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Perumal S, Kottadiyil D, Thasale R, Mehta T. Optimization of QuEChERS method for determination of pesticide residues in vegetables and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34355-34367. [PMID: 38700766 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The present study focused on the optimization of the QuEChERS extraction method for the determination of 61 pesticide residues and associated health risk assessment in 144 samples of commonly consumed vegetables, viz., eggplant, cabbage, green chilli, okra, and tomato. The samples were collected between January and April 2022 from three different districts within Gujarat, India. The QuEChERS method was optimized and utilized for the extraction of samples. The samples were analyzed by UHPLC-q-TOF/MS and GC-MS/MS. The modified QuEChERS method was successfully validated, and the obtained results were satisfactory as per the 2021 SANTE guidelines. The residue analysis of the vegetable samples showed that about 4% of total samples contained single pesticide residues. Pesticide residues below the quantitation limit (BQL) were observed in eggplant, cabbage, and okra samples. In total, 15.62% (n = 5) samples of green chilli showed the presence of pesticides such as azoxystrobin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, and propargite whereas 3% (n = 1) tomato samples contained cyfluthrin. In total, 97.22% of the samples had residues that were below the European Union Maximum Residue Limit (EU MRL). Two samples of green chilli had pesticide residues above EU MRL. The Hazard Index (HI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) were used to assess the health risks associated with green chilli and tomato consumption. The HI and HQ values for adolescents and adults were found to be less than 1. The modified QuEChERS method was found to be easy and effective and can be implemented for routine sample analysis. The study revealed the presence of pesticide residues in tomato and green chilli samples. Further, the outcome provided information pertaining to current pesticide status, concluding that consumption of these commodities is unlikely to pose any health risk, though long-term monitoring studies focusing on dietary health risk assessment must be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaperumal Perumal
- Chemical Science Division, ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, Gujarat, India.
| | - Divya Kottadiyil
- Chemical Science Division, ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, Gujarat, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Rupal Thasale
- Chemical Science Division, ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejal Mehta
- Chemical Science Division, ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, 380016, Gujarat, India
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Šulc L, Figueiredo D, Huss A, Kalina J, Gregor P, Janoš T, Šenk P, Dalecká A, Andrýsková L, Kodeš V, Čupr P. Current-use pesticide exposure pathways in Czech adults and children from the CELSPAC-SPECIMEn cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108297. [PMID: 37939438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to characterise exposure to pyrethroids, organophosphates, and tebuconazole through multiple pathways in 110 parent-child pairs participating in the CELSPAC-SPECIMEn study. METHODS First, we estimated the daily intake (EDI) of pesticides based on measured urinary metabolites. Second, we compared EDI with estimated pesticide intake from food. We used multiple linear regression to identify the main predictors of urinary pesticide concentrations. We also assessed the relationship between urinary pesticide concentrations and organic and non-organic food consumption while controlling for a range of factors. Finally, we employed a model to estimate inhalation and dermal exposure due to spray drift and volatilization after assuming pesticide application in crop fields. RESULTS EDI was often higher in children in comparison to adults, especially in the winter season. A comparison of food intake estimates and EDI suggested diet as a critical pathway of tebuconazole exposure, less so in the case of organophosphates. Regression models showed that consumption per g of peaches/apricots was associated with an increase of 0.37% CI [0.23% to 0.51%] in urinary tebuconazole metabolite concentrations. Consumption of white bread was associated with an increase of 0.21% CI [0.08% to 0.35%], and consumption of organic strawberries was inversely associated (-61.52% CI [-79.34% to -28.32%]), with urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations. Inhalation and dermal exposure seemed to represent a relatively small contribution to pesticide exposure as compared to dietary intake. CONCLUSION In our study population, findings indicate diet plays a significant role in exposure to the analysed pesticides. We found an influence of potential exposure due to spray drift and volatilization among the subpopulation residing near presumably sprayed crop fields to be minimal in comparison. However, the lack of data indicating actual spraying occurred during the critical 24-hour period prior to urine sample collection could be a significant contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Šulc
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Figueiredo
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gregor
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janoš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šenk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dalecká
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Andrýsková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Kodeš
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Čupr
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kumar P, Arshad M, Gacem A, Soni S, Singh S, Kumar M, Yadav VK, Tariq M, Kumar R, Shah D, Wanale SG, Al Mesfer MKM, Bhutto JK, Yadav KK. Insight into the environmental fate, hazard, detection, and sustainable degradation technologies of chlorpyrifos-an organophosphorus pesticide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:108347-108369. [PMID: 37755596 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides play a critical role in terms of agricultural output nowadays. On top of that, pesticides provide economic support to our farmers. However, the usage of pesticides has created a public health issue and environmental hazard. Chlorpyrifos (CPY), an organophosphate pesticide, is extensively applied as an insecticide, acaricide, and termiticide against pests in various applications. Environmental pollution has occurred because of the widespread usage of CPY, harming several ecosystems, including soil, sediment, water, air, and biogeochemical cycles. While residual levels in soil, water, vegetables, foodstuffs, and human fluids have been discovered, CPY has also been found in the sediment, soil, and water. The irrefutable pieces of evidence indicate that CPY exposure inhibits the choline esterase enzyme, which impairs the ability of the body to use choline. As a result, neurological, immunological, and psychological consequences are seen in people and the natural environment. Several research studies have been conducted worldwide to identify and develop CPY remediation approaches and its derivatives from the environment. Currently, many detoxification methods are available for pesticides, such as CPY. However, recent research has shown that the breakdown of CPY using bacteria is the most proficient, cost-effective, and sustainable. This current article aims to outline relevant research events, summarize the possible breakdown of CPY into various compounds, and discuss analytical summaries of current research findings on bacterial degradation of CPY and the potential degradation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amel Gacem
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University 20 Août 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Sunil Soni
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382030, India
| | - Snigdha Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Environment and Biofuel Research Laboratory, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India
| | - Mohd Tariq
- Department of Life Science, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Deepankshi Shah
- Department of Environmental Science, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India
| | - Shivraj Gangadhar Wanale
- School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Javed Khan Bhutto
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India.
- Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq.
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Sarkhandia S, Devi M, Sharma G, Mahajan R, Chadha P, Saini HS, Kaur S. Larvicidal, growth inhibitory and biochemical effects of soil bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. EN4 against Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:95. [PMID: 37013477 PMCID: PMC10069027 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) also known as tobacco caterpillar, is one of the most serious polyphagous pests that cause economic losses to a variety of commercially important agricultural crops. Over the past few years, many conventional insecticides have been used to control this pest. However, the indiscriminate use of these chemicals has led to development of insecticide resistant populations of S. litura in addition to harmful effects on environment. Due to these ill effects, the emphasis is being laid on alternative eco-friendly control measures. Microbial control is one of the important components of integrated pest management. Thus, in search for novel biocontrol agents, the current work was carried out with the aim to evaluate the insecticidal potential of soil bacteria against S. litura. RESULTS Among the tested soil bacterial isolates (EN1, EN2, AA5, EN4 and R1), maximum mortality (74%) was exhibited by Pseudomonas sp. (EN4). The larval mortality rate increased in a dose-dependent manner. Bacterial infection also significantly delayed the larval development, reduced adult emergence, and induced morphological deformities in adults of S. litura. Adverse effects were also detected on various nutritional parameters. The infected larvae showed a significant decrease in relative growth and consumption rate as well as efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food to biomass. Histopathological studies indicated damage to the midgut epithelial layer of larvae due to the consumption of bacteria treated diet. The infected larvae also showed a significantly decreased level of various digestive enzymes. Furthermore, exposure to Pseudomonas sp. also caused DNA damage in the hemocytes of S. litura larvae. CONCLUSION Adverse effects of Pseudomonas sp. EN4 on various biological parameters of S. litura indicate that this soil bacterial strain may be used as an effective biocontrol agent against insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Sarkhandia
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Punjab, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Meena Devi
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Punjab, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Geetika Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Punjab, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Rohit Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Punjab, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Punjab, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Harvinder Singh Saini
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Punjab, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Sanehdeep Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Punjab, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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Šulc L, Janoš T, Figueiredo D, Ottenbros I, Šenk P, Mikeš O, Huss A, Čupr P. Pesticide exposure among Czech adults and children from the CELSPAC-SPECIMEn cohort: Urinary biomarker levels and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114002. [PMID: 35940232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Current-use pesticides (CUP) are extensively applied in both agricultural and urban settings. Exposure occurs mainly via the dietary pathway; however, other pathways such as inhalation or skin contact are also important. In this study, urinary levels of 12 CUP metabolites were investigated among 110 parent-child pairs during two seasons of 2020. Metabolites of pyrethroids (3-PBA, t/c-DCCA), chlorpyrifos (TCPY), and tebuconazole (TEB-OH) were detected in more than 60% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos metabolite was found at the highest concentration and tebuconazole was detected in almost all samples. CUP urinary metabolite levels were significantly higher in children in comparison to adults, except for tebuconazole, which was similar in both groups. In children, winter samples had significantly higher concentrations of pyrethroid and chlorpyrifos metabolites in comparison to the summer samples, but in adults, only chlorpyrifos metabolite concentrations were higher in the winter. No association between CUP urinary metabolite levels and proximity/surface of agricultural areas around residences was observed. Based on our findings, we suspect that CUP exposure is mainly driven by diet and that the effect of environmental exposure is less significant. Daily Intakes were estimated with three possible scenarios considering the amount of the metabolite excreted in urine and were compared to Acceptable Daily Intake values. Using a realistic scenario, exposure to chlorpyrifos exhibited the highest health risk, but still within a safe level. The Acceptable Daily Intake was exceeded only in one child in the case of cypermethrin. The cumulative risk assessment of pesticide mixtures having an effect on the nervous system, based on the total margin of exposure calculations, did not indicate any risk. The overall risk associated with pesticide exposure in the observed population was low. However, the risk observed using the worst-case scenario suggests the need for continuous evaluation of human exposure to such compounds, especially in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Šulc
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janoš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Figueiredo
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Ottenbros
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Petr Šenk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikeš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pavel Čupr
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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P S, Thasale R, Kumar D, Mehta TG, Limbachiya R. Human health risk assessment of pesticide residues in vegetable and fruit samples in Gujarat State, India. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10876. [PMID: 36217455 PMCID: PMC9547241 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was initiated with the purpose to evaluate possible health risks associated with pesticide residues through consumption of vegetables and fruits by general population of Gujarat, India. A total of 1075 samples comprising of twelve different varieties of commonly consumed food commodities were collected from twenty-five divergent locations in Gujarat. The collected samples were extracted using QuEChERS method and analyzed for the presence of organophosphorus (OPs), organochlorine (OCs) and synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) pesticides using UHPLC-HR/MS, GC-μECD and GC-MS/SIM. The results indicated that 2.3% of vegetable and fruit samples showed the presence of pesticide residues exceeding maximum residue limits (MRLs). The results suggested that, detected residue levels in samples were within safe limits and their consumption will not pose any significant health risk to human. The outcomes present significant information regarding the status of vegetable and fruit contamination and pointed out the prerequisite for further studies with reference to monitoring of pesticides and other toxic contaminants in different samples for assessing cumulative health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaperumal P
- ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad- 380016, India,Corresponding author.
| | - Rupal Thasale
- ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad- 380016, India
| | - Dhirendra Kumar
- ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad- 380016, India,ICMR- National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Hyderabad- 500007, India
| | - Tejal G. Mehta
- ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad- 380016, India
| | - Riddhi Limbachiya
- ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad- 380016, India
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Ping H, Wang B, Li C, Li Y, Ha X, Jia W, Li B, Ma Z. Potential health risk of pesticide residues in greenhouse vegetables under modern urban agriculture: A case study in Beijing, China. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sharma KK, Tripathy V, Sharma K, Gupta R, Yadav R, Devi S, Walia S. Long-term monitoring of 155 multi-class pesticide residues in Indian vegetables and their risk assessment for consumer safety. Food Chem 2021; 373:131518. [PMID: 34772571 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A systematic long-term study was conducted to monitor the pesticide residues in commercially important vegetables that are produced, consumed, and exported from India. Residues of 155 commonly used pesticides were determined in 966 samples of cabbage, green chilli, and okra grown in North and North-Western part of India. The residues were extracted using modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. Acetamiprid, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, metalaxyl, and profenofos were the most frequently detected pesticides. No pesticide was detected in 94.4% cabbage, 34.5% green chilli, and 61% okra samples. The chronic risk assessment due to the dietary exposure of the pesticides was evaluated for Indian adult and child. The results suggested that the detected residue levels in vegetables were within safe limits and their consumption will not pose any dietary risk to the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar Sharma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Vandana Tripathy
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India.
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Rajbir Yadav
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Suneeta Devi
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Suresh Walia
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
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Nandhini AR, Harshiny M, Gummadi SN. Chlorpyrifos in environment and food: a critical review of detection methods and degradation pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1255-1277. [PMID: 34553733 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a class of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, which find extensive applications as acaricide, insecticide and termiticide. The use of CP has been indicated in environmental contamination and disturbance in the biogeochemical cycles. CP has been reported to be neurotoxic and has a detrimental effect on immunological and psychological health. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop effective degradation methods for the removal of CP from the environment. In the past few years, physicochemical (advanced oxidation process) and biological treatment approaches have been widely employed for the pesticide removal. However, the byproducts of this process are more toxic than the parent compound and along with an incomplete degradation of CP. This review focuses on the toxicity of CP, the sources of contamination, degradation pathways, physicochemical, biological, and nano-technology based methods employed for the degradation of CP. In addition, consolidated information on various detection methods and materials used for the detection have been provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Nandhini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai-600025, India
| | - M Harshiny
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
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Tazarv M, Faraji H, Moghimi A, Azizinejad F. Bursting-bubble flow microextraction combined with gas chromatography to analyze organophosphorus pesticides in aqueous samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2965-2971. [PMID: 34021710 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bubble-bursting flow microextraction combined with gas chromatography as a green and sustainable microextraction method is used to determine some organophosphorus pesticide residues in water samples. The extraction process occurs at the surface of liquid-gas contact, where the analytes interact with the gas molecules in the bubble. The analytes are transferred to the surface of the sample solution by moving the gas bubbles upwards. The bursting of gas bubbles causes the analytes to disperse in the headspace. Eventually, they are collected for injection into the chromatography system. A one-factor-at-one-time approach was applied to optimize the independent variables in the proposed method. Validation studies were performed according to reliable guidelines. Under optimal conditions, the method indicated a dynamic linear range from 1.0 to 100.0 μg/L. The limit of detection and quantification of the method was 0.29-0.38 and 1.21-1.70 μg/L, respectively. The proposed method was successfully utilized to determine malathion, diazinon, profenofos, and ethion as the target analytes in various water samples with satisfactory relative recoveries ranged from 90.1 to 102.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tazarv
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, 338177489, Iran
| | - Hakim Faraji
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, 338177489, Iran
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, 338177489, Iran
| | - Fariborz Azizinejad
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, 338177489, Iran
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Kermani M, Dowlati M, Gholami M, Sobhi HR, Azari A, Esrafili A, Yeganeh M, Ghaffari HR. A global systematic review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment on the quantity of Malathion, Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos in Vegetables. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129382. [PMID: 33418228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is widely believed that an increasing trend in the production and consumption of vegetables has led to a dramatic rise in the use of pesticides potentially threatening the health of consumers around the world. This systematic study along with meta-analysis has mainly centered on the evaluation of the quantity of three well-known pesticides namely, Malathion (MLT), Diazinon (DZN) and Chlorpyrifos (CPF) in vegetables. In this regard, a comprehensive literature search has been performed over the last decade (January 1, 2011 to June 21, 2020) within the scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Of 1239 articles identified through the database screening, 22 plus 37 data report were retained and included in the meta-analysis phase. Additionally, the probabilistic human health risks for the consumers due to the intake of CPF, DZN and MLT from eating vegetables were estimated by the Monte Carlo Simulated (MCS) method. According to the findings, the maximum quantities of MLT, DZN and CPF in the vegetables were observed in Pakistan (222 μg/kg, 95%CI = 214.94-229.08), Thailand (245.00, 95% CI = 235.2-254.8) and South Korea (440 μg/kg, 95% CI = 437.19-442.81), while the lowest concentration levels were reported in China (1.7 μg/kg, 95% CI = 1.56-1.84), Poland (0.57, 95% CI = 0.46-0.68) and Poland (5.78 μg/kg, 95% CI = 4.40-7.12), respectively. The results of the Egger's and the Begg's tests revealed that no bias with regard to the potential publication was observed. Finally, non-carcinogenic risk assessment results demonstrated that the exposure to the studied pesticides thorough vegetables consumption could not threaten the health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Dowlati
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Health Management and Information Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Azari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Esrafili
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Yeganeh
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Ghaffari
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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12
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Gill JPS, Bedi JS, Singh R, Fairoze MN, Hazarika RA, Gaurav A, Satpathy SK, Chauhan AS, Lindahl J, Grace D, Kumar A, Kakkar M. Pesticide Residues in Peri-Urban Bovine Milk from India and Risk Assessment: A Multicenter Study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8054. [PMID: 32415153 PMCID: PMC7229043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides residue poses serious concerns to human health. The present study was carried out to determine the pesticide residues of peri-urban bovine milk (n = 1183) from five different sites (Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Ludhiana and Udaipur) in India and dietary exposure risk assessment to adults and children. Pesticide residues were estimated using gas chromatography with flame thermionic and electron capture detectors followed by confirmation on gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The results noticed the contamination of milk with hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, chlorpyrifos, ethion and profenophos pesticides. The residue levels in some of the milk samples were observed to be higher than the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticide. Milk samples contamination was found highest in Bhubaneswar (11.2%) followed by Bangalore (9.3%), Ludhiana (6.9%), Udaipur (6.4%) and Guwahati (6.3%). The dietary risk assessment of pesticides under two scenarios i.e. lower-bound scenario (LB) and upper-bound (UB) revealed that daily intake of pesticides was substantially below the prescribed acceptable daily intake except for fipronil in children at UB. The non-cancer risk by estimation of hazard index (HI) was found to be below the target value of one in adults at all five sites in India. However, for children at the UB level, the HI for lindane, DDT and ethion exceeded the value of one in Ludhiana and Udaipur. Cancer risk for adults was found to be in the recommended range of United States environment protection agency (USEPA), while it exceeded the USEPA values for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P S Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - J S Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Mohd Nadeem Fairoze
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nandinagar, Bidar, 585 401, Karnataka, India
| | - R A Hazarika
- Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 781 022, Assam, India
| | - Abhishek Gaurav
- Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Veterinary University Road, Near Deen Dayal Upadhyay Circle, Bikaner, 334001, Rajasthan, India
| | | | | | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
- Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 23, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Kakkar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
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13
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Ranjitha Gracy TK, Gupta V, Mahendran R. Influence of low‐pressure nonthermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma on chlorpyrifos reduction in tomatoes. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidhi Gupta
- Department of Food Packaging and System DevelopmentIndian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT) Tamilnadu India
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahendran
- Department of Food Packaging and System DevelopmentIndian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT) Tamilnadu India
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14
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Milhome MAL, Vieira SKV, Reges BM, Fernandes DR, Uchoa MLP, Pinheiro AI, Castro RC, Silva VPA, Nobre CA, Menezes MGG, Silva RO, do Nascimento RF. Multiresidue analysis and evaluation of the matrix effect on 20 pesticides in Brazilian maize ( Zea mays L.) flour. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:892-897. [PMID: 31305217 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1640586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Maize consists of a cereal widely used in the preparation of different food products. Brazil is one of the world's largest maize producers. Several types of pesticides have been applied in maize crop, which can lead to the contamination of the derived products. The present work aims at the validation of multiresidue method to analyze the matrix effect and level of pesticides in maize flour. Twenty residues were investigated in samples commercialized in the state of Ceará, Brazil. The method was satisfactorily validated, according to parameters recommended by European Union. About 55% of the pesticides had an intense negative matrix effect. Multiresidue analyzes showed the presence of traces of fenitrotion in 20% of maize flour samples. Detected levels were below maximum residue limits recommended for maize. The results indicate that maize products need continuous monitoring to ensure food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A L Milhome
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará-IFCE, Limoeiro do Norte, Brasil
| | - S K V Vieira
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará-IFCE, Limoeiro do Norte, Brasil
| | - B M Reges
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará-IFCE, Limoeiro do Norte, Brasil
| | - D R Fernandes
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará-IFCE, Limoeiro do Norte, Brasil
| | - M L P Uchoa
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará-IFCE, Limoeiro do Norte, Brasil
| | - A I Pinheiro
- Fundação Núcleo de Tecnologia Industrial do Ceará (NUTEC), Fortaleza, Brasil
| | - R C Castro
- Fundação Núcleo de Tecnologia Industrial do Ceará (NUTEC), Fortaleza, Brasil
| | - V P A Silva
- Fundação Núcleo de Tecnologia Industrial do Ceará (NUTEC), Fortaleza, Brasil
| | - C A Nobre
- Fundação Núcleo de Tecnologia Industrial do Ceará (NUTEC), Fortaleza, Brasil
| | - M G G Menezes
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil
| | - R O Silva
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil
| | - R F do Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil
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15
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Ali N, Khan S, Yao H, Wang J. Biochars reduced the bioaccessibility and (bio)uptake of organochlorine pesticides and changed the microbial community dynamics in agricultural soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:805-815. [PMID: 30851532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is considered as a universal sorbent used for soil amendment but its impacts on organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and microbial communities associated with soil and vegetables are unclear. The effects of different biochars (derived from sewage sludge biochar (SSBC), soybean straw biochar (SBBC), rice straw biochar (RSBC) and peanut shells biochar (PNBC)), on bioaccessible fractions of OCPs in a contaminated soil and their subsequent bioaccumulation into vegetables (Chinese cabbage and spring onion) were investigated in this research work. The influence of these amendments on vegetable yields and soil microbial community using Illumina next generation sequencing technology was also assessed. The application of selected biochars significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the bioaccessibility of ∑OCPs in contaminated soil: SSBC (52%), PNBC (51%), RSBC (60%), and SBBC (47%), as compared to the control. The results indicated that following biochar additions, the bio-uptake of ∑OCP bio-uptake was considerably (from 86 to 85%) reduced in grown vegetables. Risk assessment showed that biochar amendments markedly (p < 0.01) decreased the hazard quotient (HQ) indices and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILTR) values for OCPs associated with the consumption of vegetables. In addition, the results of high-throughput sequencing showed significant differences in microbial community structure between the treatments, which was driven by differences in the relative abundances of soil microbes. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae and Verrucomicrobia decreased following biochar additions. However, biochar amendments increased the relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Gemmatimonadetes, though the increase in relative abundances of these phyla was strongly dependent on the type of biochar used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelum Ali
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, People's Republic of China.
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kumari D, John S. Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from farms and markets of Western Indian Himalayan region. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:162-167. [PMID: 30822723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of pesticides in agriculture has become a very common practice in developing countries like India. Consequently, the increased concentration of residues of these hazardous pesticides in fruits and vegetables is manifested. The study aimed to assess the health hazards associated with the presence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables sampled from farms and markets of Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh (India). Residues of predominant pesticides used in the region, belonging to the group of organophosphates, pyrethroid and phthalimide, were analysed using gas chromatograph quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). The pesticide extraction from the matrix was done following the modified QuEChERS method. Results indicated varying concentrations of pesticide residue in market and farm samples with farm samples more contaminated than market samples. Chronic health hazards prediction indicated that organophosphorus groups (methyl parathion and triazophos) posed health risk to children in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kumari
- Civil Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India
| | - S John
- Civil Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India.
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17
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Dar MA, Kaushik G, Villarreal-Chiu JF. Pollution status and bioremediation of chlorpyrifos in environmental matrices by the application of bacterial communities: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 239:124-136. [PMID: 30897478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides currently play a significant role in enhancing agricultural production and offer economic assistance to our farmers. However, their indiscriminate and injudicious application has caused environmental problems and public health concerns. Chlorpyrifos, a pesticide of organophosphate category is used globally as an insecticide, acaricide, and termiticide in households, public health, and agriculture against pests of a wide range. The extensive application of chlorpyrifos has caused contamination of various ecosystems like soil, sediments, water, air and also leads to the disruption of biogeochemical cycles. Moreover, chlorpyrifos residues have been detected in sediments, soil, water, vegetables, foodstuff and even in human fluids. It has been confirmed that exposure to chlorpyrifos has created health complications due to the inhibition of choline esterase enzyme, which leads to neurotoxicity, immunological and psychological effects in humans plus to the natural ecosystem. Due to the higher toxicity of chlorpyrifos, research is conducted globally to design and develop effective and efficient approaches for the elimination of chlorpyrifos and its associated compounds from environmental settings. At present different techniques are available for detoxification of such pesticides, but the microbial degradation of chlorpyrifos especially by bacteria has proven to be highly efficient, economical and environmental friendly. Thus, this paper aims to provide an outline of research events on this issue and summarize the evidences of chlorpyrifos pollution, discuss the analytical summary of latest research results on bacterial degradation of chlorpyrifos and possible degradation pathways along with effects on its degradation by different environmental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ashraf Dar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, BandarSindri, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Garima Kaushik
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, BandarSindri, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Juan Fransisco Villarreal-Chiu
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Biotecnología. Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León, CP66451, Mexico
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18
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Bhandari G, Zomer P, Atreya K, Mol HGJ, Yang X, Geissen V. Pesticide residues in Nepalese vegetables and potential health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:511-521. [PMID: 30852454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We conducted this study in order to assess the pesticide residues in vegetables and examine the related human health risk. Therefore, residues of 23 pesticides (organophosphates, organochlorines, acaricides, fungicides, and insecticides of biological origin) were analysed in the three main vegetable crops grown in Southern Nepal: 27 eggplant, 27 chilli and 32 tomato samples representing (i) conventional (N = 67) and ii) integrated pest management (IPM) fields (N = 19). Pesticide residues were found in 93% of the eggplant samples and in all of the chilli and tomato samples. Multiple residues were observed in 56% of the eggplant samples, 96% of chilli samples and all of the tomato samples. The range (µg/kg) of total detected pesticide residues in eggplants, chillies and tomatoes was 1.71-231, 4.97-507, 13.1-3465, respectively. The most frequently detected pesticides in these vegetables were carbendazim and chloropyrifos. Pesticide residues in 4% of the eggplant, 44% of the tomato and 19% of the chilli samples exceeded the EU maximum residue limits (MRLs). The residues of triazophos, omethoate, chloropyrifos and carbendazim exceeded the EU MRLs. Compared to chilli and eggplant crops, more carbendazim was sprayed onto tomato crops (p < 0.05). We assessed adolescent and adult dietary exposure using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) equations for the identified pesticides. HQ> 1 was observed for chloropyrifos, triazophos and carbendazim in eggplants; profenofos, triazophos, dimethoate, omethoate, chloropyrifos and carbendazim in tomatoes; and dichlorvos and chloropyrifos in chillies. Of all of the HQs, the highest acute HQ (aHQ) was for triazophos (tomato) in adolescents (aHQ=657) and adults (aHQ=677), showing the highest risks of dietary exposure. The cumulative dietary exposure showed a higher HI for organophosphates (HI>83) and a lower HI for organochlorines, acaricides and biological insecticides (HI<1). The concentration of pesticide residues in the vegetable crops from the IPM field was considerably lower, suggesting a greater ability of IPM systems to reduce the dietary risks from exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Bhandari
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Progressive Sustainable Developers Nepal (PSD-Nepal), Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Paul Zomer
- RIKILT-Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kishor Atreya
- PHASE Nepal, Suryabinayak 4, Dadhikot, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Hans G J Mol
- RIKILT-Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Sinha SN, Banda VR. Correlation of pesticide exposure from dietary intake and bio-monitoring: The different sex and socio-economic study of children. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:170-177. [PMID: 29990728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides was assessed though bio-monitoring of urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolites to characterize children's exposure to pesticides. No reports have been found which evaluate exposure of pesticides among adolescents of different sexes. The primary objective was to develop a coupled exposure-dose modeling approach that can be used to determine the metabolite concentrations. Related objective was to determine any significant changes of pesticide exposure among the adolescents of different sexes. The primary objective was to develop a coupled exposure-dose modeling approach to determine the metabolites concentrations to keep children's urine metabolites levels below specified values considering exposures from water, and the food related objective was to determine any significant changes of pesticide exposure among the adolescents of different sexes. We recruited a sample of 377 children (188 boys, 189 girls) ages 6-10 and 11-15 years from Hyderabad, India for urine collection. Results showed that the mean concentrations of dialkyl phosphate metabolites in first morning first urine samples (3.05 µmol L-1) were strongly correlated with concentrations of the same-day 24-h samples (1.7 µmol L-1) ( r = 0.997, model R2 ≈ 0.994, p < 0.00) with 99.4% accuracy. Irrespective of similar amounts of conventional food consumption, girls showed 87.5% of detection frequency of DAP metabolites which was higher than the 74% detection frequency of DAP metabolites among boys. The female group showed (87%) higher pesticide metabolite levels than boys. This report may help to focus on new studies of the connection between adolescents of different sex and organophosphorus metabolite exposure and to develop an exposure database to facilitate health risk assessment in our day-to-day environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukesh Narayan Sinha
- Food and Drug Toxicology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamia-Osmania P.O., Hyderabad - 500 007, AP, India.
| | - Venkat Reddy Banda
- Food and Drug Toxicology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamia-Osmania P.O., Hyderabad - 500 007, AP, India
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20
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Kaur H, Bala M, Bansal G. Reproductive drugs and environmental contamination: quantum, impact assessment and control strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25822-25839. [PMID: 30039489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial and municipal solid wastes, noise, pesticides, fertilizers and vehicular emission are visible pollutants responsible for environmental contamination and ill-effects on health of all living systems. But, environmental contamination due to drugs or medicines used for different purposes in humans and animals goes unseen largely and can affect the health of living system severely. During the last few decades, the usage of drugs has increased drastically, resulting in increased drug load in soil and water. Contraceptive and fertility drugs are extensively and effectively used in humans as well as animals for different purposes. Usage of these reproductive drugs in humans is increased manifold to manage reproductive problems and/or for birth control with changing lifestyles. These drugs are excreted in urine and faeces as metabolite or conjugated forms, leading to contamination of water, milk and animal produce, which are consumed directly by humans as well as animals. These drugs are not eliminated even by water treatment plant. Consumption of such contaminated water, milk, meat and poultry products results in reproductive disorders such as fertility loss in men and increase risk of different types of cancers in humans. Therefore, assessment of impact of environmental contamination by these drugs on living system is of paramount importance. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of various research and review reports on different contraceptive and fertility drugs used in human and animals, their occurrence in the environment and their ill-effects on living systems. The approaches to control this invisible menace have also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Madhu Bala
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India
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21
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Actinomycetes: an unexplored microorganisms for plant growth promotion and biocontrol in vegetable crops. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:132. [PMID: 30105532 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Actinomycetes, a Gram positive bacteria, well reported as a source of antibiotics, also possess potential to control various plant pathogens, besides acting as plant growth promoting agent. Chemicals in different forms are extensively being used in vegetable farming, adversely affecting the environment and consumer health. Microbial agent like actinomycetes can substantially replace these harmful chemicals, and have now started finding a place as an important input in to farming practices. Only selected vegetable crops belonging to 11 different families have been explored with use of actinomycetes as biocontrol and plant growth promoting agent till now. It provides ample opportunities to vegetable researchers, to further explore with use of this very important group of microorganisms, in order to achieve even higher production level of safe vegetables. Mycostop and Actinovate are two actinomycetes based formulations globally available for use in vegetable farming as a substitute for chemical formulations. Present review article has summarized the literature available on use of actinomycetes in vegetable farming. Existing wide gap in knowledge, and potential thrust areas for future research have also been projected.
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22
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Wu L, Zhou X, Zhao D, Feng T, Zhou J, Sun T, Wang J, Wang C. Seasonal variation and exposure risk assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China during 2010–2014. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Pérez JJ, Ortiz R, Ramírez ML, Olivares J, Ruíz D, Montiel D. Presence of organochlorine pesticides in xoconostle (Opuntia joconostle) in the central region of Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-016-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Ghanbari F, Moattar F, Monavari SM, Arjmandi R. Human health risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticide in rice crop from selected districts of Anzali International Wetland basin, Iran. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:438-444. [PMID: 27417637 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116657603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Low fertility in rice caused by Chilo suppressalis has led to the use of diazinon to control this pest. Residue of pesticide could penetrate products and also food which can affect public health. The aim of this research was to determine health risk assessment of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide in rice, a strategic crop in Iran. Ninety rice samples were collected from 30 points during harvesting seasons from Rasht Area, Guilan Province, Iran from which 30 samples were prepared. The concentration of diazinon, the most common pesticide used in the study area, was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The result indicated that the total average of diazinon in rice samples (31.91 mg/kg) is by far higher than the maximum residue limit recommended by the European Union. According to the results, EDAI was 0.051 mg/kg day, while health risk index in rice was 10.2. Results showed that there is a health risk associated with the lifetime consumption of rice polluted by OP pesticide in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ghanbari
- 1 Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hesarak, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Moattar
- 2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hesarak, Tehran, Iran
| | - S M Monavari
- 1 Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hesarak, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Arjmandi
- 3 Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hesarak, Tehran, Iran
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Kumar S, Kaushik G, Villarreal-Chiu JF. Scenario of organophosphate pollution and toxicity in India: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9480-91. [PMID: 26916265 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study on organophosphate deals with the reports on pollution and toxicity cases throughout India. The use of pesticides was introduced in India during the 1960s which are now being used on a large scale and represents the common feature of Indian agriculture. Use of organophosphates as a pesticide came as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons due to their easy degradability. Although these xenobiotics degrade under natural condition, their residues have been detected in soil, sediments, and water due to their non-regulated usage practice. The over-reliance on pesticides has not only threatened our environment but contaminations of organophosphate residues have been also detected in certain agricultural products like tea, sugars, vegetables, and fruits throughout India. This paper highlights many of the cases where different organophosphates have been detected exceeding their respective MRL values. Some organophosphates detected are so hazardous that even WHO has listed them in class 1a and class 1b hazardous group. Presence of their residues in blood, milk, honey, and tissues of human and animals revealed their excessive use and bioaccumulating capabilities. Their intentional or unintentional uptake is causing thousands of deaths and severity each year. Most of the toxicity cases presented here are due to their uptake during a suicidal attempt. This shows how easily these harmful substances are available in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shardendu Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, Pin 305817, India
| | - Garima Kaushik
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, Pin 305817, India.
| | - Juan Francisco Villarreal-Chiu
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, CP66451, Mexico
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26
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Qin G, Zou K, Li Y, Chen Y, He F, Ding G. Pesticide residue determination in vegetables from western China applying gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1430-40. [PMID: 26864471 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guofu Qin
- Xi’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 599 Xiying Road Xi’an 710054 China
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine; The Fourth Military Medical University; 169 Changle West Road Xi′an 710032 China
| | - Keting Zou
- Xi’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 599 Xiying Road Xi’an 710054 China
| | - Yongbo Li
- Xi’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 599 Xiying Road Xi’an 710054 China
| | - Yan Chen
- Xi’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 599 Xiying Road Xi’an 710054 China
| | - Fengrui He
- Xi’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 599 Xiying Road Xi’an 710054 China
| | - Guirong Ding
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine; The Fourth Military Medical University; 169 Changle West Road Xi′an 710032 China
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27
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Bedi JS, Gill JPS, Aulakh RS, Kaur P. Occurrence and spatial distribution of pesticide residues in butter and ghee (clarified butter fat) in Punjab (India). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:100. [PMID: 26781716 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to monitor organochlorine, organophosphate, and synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues in butter (n = 55) and ghee (n = 56) samples collected from three different regions of Punjab. The estimation of pesticide residues was done by multiple residue analytical technique using gas chromatography equipped with GC-ECD and GC-FTD. The confirmation of residues was done on gas chromatography mass spectrometry in both selective ion monitoring (SIM) and scan mode. Results indicated the presence of hexacholorocyclohexane (HCH) and p,p' DDE as predominant contaminant in both butter and ghee. Residues of HCH were detected in 25 and 23% samples of butter and ghee, respectively, while residues of p,p' DDE were recorded in 29 and 25% of butter and ghee samples, respectively. None of the butter and ghee sample violated the MRL values of 200 ng g(-1) for HCH and 1250 ng g(-1) for dichorodiphenyl tricholorethane (DDT). The presence of endosulfan, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, and chlorpyrifos were observed in a few butter and ghee samples at traces. The spatial variation for comparative occurrence of pesticide residues indicated higher levels in the south-western region of Punjab. Additionally, the temporal variation indicated the significant reduction of HCH and DDT levels in butter and ghee in Punjab.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
| | - J P S Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - R S Aulakh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Prabhjit Kaur
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
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Bedi JS, Gill JPS, Aulakh RS, Kaur P. Pesticide Residues in Bovine Milk in Punjab, India: Spatial Variation and Risk Assessment to Human Health. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:230-240. [PMID: 26008642 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in bovine milk (n = 312) from Punjab, India, showed chlorpyrifos, DDT, and γ-HCH as the predominant contaminants. In addition, the presence of β-endosulfan, endosulfan suphate, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, malathion, profenofos, and ethion was reported in milk samples. In this study, it was observed that 12 milk samples exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for γ-HCH (lindane), 18 for DDT and chlorpyrifos, and 1 sample each for endosulfan, cypermethrin, and profenophos. In India, DDT is still permitted for a malaria control program, which may be the plausible reason for its occurrence in milk samples. The spatial variation for presence of pesticide residues in milk indicated greater levels in cotton-growing areas of Punjab. At current levels of pesticide residues in bovine milk, the human health risk assessment in terms of noncancer and cancer hazard was calculated based on both lower-bound [LB (mean residue levels)] and upper-bound [UP (95th percentile level)] limits. It was noticed that cancer and noncancer risk were within United States Environmental Protection Agency prescribed limits for both adults and children at the LB, but children were being exposed to greater risk for DDT and HCH at the 95th-percentile UB level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India,
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29
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Pesticide residues determination in China vegetables in 2010–2013 applying gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Kemmerich M, Rizzetti TM, Martins ML, Prestes OD, Adaime MB, Zanella R. Optimization by Central Composite Design of a Modified QuEChERS Method for Extraction of Pesticide Multiresidue in Sweet Pepper and Analysis by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Sapbamrer R, Hongsibsong S. Organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables from farms, markets, and a supermarket around Kwan Phayao Lake of Northern Thailand. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:60-67. [PMID: 24609615 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated organophosphorus (OP) residues in vegetables from 27 farms, 106 markets, and 1 supermarket around Kwan Phayao Lake, Northern Thailand, between August and September 2013. Types of vegetables sampled were all vegetables cultivated or sold around the study site. The most common OP pesticides detected in farm samples were chlorpyrifos (50 %), malathion (31.8 %), monocrotophos (31.8 %), diazinon (13.6 %), omethoate (13.6 %), and dicrotophos (9.1 %). The most common OP pesticides detected in market samples were chlorpyrifos (33.9 %), diazinon (18.6 %), parathion-methyl (3.4 %), profenofos (3.4 %), primiphos-ethyl (3.4 %), and fenitrothion (1.7 %). The OP pesticides detected in supermarket samples were chlorpyrifos (33.3 %), and diazinon (66.7 %). Among the compounds detected, chlorpyrifos was detected in most of the vegetable samples from all sources. The highest chlorpyrifos level in farm samples were found in lemon balm (2.423 mg/kg) followed by Vietnamese coriander (0.835 mg/kg), and cowpea (0.027 mg/kg). The highest level in markets samples were found in garlic (7.785 mg/kg) followed by Chinese cabbage (2.864 mg/kg) and Vietnamese coriander (1.308 mg/kg). Residues from supermarket samples were found only in parsley (0.027 mg/kg). The findings showed that 16 samples (59.3 %) from farms and 14 samples (13.2 %) from markets contained OP residues at or above the maximum residue limits established by the European Union. It is concluded that awareness, safety education, and strict regulation of pesticide use are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Sapbamrer
- School of Medicine, University of Phayao, 19, Moo2, Mae Ka Subdistrict, Muang District, Phayao, 56000, Thailand,
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Determination of carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides in vegetable samples and the efficiency of gamma-radiation in their removal. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:145159. [PMID: 24711991 PMCID: PMC3966332 DOI: 10.1155/2014/145159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the residual pesticide levels were determined in eggplants (Solanum melongena) (n = 16), purchased from four different markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The carbamate and organophosphorus pesticide residual levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the efficiency of gamma radiation on pesticide removal in three different types of vegetables was also studied. Many (50%) of the samples contained pesticides, and three samples had residual levels above the maximum residue levels determined by the World Health Organisation. Three carbamates (carbaryl, carbofuran, and pirimicarb) and six organophosphates (phenthoate, diazinon, parathion, dimethoate, phosphamidon, and pirimiphos-methyl) were detected in eggplant samples; the highest carbofuran level detected was 1.86 mg/kg, while phenthoate was detected at 0.311 mg/kg. Gamma radiation decreased pesticide levels proportionately with increasing radiation doses. Diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and phosphamidon were reduced by 40–48%, 35–43%, and 30–45%, respectively, when a radiation strength of 0.5 kGy was utilized. However, when the radiation dose was increased to 1.0 kGy, the levels of the pesticides were reduced to 85–90%, 80–91%, and 90–95%, respectively. In summary, our study revealed that pesticide residues are present at high amounts in vegetable samples and that gamma radiation at 1.0 kGy can remove 80–95% of some pesticides.
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Liu X, Li D, Li J, Rose G, Marriott PJ. Organophosphorus pesticide and ester analysis by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 2:761-767. [PMID: 24238476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-seven phosphorus (P)-containing compounds comprising organophosphorus pesticides and organophosphate esters were analyzed by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame photometric detection in P mode (GC × GC-FPD(P)), with a non-polar/moderately polar column set. A suitable modulation temperature and period was chosen based on experimental observation. A number of co-eluting peak pairs on the (1)D column were well separated in 2D space. Excellent FPD(P) detection selectivity, responding to compounds containing the P atom, produces clear 2D GC × GC plots with little interference from complex hydrocarbon matrices. Limits of detection (LOD) were within the range of 0.0021-0.048 μmol L(-1), and linear calibration correlation coefficients (R(2)) for all 37 P-compounds were at least 0.998. The P-compounds were spiked in 2% diesel and good reproducibility for their response areas and retention times was obtained. Spiked recoveries were 88%-157% for 5 μg L(-1) and 80%-138% for 10 μg L(-1) spiked levels. Both (1)tR and (2)tR shifts were noted when the content of diesel was in excess of 5% in the matrix. Soil samples were analyzed by using the developed method; some P-compounds were positively detected. In general, this study shows that GC × GC-FPD(P) is an accurate, sensitive and simple method for P-compound analysis in complicated environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Liu
- Nanjing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Zizhulin Street, Gulou 210003, Nanjing, China
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34
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Detection of the residues of nineteen pesticides in fresh vegetable samples using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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A multinational joint project on the evaluation of residual pesticide analysis in tea in the Asia Pacific region. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Hossain MS, Hossain MA, Rahman MA, Islam MM, Rahman MA, Adyel TM. Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues via Dietary Intake of Market Vegetables from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Foods 2013; 2:64-75. [PMID: 28239097 PMCID: PMC5302232 DOI: 10.3390/foods2010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the health risk of pesticide residues via dietary intake of vegetables collected from four top agro-based markets of Dhaka, Bangladesh. High performance liquid chromatography with a photo diode array detector (HPLC-PDA) was used to determine six organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, parathion, ethion, acephate, fenthion), two carbamate (carbaryl and carbofuran) and one pyrethroid (cypermethrin) pesticide residues in twelve samples of three common vegetables (tomato, lady's finger and brinjal). Pesticide residues ranged from below detectable limit (<0.01) to 0.36 mg/kg. Acephate, chlorpyrifos, ethion, carbaryl and cypermethrin were detected in only one sample, while co-occurrence occurred twice for fenitrothion and parathion. Apart from chlorpyrifos in tomato and cypermethrin in brinjal, all pesticide residues exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL). Hazard risk index (HRI) for ethion (10.12) and carbaryl (1.09) was found in lady's finger and tomato, respectively. Rest of the pesticide residues were classified as not a health risk. A continuous monitoring and strict regulation should be enforced regarding control of pesticide residues in vegetables and other food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shakhaoat Hossain
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7703, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Abdur Rahman
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Mainul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7703, Bangladesh.
| | - Tanveer Mehedi Adyel
- School of Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
- Department of Environmental Science, Z. H. Sikder University of Science & Technology, Bhedergonj, Shariatpur 8024, Bangladesh.
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Kashanian S, Shariati Z, Roshanfekr H, Ghobadi S. DNA Binding Studies of 3, 5, 6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol Pesticide Metabolite. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1341-8. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Kashanian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC) & Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center (NNRC), Razi University, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zohreh Shariati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamideh Roshanfekr
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Ilam Branch, Ilam, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sirous Ghobadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
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