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Esperança VJR, Moreira PIO, Chávez DWH, Freitas-Silva O. Evaluation of the safety and quality of Brazil nuts ( Bertholletia excelsa) using the tools of dna sequencing technology and aflatoxin profile. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1357778. [PMID: 38665301 PMCID: PMC11044678 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1357778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brazil nuts (BNs) result from sustainable extraction and are widely exploited in the Amazon region. Due to the production characteristics in the forest and the nutritional characteristics of these nuts, the occurrence of fungal contamination and the presence of aflatoxins are extensively discussed in the literature as a great aspect of interest and concern. This study aims to evaluate the microbial profile through DNA sequencing and amplification of 16S and ITS genes for bacterial and fungal analysis, respectively, and the presence of mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) from different fractions of the nuts processed. Methods The BN samples, harvest A (HA) and harvest B (HB), from two different harvests were collected in an extractive cooperative in the Amazon region for microbiological analysis (from DNA extraction and amplification of 16S genes, bacteria analysis, and ITS for fungi) and mycotoxins (aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) using HPLC-FD/KobraCell®. Results and discussion The samples showed a very different microbiome and aflatoxin profile. Genera such as Rothia (HA) and Cronobacter (HB) were abundant during the analysis of bacteria; as for fungi, the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria were also considered prevalent in these samples. Soil microorganisms, including those pathogenic and related to inadequate hygienic-sanitary production practices, as well as aflatoxins, were found in the samples. However, they were within the established limits permitted by Brazilian legislation. Nuts have a diverse microbiota and are not restricted to fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The microbiological and toxicological profile can vary significantly within the same nut in the same extraction region and can be exacerbated by global climate changes. Therefore, it is necessary to advance sanitary educational actions by applying good production practices and inspection programs to ensure the sustainability and quality of the BN production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. R. Esperança
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro (PPGAN/UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula I. O. Moreira
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro (PPGAN/UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Davy W. H. Chávez
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Otniel Freitas-Silva
- Embrapa Food Technology, Office of Research and Development (Sector: Operational Units – Plan V), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Polmann G, Badia V, Danielski R, Ferreira SRS, Block JM. Non-conventional nuts: An overview of reported composition and bioactivity and new approaches for its consumption and valorization of co-products. FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Assunção R, Boué G, Alvito P, Brazão R, Carmona P, Carvalho C, Correia D, Fernandes P, Lopes C, Martins C, Membré JM, Monteiro S, Nabais P, Thomsen ST, Torres D, Pires SM, Jakobsen LS. Risk-Benefit Assessment of Cereal-Based Foods Consumed by Portuguese Children Aged 6 to 36 Months-A Case Study under the RiskBenefit4EU Project. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093127. [PMID: 34579004 PMCID: PMC8467172 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal-based foods, including breakfast (BC) and infant cereals (IC), are among the first solid foods introduced to infants. BC and IC are sources of macro and micronutrients that have beneficial effects on health, but can also be sources of harmful chemical and microbiological contaminants and nutrients that may lead to adverse health effects at high consumption levels. This study was performed under the RiskBenefit4EU project with the aim of assessing the health impact associated with consumption of BC and IC by Portuguese children under 35 months. Adverse effects associated with the presence of aflatoxins, Bacillus cereus, sodium and free sugars were assessed against the benefits of fiber intake. We applied a risk–benefit assessment approach, and quantified the health impact of changes in consumption of BC and IC from current to various alternative consumption scenarios. Health impact was assessed in terms of disability-adjusted life years. Results showed that moving from the current consumption scenario to considered alternative scenarios results in a gain of healthy life years. Portuguese children can benefit from exchanging intake of IC to BC, if the BC consumed has an adequate nutritional profile in terms of fiber, sodium and free sugars, with levels of aflatoxins reduced as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Assunção
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.A.); (R.B.); (C.M.)
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-21-751-9219
| | - Géraldine Boué
- INRAe, Oniris, Secalim, 44307 Nantes, France; (G.B.); (P.F.); (J.-M.M.)
| | - Paula Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.A.); (R.B.); (C.M.)
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Roberto Brazão
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.A.); (R.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Paulo Carmona
- Food Risks Unit, Economic and Food Safety Authority (ASAE), 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.C.); (S.M.); (P.N.)
| | - Catarina Carvalho
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (C.C.); (D.T.)
- EPIUnit—Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (D.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Daniela Correia
- EPIUnit—Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (D.C.); (C.L.)
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Fernandes
- INRAe, Oniris, Secalim, 44307 Nantes, France; (G.B.); (P.F.); (J.-M.M.)
| | - Carla Lopes
- EPIUnit—Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (D.C.); (C.L.)
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.A.); (R.B.); (C.M.)
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Center, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Sarogini Monteiro
- Food Risks Unit, Economic and Food Safety Authority (ASAE), 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.C.); (S.M.); (P.N.)
| | - Pedro Nabais
- Food Risks Unit, Economic and Food Safety Authority (ASAE), 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.C.); (S.M.); (P.N.)
| | - Sofie T. Thomsen
- Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; (S.T.T.); (S.M.P.); (L.S.J.)
| | - Duarte Torres
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (C.C.); (D.T.)
- EPIUnit—Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (D.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Sara M. Pires
- Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; (S.T.T.); (S.M.P.); (L.S.J.)
| | - Lea S. Jakobsen
- Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; (S.T.T.); (S.M.P.); (L.S.J.)
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Design of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Containing Cymbopogon martinii (Palmarosa) Essential Oil against Aspergillus nomius. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164825. [PMID: 34443412 PMCID: PMC8399424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmarosa essential oil (PEO) is an alternative to synthetic fungicides to control the contamination by food-deteriorating fungi, such as Aspergillus nomius. Nonetheless, the low long-term stability and volatility hamper its utilization. Thus, this study aimed to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) containing PEO to improve its stability and consequently prolong the activity against A. nomius. A mixture design was applied to find the best preparation conditions for antifungal activity. The characterization analyses included size measurements, zeta potential (ζ-potential), entrapment efficiency (EE), and antifungal activity (by inhibition of mycelial growth (IMG) and/or in situ test (pre-contaminated Brazil nuts) tests). The nanocarriers presented particle sizes smaller than 300 nm, homogeneous size distribution, ζ-potential of −25.19 to −41.81 mV, and EE between 73.6 and 100%. The formulations F5 and F10 showed the highest IMG value (98.75%). Based on the regression model, three optimized formulations (OFs) were tested for antifungal activity (IMG and in situ test), which showed 100% of inhibition and prevented the deterioration of Brazil nuts by A. nomius. The preliminary stability test showed the maintenance of antifungal activity and physicochemical characteristics for 90 days. These results suggest a promising system as a biofungicide against A. nomius.
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Sousa de Oliveira T, Freitas-Silva O, Mendonça Kluczkovski A, Henrique Campelo P. Potential use of vegetable proteins to reduce Brazil nut oil oxidation in microparticle systems. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109526. [PMID: 33233158 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Brazil nut oil is mostly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, some of which are associated with decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Vegetable proteins have been increasingly used as wall material for partial replacement of carbohydrates and whey proteins. In order to create an oil preservation method, Brazil nut oil was encapsulated with three different types of vegetable protein concentrates and gum arabic (GA): rice (RPC + GA); pea (PPC + GA); and soy (SPC + GA) .For this purpose, vegetable protein concentrates were characterized, and after the drying process the physicochemical characteristics of the microparticles were evaluated. The most stable emulsion, after seven days of evaluation, was composed of RPC + GA. RPC + GA. This treatment was also more stable based on the shelf life assessments. We concluded that RCP microparticles were the best option for encapsulating Brazil nut oil in comparison with the other particles evaluated. In addition, the product obtained is potentially capable of being included in various processed foods.
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Key Words
- (C 20:0) Arachidonic Acid - (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid
- Bertholletia excelsa
- C 14:0 Myristic Acid - tetradecanoic acid
- C 16:0 Palmitic Acid - hexadecanoic acid
- C 16:1 Palmitoleic Acid - (Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid
- C 17:0 Margaric Acid - heptadecanoic acid
- C 18:0 Stearic Acid - octadecanoic acid
- C 18:1 (ϖ 9) – Oleic Acid - (Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid
- C 18:2 (ϖ 6) Linoleic Acid - (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid
- C 18:3 (ϖ 3) Linolenic Acid - (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid
- Conservation
- Freeze-drying encapsulation
- Oxidative stability
- Protein characterization
- Unsaturated fatty acids
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Sousa de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Pedro Henrique Campelo
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Amazonas, Brazil
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Ribeiro M, Freitas-Silva O, Castro I, Teixeira A, Marques-da-Silva S, Sales-Moraes A, Abreu L, Sousa C. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid against Aspergillus nomius in Brazil nuts. Food Microbiol 2020; 90:103449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effects of package type on the quality of fruits and nuts panned in chocolate during long-time storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pigłowski M. Food hazards on the European Union market: The data analysis of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1603-1627. [PMID: 32180969 PMCID: PMC7063371 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine similarities in notifications on main hazards within food reported in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) in 1979-2017. The main problems were mycotoxins in nuts, pathogenic microorganisms in poultry meat and fish, pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, and heavy metals in fish. The increase in the number of notifications has been observed since 2002/2003. Products were notified mainly by Italy, Germany, and United Kingdom and originated from Asian and European Union countries. The notification basis was border control and official control, and the notification type was border rejections, information, and alerts. Notified products were not distributed and not placed on the market, distribution status could be also not specified, or distribution was possible, also to other countries. The risk decision on hazard was usually not made. Products were redispatched, withdrawn from the market, and destroyed, or import was not authorized. Remarks, which can be used to improve the RASFF database, were also presented. It was further pointed out that European law should significantly reduce the use of pesticides, drugs, and food additives, and European agriculture should be reoriented from an intensive farming to a more sustainable and ecological one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pigłowski
- Department of Commodity and Quality ManagementFaculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality ScienceGdynia Maritime UniversityGdyniaPoland
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Abbasi F, Samaei MR. The effect of temperature on airborne filamentous fungi in the indoor and outdoor space of a hospital. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16868-16876. [PMID: 29299864 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are one of the bioaerosols in indoor air of hospitals. They have adverse effects on staff and patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three incubation temperature on the density and composition of airborne fungi in an indoor and outdoor space of hospital. Sabouraud dextrose agar was used for culture the fungi. For improvement of aseptic properties, chloramphenicol was added to this medium. The density of airborne fungi was less than 282 CFU/m3. The highest density was detected in emergency room and the lowest of them was in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and operation room (OR). Results showed that fungi levels at 25 °C were higher than 37 and 15 °C (p = 0.006). In addition, ten different genera of fungi were identified in all departments. The predominant fungi were Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Paecilomyces spp., and Aspergillus niger. Moreover, the density and trend of distribution of Fusaruim spp. in the indoor space was directivity to outdoor space by ventilation system. The present study has provided that incubation temperature had effect on airborne fungi remarkably. We are suggested that more studies would be conducted on incubation temperature and other ambient factors on airborne fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Abbasi
- Department of environmental health engineering, School of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Samaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Udomkun P, Mutegi C, Wossen T, Atehnkeng J, Nabahungu NL, Njukwe E, Vanlauwe B, Bandyopadhyay R. Occurrence of aflatoxin in agricultural produce from local markets in Burundi and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:2227-2238. [PMID: 30510723 PMCID: PMC6261206 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are noxious secondary metabolites, of certain fungal species, found in food and feed. Contamination of a commodity with aflatoxins is associated with production and storage losses, and subsequently less food availability. Aflatoxins can also pose human health risks and represent a barrier to the development of trade, in both domestic and international markets. In this study, samples of cassava, maize, groundnut, beans, soybean, sorghum and milk, and their processed products were collected from local markets in Burundi and Eastern DRC. In order to investigate the levels of aflatoxin, crop samples were analyzed using a single step lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (Reveal Q+), while enzyme‐linked immune‐sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze aflatoxin‐M1 in milk, yogurt, and cheese samples. The results revealed the presence of aflatoxins in all samples from both countries, with levels ranging from 1.3 to 2,410 μg/kg. Samples collected from Burundi contained relatively higher (p > 0.0.5) levels of aflatoxins. In 51% of all the crops samples, total aflatoxin contamination was above the EU maximum tolerable level of 4 μg/kg. Processed products, particularly from groundnut, maize, and sorghum, had the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination when compared to unprocessed grain. With regard to milk and dairy products, the level of aflatoxin‐M1 ranged from 4.8 to 261.1 ng/kg. Approximately 29% of milk and yogurt samples had aflatoxin‐M1 higher than the EU regulatory limit of 50 ng/kg, whereas 20% of cheese samples were found to be contaminated at levels higher than the maximum limit of 250 ng/kg. These results can serve as the basis for pre‐ and postharvest approaches to reduce aflatoxin contamination in agricultural commodities in Burundi and Eastern DRC in order to reduce health risk, avoid reduced production in livestock, and open up export markets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Njukwe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Bujumbura Burundi
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Abstract
Aflatoxins and ochratoxins are among the most important mycotoxins of all and producers of both types of mycotoxins are present in Aspergillus section Flavi, albeit never in the same species. Some of the most efficient producers of aflatoxins and ochratoxins have not been described yet. Using a polyphasic approach combining phenotype, physiology, sequence and extrolite data, we describe here eight new species in section Flavi. Phylogenetically, section Flavi is split in eight clades and the section currently contains 33 species. Two species only produce aflatoxin B1 and B2 (A. pseudotamarii and A. togoensis), and 14 species are able to produce aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2: three newly described species A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii and A. cerealis in addition to A. arachidicola, A. minisclerotigenes, A. mottae, A. luteovirescens (formerly A. bombycis), A. nomius, A. novoparasiticus, A. parasiticus, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius, A. sergii and A. transmontanensis. It is generally accepted that A. flavus is unable to produce type G aflatoxins, but here we report on Korean strains that also produce aflatoxin G1 and G2. One strain of A. bertholletius can produce the immediate aflatoxin precursor 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, and one strain of Aspergillus sojae and two strains of Aspergillus alliaceus produced versicolorins. Strains of the domesticated forms of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, A. oryzae and A. sojae, respectively, lost their ability to produce aflatoxins, and from the remaining phylogenetically closely related species (belonging to the A. flavus-, A. tamarii-, A. bertholletius- and A. nomius-clades), only A. caelatus, A. subflavus and A. tamarii are unable to produce aflatoxins. With exception of A. togoensis in the A. coremiiformis-clade, all species in the phylogenetically more distant clades (A. alliaceus-, A. coremiiformis-, A. leporis- and A. avenaceus-clade) are unable to produce aflatoxins. Three out of the four species in the A. alliaceus-clade can produce the mycotoxin ochratoxin A: A. alliaceus s. str. and two new species described here as A. neoalliaceus and A. vandermerwei. Eight species produced the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid: A. bertholletius, A. caelatus, A. luteovirescens, A. nomius, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudonomius, A. pseudotamarii and A. tamarii while the related mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid was produced by 13 species: A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii, A. bertholletius, A. cerealis, A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. mottae, A. oryzae, A. pipericola, A. pseudocaelatus, A. pseudotamarii, A. sergii and A. tamarii. Furthermore, A. hancockii produced speradine A, a compound related to cyclopiazonic acid. Selected A. aflatoxiformans, A. austwickii, A. cerealis, A. flavus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. pipericola and A. sergii strains produced small sclerotia containing the mycotoxin aflatrem. Kojic acid has been found in all species in section Flavi, except A. avenaceus and A. coremiiformis. Only six species in the section did not produce any known mycotoxins: A. aspearensis, A. coremiiformis, A. lanosus, A. leporis, A. sojae and A. subflavus. An overview of other small molecule extrolites produced in Aspergillus section Flavi is given.
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Dating the Cryptococcus gattii Dispersal to the North American Pacific Northwest. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00499-17. [PMID: 29359190 PMCID: PMC5770541 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00499-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus gattii in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) resulted in numerous investigations into the epidemiological and enzootic impacts, as well as multiple genomic explorations of the three primary molecular subtypes of the fungus that were discovered. These studies lead to the general conclusion that the subtypes identified likely emerged out of Brazil. Here, we conducted genomic dating analyses to determine the ages of the various lineages seen in the PNW and propose hypothetical causes for the dispersal events. Bayesian evolutionary analysis strongly suggests that these independent fungal populations in the PNW are all 60 to 100 years old, providing a timing that is subsequent to the opening of the Panama Canal, which allowed for more direct shipping between Brazil and the western North American coastline, a possible driving event for these fungal translocation events. The emergence of Cryptococcus gattii, previously regarded as a predominantly tropical pathogen, in the temperate climate of the North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) in 1999 prompted several questions. The most prevalent among these was the timing of the introduction of this pathogen to this novel environment. Here, we infer tip-dated timing estimates for the three clonal C. gattii populations observed in the PNW, VGIIa, VGIIb, and VGIIc, based on whole-genome sequencing of 134 C. gattii isolates and using Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees (BEAST). We estimated the nucleotide substitution rate for each lineage (1.59 × 10−8, 1.59 × 10−8, and 2.70 × 10−8, respectively) to be an order of magnitude higher than common neutral fungal mutation rates (2.0 × 10−9), indicating a microevolutionary rate (e.g., successive clonal generations in a laboratory) in comparison to a species’ slower, macroevolutionary rate (e.g., when using fossil records). The clonal nature of the PNW C. gattii emergence over a narrow number of years would therefore possibly explain our higher mutation rates. Our results suggest that the mean time to most recent common ancestor for all three sublineages occurred within the last 60 to 100 years. While the cause of C. gattii dispersal to the PNW is still unclear, our research estimates that the arrival is neither ancient nor very recent (i.e., <25 years ago), making a strong case for an anthropogenic introduction. IMPORTANCE The recent emergence of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus gattii in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) resulted in numerous investigations into the epidemiological and enzootic impacts, as well as multiple genomic explorations of the three primary molecular subtypes of the fungus that were discovered. These studies lead to the general conclusion that the subtypes identified likely emerged out of Brazil. Here, we conducted genomic dating analyses to determine the ages of the various lineages seen in the PNW and propose hypothetical causes for the dispersal events. Bayesian evolutionary analysis strongly suggests that these independent fungal populations in the PNW are all 60 to 100 years old, providing a timing that is subsequent to the opening of the Panama Canal, which allowed for more direct shipping between Brazil and the western North American coastline, a possible driving event for these fungal translocation events.
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Lopes LF, Bordin K, de Lara GHC, Saladino F, Quiles JM, Meca G, Luciano FB. Fumigation of Brazil nuts with allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxin production. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:792-798. [PMID: 28675475 PMCID: PMC6585674 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brazil produces approximately 40 000 tons of Brazil nuts annually, which is commonly contaminated with fungi and mycotoxins. Gaseous allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) was used to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and its production of aflatoxins (AFs) in Brazil nuts. RESULTS Nuts were inoculated with 104 spores g-1 of A. parasiticus and placed in airtight glass jars with controlled relative humidity (RH = 95 or 85%). Samples were treated with 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.5 µL L-1 of gaseous AITC and analyzed after 30 days to determine the fungal population and AFs content. Samples were also submitted to sensory evaluation. AITC at 2.5 µL L-1 could completely inhibit the fungal growth and AFs production in both the RH tested. AITC at 0.5 and 1 µL L-1 did not affect the microbial growth at RH = 95%, but 1 µL L-1 reduced the production of AFs by ∼50%. All AITC treatments reduced the fungal population and AFs to undetectable levels at RH = 85%. None of the concentrations altered sensory characteristics of Brazil nuts. CONCLUSION Gaseous AITC could be used as an alternative to inhibit the growth of A. parasiticus during storage and transport of Brazil nuts. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F Lopes
- School of Life SciencesPontifícia Universidade Católica do ParanáCuritiba, ParanáBrazil
| | - Keliani Bordin
- School of Life SciencesPontifícia Universidade Católica do ParanáCuritiba, ParanáBrazil
| | - Gabriel HC de Lara
- School of Life SciencesPontifícia Universidade Católica do ParanáCuritiba, ParanáBrazil
| | - Federica Saladino
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of ValenciaBurjassotSpain
| | - Juan M Quiles
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of ValenciaBurjassotSpain
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of ValenciaBurjassotSpain
| | - Fernando B Luciano
- School of Life SciencesPontifícia Universidade Católica do ParanáCuritiba, ParanáBrazil
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LAMP-based group specific detection of aflatoxin producers within Aspergillus section Flavi in food raw materials, spices, and dried fruit using neutral red for visible-light signal detection. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:241-250. [PMID: 29272724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins can be produced by 21 species within sections Flavi (16 species), Ochraceorosei (2), and Nidulantes (3) of the fungal genus Aspergillus. They pose risks to human and animal health due to high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Detecting aflatoxin producers can help to assess toxicological risks associated with contaminated commodities. Species specific molecular assays (PCR and LAMP) are available for detection of major producers, but fail to detect species of minor importance. To enable rapid and sensitive detection of several aflatoxin producing species in a single analysis, a nor1 gene-specific LAMP assay was developed. Specificity testing showed that among 128 fungal species from 28 genera, 15 aflatoxigenic species in section Flavi were detected, including synonyms of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. No cross reactions were found with other tested species. The detection limit of the assay was 9.03pg of A. parasiticus genomic DNA per reaction. Visual detection of positive LAMP reactions under daylight conditions was facilitated using neutral red to allow unambiguous distinction between positive and negative assay results. Application of the assay to the detection of A. parasiticus conidia revealed a detection limit of 211 conidia per reaction after minimal sample preparation. The usefulness of the assay was demonstrated in the analysis of aflatoxinogenic species in samples of rice, nuts, raisins, dried figs, as well as powdered spices. Comparison of LAMP results with presence/absence of aflatoxins and aflatoxin producing fungi in 50 rice samples showed good correlation between these parameters. Our study suggests that the developed LAMP assay is a rapid, sensitive and user-friendly tool for surveillance and quality control in our food industry.
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15
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Rocha DFDL, Oliveira MDS, Furlong EB, Junges A, Paroul N, Valduga E, Backes GT, Zeni J, Cansian RL. Evaluation of the TLC quantification method and occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour of southern Brazil. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:2220-2229. [PMID: 28786343 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1364872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated a QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction method for use with a TLC quantification procedure for deoxynivalenol (DON). It also surveyed DON occurrence in wheat flour from the southern region of Brazil. Forty-eight wheat flour samples were analysed, divided into 2 different harvest lots, each consisting of 24 different brands. The detection and quantification limits of the method were 30 and 100 ng of DON on the TLC plate. The various concentrations of DON presented high linearity (R2 = 0.99). A negative matrix effect (-28%) of the wheat flour was verified, with suppression of the chromatographic signal of DON, and 80.2-105.4% recovery. The TLC method was reliable for DON evaluation, with a coefficient of variation of less than 10%. High-performance liquid chromatography of lot 2 samples confirmed the presence of DON in all samples identified DON-positive by the TLC technique. Of the 48 wheat flour samples in lots 1 and 2 analysed by TLC, 33.3 and 45.8% of the samples respectively were above the Brazilian legislation limit. Correlations were observed between the water activity and DON content, and between the fungal count and moisture content of the wheat flours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Felippin de Lima Rocha
- a Department of Food Technologyb Department of Chemistry and Foodc Department of Food Engineering , IFFarroupilha Campus Santo Augusto , Santo Augusto , Brazil
| | - Melissa Dos Santos Oliveira
- a Department of Food Technologyb Department of Chemistry and Foodc Department of Food Engineering , IFFarroupilha Campus Santo Augusto , Santo Augusto , Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale Furlong
- b Department of Chemistry and Food , Universidade Federal de Rio Grande (FURG) , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Alexander Junges
- c Department of Food Engineering , Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI-Erechim) , Erechim , Brazil
| | - Natalia Paroul
- c Department of Food Engineering , Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI-Erechim) , Erechim , Brazil
| | - Eunice Valduga
- c Department of Food Engineering , Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI-Erechim) , Erechim , Brazil
| | - Geciane Toniazzo Backes
- c Department of Food Engineering , Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI-Erechim) , Erechim , Brazil
| | - Jamile Zeni
- c Department of Food Engineering , Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI-Erechim) , Erechim , Brazil
| | - Rogério Luis Cansian
- c Department of Food Engineering , Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI-Erechim) , Erechim , Brazil
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16
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Cardoso BR, Duarte GBS, Reis BZ, Cozzolino SMF. Brazil nuts: Nutritional composition, health benefits and safety aspects. Food Res Int 2017; 100:9-18. [PMID: 28888463 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brazil nuts are among the richest selenium food sources, and studies have considered this Amazonian nut as an alternative for selenium supplementation. Besides selenium, Brazil nuts present relevant content of other micronutrients such as magnesium, copper, and zinc. The nutritional composition of nuts, also characterized by adequate fatty acid profile and high content of protein and bioactive compounds, has many health benefits. In the present review, we examine the nutritional composition of Brazil nuts, comparing it with other nuts, and describe the relevance of possible contaminants and metal toxicants observed in this nut for human health. Furthermore, we report different trials available in the literature, which demonstrate positive outcomes such as modulation of the lipid serum profile, enhancement of the antioxidant system and improvement of anti-inflammatory response. These effects have been assessed under different conditions, such as cognitive impairment, dyslipidemia, cancer, and renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara R Cardoso
- Nutrition and Minerals Laboratory, Dept. of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Graziela B Silva Duarte
- Nutrition and Minerals Laboratory, Dept. of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Z Reis
- Nutrition and Minerals Laboratory, Dept. of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia M F Cozzolino
- Nutrition and Minerals Laboratory, Dept. of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Pigłowski M. Product categories and hazard categories in the RASFF notifications: dependences between chosen variables. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pigłowski
- Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
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18
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Udomkun P, Wiredu AN, Nagle M, Bandyopadhyay R, Müller J, Vanlauwe B. Mycotoxins in Sub-Saharan Africa: Present situation, socio-economic impact, awareness, and outlook. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Kluczkovski
- Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences; Av. Gen. Rodrigo Otávio, 6200 Manaus 69067005 Brazil
| | - Natacha Lima
- Faculty of pharmaceutical Sciences; Av. Gen. Rodrigo Otávio, 6200 Manaus 69067005 Brazil
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21
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Soares C, Morales H, Faria J, Figueiredo A, Pedro L, Venâncio A. Inhibitory effect of essential oils on growth and on aflatoxins production by Aspergillus parasiticus. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the inhibitory effect of essential oils on the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus, as well as to correlate it with the chemical composition of the essential oils. Essential oils from six aromatic species (Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus globulus, Origanum vulgare, Ruta graveolens, Salvia officinalis, Satureja montana) were characterised by gas chromatography and tested for their inhibitory effect against A. parasiticus strain MUM 92.02. Furthermore, the in vitro inhibitory effects of these essential oils on the production of aflatoxins were evaluated by HPLC. Results showed that all essential oils retarded the time for visible growth. Growth rate was affected differently depending on the essential oil. S. montana essential oil prevented growth in all cases. The essential oil of R. graveolens inhibited most of the aflatoxin production even though growth inhibition was low, while with C. citratus essential oil trace levels of aflatoxins were detected. Essential oils containing carvacrol and/or thymol (S. montana and O. vulgare) have the highest activity against fungal growth, while an essential oil (R. graveolens) containing 2-undecanone and 8-phenyl-2-octanone inhibited the synthesis of aflatoxins. Although the main component of this essential oil was 2-undecanone (91%), when pure 2-undecanone was tested, it did not inhibit aflatoxin production. Inhibition activity is probably due to the recently identified minor compound or to a synergistic effect. Essential oils seem to be a good alternative to fungicides not only because of environmental issues but also because they do not seem to enhance mycotoxin production as it has been reported for some fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Soares
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - H. Morales
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - J. Faria
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, CBV, DBV, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A.C. Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, CBV, DBV, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L.G. Pedro
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, CBV, DBV, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A. Venâncio
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Baquião AC, Lopes EL, Corrêa B. Molecular and mycotoxigenic biodiversity of Aspergillus flavus isolated from Brazil nuts. Food Res Int 2016; 89:266-271. [PMID: 28460913 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to carry out a transcription analysis of eight genes belonging to the aflatoxin (AF) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) biosynthesis pathway, and to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and CPA production in Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from Brazil nuts. Additionally, these genes were correlated with the different mycotoxigenic profiles of the same strains. Four previously identified A. flavus strains (ICB-01, ICB-151, ICB-161, and ICB-165) were grown on Brazil nut agar at 25°C for 10days. Mycotoxins were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Transcriptional analysis was performed by real-time RT-PCR using specific primers designed based on the conserved regions of two regulatory genes (aflR and aflS), three structural genes of the AFB1 biosynthesis pathway (aflH, aflJ and aflP), and three structural genes of the CPA biosynthesis pathway (maoA, dmaT and pks-nrps). The expression of most genes in the A. flavus isolates varied according to the mycotoxin profile of each strain. The most expressed genes in the aflatoxigenic strain ICB-151 were aflJ (77.11%) and aflH (32.75%), while the CPA-producing strain ICB-161 mainly expressed dmaT (100%), maoA (63.72%), aflS (43.52%), and aflR (42.63%). The ICB-01 isolate was a producer of AFB1 and CPA and the most expressed genes were aflS (47.79%), dmaT (42.77%), aflP (39.5%), and aflR (38.02%). ICB-198 did not produce any mycotoxin and exhibited lower expression of almost all genes analyzed. Furthermore, the ratio of aflS/aflR expression was correlated with the biosynthesis of AF and CPA in A. flavus strains producing exclusively AF or CPA or producing both AF and CPA. The ratio of aflS/aflR expression therefore seems to be related to the production of mycotoxins in Brazil nuts. Our results provide important data for the development of innovative and more cost-effective strategies to reduce and prevent AFB and CPA contamination in Brazil nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Costa Baquião
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Evandro Luiz Lopes
- Escola Paulista de Política, Economia e Negócios, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Baquião AC, Rodriges AG, Lopes EL, Tralamazza SM, Zorzete P, Correa B. Expression of Genes by Aflatoxigenic and Nonaflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Brazil Nuts. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:434-40. [PMID: 27224419 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to monitor the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and mycelial growth, and to evaluate the expression of genes directly and indirectly involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus isolated from Brazil nuts. Six previously identified A. flavus strains were grown on coconut agar at 25°C for up to 10 days. Mycotoxins were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and fungal growth was measured daily using the diametric mycelial growth rate. Transcriptional analysis was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after 2 and 7 d of incubation using specific primers (aflR, aflD, aflP, lipase, metalloprotease, and LaeA). Three (50%) of the six A. flavus isolates produced AFB1 (ICB-1, ICB-12, and ICB-54) and three (50%) were not aflatoxigenic (ICB-141, ICB-161, and ICB-198). Aflatoxin production was observed from d 2 of incubation (1.5 ng/g for ICB-54) and increased gradually with time of incubation until d 10 (15,803.6 ng/g for ICB-54). Almost all A. flavus isolates exhibited a similar gene expression pattern after 2 d of incubation (p > 0.10). After 7 d of incubation, the LaeA (p < 0.05) and metalloprotease (p < 0.05) genes were the most expressed by nonaflatoxigenic strains, whereas aflatoxigenic isolates exhibited higher expression of the aflR (p < 0.05) and aflD genes (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the expression of aflR and aflD is correlated with aflatoxin production in A. flavus and that overexpression of aflR could affect the transcriptional and aflatoxigenic pattern (ICB-54). Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the secondary metabolism of toxigenic fungi may permit the rational silencing of the genes involved and consequently the programmed inhibition of aflatoxin production. Knowledge of the conditions, under which aflatoxin genes are expressed, should contribute to the development of innovative and more cost-effective strategies to reduce and prevent aflatoxin contamination in Brazil nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Costa Baquião
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Guedes Rodriges
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro Luiz Lopes
- 2 Escola Paulista de Política, Economia e Negócios, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabina Moser Tralamazza
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Zorzete
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito Correa
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
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The effects of packaging type on the quality characteristics of fresh raw pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) during the storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Modelling the Influence of Origin, Packing and Storage on Water Activity, Colour and Texture of Almonds, Hazelnuts and Walnuts Using Artificial Neural Networks. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-015-1474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Impact of postharvest processing on the fungal population contaminating African walnut shells (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) at different maturity stages and potential mycotoxigenic implications. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 194:15-20. [PMID: 25461603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg) is commonly processed by boiling or toasting and consumed as a snack or used as a thickener in many West African soup preparations. The nuts are usually exposed to both high temperatures and high relative humidity in open markets which predisposes them to fungal growth. Hence, the dangers of spore inhalation and resultant mycosis cannot be over-emphasized as retailers and consumers are always in direct contact with these nuts during harvest, processing and consumption. So far, there is no reported research on potential mycotoxin contamination of African walnut and whether this risk might be accentuated by processing. African walnut, at early and late maturity stages, were processed by toasting, boiling or left unprocessed before being stored at 25°C and 37°C, respectively under controlled relative humidity for 7days. Nuts were cracked and shell pieces cultured in malt extract agar (MEA) and Dichloran Glycerol 18 (DG18) media and incubated at 25°C for 7days. Results revealed that potential mycotoxigenic species - Aspergillus section Nigri, Aspergillus flavus/parasiticus, Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. - were frequently isolated. When compared with unprocessed nuts, toasting completely prevented fungal contamination in shell pieces from nuts in the non-stored (NSN) group at the early maturity stage, while boiling significantly reduced the level of contamination to about 58% (p<0.05). In general, simulating open market conditions caused 100% fungal contamination in all boiled samples and toasted samples at early maturity. However, contamination in toasted samples at late maturity was increased to 90 and 70% at 25°C in DG18 and MEA, respectively, while at 37°C contamination was 40 and 60% in DG18 and MEA, respectively. Mycotoxin analysis using Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES) agar and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-Fluorescence detection (FLD) showed that Aflatoxins - G1 (AFG1), B1 (AFB1), G2 (AFG2), and B2 (AFB2) were produced by 20 isolates with both AFG1 and AFB1 being predominant at concentration ranges 4.33-32,200 and 4.20-22,700ng/g plug weight, respectively. No ochratoxin A (OTA) was detected out of 23 isolates analysed. From these findings, it is suggested that toasting of nuts, preferably at early maturity is a safer processing option than boiling in terms of prevention of possible fungal growth on nut shells and risk of mycotoxin contamination.
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Scussel VM, Manfio D, Savi GD, Moecke EHS. Stereo and scanning electron microscopy of in-shell Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.): part two-surface sound nut fungi spoilage susceptibility. J Food Sci 2014; 79:H2392-403. [PMID: 25318846 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the in-shell Brazil nut spoilage susceptible morpho-histological characteristics and fungi infection (shell, edible part, and brown skin) through stereo and scanning electron microscopies (SEM). The following characteristics related to shell (a) morphology-that allow fungi and insects' entrance to inner nut, and (b) histology-that allow humidity absorption, improving environment conditions for living organisms development, were identified. (a.1) locule in testae-the nut navel, which is a cavity formed during nut detaching from pods (located at 1.0 to 2.0/4th of the shell B&C nut faces linkage). It allows the nut brown skin (between shell and edible part) first contact to the external environment, through the (a.2) nut channel-the locule prolongation path, which has the water/nutrients cambium function for their transport and distribution to the inner seed (while still on the tree/pod). Both, locule followed by the channel, are the main natural entrance of living organisms (fungi and insects), including moisture to the inner seed structures. In addition, the (a.3) nut shell surface-which has a crinkled and uneven surface morphology-allows water absorption, thus adding to the deterioration processes too. The main shell histological characteristic, which also allows water absorption (thus improving environment conditions for fungi proliferation), is the (b.1) cell wall porosity-the multilayered wall and porous rich cells that compose the shell faces double tissue layers and the (b.2) soft tissue-the mix of tissues 2 faces corner/linkage. This work also shows in details the SEM nut spoilage susceptible features highly fungi infected with hyphae and reproductive structures distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildes M Scussel
- Manfio, and Savi are with Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants - LABMICO, Food Science and Technology Dept, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal Univ. of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Reis T, Baquião A, Atayde D, Grabarz F, Corrêa B. Characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from organic Brazil nuts using a polyphasic approach. Food Microbiol 2014; 42:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Milhome M, Lima C, de Lima L, Lima F, Sousa D, Nascimento R. Occurrence of aflatoxins in cashew nuts produced in northeastern brazil. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Midorikawa GEO, de Sousa MDLM, Freitas Silva O, Dias JDSA, Kanzaki LIB, Hanada RE, Mesquita RMLC, Gonçalves RC, Alvares VS, Bittencourt DMC, Miller RNG. Characterization of Aspergillus species on Brazil nut from the Brazilian Amazonian region and development of a PCR assay for identification at the genus level. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:138. [PMID: 24885088 PMCID: PMC4051963 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brazil nut is a protein-rich extractivist tree crop in the Amazon region. Fungal contamination of shells and kernel material frequently includes the presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species from the section Flavi. Aflatoxins are polyketide secondary metabolites, which are hepatotoxic carcinogens in mammals. The objectives of this study were to identify Aspergillus species occurring on Brazil nut grown in different states in the Brazilian Amazon region and develop a specific PCR method for collective identification of member species of the genus Aspergillus. Results Polyphasic identification of 137 Aspergillus strains isolated from Brazil nut shell material from cooperatives across the Brazilian Amazon states of Acre, Amapá and Amazonas revealed five species, with Aspergillus section Flavi species A. nomius and A. flavus the most abundant. PCR primers ASP_GEN_MTSSU_F1 and ASP_GEN_MTSSU_R1 were designed for the genus Aspergillus, targeting a portion of the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Primer specificity was validated through both electronic PCR against target gene sequences at Genbank and in PCR reactions against DNA from Aspergillus species and other fungal genera common on Brazil nut. Collective differentiation of the observed section Flavi species A. flavus, A. nomius and A. tamarii from other Aspergillus species was possible on the basis of RFLP polymorphism. Conclusions Given the abundance of Aspergillus section Flavi species A. nomius and A. flavus observed on Brazil nut, and associated risk of mycotoxin accumulation, simple identification methods for such mycotoxigenic species are of importance for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system implementation. The assay for the genus Aspergillus represents progress towards specific PCR identification and detection of mycotoxigenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert N G Miller
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70,910-900 Brasília D,F,, Brazil.
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Leite F, de Souza L, de Souza J, da C. Cartaxo C, de S. Álvares V, da Cunha C. Incidence of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxins in Brazil nuts in the Amazon forest environment. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate, in the Amazon Forest environment, the effect of time on contamination of Brazil nuts with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxins after falling of the pods. Samples were collected at three different times and analysed for water activity, potentially aflatoxigenic fungi A. flavus and A. parasiticus, other fungi and aflatoxins. The mean values for the parameters tested were: water activity 0.98; A. flavus and A. parasiticus 1.3×101 colony forming units (cfu)/g; other fungi 3.2×103 cfu/g; aflatoxin B1 0.073 μg/kg, aflatoxin B2 0.009 μg/kg, aflatoxin G1 0.034 μg/kg and aflatoxin G2 0.007 μg/kg. The incidence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus was not significantly affected by the time, during which the pods were on the forest soil. Moreover, aflatoxins levels were low during the whole study period, suggesting that adverse forest conditions were not the main factor that stimulate the production of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.M.N. Leite
- State Secretariat for Agronomic and Forestry Extension and Small Scale Production, Rua Izaura Parente, Rio Branco, AC, 69912-000, Brazil
| | - Leite de Souza
- Federal University of Acre, Center for Biological and Nature Sciences, BR 364 km 4, Rio Branco, AC, 69915-900, Brazil
| | - J.M.L. de Souza
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Acre, BR 364 km 14, Rio Branco, AC, 69908-970, Brazil
| | - C.B. da C. Cartaxo
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Acre, BR 364 km 14, Rio Branco, AC, 69908-970, Brazil
| | - V. de S. Álvares
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Acre, BR 364 km 14, Rio Branco, AC, 69908-970, Brazil
| | - C.R. da Cunha
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Acre, BR 364 km 14, Rio Branco, AC, 69908-970, Brazil
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A survey of the occurrence of ochratoxin A in Madeira wines based on a modified QuEChERS extraction procedure combined with liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Baquião AC, de Oliveira MMM, Reis TA, Zorzete P, Diniz Atayde D, Correa B. Polyphasic approach to the identification of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Brazil nuts. Food Chem 2013; 139:1127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Baquião AC, De Oliveira MMM, Reis TA, Zorzete P, Atayde DD, Corrêa B. Monitoring and determination of fungi and mycotoxins in stored Brazil nuts. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1414-20. [PMID: 23905798 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is an important commodity from the Brazilian Amazon, and approximately 37,000 tons (3.36 × 10⁷ kg) of Brazil nuts are harvested each year. However, substantial nut contamination by Aspergillus section Flavi occurs, with subsequent production of mycotoxins. In this context, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the presence of fungi and mycotoxins (aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid) in 110 stored samples of cultivated Brazil nut (55 samples of nuts and 55 samples of shells) collected monthly for 11 months in Itacoatiara, State of Amazonas, Brazil. The samples were inoculated in duplicate onto Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus agar and potato dextrose agar for the detection of fungi, and the presence of mycotoxins was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The most prevalent fungi in nuts and shells were Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp. A polyphasic approach was used for identification of Aspergillus species. Aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid were not detected in any of the samples analyzed. The low water activity of the substrate was a determinant factor for the presence of fungi and the absence of aflatoxin in Brazil nut samples. The high frequency of isolation of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi strains, mainly A. flavus, and their persistence during storage increase the chances of aflatoxin production on these substrates and indicates the need for good management practices to prevent mycotoxin contamination in Brazil nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Costa Baquião
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Freitas-Silva O, Morales-Valle H, Venâncio A. Potential of aqueous ozone to control aflatoxigenic fungi in Brazil nuts. ISRN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 2013:859830. [PMID: 25937982 PMCID: PMC4393033 DOI: 10.5402/2013/859830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the use of aqueous ozone as alternative technology for fungal control. Brazil nuts sterilized were inoculated with either 1 × 106 or 1 × 107 conidia mL−1 of Aspergillus flavus (MUM 9201) to determine optimal treatment parameters and different aqueous ozone contact times. These assays showed that the effect of ozone is almost immediate against A. flavus, and the optimum ozone concentration depended on the number of initial viable spores on the shell. The remaining viable spores in the ozone solution were recorded, and the rate of inactivation for each treatment was determined by assessing the ratio between the cfu of each treatment and the control. The ozonized nuts were also cultured to recover the fungal population. Aqueous ozone was effective in reducing the conidia of A. flavus and the natural fungal population associated with Brazil nuts. Aqueous ozone presented a great potential to reduce microorganisms counts in Brazil nuts with a great potential use in packing houses for decontamination step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otniel Freitas-Silva
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering IBB, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal ; EMBRAPA Food Technology, Avenida das Américas 29501, 23020-470 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Héctor Morales-Valle
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering IBB, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Armando Venâncio
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering IBB, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Lima AM, Gonçalves EC, Andrade SS, Barbosa MSR, Barroso KFP, de Sousa MB, Borges L, Vieira JLF, Teixeira FM. Critical points of Brazil nuts: a beginning for food safety, quality control and Amazon sustainability. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:735-740. [PMID: 22821336 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One difficulty of self-sustainability is the quality assurance of native products. This research was designed to study the risks and critical control points in the collection, handling and marketing of Brazil nuts from native forests and urban fairs in the Brazilian Amazon by characterisation of morphological aspects of fungi and posterior identification by molecular biology and determination of aflatoxins by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Several corrective actions to improve product quality were found to be necessary in both sites. Growth of fungi was observed in 95% of fragments of Brazil nuts from both sites during the between-harvest period. Aflatoxin levels indicated that, although fungal growth was observed in both sites, only Brazil nuts from the native forest showed a high risk to human health (total aflatoxin level of 471.69 µg kg(-1)). CONCLUSION This study has shown the main issues related to the process design of Brazil nuts, supporting the necessity for research on new strategies to improve the quality of nuts. Also, the habit of eating Brazil nuts stored throughout the year may represent a risk to farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriele M Lima
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Funasaki M, Oliveira RS, Zanotto SP, Carioca CRF, Simas RC, Eberlin MN, Alberici RM. Brazil nut oil: quality control via triacylglycerol profiles provided by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11263-11267. [PMID: 23113649 DOI: 10.1021/jf303877t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brazil nut oil is one of the important Amazonian natural products in the global market. Despite its health benefits and applications in food and cosmetic industries, authentication and quality control of the oil are far from satisfactory. Several samples of Amazonian Brazil nut oil (authentic oils of different geographic origins, commercial oils, and oils adulterated with soybean oil) were evaluated by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS). The samples were characterized on the basis of triacylglycerol profiles, and their major ions were subjected to chemometric treatment (principal component analysis). The ambient mass spectrometry analysis and the set of major ions allowed the characterization of authentic oils, commercial oils, and adulterated oils (5% soybean oil) in a few minutes and without sample preparation. Therefore, it is shown that quality control of Amazonian vegetable oils can be readily accomplished by EASI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Funasaki
- National Institute of Amazonian Research , INPA, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Reis T, Oliveira T, Baquião A, Gonçalves S, Zorzete P, Corrêa B. Mycobiota and mycotoxins in Brazil nut samples from different states of the Brazilian Amazon region. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 159:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gonçalves JS, Ferracin LM, Carneiro Vieira ML, Iamanaka BT, Taniwaki MH, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH. Molecular analysis of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Brazil nuts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1817-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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