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Hernández-García S, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Henarejos-Escudero P, Martínez-Rodríguez P, Gandía-Herrero F. Exploring in the classroom the relationship between alcohol intake and behavioral disorders through an animal model. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2024. [PMID: 38501696 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has profound effects on behavior, such as impaired judgment, addiction or even death. It is estimated that alcohol contributes to around three million deaths worldwide, 13.5% of them in young people with ages between 20 and 39 years. Consequently, it is necessary to raise awareness among college and high school students of the risk related to alcohol drinking. The small nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an animal widely used as a model organism to study nearly all aspects of Biochemistry. It is a powerful tool to test the potential bioactivity and molecular mechanisms of natural compounds and drugs in vivo. Therefore, it is an interesting topic to include in an undergraduate course of Biotechnology, Biochemistry or Biology students among other scientific vocations. C. elegans is also used as a neurobiological model to evaluate substances´ neurotoxicity and behavioral effects. The proposed experiment introduces students to the handling of this preclinical model and to the evaluation of behavioral alterations induced by chemicals in scientific research. The effects of different doses of ethanol on C. elegans behavior are studied using a versatile chemotaxis assay. This laboratory experiment is suitable for an undergraduate course. The practical session can be used in the global strategies of information and awareness of educational centres to mitigate the impact of alcohol abuse among students, both in formal courses or in Science fairs or exhibitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Walker-Hale N, Guo R, Sheehan H, Timoneda A, Gandia-Herrero F, Brockington SF. Are seven amino acid substitutions sufficient to explain the evolution of high l-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity leading to betalain pigmentation? Revisiting the gain-of-function mutants of Bean et al. (2018). New Phytol 2023; 239:2265-2276. [PMID: 37243529 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work revisits a publication by Bean et al. (2018) that reports seven amino acid substitutions are essential for the evolution of l-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase (DODA) activity in Caryophyllales. In this study, we explore several concerns which led us to replicate the analyses of Bean et al. (2018). Our comparative analyses, with structural modelling, implicate numerous residues additional to those identified by Bean et al. (2018), with many of these additional residues occurring around the active site of BvDODAα1. We therefore replicated the analyses of Bean et al. (2018) to re-observe the effect of their original seven residue substitutions in a BvDODAα2 background, that is the BvDODAα2-mut3 variant. Multiple in vivo assays, in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana, did not result in visible DODA activity in BvDODAα2-mut3, with betalain production always 10-fold below BvDODAα1. In vitro assays also revealed substantial differences in both catalytic activity and pH optima between BvDODAα1, BvDODAα2 and BvDODAα2-mut3 proteins, explaining their differing performance in vivo. In summary, we were unable to replicate the in vivo analyses of Bean et al. (2018), and our quantitative in vivo and in vitro analyses suggest a minimal effect of these seven residues in altering catalytic activity of BvDODAα2. We conclude that the evolutionary pathway to high DODA activity is substantially more complex than implied by Bean et al. (2018).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathanael Walker-Hale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hester Sheehan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alfonso Timoneda
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Gandia-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Samuel F Brockington
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Hernández-García S, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Consumption of commonly used artificial food dyes increases activity and oxidative stress in the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112925. [PMID: 37254351 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the consumption of artificial colorants in foods and beverages has increased despite of concerns in the general population raised by studies that have shown possible injurious effects. In this study, tartrazine, sunset yellow, quinoline yellow, ponceau 4R, carmoisine and allura red were employed as pure compounds to explore their effects in vivo in the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. The exposition of C. elegans to these artificial dyes produced damage related with aging such as oxidative stress and lipofuscin accumulation, as well as a heavy shortening of lifespan, alterations in movement patterns and alterations in the production of dopamine receptors. Besides, microarray analysis performed with worms treated with tartrazine and ponceau 4R showed how the consumption of synthetic colorants is able to alter the expression of genes involved in resistance to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Martínez-Rodríguez P, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Hernández-García S, Henarejos-Escudero P, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Characterization of betalain-loaded liposomes and its bioactive potential in vivo after ingestion. Food Chem 2023; 407:135180. [PMID: 36521390 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Betalains are plant pigments characterized by showing a wide range of beneficial properties for health. Its bioactive potential has been studied for the first time after its encapsulation in liposomes and subsequent administration to the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. Phenylalanine-betaxanthin and indoline carboxylic acid-betacyanin encapsulated at concentrations of 25 and 500 μM managed to reduce lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in the nematodes. Highly antioxidant betalains dopaxanthin and betanidin were also included in the survival analyses. The results showed that phenylalanine-betaxanthin was the most effective betalain by increasing the lifespan of C. elegans by 21.8%. In addition, the administration of encapsulated natural betanidin increased the nematodes' survival rate by up to 13.8%. The preservation of the bioactive properties of betalains manifested in this study means that the stabilization of the plant pigments through encapsulation in liposomes can be postulated as a new way for administration in pharmacological and food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Hernández-García S, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Biosynthesis of a novel polymeric chitosan-betaxanthin and characterization of the first sugar-derived betalains and their effects in the in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117141. [PMID: 33183600 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Betaxanthins are nitrogenous plant pigments belonging to the family of betalains and they are known for their health-promoting effects and fluorescent properties. A novel biotechnological approach in the synthesis of these compounds has allowed the synthesis of high amounts of known betalains and of novel, tailor-made betalains through the condensation of the structural unit - betalamic acid - with amine groups of different compounds. Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of chitosan-betaxanthin, the first fluorescent polymeric betaxanthin which forms nanoparticles and that might combine the fluorescent properties of betalains and the properties of chitosan, a sugar polymer widely used with medical purposes. In addition, glucosamine, the structural unit of chitosan, and its stereoisomer galactosamine were shown to condense in solution with betalamic acid. This produced novel molecules with spectral and in vivo antioxidant and anti-aging properties similar to those of biological betaxanthins, which are the first sugar-derived betaxanthins described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Matencio A, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Gandía-Herrero F, García-Carmona F, López-Nicolás JM. Nanoparticles of betalamic acid derivatives with cyclodextrins. Physicochemistry, production characterization and stability. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ortega E, Ballester FJ, Hernández-García A, Hernández-García S, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Bautista D, Santana MD, Gandía-Herrero F, Ruiz J. Novel organo-osmium(ii) proteosynthesis inhibitors active against human ovarian cancer cells reduce gonad tumor growth inCaenorhabditis elegans. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi01704f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel Os(ii) arene complexes with a deprotonated ppy or ppy-CHO C^N ligand have been synthesized to selectively act on cancer cells as proteosynthesis inhibitorsin vitroand exert antitumor activityin vivoinC. elegansmodels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ortega
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca)
- E-30071 Murcia
- Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ballester
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca)
- E-30071 Murcia
- Spain
| | - Alba Hernández-García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca)
- E-30071 Murcia
- Spain
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A
- Unidad Docente de Biología
- Facultad de Veterinaria
- Universidad de Murcia
- E-30071 Murcia
| | - M. Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A
- Unidad Docente de Biología
- Facultad de Veterinaria
- Universidad de Murcia
- E-30071 Murcia
| | | | - M. Dolores Santana
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca)
- E-30071 Murcia
- Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A
- Unidad Docente de Biología
- Facultad de Veterinaria
- Universidad de Murcia
- E-30071 Murcia
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca)
- E-30071 Murcia
- Spain
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Hernández-García S, Escribano J, Jiménez-Atiénzar M, Cabanes J, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Betalain health-promoting effects after ingestion in Caenorhabditis elegans are mediated by DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf2 transcription factors. Food Chem 2020; 330:127228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Matencio A, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Caldera F, Cecone C, Trotta F, García-Carmona F, López-Nicolás JM. Lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans by oxyresveratrol supplementation in hyper-branched cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119862. [PMID: 32916214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the increase of the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) lifespan extension using hyper-branched cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD-NS) complexing oxyresveratrol (OXY), and the possible inhibition of C. elegans phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) were evaluated. The titration displacement of fluorescein was used to calculate the apparent complexation constant (KF) between CD-NS and OXY. Moreover, PDE4 was expressed in E. coli, purified and refolded in presence of cyclodextrins (CDs) to study its possible inhibition as pharmacological target of OXY. The apparent activity was characterized and the inhibitory effect of OXY on PDE4 displayed a competitive in vitro inhibition corroborated in silico. A maximum increase of the in vivo life expectancy of about 9.6% of using OXY/CD-NS complexes in comparison with the control was obtained, in contrast to the 6.5% obtained with free OXY. No effect on lifespan or toxicity with CD-NS alone was found. These results as a whole represent new opportunities to use OXY and CD-NS in lifespan products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Matencio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Dip. Di Chemica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Cecone
- Dip. Di Chemica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Dip. Di Chemica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Manuel López-Nicolás
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Henarejos-Escudero P, Hernández-García S, Guerrero-Rubio MA, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Antitumoral Drug Potential of Tryptophan-Betaxanthin and Related Plant Betalains in the Caenorhabditis elegans Tumoral Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080646. [PMID: 32707947 PMCID: PMC7465535 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are plants pigments identified as potent antioxidant molecules, naturally present in foods like beetroot and prickly pears. Although activities described for betalain-containing formulations include cancer prevention and treatment, the use of extracts instead of purified pigments has avoided the investigation of the real chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of these phytochemicals. Three betalain-rich extracts and six individual pure betalains were used in this work to characterize the activity and to explore possible molecular mechanisms. The animal model Caenorhabditis elegans (tumoral strain JK1466) was used to evaluate the effect of betalains as chemotherapeutics drugs. An objective evaluation method of tumor growth in C. elegans has been developed to assess the possible antitumoral activity of the different treatments. This protocol allowed a fast and reliable screening of possible antitumoral drugs. Among the betalains tested, tryptophan-betaxanthin reduced tumor size by 56.4% and prolonged the animal’s lifespan by 9.3%, indicating high effectiveness and low toxicity. Structure–activity relationships are considered. Assays with mutant strains of C. elegans showed that the mechanism underlying these effects was the modulation of the DAF-16 transcription factor and the insulin signaling pathway. Our results indicate that tryptophan-betaxanthin and related betalains are strong candidates as antitumoral molecules in cancer treatment.
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Escribano J, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Light Emission in Betalains: From Fluorescent Flowers to Biotechnological Applications. Trends Plant Sci 2020; 25:159-175. [PMID: 31843371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of visible fluorescence in the plant pigments betalains revealed the existence of fluorescent patterns in flowers of plants of the order Caryophyllales, where betalains substitute anthocyanins. The serendipitous initial discovery led to a systemized characterization of the role of different substructures on the photophysical phenomenon. Strong fluorescence is general to all members of the family of betaxanthins linked to the structural property that the betalamic acid moiety is connected to an amine group. This property has led to bioinspired tailor-made probes and to the development of novel biotechnological applications in screening techniques or microscopy labeling. Here, we comprehensively review the photophysics, photochemistry, and photobiology of betalain fluorescence and describe all current applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josefa Escribano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Hernández-García S, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Extension of life-span using a RNAi model and in vivo antioxidant effect of Opuntia fruit extracts and pure betalains in Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Chem 2019; 274:840-847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Henarejos-Escudero P, Guadarrama-Flores B, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Gómez-Pando LR, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Development of Betalain Producing Callus Lines from Colored Quinoa Varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:467-474. [PMID: 29239176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble plant pigments of hydrophilic nature with promising bioactive potential. Among the scarce edible sources of betalains is the grain crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), with violet, red, and yellow grains being colored by these pigments. In this work, callus cultures have been developed from differently colored plant varieties. Stable callus lines exhibited color and pigment production when maintained on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with the plant growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine (8.88 μM) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (6.79 μM) with a reduction of the nitrogen source to 5.91 mM. Pigment analysis by HPLC-DAD and ESI-MS/MS fully describes the content of individual pigments in the cell lines and allows the first report on the pigments present in quinoa seedlings. Phyllocactin and vulgaxanthin I are described as novel pigments in the species and show the potential of C. quinoa culture lines in the production of compounds of nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Berenice Guadarrama-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
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