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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fox E, Gosling R(B, Gil BM, Møretrø T, Stessl B, da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Simon AC, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Persistence of microbiological hazards in food and feed production and processing environments. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8521. [PMID: 38250499 PMCID: PMC10797485 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (in the meat, fish and seafood, dairy and fruit and vegetable sectors), Salmonella enterica (in the feed, meat, egg and low moisture food sectors) and Cronobacter sakazakii (in the low moisture food sector) were identified as the bacterial food safety hazards most relevant to public health that are associated with persistence in the food and feed processing environment (FFPE). There is a wide range of subtypes of these hazards involved in persistence in the FFPE. While some specific subtypes are more commonly reported as persistent, it is currently not possible to identify universal markers (i.e. genetic determinants) for this trait. Common risk factors for persistence in the FFPE are inadequate zoning and hygiene barriers; lack of hygienic design of equipment and machines; and inadequate cleaning and disinfection. A well-designed environmental sampling and testing programme is the most effective strategy to identify contamination sources and detect potentially persistent hazards. The establishment of hygienic barriers and measures within the food safety management system, during implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points, is key to prevent and/or control bacterial persistence in the FFPE. Once persistence is suspected in a plant, a 'seek-and-destroy' approach is frequently recommended, including intensified monitoring, the introduction of control measures and the continuation of the intensified monitoring. Successful actions triggered by persistence of L. monocytogenes are described, as well as interventions with direct bactericidal activity. These interventions could be efficient if properly validated, correctly applied and verified under industrial conditions. Perspectives are provided for performing a risk assessment for relevant combinations of hazard and food sector to assess the relative public health risk that can be associated with persistence, based on bottom-up and top-down approaches. Knowledge gaps related to bacterial food safety hazards associated with persistence in the FFPE and priorities for future research are provided.
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Soliani L, Rugna G, Prosperi A, Chiapponi C, Luppi A. Salmonella Infection in Pigs: Disease, Prevalence, and a Link between Swine and Human Health. Pathogens 2023; 12:1267. [PMID: 37887782 PMCID: PMC10610219 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most spread foodborne pathogens worldwide, and Salmonella infections in humans still represent a global health burden. The main source of Salmonella infections in humans is represented by contaminated animal-derived foodstuffs, with pork products being one of the most important players. Salmonella infection in swine is critical not only because it is one of the main causes of economic losses in the pork industry, but also because pigs can be infected by several Salmonella serovars, potentially contaminating the pig meat production chain and thus posing a significant threat to public health globally. As of now, in Europe and in the United States, swine-related Salmonella serovars, e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:-, are also frequently associated with human salmonellosis cases. Moreover, multiple outbreaks have been reported in the last few decades which were triggered by the consumption of Salmonella-contaminated pig meat. Throughout the years, changes and evolution across the pork industry may have acted as triggers for new issues and obstacles hindering Salmonella control along the food chain. Gathered evidence reinforces the importance of coordinating control measures and harmonizing monitoring programs for the efficient control of Salmonella in swine. This is necessary in order to manage outbreaks of clinical disease in pigs and also to protect pork consumers by controlling Salmonella subclinical carriage and shedding. This review provides an update on Salmonella infection in pigs, with insights on Salmonella ecology, focusing mainly on Salmonella Choleraesuis, S. Typhimurium, and S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, and their correlation to human salmonellosis cases. An update on surveillance methods for epidemiological purposes of Salmonella infection in pigs and humans, in a "One Health" approach, will also be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Soliani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.R.); (A.P.); (C.C.); (A.L.)
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Kahsay AG, Dejene TA, Kassaye E. A Systematic review on Prevalence, Serotypes and Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in Ethiopia, 2010-2022. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6703-6715. [PMID: 37854471 PMCID: PMC10581021 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s424345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, salmonellosis is one of the most common zoonotic and foodborne illnesses. Ethiopia continues to be at risk for its fast-expanding medication resistance. For the development of preventative and control methods, summarized knowledge regarding salmonellosis is necessary. Determining a thorough evaluation of the prevalence, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in humans and animals from January 1, 2010, to December 30, 2022, in Ethiopia was our goal. Methods To find Salmonella related articles that published in English, we used the Google Scholar and PubMed search engines. Three researchers conducted the eligible studies using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist, making sure to include the necessary keywords. If studies were duplicates, incomplete publications, or reported without an antimicrobial test were excluded. Excel 2013 was used to calculate frequencies and tabulate data. Results There were a total of 43 investigations from food handlers, diarrhoeic patients, and animals. The prevalence rates ranged from 1% to 10% and 1% to 13% among food handlers and diarrhoea patients, respectively. The highest prevalence was among pigs (41.6%). S. Anatum in animals and S. Typhimurium in people were the predominant serotypes. Amoxicillin and ampicillin were claimed to be 100% resistant in human studies. The highest recorded resistances for ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin were 16.7% and 100%, respectively. Animal studies revealed that Salmonella resistances to ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline were 100%, 90%, 86.4%, respectively. S. Kentucky showed complete resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and streptomycin. Conclusion The prevalence of Salmonella among asymptomatic food handlers, diarrheal patients and animals were high in Ethiopia. S. Typhimurium that have the zoonotic importance was presented predominantly in human study. High levels of resistances were showed to tetracycline, ampicillin and streptomycin in animal studies. Salmonellosis prevention and control techniques should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia
| | - Enquebaher Kassaye
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Microbiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia
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Gonzalez SV, Nair MN, Belk KE, Geornaras I. Efficacy of Antimicrobial Spray Treatments in Reducing Salmonella enterica Populations on Chilled Pork. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100068. [PMID: 36940659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies reporting on alternative antimicrobial interventions for pathogen control on chilled pork carcasses and cuts are limited. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of various spray treatments against Salmonella enterica inoculated on skin-on pork samples were evaluated. Chilled pork jowls were portioned (10 by 5 by 1 cm) and inoculated, on the skin side, with a mixture of six S. enterica serotype strains to target levels of 6 to 7 log CFU/cm2 (high inoculation level) or 3 to 4 log CFU/cm2 (low inoculation level). Samples were then left nontreated (control) or were treated (10 s) using a laboratory-scale spray cabinet with water, formic acid (1.5%), a proprietary blend of sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate (SSS, pH 1.2), peroxyacetic acid (PAA, 400 ppm), or PAA (400 ppm) that was pH-adjusted (acidified) with acetic acid (1.5%), formic acid (1.5%), or SSS (pH 1.2). Samples (n = 6) were analyzed for Salmonella populations after treatment application (0 h) and after 24 h of refrigerated (4°C) storage. Irrespective of inoculation level, all spray treatments effectively reduced (P < 0.05) Salmonella levels immediately following their application. Overall, pathogen reductions for the chemical treatments, compared to the respective high and low inoculation level nontreated controls, ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 log CFU/cm2 (high inoculation level) and 1.0 to 1.7 log CFU/cm2 (low inoculation level). Acidification of PAA with acetic acid, formic acid, or SSS did not (P ≥ 0.05) enhance the initial bactericidal effects of the nonacidified PAA treatment. Salmonella populations recovered from all treated samples following 24 h of storage were, in general, similar (P ≥ 0.05) or up to 0.6 log CFU/cm2 lower (P < 0.05) than those recovered from samples analyzed immediately after treatment application. The results of the study may be used by processing establishments to help identify effective decontamination interventions for reducing Salmonella contamination on pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Gonzalez
- Center for Meat Safety & Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
| | - Mahesh N Nair
- Center for Meat Safety & Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
| | - Keith E Belk
- Center for Meat Safety & Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
| | - Ifigenia Geornaras
- Center for Meat Safety & Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA.
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Cê ER, Giombelli A, Kich JD, Moresco KS, Miranda A, Pedrão MR, Johann G, Badaró ACL, Hashimoto EH, Machado-Lunkes A. Monitoring of Pig Slaughter Stages and Correlation in the Prevalence of Pathogens and Levels of Microorganisms That Indicate Microbiological Quality and Hygiene Using a Predictive Model. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100034. [PMID: 36916590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pig production is relevant to the Brazilian economy. Different stages of the raising and slaughtering process influence the microbiological quality of pig products and by-products. Microbiological analysis and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCPs) are tools for monitoring microbiological quality indicator microorganisms. The construction of predictive models can assist the process of monitoring the microbiological quality of pig products. This study aimed to map the slaughter stages and develop a model to predict the absence or presence of Salmonella based on the process variables (distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse and aerobic mesophilic) and analyze their influence on contamination indicator microorganisms. A total of 810 samples were collected at nine stages of the slaughter process (bleeding, scalding, dehairing, singeing, washing, evisceration, inspection, final washing, and chilling). The binary class predictive model was used as a microbiological quality predictor at the slaughter stages. Salmonella was identified at all process stages, with lower contamination levels at the scalding and chilling stages, whereas the highest levels were found at the dehairing and bleeding stages. The predictive model revealed an accuracy of about 85% for Salmonella being a tool to monitor the microbiological quality of pig slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Rodrigo Cê
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Audecir Giombelli
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Jalusa Deon Kich
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Concórdia-SC, Brazil
| | - Karla Suzana Moresco
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil; Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Realeza-PR, Brazil
| | - Andresa Miranda
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Mayka Reghiany Pedrão
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Gracielle Johann
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cátia Leal Badaró
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Hiromi Hashimoto
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Machado-Lunkes
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil.
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Abd-Elghany SM, Fathy TM, Zakaria AI, Imre K, Morar A, Herman V, Pașcalău R, Șmuleac L, Morar D, Imre M, Sallam KI. Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovars in Buffalo Meat in Egypt. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182924. [PMID: 36141052 PMCID: PMC9498544 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. prevalence in buffalo meat in Egypt, along with studying the antimicrobial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. Salmonella spp. was detected in 25% of tested buffalo meat. A total of 53 (100%) isolates were genetically verified by PCR as Salmonella, based on the detection of the invA gene. The stn and hilA genes were detected in 71.7% (38/53), and 83.0% (44/53) of the recovered isolates, respectively. Salmonella Enteritidis (11/53; 20.7%) was the most commonly isolated serovar, followed by S. Typhimurium (9/53; 17%), S. Montevideo (6/53; 11.3%), meanwhile, S. Chester, S. Derby, S. Papuana, and S. Saintpaul were the least commonly identified serovars (a single strain for each; 1.9%). Among the 16 antimicrobials tested, amikacin, imipenem, gentamicin, cefotaxime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin were the most effective drugs, with bacterial susceptibility percentages of 98.1%, 94.3%, 92.5%, 86.8%, 83.0%, 73.6%, and 69.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the least effective ones were erythromycin, streptomycin, clindamycin, cefepime, and nalidixic acid, with bacterial resistance percentages of 100%, 98.1%, 88.7%, 77.4%, and 66%, respectively. Interestingly, the high contamination level of Egyptian buffalo meat with multidrug-resistant Salmonella (79.2%; 42/53) can constitute a problem for public health. Therefore, programs to control Salmonella contamination are needed in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mohammed Abd-Elghany
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.M.A.-E.); or (K.I.); Tel.: +20-100-047-9670 (S.M.A-E.); +40-256-277-186 (K.I.)
| | - Takwa Mohammed Fathy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Amira Ibrahim Zakaria
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Kálmán Imre
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (S.M.A.-E.); or (K.I.); Tel.: +20-100-047-9670 (S.M.A-E.); +40-256-277-186 (K.I.)
| | - Adriana Morar
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Viorel Herman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Raul Pașcalău
- Department of Agricultural Technologies, Faculty of Agriculture, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Laura Șmuleac
- Department of Sustainable Development and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Doru Morar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Mirela Imre
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Jones H, Gilson D, Gosling RJ, Oastler C, Davies RH, Smith RP. The effectiveness of short-duration in-feed organic acid use in finisher pigs for Salmonella control at slaughter. Prev Vet Med 2022; 209:105772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Interventions Applied during Primary Processing to Reduce Microbial Contamination on Pig Carcasses. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142110. [PMID: 35885353 PMCID: PMC9315615 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions from lairage to the chilling stage of the pig slaughter process are important to reduce microbial contamination of carcasses. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of abattoir interventions in reducing aerobic colony count (ACC), Enterobacteriaceae, generic Escherichia coli, and Yersinia spp. on pig carcasses. The database searches spanned a 30 year period from 1990 to 2021. Following a structured, predefined protocol, 22 articles, which were judged as having a low risk of bias, were used for detailed data extraction and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis included data on lairage interventions for live pigs, standard processing procedures for pig carcasses, prechilling interventions, multiple carcass interventions, and carcass chilling. Risk ratios (RRs) for prevalence studies and mean log differences (MDs) for concentration outcomes were calculated using random effects models. The meta-analysis found that scalding under commercial abattoir conditions effectively reduced the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae (RR: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.12, I2 = 87%) and ACC (MD: -2.84, 95% CI: -3.50 to -2.18, I2 = 99%) on pig carcasses. Similarly, significant reductions of these two groups of bacteria on carcasses were also found after singeing (RR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.44, I2 = 90% and MD: -1.95, 95% CI: -2.40 to -1.50, I2 = 96%, respectively). Rectum sealing effectively reduces the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica on pig carcasses (RR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.41 to 0.89, I2 = 0%). Under commercial abattoir conditions, hot water washing significantly reduced ACC (MD: -1.32, 95% CI: -1.93 to -0.71, I2 = 93%) and generic E. coli counts (MD: -1.23, 95% CI: -1.89 to -0.57, I2 = 61%) on pig carcasses. Conventional dry chilling reduced Enterobacteriaceae prevalence on pig carcasses (RR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.48, I2 = 81%). Multiple carcass interventions significantly reduced Enterobacteriaceae prevalence (RR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.23, I2 = 94%) and ACC on carcasses (MD: -2.85, 95% CI: -3.33 to -2.37, I2 = 97%). The results clearly show that standard processing procedures of scalding and singeing and the hazard-based intervention of hot water washing are effective in reducing indicator bacteria on pig carcasses. The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica on pig carcasses was effectively reduced by the standard procedure of rectum sealing; nevertheless, this was the only intervention for Yersinia investigated under commercial conditions. High heterogeneity among studies and trials investigating interventions and overall lack of large, controlled trials conducted under commercial conditions suggest that more in-depth research is needed.
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Deane A, Murphy D, Leonard FC, Byrne W, Clegg T, Madigan G, Griffin M, Egan J, Prendergast DM. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in slaughter pigs and carcasses in Irish abattoirs and their antimicrobial resistance. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:4. [PMID: 35249551 PMCID: PMC8898491 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen and is one of the main causes of foodborne outbreaks and infections in the European Union. Pigs are a significant reservoir and are frequently subclinical carriers of this organism. Salmonella can be shed in the faeces allowing infection to spread to other pigs, the environment, transport vehicles, lairages and other areas. Inadvertent spillage of gut contents during the slaughter process also leads to contamination. A pig Salmonella control programme has operated in Ireland since 2002 but many local surveys and an EUMS baseline survey in 2008 continued to indicate high levels of the organism in the pig sector. The objectives of this study were to generate updated information on the prevalence of Salmonella spp, in slaughter pigs and carcasses in Irish abattoirs. Five pigs from each of 164 herds were randomly sampled over a 14-week period during 2016. One sample from each of the five pigs of; caecal content, ileo-caecal lymph nodes and carcass swabs (pre-chill) were collected. The five caeca and lymph node samples from each herd were processed as one pool of caecal samples and one pool of lymph node samples, respectively, while the five carcass swabs were tested as individual samples. All isolates were characterised by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility. Results In total, 235 Salmonella spp. were isolated from 820 individual carcass swabs, 164 pooled lymph nodes and 164 caecal contents. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 54.3% of the caecal contents and from 31.7% of the ileo-caecal lymph node sample pools. A total of 11.5% of carcass-swab samples yielded Salmonella spp. S. Typhimurium 4,[5],12:i:1,2 or its monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:-: predominated among isolates from all positive samples; accounting for 73% of lymph nodes, 68% of caecal contents and 56% of carcass swab isolates. S. London and S. Derby were the next most common isolated serotypes. Conclusions These results confirm continuing high levels of Salmonella in fattening pigs in Ireland although reductions in carcass contamination compared to previous surveys were noted. A high prevalence of Salmonella in lymph nodes suggests that it remains a significant problem pre slaughter and a challenge to abattoirs in adhering to process hygiene requirements. The high prevalence of monophasic S. Typhimurim 4,[5],12:i:-: is of serious concern. Therefore, it is important to identify contributing factors in the dissemination of this pathogen in the pork industry in order to minimise the risk of human salmonellosis cases.
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Shen W, Chen H, Geng J, Wu RA, Wang X, Ding T. Prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from pork in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 361:109473. [PMID: 34768041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella spp. in pork have been widely studied in China, but the results remain inconsistent. This study aimed to summarize the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from pork, including its prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance rate. We systematically reviewed published studies on Salmonella spp. isolated from pork in China between 2000 and 2020 in two Chinese and three English databases and quantitatively summarized its prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance using meta-analysis methods. Furthermore, we conducted subgroup analysis and meta-regression to explore the source of the heterogeneity from historical changes and regional difference perspectives. Ninety-one eligible studies published between 2000 and 2020 were included. The meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of Salmonella isolated from pork was 0.17 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.20), with a detected growing trend over time. For the proportions of serovars, Derby (0.32, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.38), Typhimurium (0.10, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.15) and London (0.05, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.08) were dominant in these studies. The antibiotic resistance rates were high for tetracycline (0.68, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.77), sulfisoxazole (0.65, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.83), ampicillin (0.43, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.53), streptomycin (0.42, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.56), and sulfamethoxazole (0.42, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.60). The results of this study revealed a high prevalence, the regional characteristics of serovar distribution, and the severe challenges of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella originating from pork in China, suggesting the potential increasing risk and disease burden. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the prevention and control strategies of Salmonella in pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiawei Geng
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ricardo A Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Salmonella Infection in Nursery Piglets and Its Role in the Spread of Salmonellosis to Further Production Periods. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020123. [PMID: 33504097 PMCID: PMC7911055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have focused on assessing Salmonella infection in the nursery and its role in further pig production periods. Mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal content, and meat juice from 389 6-week-old male piglets intended for human consumption from five breeding farms and 191 pooled floor fecal samples from gilt development units (GDU) from the same farms were analyzed to estimate and characterize (by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial resistance analyses) Salmonella infection. The prevalence of infection and shedding among piglets was 36.5% and 37.3%, respectively, shedding being significantly associated with infection (Odds Ratio = 12.7; CI 7.3-22.0). Salmonella Rissen; S. 4,[5],12:i:-; and S. Derby were the most common serotypes. A low level of Salmonella-specific maternal antibodies at the beginning of the nursery period suggested it was a period of high risk of infection. Resistance to 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins was detected in piglet isolates although the piglets never received antibiotics, indicating they could be vectors of antimicrobial resistance. The same Salmonella clones were detected in piglet and GDU isolates, suggesting that infected piglets play a significant role in the infection of gilts and consequently of finishing pigs in the case of production farms. The control of Salmonella infection in nursery piglets may decrease the risk of abattoir and carcass contamination.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Sánchez JÁ, Blagojevic B, Fürst P, Garin‐Bastuji B, Jensen HE, Paulsen P, Baert K, Barrucci F, Broglia A, Georgiadis M, Hempen M, Hilbert F. Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06307. [PMID: 33304413 PMCID: PMC7716243 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential effects of a 24 or 72-h delay in post-mortem inspection (PMI) of ungulates on public health and monitoring of animal health and welfare was evaluated. The assessment used a survey of meat inspectors, expert opinion, literature search and a stochastic model for Salmonella detection sensitivity. Disease detection sensitivity at a delayed PMI is expected to reduce detection sensitivity to a variable extent, depending on the hazard and on the signs/lesions and organs involved. No reduction is expected for Trichinella detection in meat from susceptible animal species and any decrease in detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) will not exceed the current tolerance for fallen stock. A 24-h delay in PMI could result in a small reduction in sensitivity of detection for tuberculosis, echinococcosis and cysticercosis. A greater reduction is expected for the detection of pyaemia and Rift valley fever. For the detection of Salmonella, the median model estimates are a reduction of sensitivity of 66.5% (90% probability interval (PI) 0.08-99.75%) after 24-h delay and 94% (90% PI 0.83-100%) after 72-h delay of PMI. Laboratory testing for tuberculosis following a sampling delay of 24-72 h could result in no, or a moderate, decrease in detection depending on the method of confirmation used (PCR, culture, histopathology). For chemical contaminants, a delay in meat inspection of 24 or 72 h is expected to have no impact on the effectiveness of detection of persistent organic pollutants and metals. However, for certain pharmacologically active substances, there will be a reduced effectiveness to detect some of these substances due to potential degradation in the available matrices (tissues and organs) and the non-availability of specific preferred matrices of choice.
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Rodrigues GL, Panzenhagen P, Ferrari RG, Paschoalin VMF, Conte-Junior CA. Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolates from Human and Swine Sources in Brazil: A Systematic Review of the Past Three Decades. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:1260-1270. [PMID: 32412862 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. The widespread use of antimicrobials as prophylactic, therapeutic, and growth promoters in both livestock and human medicine has resulted in selective pressure regarding antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This systematic review summarizes phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles in Salmonella isolates from human and swine sources between 1990 and 2018 in Brazil. The 20 studies that matched the eligibility criteria-isolates from pigs and humans from Brazil, between 1990 and 2016, containing information on the number of Salmonella isolates, and applying the disk diffusion susceptibility method-were included. During the assessed period, Salmonella strains isolated from swine sources displayed the highest resistance rates for tetracycline (20.3%) and sulfonamides (17.4%). In contrast, human isolates displayed the highest resistance rates against ampicillin (19.8%) and tetracycline (17%). Salmonella Typhimurium was the most frequent AMR isolate from both swine and human sources, corresponding to 67% of all isolates. From 2001 to 2005, tetracycline and ampicillin were the top antimicrobial resistance compounds, and the most frequently detected in swine and human sources, respectively. A total of 63 and 58 multiple drug resistance profiles were identified in swine and human isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance has decreased throughout the 1990-2016 period, except for gentamicin and nalidixic acid in swine and human isolates, respectively. The results indicate that Salmonella isolated from human and swine display resistance against clinically important antimicrobials, indicating that swine are possibly one of the main vectors for spreading human salmonellosis in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle Lima Rodrigues
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis, Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Panzenhagen
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis, Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis, Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis, Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Analytical and Molecular Laboratory Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.,National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Marin C, Chinillac MC, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Montoro-Dasi L, Sevilla-Navarro S, Ayats T, Marco-Jimenez F, Vega S. Contamination of pig carcass with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 1,4[5],12:i:- originates mainly in live animals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134609. [PMID: 31753504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pork is considered a major source of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in humans in the EU, including monophasic strains (mST). Widespread distribution of virulent serotypes such as monophasic variants of S. Typhimurium have emerged as a public health threat. Despite the current situation, within the EU there is no mandatory programme for the control of Salmonella at pork production level. In this context, the aims of this study were: to examine the presence of Salmonella in the swine production system from arrival at the slaughterhouse until the end of processing, and investigate the genetic relationship among serovars. A total of 21 pig herds were intensively sampled during processing at the slaughterhouse. ERIC-PCR followed by PFGE were performed among isolates recovered at the different steps in the slaughterhouse to assess their genetic relationship. The results showed a high level of Salmonella pork batch contamination upon arrival at the slaughterhouse (71.4%) and at the end of the slaughtering process (66.7%), with mST the main serovar isolated from both origins (53.1% and 38.2%, respectively). Similarly, this study shows that 14.3% of the strains isolated from carcasses have the same Xbal-PFGE profile as those previously recovered in the slaughterhouse environment, but not in the live animals from that same batch. In conclusion, there is a high level of Salmonella swine batch contamination upon arrival at the slaughterhouse and at the end of the slaughtering process, mST being the most frequently isolated serovar. Moreover, a strong genetic relationship has been observed between strains isolated from the batch on arrival at the slaughterhouse, the processing environment and pork carcass contamination. In this sense, it would be necessary to implement a control programme to reduce the bacterium from pork farms and raise the awareness of biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marin
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mª Carmen Chinillac
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Montoro-Dasi
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimientación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana, C/Nules, 16, 12539, Alquerias del NP, Castellón, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Sandra Sevilla-Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimientación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana, C/Nules, 16, 12539, Alquerias del NP, Castellón, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Francisco Marco-Jimenez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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15
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de Quadros CL, Manto L, Mistura E, Webber B, Ritterbusch GA, Borges KA, Furian TQ, Rodrigues LB, Dos Santos LR. Antimicrobial and Disinfectant Susceptibility of Salmonella Serotypes Isolated from Swine Slaughterhouses. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1035-1042. [PMID: 32008078 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella remains one of the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide, and its resistance to antimicrobials and disinfectants has increased considerably over the years. Thus, monitoring its resistance to products commonly used in swine production is indispensable for the development of strategies to reduce the occurrence of bacterial resistance. In this context, our aim was to detect Salmonella at different points in swine slaughterhouses, identify the main serotypes, and evaluate their resistance to disinfectants and antimicrobials used in swine production. Salmonella at the processing plants was detected by conventional microbiology. Salmonella strains were tested for susceptibility to peracetic acid (0.5% and 1%), quaternary ammonium (0.5%), and seven antimicrobials. Twenty-eight percent of the samples were positive for Salmonella, with the most identified serotypes being Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Typhimurium, and monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium. All tested strains were susceptible to both concentrations of peracetic acid, but only 28% were susceptible to quaternary ammonium. Sixteen percent of the strains were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. Only enrofloxacin was efficient in inhibiting the growth of all strains. The highest number of non-susceptible strains was to amoxicillin, followed by chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and doxycycline. Thirty-six percent of the strains were classified as multidrug-resistant. Salmonella were detected in all slaughtering processes, and important serotypes were recovered, including Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Derby, monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Infantis. We observed high rates of resistance to quaternary ammonium and to important antimicrobial agents. Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Infantis were the most resistant serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L de Quadros
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciane Manto
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Enzo Mistura
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Webber
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Veterinária, Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Giseli A Ritterbusch
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen A Borges
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Veterinária, Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Thales Q Furian
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Veterinária, Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Laura B Rodrigues
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Dos Santos
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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16
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Yang G, Wang H, Dong Y, Li Z, Wang GL. High-throughput photoelectrochemical determination of E. coli O157:H7 by modulation of the anodic photoelectrochemistry of CdS quantum dots via reversible deposition of MnO2. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Ferrari RG, Rosario DKA, Cunha-Neto A, Mano SB, Figueiredo EES, Conte-Junior CA. Worldwide Epidemiology of Salmonella Serovars in Animal-Based Foods: a Meta-analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00591-19. [PMID: 31053586 PMCID: PMC6606869 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00591-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are among the most important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of human death among diarrheal diseases worldwide. Animals are the primary source of this pathogen, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Thus, understanding the global epidemiology of Salmonella serovars is key to controlling and monitoring this bacterium. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella enterica serovars in animal-based foods (beef, pork, poultry, and seafood) throughout the five continents (Africa, the Americas [North and Latin America], Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The meta-analysis consisted of a chemometric assessment (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis) to identify the main epidemiological findings, including the prevalence and diversity of the Salmonella serovars in each matrix. Regarding the serovar distribution, S Typhimurium presented a cosmopolitan distribution, reported in all four assessed matrices and continents; poultry continues to play a central role in the dissemination of the Enteritidis serovar to humans, and Anatum and Weltevreden were the most frequently found in beef and seafood, respectively. Additionally, we recommended careful monitoring of certain serovars, such as Derby, Agona, Infantis, and Kentucky. Finally, given the scientific data regarding the most frequently reported serovars and which matrices constitute the main vehicles for the transmission of this pathogen, control programs may be improved, and specific interventions may be implemented in an attempt to reduce the risk of this pathogen reaching humans.IMPORTANCE Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella spp. and is the third leading cause of death among food-transmitted diseases. This pathogen is commonly disseminated in domestic and wild animals, and the infection's symptoms are characterized by acute fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The animals are the primary source of salmonellae, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Therefore, data collected from these sources could contribute to future global interventions for effective control and surveillance of Salmonella along the food chain. In light of this, the importance of our research is in identifying the prevalence of Salmonella serovars in four animal-based food matrices (pork, poultry, beef, and seafood) and to evaluate the importance that each matrix has as the primary source of this pathogen to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela G Ferrari
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denes K A Rosario
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adelino Cunha-Neto
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Sérgio B Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eduardo E S Figueiredo
- Animal Science Program, Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Oloso NO, Adeyemo IA, van Heerden H, Fasanmi OG, Fasina FO. Antimicrobial Drug Administration and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates Originating from the Broiler Production Value Chain in Nigeria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020075. [PMID: 31174274 PMCID: PMC6627717 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is among the pathogens on the high global priority lists for monitoring for studies on the discovery of new antimicrobials and understanding of how antimicrobial resistance (AMR) develops. AMR in connection with antibiotic usage patterns has been considered as a strong factor and contributor to the AMR pool. The purposes of use, pattern of antimicrobial drug administration, as well as the prevalence of AMR in Salmonella originating from the Nigeria broiler production value chain (NBPVC) was explored. A well-structured questionnaire on antimicrobial usage (n = 181) was used for sampling that focused on 21 antimicrobials from 151 locations. Simultaneously, AMR testing for 18 commonly used antimicrobials on Salmonella in humans was also carried out. Antimicrobial resistance Salmonella spp. were isolated in 23% of the samples (261 of 1135 samples from the broiler input, products, and the environment) using modified ISO 6579 and invA PCR protocols. Over 80% of the antimicrobials used in the NBPVC were administered without a veterinarian prescription. Prevalence of antimicrobial administration without prescription were as follows: live-bird-market (100%), hatchery (86.7%), grow-out-farm (75%), and breeder (66.7%). Widespread prophylactic and metaphylactic use of antimicrobials were recorded with the highest use seen for enrofloxacin (63% and 24%), tetracycline (58% and 33%), and erythromycin (50% and 17%). Antimicrobial resistance was highest for flumequine (100%), penicillin (95%), and perfloxacin (89%). High levels of use without laboratory support of a newer generation of a class of antibiotics suspected to confer high resistance on older generations of the same class (quinolones) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurudeen Olalekan Oloso
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Ismail Adewuyi Adeyemo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria.
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Olubunmi Gabriel Fasanmi
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
- Federal Colleges of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan 200262, Nigeria.
| | - Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases-Food and Agriculture Organisation (ECTAD-FAO), Dar es Salaam 14111, United Republic of Tanzania.
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Gutema FD, Agga GE, Abdi RD, De Zutter L, Duchateau L, Gabriël S. Prevalence and Serotype Diversity of Salmonella in Apparently Healthy Cattle: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Published Studies, 2000-2017. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:102. [PMID: 31037239 PMCID: PMC6476277 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses in humans with cattle being one of the reservoirs for Salmonella. We estimated a pooled prevalence of Salmonella in apparently healthy cattle and examined serotype diversity through systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between 2000 and 2017. Peer reviewed publications reporting the prevalence of Salmonella in cattle were searched through five electronic databases (PubMed, Google scholar, Agricola, Scopus, CAB direct) and through manual search. We obtained 71 publications with 75 datasets consisting a total of 52,766 animals examined and 5,010 Salmonella positive cattle from 29 countries in six continents (except from Antarctica). Pooled prevalence of Salmonella in cattle was 9% (95% confidence interval: 7-11%). Significantly high heterogeneity (I 2 = 98.7%, P < 0.01) was observed among all studies as well as within continents. Prevalence varied from 2% (Europe) to 16% (North America). Overall, 143 different serotypes were reported with the most diverse serotypes being reported from Africa (76 different serotypes) followed by North America (49 serotypes). The 10 most frequently reported serotypes (Montevideo, Typhimurium, Kentucky, Meleagridis, Anatum, Cerro, Mbandaka, Muenster, Newport, and Senftenberg) accounted for 65% of the isolates for which specific serotype information was reported. Salmonella Montevideo and S. Dublin are the most frequently reported serotypes in North America and Europe, respectively, while S. Typhimurium was the most frequent in Africa, Asia and Australasia. Our results indicated variability both in the prevalence and serotype diversity of Salmonella in cattle across continents. Although all Salmonella serotypes are potentially pathogenic to humans, five (Montevideo, Typhimurium, Anatum, Mbandaka, and Newport) of the top 10 serotypes identified in this study are among the serotypes most commonly associated with clinical illnesses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta D. Gutema
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Getahun E. Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bowling Green, KY, United States
| | - Reta D. Abdi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY, United States
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Minor Fernandes Inagaki J, Jagnow Sereno M, Pegoraro K, Zanatta Waz M, Mendonça Soares V, Gonçalves Pereira J, Bersot LDS. Effect of organic matter and pH on the resistance of Salmonella
Typhimurium and Salmonella
Derby in scalding water from pig slaughter. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallu Jagnow Sereno
- Department of Veterinary Science; Federal University of Paraná; Palotina Paraná Brazil
| | - Kadigia Pegoraro
- Department of Veterinary Science; Federal University of Paraná; Palotina Paraná Brazil
| | - Mykaella Zanatta Waz
- Department of Veterinary Science; Federal University of Paraná; Palotina Paraná Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Gonçalves Pereira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University; Botucatu Campus São Paulo Brazil
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21
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Characterization of Salmonella isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle and retail beef in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2017; 147:11-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Interventions to reduce non-typhoidal Salmonella in pigs during transport to slaughter and lairage: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and research synthesis based infection models in support of assessment of effectiveness. Prev Vet Med 2017; 145:133-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Walia K, Lynch H, Grant J, Duffy G, Leonard FC, Lawlor PG, Gardiner GE. The efficacy of disinfectant misting in the lairage of a pig abattoir to reduce Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae on pigs prior to slaughter. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Trongjit S, Angkititrakul S, Tuttle RE, Poungseree J, Padungtod P, Chuanchuen R. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from broiler chickens, pigs and meat products in Thailand-Cambodia border provinces. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:23-33. [PMID: 28042666 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella isolates from broiler chickens, pigs and their associated meat products in the Thailand-Cambodia border provinces. A total of 941 samples were collected from pigs and broiler chickens at slaughter houses and from carcasses at local fresh markets in Sa Kaeo, Thailand (n = 554) and Banteay Meanchey, Cambodia (n = 387) in 2014 and 2015. From these samples, 345 Salmonella isolates were collected from Sa Keao (n = 145; 23%) and Banteay Meanchey (n = 200; 47%) and assayed for antimicrobial susceptibility, class 1 integrons and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes. Serovars Typhimurium (29%) and Rissen (29%) were the most common serotypes found in Thai and Cambodian isolates, respectively. Multidrug resistance was detected in 34% and 52% of isolates from Sa Keao and Banteay Meanchey, respectively. The majority of the Thai isolates were resistant to ampicillin (72.4%), whereas most Cambodian isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole (71%). Eleven isolates from Sa Keao and 44 from Banteay Meanchey carried class 1 integrons comprising resistance gene cassettes. The most common gene cassette array was dfrA12-aadA2 (61.1%). Six isolates were ESBL producers. The β-lactamase genes found included blaTEM-1 , blaCTX-M-55 and blaCMY-2 . Some of these class 1 integrons and ESBL genes were located on conjugative plasmid. In conclusion, multidrug-resistant Salmonella are common in pigs, chickens and their products in the Thailand-Cambodia border provinces. Our findings indicate that class 1 integrons play a role in spread of AMR in the strains in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthathip Trongjit
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330
| | - Sunpetch Angkititrakul
- Research Group for Prevention Technology in Livestock, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Khan 40000 Thailand
| | - R Emerson Tuttle
- Division of Global Health Protection, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Poungseree
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Division of Global Health Protection, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330
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25
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Walia K, Argüello H, Lynch H, Grant J, Leonard FC, Lawlor PG, Gardiner GE, Duffy G. The efficacy of different cleaning and disinfection procedures to reduce Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae in the lairage environment of a pig abattoir. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 246:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Fois F, Piras F, Torpdahl M, Mazza R, Consolati SG, Spanu C, Scarano C, De Santis EPL. Occurrence, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella enterica in Slaughtered Pigs in Sardinia. J Food Sci 2017; 82:969-976. [PMID: 28226178 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine Salmonella occurrence in slaughtered finishing pigs and piglets and in slaughterhouse environment in order to characterize the isolates with phenotypical (antimicrobial testing) and molecular (PFGE, MLVA) methods. Nine slaughterhouses located in Sardinia were visited. Six hundred and eight samples collected from 106 pigs and 108 environmental samples were collected and analyzed. Salmonella was isolated in 65 of 504 (12.9%) samples from finishing pigs, with an occurrence of 15.1% in colon content, 12.7% in lymph nodes and liver, and 11.1% in carcass surface samples. Salmonella was never detected in piglets. The combined results of serotyping and PFGE showed a possible self-contamination in 71.5% of Salmonella positive carcasses of lymph nodes and/or colon content carriers, pointing out the role of healthy pigs for carcass contamination. A significantly higher (P < 0.05) occurrence was detected in finishing pigs of EC countries origin (23%) than in pigs of local farms (8%). Salmonella was also detected in 3.7% of environmental samples. The most prevalent serovar was S. Anatum, followed by S. Rissen, S. Derby, and monophasic S. Typhimurium. Resistance to at least 3 antimicrobial was observed in 97.1% of strains and 7 different patterns of multiple resistance were identified. The most common resistance was detected against sulphonamide compounds. A strict slaughterhouse application of hygiene standards is essential to control the risk of Salmonella contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fois
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Piras
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mia Torpdahl
- Statens Serum Inst., DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Spanu
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Christian Scarano
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Enrico P L De Santis
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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27
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Young I, Wilhelm BJ, Cahill S, Nakagawa R, Desmarchelier P, Rajić A. A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Slaughter and Processing Interventions to Control Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Beef and Pork. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2196-2210. [PMID: 28104927 PMCID: PMC5238939 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pork is one of the major food sources of human salmonellosis worldwide, while beef products have been implicated in numerous foodborne outbreaks. As a result, effective interventions to reduce Salmonella contamination during beef and pork processing are of interest to both regulators and industry. We conducted a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of literature investigating the efficacy of slaughter and processing interventions to control Salmonella in beef and pork. Review steps included: a comprehensive search strategy; relevance screening of abstracts; relevance confirmation of articles; data extraction; risk-of-bias assessment; meta-analysis (where appropriate); and a weight-of-evidence assessment. A total of 191 relevant experimental studies were identified. Two controlled trials indicated that hot water and steam treatments are effective at reducing the prevalence of Salmonella on beef carcasses (relative risk [RR] = 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.58), while four trials found that pre-chill organic acid washes are effective at reducing Salmonella on pork carcasses (RR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.78), with high confidence in the estimates of effect. Four quasi-experimental studies found that post-exsanguination chemical washes were effective to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella on cattle hides, with low confidence in the specific estimate of effect; moderate confidence was found for the effect estimates of scalding (RR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.29) and singeing (RR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.52) of pork carcasses. The overall evidence supported enhanced reductions of Salmonella through a multiple-hurdle approach. In conclusion, various slaughter and processing interventions can contribute to reducing Salmonella on beef and pork carcasses, depending on the context of application; an appropriate combination should be selected, validated, and verified by establishment operators within their local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, POD 249, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Barbara J Wilhelm
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Cahill
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Office of Food Safety, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Rei Nakagawa
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrijana Rajić
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Office of Food Safety, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
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28
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Walia K, Argüello H, Lynch H, Leonard FC, Grant J, Yearsley D, Kelly S, Duffy G, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. Effect of feeding sodium butyrate in the late finishing period on Salmonella carriage, seroprevalence, and growth of finishing pigs. Prev Vet Med 2016; 131:79-86. [PMID: 27544256 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pork is an important source of human salmonellosis and low-cost on-farm control measures may provide a useful element in reducing the prevalence of this pathogen in food. This study investigated the effectiveness of dietary supplementation with sodium butyrate administered to finisher pigs for ∼4-weeks prior to slaughter to control Salmonella shedding on highly contaminated farms. Two trials (A and B) were conducted on two commercial pig farms, which had a history of high Salmonella seroprevalence. In both trials, pens (14 pens of 12 pigs/pen in Trial A and 12 pens of 12-17 pigs/pen in Trial B) were randomly assigned to a control (finisher feed without additive) or a treatment group (the same feed with 3kg sodium butyrate/t) for 24-28days, depending on the trial. Faeces were collected from each pig on days 0, 12 and 24/28, and blood, caecal digesta and ileocaecal/mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from the slaughterhouse. Pigs were weighed at the start and end of the trials, feed intake was recorded, and carcass quality parameters were recorded at slaughter. In Trial A, Salmonella shedding was reduced in the treatment compared to the control group at the end of the trial (30% versus 57% probability of detecting Salmonella in faeces, respectively; p<0.001). This reflected the serology results, with detection of a lower seroprevalence in the treatment compared to the control group using the 20% optical density cut-off (69.5% versus 89%; p=0.001). However, no effect on faecal shedding or seroprevalance was observed in Trial B, which may be explained by the detection of a concomitant infection with Lawsonia intracellularis. No significant differences in Salmonella recovery rates were observed in the caecal digesta or lymph nodes in either trial. Furthermore, feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) did not differ between groups (p>0.05) in either trial. Numerical improvements in weight gain and FCE were found with sodium butyrate treatment, which gave a cost benefit of €0.04/kg of live-weight gain. Overall, results suggest that strategic feeding of sodium butyrate, at 3kg/t of feed, to finishing pigs for 24-28days prior to slaughter was effective in reducing Salmonella shedding and seroprevalance but perhaps only in the absence of co-infection with other pathogens. However, sodium butyrate supplementation at this rate did not influence intestinal carriage, nor did it reduce seroprevalence to below the cut-off used for the high Salmonella risk category in Ireland (50%), or significantly improve growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Walia
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland; Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Helen Lynch
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jim Grant
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Dermot Yearsley
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, Ireland
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, Ireland
| | | | - Gillian E Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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29
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Ferrer Savall J, Bidot C, Leblanc-Maridor M, Belloc C, Touzeau S. Modelling Salmonella transmission among pigs from farm to slaughterhouse: Interplay between management variability and epidemiological uncertainty. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 229:33-43. [PMID: 27099983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella carriage and cutaneous contamination of pigs at slaughter are a major risk for carcass contamination. They depend on Salmonella prevalence at farm, but also on transmission and skin soiling among pigs during their journey from farm to slaughterhouse. To better understand and potentially control what influences Salmonella transmission within a pig batch during this transport and lairage step, we proposed a compartmental, discrete-time and stochastic model. We calibrated the model using pork chain data from Brittany. We carried out a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of the variability in management protocols and of the uncertainty in epidemiological parameters on three model outcomes: prevalence of infection, average cutaneous contamination and number of new infections at slaughter. Each outcome is mainly influenced by a single management factor: prevalence at slaughter mainly depends on the prevalence at farm, cutaneous contamination on the contamination of lairage pens and new infections on the total duration of transport and lairage. However, these results are strongly affected by the uncertainty in epidemiological parameters. Re-excretion of carriers due to stress does not have a major impact on the number of new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Bidot
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Catherine Belloc
- INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR 1300 BioEpAR, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Suzanne Touzeau
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France; BIOCORE, Inria, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
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30
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Pires AFA, Funk JA, Habing GG, Bolin C. Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversity of Salmonella in Finishing Swine. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:182-9. [PMID: 26977814 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica (nontyphoidal) is one of the major causes of foodborne diseases in the United States and worldwide. Molecular typing methods are significant tools used to better understand the transmission and ecology of Salmonella in order to implement pre-harvest control measures. The objectives of this study were to describe the Salmonella genotypes, the distribution of isolate subtypes from different ecological niches (i.e., barn environment, nursery, and individual pigs) and their evolution over time in a longitudinal study conducted in three finishing sites (housing pigs from 10 weeks of age until slaughter at 24-26 weeks of age). Among the 107 Salmonella isolates submitted for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, there were 25 distinct subtypes. PFGE genotyping results were consistent with the serotype findings. A large number of distinguishable PFGE patterns (i.e., within the same serovar) were observed and different combinations of subtypes were identified within and across sites and cohorts. New subtypes may result of the introduction of new strains, genetic changes, or ongoing transmission of evolved strains within the production system. The same subtypes were detected intermittently during the study period, which suggests the persistence of indistinguishable subtypes in this production system. In addition, this study suggests persistence of the same subtype over several cohorts of pigs and potential residual contamination from the barn. Factors affecting adaptation and transmission of Salmonella within and among ecological systems (e.g., finishing pigs, nursery, and environment) should be further investigated. Understanding genotypic diversity of Salmonella in different ecological niches during pre-harvest may contribute to the development of more targeted and cost effective control programs during nursery and finishing phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda F A Pires
- 1 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Julie A Funk
- 1 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Greg G Habing
- 2 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Carole Bolin
- 3 Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
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31
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Gradassi M, Caminiti A, Galletti G, Santi A, Paternoster G, Tamba M, Zanoni M, Tagliabue S, Alborali GL, Trevisani M. Suitability of a Salmonella control programme based on serology in slaughter heavy pigs. Res Vet Sci 2015; 101:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Abattoir based survey of Salmonella in finishing pigs in the United Kingdom 2006–2007. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:542-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Parada J, Carranza A, Pichel M, Tamiozzo P, Pelliza B, Ambrogi A. Salmonella transmission from the gilt to her offspring. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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de Souza Sant'Ana A. Introduction to the Special Issue: Salmonella in foods: Evolution, strategies and challenges. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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