments belonging to the class of betalains and to deepen the knowledge on the chemical properties of imino acids as well as on iminium-catalyzed modifications of carbonyl compounds in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C Esteves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Pinheiro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan M Pioli
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana C Penna
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilhelm J Baader
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Correra
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erick L Bastos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Belhadj Slimen I, Najar T, Abderrabba M. Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Betalains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:675-689. [PMID: 28098998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are vacuolar pigments composed of a nitrogenous core structure, betalamic acid. Betalamic acid condenses with imino compounds (cyclo-DOPA/its glucosyl derivates) or amino acids/derivates to form violet betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins. These pigments have gained the curiosity of scientific researchers in recent decades. Their importance was increased not only by market orientation toward natural colorants and antioxidants but also by their safety and health promoting properties. To date, about 78 betalains have been identified from plants of about 17 families. In this review, all of the identified pigments are presented, followed by a comprehensive discussion of their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Belhadj Slimen
- Department of Animal, Food and Halieutic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia , 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , BP 51, 2070 La Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Taha Najar
- Department of Animal, Food and Halieutic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia , 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , BP 51, 2070 La Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manef Abderrabba
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , BP 51, 2070 La Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
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Martins N, Roriz CL, Morales P, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Coloring attributes of betalains: a key emphasis on stability and future applications. Food Funct 2017; 8:1357-1372. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organoleptic characteristics largely determine food acceptance, selection, and subsequent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Martins
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
| | - Custódio Lobo Roriz
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
| | - Patricia Morales
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology II
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
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Niziński S, Wendel M, Rode MF, Prukała D, Sikorski M, Wybraniec S, Burdziński G. Photophysical properties of betaxanthins: miraxanthin V – insight into the excited-state deactivation mechanism from experiment and computations. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast radiationless S1 → S0 transition in photo-excited betaxanthins is due to conical intersection seam between S1 and S0 surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Niziński
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- Poznań
- Poland
| | - Monika Wendel
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- Poznań
- Poland
| | - Michał F. Rode
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-668 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Dorota Prukała
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Marek Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Institute C-1
- Section of Analytical Chemistry
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
| | - Gotard Burdziński
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- Poznań
- Poland
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Chung HH, Schwinn KE, Ngo HM, Lewis DH, Massey B, Calcott KE, Crowhurst R, Joyce DC, Gould KS, Davies KM, Harrison DK. Characterisation of betalain biosynthesis in Parakeelya flowers identifies the key biosynthetic gene DOD as belonging to an expanded LigB gene family that is conserved in betalain-producing species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:499. [PMID: 26217353 PMCID: PMC4493658 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant betalain pigments are intriguing because they are restricted to the Caryophyllales and are mutually exclusive with the more common anthocyanins. However, betalain biosynthesis is poorly understood compared to that of anthocyanins. In this study, betalain production and betalain-related genes were characterized in Parakeelya mirabilis (Montiaceae). RT-PCR and transcriptomics identified three sequences related to the key biosynthetic enzyme Dopa 4,5-dioxgenase (DOD). In addition to a LigB gene similar to that of non-Caryophyllales species (Class I genes), two other P. mirabilis LigB genes were found (DOD and DOD-like, termed Class II). PmDOD and PmDOD-like had 70% amino acid identity. Only PmDOD was implicated in betalain synthesis based on transient assays of enzyme activity and correlation of transcript abundance to spatio-temporal betalain accumulation. The role of PmDOD-like remains unknown. The striking pigment patterning of the flowers was due to distinct zones of red betacyanin and yellow betaxanthin production. The major betacyanin was the unglycosylated betanidin rather than the commonly found glycosides, an occurrence for which there are a few previous reports. The white petal zones lacked pigment but had DOD activity suggesting alternate regulation of the pathway in this tissue. DOD and DOD-like sequences were also identified in other betalain-producing species but not in examples of anthocyanin-producing Caryophyllales or non-Caryophyllales species. A Class I LigB sequence from the anthocyanin-producing Caryophyllaceae species Dianthus superbus and two DOD-like sequences from the Amaranthaceae species Beta vulgaris and Ptilotus spp. did not show DOD activity in the transient assay. The additional sequences suggests that DOD is part of a larger LigB gene family in betalain-producing Caryophyllales taxa, and the tandem genomic arrangement of two of the three B. vulgaris LigB genes suggests the involvement of duplication in the gene family evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hang Chung
- Centre for Native Floriculture, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, GattonQLD, Australia
| | - Kathy E. Schwinn
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hanh M. Ngo
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David H. Lewis
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Baxter Massey
- Centre for Native Floriculture, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, GattonQLD, Australia
| | - Kate E. Calcott
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston North, New Zealand
- Victoria University of WellingtonWellington, New Zealand
| | - Ross Crowhurst
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Daryl C. Joyce
- Centre for Native Floriculture, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, GattonQLD, Australia
| | - Kevin S. Gould
- Victoria University of WellingtonWellington, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M. Davies
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Dion K. Harrison
- Centre for Native Floriculture, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, GattonQLD, Australia
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Lemos MA, Sárniková K, Bot F, Anese M, Hungerford G. Use of Time-Resolved Fluorescence to Monitor Bioactive Compounds in Plant Based Foodstuffs. BIOSENSORS 2015; 5:367-97. [PMID: 26132136 PMCID: PMC4600163 DOI: 10.3390/bios5030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of compounds that exhibit antioxidant activity has recently received much interest in the food industry because of their potential health benefits. Most of these compounds are plant based, such as polyphenolics and carotenoids, and there is a need to monitor them from the field through processing and into the body. Ideally, a monitoring technique should be non-invasive with the potential for remote capabilities. The application of the phenomenon of fluorescence has proved to be well suited, as many plant associated compounds exhibit fluorescence. The photophysical behaviour of fluorescent molecules is also highly dependent on their microenvironment, making them suitable probes to monitor changes in pH, viscosity and polarity, for example. Time-resolved fluorescence techniques have recently come to the fore, as they offer the ability to obtain more information, coupled with the fact that the fluorescence lifetime is an absolute measure, while steady state just provides relative and average information. In this work, we will present illustrative time-resolved measurements, rather than a comprehensive review, to show the potential of time-resolved fluorescence applied to the study of bioactive substances. The aim is to help assess if any changes occur in their form, going from extraction via storage and cooking to the interaction with serum albumin, a principal blood transport protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adília Lemos
- Food & Life Sciences, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Abertay Dundee, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK.
| | - Katarína Sárniková
- Food & Life Sciences, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Abertay Dundee, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK.
| | - Francesca Bot
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Monica Anese
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Esatbeyoglu T, Wagner AE, Schini-Kerth VB, Rimbach G. Betanin-A food colorant with biological activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:36-47. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kiel; Germany
| | - Anika E. Wagner
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kiel; Germany
| | - Valérie B. Schini-Kerth
- UMR CNRS 7213; Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie; Université de Strasbourg; Faculté de Pharmacie; Illkirch France
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kiel; Germany
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Photophysics and hydrolytic stability of betalains in aqueous trifluoroethanol. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Harris NN, Javellana J, Davies KM, Lewis DH, Jameson PE, Deroles SC, Calcott KE, Gould KS, Schwinn KE. Betalain production is possible in anthocyanin-producing plant species given the presence of DOPA-dioxygenase and L-DOPA. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:34. [PMID: 22409631 PMCID: PMC3317834 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids and anthocyanins are the predominant non-chlorophyll pigments in plants. However, certain families within the order Caryophyllales produce another class of pigments, the betalains, instead of anthocyanins. The occurrence of betalains and anthocyanins is mutually exclusive. Betalains are divided into two classes, the betaxanthins and betacyanins, which produce yellow to orange or violet colours, respectively. In this article we show betalain production in species that normally produce anthocyanins, through a combination of genetic modification and substrate feeding. RESULTS The biolistic introduction of DNA constructs for transient overexpression of two different dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) dioxygenases (DODs), and feeding of DOD substrate (L-DOPA), was sufficient to induce betalain production in cell cultures of Solanum tuberosum (potato) and petals of Antirrhinum majus. HPLC analysis showed both betaxanthins and betacyanins were produced. Multi-cell foci with yellow, orange and/or red colours occurred, with either a fungal DOD (from Amanita muscaria) or a plant DOD (from Portulaca grandiflora), and the yellow/orange foci showed green autofluorescence characteristic of betaxanthins. Stably transformed Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) lines containing 35S: AmDOD produced yellow colouration in flowers and orange-red colouration in seedlings when fed L-DOPA. These tissues also showed green autofluorescence. HPLC analysis of the transgenic seedlings fed L-DOPA confirmed betaxanthin production. CONCLUSIONS The fact that the introduction of DOD along with a supply of its substrate (L-DOPA) was sufficient to induce betacyanin production reveals the presence of a background enzyme, possibly a tyrosinase, that can convert L-DOPA to cyclo-DOPA (or dopaxanthin to betacyanin) in at least some anthocyanin-producing plants. The plants also demonstrate that betalains can accumulate in anthocyanin-producing species. Thus, introduction of a DOD and an enzyme capable of converting tyrosine to L-DOPA should be sufficient to confer both betaxanthin and betacyanin production to anthocyanin-producing species. The requirement for few novel biosynthetic steps may have assisted in the evolution of the betalain biosynthetic pathway in the Caryophyllales, and facilitated multiple origins of the pathway in this order and in fungi. The stably transformed 35S: AmDOD arabidopsis plants provide material to study, for the first time, the physiological effects of having both betalains and anthocyanins in the same plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilangani N Harris
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecosystem Sciences, Urrbrea, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - John Javellana
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M Davies
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David H Lewis
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paula E Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4-800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Simon C Deroles
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kate E Calcott
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kevin S Gould
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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de Azeredo HMC, Pereira AC, de Souza ACR, Gouveia ST, Mendes KCB. Study on efficiency of betacyanin extraction from red beetroots. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Prudencio ID, Prudêncio ES, Gris EF, Tomazi T, Bordignon-Luiz MT. Petit suisse manufactured with cheese whey retentate and application of betalains and anthocyanins. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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