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Melo JOF, Conchinhas B, Leitão AEB, Ramos ALCC, de Sousa IMN, Ferreira RMDSB, Ribeiro AC, Batista-Santos P. Phenolic Compounds Characterization of Caryocar brasiliense Peel with Potential Antioxidant Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2016. [PMID: 39124134 PMCID: PMC11314331 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) fruit peel, despite being frequently discarded, has a high content of bioactive compounds, and therefore has a high nutritional value. The present study aimed to explore the bioactivities in the pequi peel, particularly their potential health benefits at the level of antioxidant activity. The exploitation of this fruit could also present significant economic benefits and applications of pequi by-products would represent a reduction in waste, having a positive impact on the environment. Phenolic compounds present in the pequi exocarp and external mesocarp were identified by paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) and quantified by HPLC. The total phenolic content (TPC) along with the amount of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and the amount of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) were also determined in peel extracts. Epicatechin was the most abundant phenolic compound found, followed by the caffeic, salicylic, and gallic acids. In addition, fingerprinting revealed compounds related to several beneficial health effects. In short, the results obtained were encouraging for potential applications of pequi peel in the field of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Onésio Ferreira Melo
- Departamento Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil
- Tropical College of the University of Lisbon—CTROP-ULisboa, Alameda da Universidade—Cidade Universitária, 11649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Conchinhas
- Tropical College of the University of Lisbon—CTROP-ULisboa, Alameda da Universidade—Cidade Universitária, 11649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Eduardo Baptista Leitão
- Tropical College of the University of Lisbon—CTROP-ULisboa, Alameda da Universidade—Cidade Universitária, 11649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Luiza Coeli Cruz Ramos
- Departamento de Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabel Maria Nunes de Sousa
- Tropical College of the University of Lisbon—CTROP-ULisboa, Alameda da Universidade—Cidade Universitária, 11649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Manuel de Seixas Boavida Ferreira
- Tropical College of the University of Lisbon—CTROP-ULisboa, Alameda da Universidade—Cidade Universitária, 11649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Ribeiro
- Tropical College of the University of Lisbon—CTROP-ULisboa, Alameda da Universidade—Cidade Universitária, 11649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Batista-Santos
- Tropical College of the University of Lisbon—CTROP-ULisboa, Alameda da Universidade—Cidade Universitária, 11649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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Elshamy S, Handoussa H, El-Shazly M, Mohammed ED, Kuhnert N. Metabolomic profiling and quantification of polyphenols from leaves of seven Acacia species by UHPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105741. [PMID: 37951277 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Acacia (Fabaceae) comprises >1350 species and has been used in traditional medicine as infusions and decoctions to treat wounds, sores, headaches, diarrhea, and cough. The leaf methanolic extracts of seven Acacia species growing in Egypt namely: Acacia saligna, Acacia seyal, Acacia xanthophloea, Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana., Acacia tortilis, Acacia laeta, Acacia albida were analyzed using UPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS. A total of 37 polyphenols were identified and discussed in detail. They included phenolic acids, flavonoids, and procyanidins, among which sixteen polyphenols were identified in Acacia for the first time. Folin-ciocalteau assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, 2,20 -azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical and the scavenging capacity against 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical were performed to investigate the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the Acacia extracts, respectively. Furthermore, the absolute quantification of eighteen polyphenols common to most of the species was performed using UPLC-MS. It was evident that the differences in the chemical composition among the species accounted for the difference in antioxidant activity which was in line together with the total phenolic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Elshamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, German University in Cairo GUC, 11835 New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Handoussa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, German University in Cairo GUC, 11835 New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, German University in Cairo GUC, 11835 New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman D Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Natural Products Unit, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- School of Science, Constructor University, Campusring 8, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
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3
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Jiang Q, Wang S, Yang Y, Luo J, Yang R, Li W. Profiles of Free and Bound Phenolics and Their Antioxidant Capacity in Rice Bean ( Vigna umbellata). Foods 2023; 12:2718. [PMID: 37509810 PMCID: PMC10378860 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice bean (Vigna umbellata) is a medicinal and dietary legume rich in polyphenols. In this study, the free and bound phenolics in rice bean were extracted by water, 80% methanol, and acid, base, and composite enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. The polyphenol profiles of the extracted fractions were analyzed. The outcome demonstrated that base hydrolysis was the most effective way to liberate bound phenolics from rice bean (14.18 mg GAE/g DW), which was 16.68 and 56.72 folds higher than those extracted by acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. The bound polyphenols released by base hydrolysis contributed to 71.15% of the total phenolic content. A total of 35 individual phenolics was identified, of which isoquercitrin, procyanidin B1, rutin, taxifolin, and catechin were the main monomeric phenolics in the free fraction, while gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, and phloroglucinol were the main monomeric phenolics in the bound fraction. In comparison to the free phenolics extracted by water and 80% methanol and the bound phenolics extracted using acid and composite enzymatic hydrolysis, the bound phenolics from base hydrolysis had a superior antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant activity of rice bean is primarily attributed to individual phenolics such as catechin, abundant both in free and bound fractions, and also p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, and protocatechuic acid in bound fractions. The bound phenolics of rice bean were first reported and showed large differences with the composition of free phenolics. This work suggests that the bound fraction of rice bean must be taken into account in assessing its potential benefits to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinzhang Jiang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shengwei Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuzhe Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinxin Luo
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruili Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wu Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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4
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Phytochemical-Based Evidence of the Health Benefits of Bidens Pilosa Extracts and Cytotoxicity. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-023-00626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Bidens pilosa L. is traditionally used as a flavouring agent in foods, in the treatment of diseases, in agriculture as a biopesticide and herbicide, and in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. The vast range of uses of B. pilosa for a variety of purposes is questionable, hence motivating the objectives of this study, which are to assess the cytotoxicity, health benefits, and/or risks of B. pilosa using chemical-based evidence.
Methods
A real-time cell analysis (xCELLigence system), ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector, and chemical-based spectrophotometric methods were adopted in the study.
Results
High concentrations of the ethanol extracts exhibited cytotoxic activity on HepG2 (cancerous), and Vero (non-cancerous) cell lines, whereas the water extracts promoted cell proliferation at selected concentrations. The chemical profiling enabled the separation as well as characterisation of 137 phytochemicals. These were mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids, coumarins, and furanocoumarins. There was no toxic compound identified.
Conclusion
The ethanol extracts are generally more potent and exhibit stronger antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity, probably due to the presence of more flavonoids and phenolic acids, validating the uses of B. pilosa and its relevance as a source of functional phytochemicals.
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Hamdan DI, Tawfeek N, El-Shiekh RA, Khalil HMA, Mahmoud MY, Bakr AF, Zaafar D, Farrag N, Wink M, El-Shazly AM. Salix subserrata Bark Extract-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Attenuate Neurotoxicity Induced by Sodium Arsenate in Rats in Relation with HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Profile. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 24:15. [PMID: 36522541 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution is a worldwide environmental risk. Arsenic (As) is an environmental pollutant with a major health concern due to its toxic effects on multiple body organs, including the brain. Humans are exposed to As through eating contaminated food and water or via skin contact. Salix species (willow) are plants with medicinal efficacy. Salix subserrata Willd bark extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SBE.CNPs) was formulated, characterized, and evaluated against As-induced neurotoxicity. The stem bark was selected for nanoparticle formulation based on HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS profiling and in vitro antioxidant assessment using free radical scavenging activity. SBE.CNPs demonstrated an average un-hydrated diameter of 193.4 ± 24.5 nm and zeta potential of + 39.6 ± 0.4 mV with an encapsulation efficiency of 83.7 ± 4.3%. Compared to As-intoxicated rats, SBE.CNP-treated rats exhibited anxiolytic activity and memory-boosting as evidenced in open field test, light-dark activity box, and Y-maze. Also, it increased the antioxidant biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase associated with reducing the malondialdehyde levels and apoptotic activity. Besides this, SBE.CNPs maintained the brain architecture and downregulated both nuclear factor-kappa B and heme oxygenase-1 expression. These results suggest that SBE.CNP administration showed promising potent neuroprotective and antioxidative efficiencies against arsenic-induced oxidative threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila I Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Nora Tawfeek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini st., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Heba M A Khalil
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Y Mahmoud
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Dalia Zaafar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Information and Technology, El Mokattam, Egypt
| | - Nawaal Farrag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Assem Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, 44813 El Saleheya El Gadida, El Saleheya, Egypt
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Orabi MAA, Alqahtani OS, Alyami BA, Al Awadh AA, Abdel-Sattar ES, Matsunami K, Hamdan DI, Abouelela ME. Human Lung Cancer (A549) Cell Line Cytotoxicity and Anti- Leishmania major Activity of Carissa macrocarpa Leaves: A Study Supported by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Metabolites Profiling and Molecular Docking. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121561. [PMID: 36559012 PMCID: PMC9784246 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer and cutaneous leishmaniasis are critical diseases with a relatively higher incidence in developing countries. In this research, the activity of Carissa macrocarpa leaf hydromethanolic extract and its solvent-fractions (n-hexane, EtOAc, n-butanol, and MeOH) against the lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) and Leishmania major was investigated. The MeOH fraction exhibited higher cytotoxic activity (IC50 1.57 ± 0.04 μg/mL) than the standard drug, etoposide (IC50 50.8 ± 3.16 μg/mL). The anti-L. major results revealed strong growth inhibitory effects of the EtOAc fraction against L. major promastigotes (IC50 27.52 ± 0.7 μg/mL) and axenic amastigotes (29.33 ± 4.86% growth inhibition at 100 μg/mL), while the butanol fraction exerted moderate activity against promastigotes (IC50 73.17 ± 1.62), as compared with miltefosine against promastigotes (IC50 6.39 ± 0.29 μg/mL) and sodium stibogluconate against axenic amastigotes (IC50 22.45 ± 2.22 μg/mL). A total of 102 compounds were tentatively identified using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of the total extract and its fractions. The MeOH fraction was found to contain several flavonoids and flavan-3-ol derivatives with known cytotoxic properties, whereas the EtOAc fractions contained triterpene, hydroxycinnamoyl, sterol, and flavanol derivatives with known antileishmanial activity. Molecular docking of various polyphenolics of the MeOH fraction with HDAC6 and PDK3 enzymes demonstrates high binding affinity of the epicatechin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and catechin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside toward HDAC6, and procyanidin C2, procyanidin B5 toward PDK3. These results are promising and encourage the pursuit of preclinical research using C. macrocarpa's MeOH fraction as anti-lung cancer and the EtOAc fraction as an anti-L. major drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University 1988, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-557-398-835
| | - Omaish Salman Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University 1988, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar A. Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University 1988, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University 1988, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Shaymaa Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsunami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Dalia I. Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom 32511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Abouelela
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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Chen X, Yuan M, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Sun X. Influence of fermentation with different lactic acid bacteria and
in vitro
digestion on the change of phenolic compounds in fermented kiwifruit pulps. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- School of Public Health The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Minlan Yuan
- School of Public Health The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yuting Wang
- School of Public Health The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Public Health The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- School of Public Health The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 China
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Orabi MAA, Khalil HMA, Abouelela ME, Zaafar D, Ahmed YH, Naggar RA, Alyami HS, Abdel-Sattar ES, Matsunami K, Hamdan DI. Carissa macrocarpa Leaves Polar Fraction Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats via Downregulating the Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1305. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/ph14121305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic-related toxicity exacerbates the increasing death rate among cancer patients, necessitating greater efforts to find a speedy solution. An in vivo assessment of the protective effect of the C. macrocarpa leaves polar fraction of hydromethanolic extract against doxorubicin (Dox)-induced neurotoxicity was performed. Intriguingly, this fraction ameliorated Dox-induced cognitive dysfunction; reduced serum ROS and brain TNF-α levels, upregulated the brain nerve growth factor (NGF) levels, markedly reduced caspase-3 immunoexpression, and restored the histological architecture of the brain hippocampus. The in vivo study results were corroborated with a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling that revealed the presence of a high percentage of the plant polyphenolics. Molecular modeling of several identified molecules in this fraction demonstrated a strong binding affinity of flavan-3-ol derivatives with TACE enzymes, in agreement with the experimental in vivo neuroprotective activity. In conclusion, the C. macrocarpa leaves polar fraction possesses neuroprotective activity that could have a promising role in ameliorating chemotherapeutic-induced side effects.
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Orabi MAA, Khalil HMA, Abouelela ME, Zaafar D, Ahmed YH, Naggar RA, Alyami HS, Abdel-Sattar ES, Matsunami K, Hamdan DI. Carissa macrocarpa Leaves Polar Fraction Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats via Downregulating the Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1305. [PMID: 34959705 PMCID: PMC8709457 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic-related toxicity exacerbates the increasing death rate among cancer patients, necessitating greater efforts to find a speedy solution. An in vivo assessment of the protective effect of the C. macrocarpa leaves polar fraction of hydromethanolic extract against doxorubicin (Dox)-induced neurotoxicity was performed. Intriguingly, this fraction ameliorated Dox-induced cognitive dysfunction; reduced serum ROS and brain TNF-α levels, upregulated the brain nerve growth factor (NGF) levels, markedly reduced caspase-3 immunoexpression, and restored the histological architecture of the brain hippocampus. The in vivo study results were corroborated with a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling that revealed the presence of a high percentage of the plant polyphenolics. Molecular modeling of several identified molecules in this fraction demonstrated a strong binding affinity of flavan-3-ol derivatives with TACE enzymes, in agreement with the experimental in vivo neuroprotective activity. In conclusion, the C. macrocarpa leaves polar fraction possesses neuroprotective activity that could have a promising role in ameliorating chemotherapeutic-induced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Heba M. A. Khalil
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Abouelela
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt;
| | - Dalia Zaafar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Information and Technology, Cairo 11311, Egypt;
| | - Yasmine H. Ahmed
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
| | - Reham A. Naggar
- Department of pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October, Giza 12566, Egypt;
| | - Hamad S. Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - El-Shaymaa Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsunami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan;
| | - Dalia I. Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom 32511, Egypt
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10
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Orabi MAA, Khalil HMA, Abouelela ME, Zaafar D, Ahmed YH, Naggar RA, Alyami HS, Abdel-Sattar ES, Matsunami K, Hamdan DI. Carissa macrocarpa Leaves Polar Fraction Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats via Downregulating the Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14121305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic-related toxicity exacerbates the increasing death rate among cancer patients, necessitating greater efforts to find a speedy solution. An in vivo assessment of the protective effect of the C. macrocarpa leaves polar fraction of hydromethanolic extract against doxorubicin (Dox)-induced neurotoxicity was performed. Intriguingly, this fraction ameliorated Dox-induced cognitive dysfunction; reduced serum ROS and brain TNF-α levels, upregulated the brain nerve growth factor (NGF) levels, markedly reduced caspase-3 immunoexpression, and restored the histological architecture of the brain hippocampus. The in vivo study results were corroborated with a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling that revealed the presence of a high percentage of the plant polyphenolics. Molecular modeling of several identified molecules in this fraction demonstrated a strong binding affinity of flavan-3-ol derivatives with TACE enzymes, in agreement with the experimental in vivo neuroprotective activity. In conclusion, the C. macrocarpa leaves polar fraction possesses neuroprotective activity that could have a promising role in ameliorating chemotherapeutic-induced side effects.
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11
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Nguyen PD, Sayagh C, Massiot G, Lavaud C. Phenyl glycosides from the leaves of Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr (Salicaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112891. [PMID: 34358899 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen phenolic glycosides, together with fourteen various known compounds, were isolated from the methanolic extract of leaves of Flacourtia indica. Twelve of these were composed of gentisyl or salicyl alcohols, glycosylated on the phenol and acylated on the primary alcohol with various more or less oxidized forms of pyrocatechuic acid. A number of positions on the glucose or on the acid were further acylated by benzoic or cinnamic acid. In addition to these, a glucoside of a phenyl propanoid was also isolated. The gross structures were elucidated by spectroscopic means including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and HR-ESI-MS analyses. Several of these structures, for example, xylosmin, were previously described but it proved extremely difficult to conclude on their exact identity with the absence of clear data on absolute configuration in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc-Dam Nguyen
- Equipe Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, BP 1039, Reims Cedex 2, 51687, France; Department of Chemistry Education, School of Education, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, 94115, Viet Nam
| | - Charlotte Sayagh
- Equipe Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, BP 1039, Reims Cedex 2, 51687, France
| | - Georges Massiot
- Equipe Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, BP 1039, Reims Cedex 2, 51687, France
| | - Catherine Lavaud
- Equipe Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, BP 1039, Reims Cedex 2, 51687, France.
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Flacourtia indica fruit extract modulated antioxidant gene expression, prevented oxidative stress and ameliorated kidney dysfunction in isoprenaline administered rats. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:101012. [PMID: 34041370 PMCID: PMC8142055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of Flacourtia indica fruit extract against isoprenaline (ISO) induced renal damage in rats. This investigation showed that ISO administration in rats increased the level oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), advanced protein oxidation product (APOP) in kidneys followed by a decrease in antioxidant enzymes functions. Flacourtia indica fruit extract, which is rich in strong antioxidants, also reduced the MDA, NO and APOP level in kidney of ISO administered rats. Inflammation and necrosis was also visible in kidney section of ISO administered rats which was significantly prevented by atenolol and Flacourtia indica fruit extract. Moreover, atenolol and Flacourtia indica fruit extract also modulated the genes expressions related to inflammation and oxidative stress in kidneys. The beneficial effects could be attributed to the presence of a number of phenolic antioxidants. This study suggests that Flacourtia indica fruit extract may prevent kidney dysfunction in ISO administered rats, probably by preventing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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13
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Chemical profiling, antimicrobial, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic properties of Phlomis fruticosa L. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113884. [PMID: 33421668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Structural diversity of biologically active compounds identified in plants after many years of storage is rarely reported in literature. Herein, we studied chemical profile and biological activities of Phlomis fruticosa L. after plant material storage for 20 years. Chemical analyzes were performed by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap/MS, and revealed presence of 44 compounds: including 13 phenolic acids, 9 phenylethanoids, 20 flavonoids and 2 phenolic related compounds (a phenolic acid derivative and an aliphatic alcohol). The extract showed antimicrobial activity, being the most potent against Aspergillus fumigatus with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.31 mg/mL. Also, the extract was able to inhibit biofilm formed by Candida species and to inhibit biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Obtained results revealed that the extract has potential to interfere with the cell membrane permeability of Candida albicans and to suppress production of virulence factor staphyloxanthin in S. aureus. Furthermore, the extract inhibited the activity of α-amylase which is one of the therapeutic targets for diabetes type II. Also, the antiproliferative effect of the extract was demonstrated on human cancer cell lines, while the extract did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect on primary human cells. Based on the obtained results, P. fruticosa could be an interesting source of biologically active compounds even after long term storage.
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14
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Polyphenolics in ramontchi protect cardiac tissues via suppressing isoprenaline-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in Long-Evans rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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15
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Characterization of Andean Blueberry in Bioactive Compounds, Evaluation of Biological Properties, and In Vitro Bioaccessibility. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101483. [PMID: 33080796 PMCID: PMC7602944 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate Andean blueberries (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth) from Ecuador as a potential functional ingredient for the food and pharmaceutical industries. The analysis of bioactive compounds by HPLC–DAD–MSn determined a high content of (poly)phenols, mainly anthocyanins, and the presence of the carotenoid lutein. Regarding its biological properties, Andean blueberry did not show toxicity by the zebrafish embryogenesis test, showing also a lack of the antinutrients lectins. Moreover, the results of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity evaluation suggested its possibility to be used as natural antioxidant. This fruit also exhibited antimicrobial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in low doses. Finally, in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion showed a partial bioaccessibility of (poly) phenols (~50% at the final step), showing high antioxidant capacity in the different GI phases. These results revealed Andean blueberry as an interesting candidate for being used as a functional ingredient and the development of further in vivo and clinical assays.
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Chemical composition and antimycoplasma activity of a brown propolis from southern Brazil. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:4228-4235. [PMID: 33071344 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of a sample of brown propolis produced in the district of Itapará (Southern Brazil) were obtained with solvents with increasing polarity. The extracts were analyzed by RPHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and evaluated toward activity against Mycoplasma bovis, M. gallisepticum, M. genitalium, M. hominis, M. hyorinis, M. penetrans and M. pneumonieae. Typical components of "alecrim-do-campo" propolis (e.g. prenylated phenylpropanoids and caffeoyl-quinic acids) were characterized in the analyzed extraccts, in addition to several flavonols. Less polar extracts showed higher anti-mycoplasma activity (MIC value commonly 3.9 μg/mL) than alcoholic and aqueous extracts (MIC value often 7.8-250 μg/mL). The results indicate that Itapará propolis is a promising source for the development of therapeutic drugs.
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Qian W, Wu W, Kang Y, Wang Y, Yang P, Deng Y, Ni C, Huang J. Comprehensive identification of minor components and bioassay-guided isolation of an unusual antioxidant from Azolla imbricata using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography—quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multicomponent knockout and bioactivity evaluation. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Sarkar MK, Vadivel V, Raja MRC, Kar Mahapatra S. Investigation of phytochemical constituents of anti-leukemic herbal drugs used by the traditional healers of Purulia, Birbhum and Bankura districts of West Bengal. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:3388-3393. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1566818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monaj Kumar Sarkar
- Chemical Biology Lab (ASK-II-409), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vellingiri Vadivel
- Chemical Biology Lab (ASK-II-409), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mamilla R. Charan Raja
- Medicinal Chemistry and Immunology Lab (ASK-II-406) School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Santanu Kar Mahapatra
- Medicinal Chemistry and Immunology Lab (ASK-II-406) School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
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Jalal TK, Khan AYF, Natto HA, Abdull Rasad MSB, Arifin Kaderi M, Mohammad M, Johan MF, Omar MN, Abdul Wahab R. Identification and Quantification of Quercetin, A Major Constituent ofArtocarpus altilisby Targeting Related Genes of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle: In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity Against Human Lung Carcinoma Cell Lines. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:792-805. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1516790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara K. Jalal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Al’aina Yuhanis Firus Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Hatim A. Natto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umma Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Syaiful Bahari Abdull Rasad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd. Arifin Kaderi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mardhiah Mohammad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farid Johan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammed Nor Omar
- Department of Biotechnology Sciences, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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20
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Perera HDSM, Samarasekera JKRR, Handunnetti SM, Weerasena OVDSJ, Weeratunga HD, Jabeen A, Choudhary MI. In vitro pro-inflammatory enzyme inhibition and anti-oxidant potential of selected Sri Lankan medicinal plants. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:271. [PMID: 30285710 PMCID: PMC6169004 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The extracts of the ten selected Sri Lankan medicinal plants have been traditionally used in the treatment of inflammatory mediated diseases. The extracts were investigated for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential in vitro to identify bio-active extracts for further chemical characterization. Methods In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of total ethanol extracts were investigated measuring the inhibitory activities of four pro-inflammatory enzymes, arachidonate-5- lipoxygenase (A5-LOX), hyaluronidase (HYL), xanthine oxidase (XO) and inducible nitric oxide (iNO) synthase. Cytotoxicity of extracts were determined by MTT assay. Oxidative burst inhibition (OBI) on human whole blood (WB) and isolated polymorphoneutrophils (PMNs) was carried out for a selected bio-active extract. Anti- oxidant activities of the extracts were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ferrous ion chelation (FIC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Total polyphenol and total Flavonoid contents of the extracts were also determined. The most active plant extract was analysed using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results The ethanol bark extract of Flacourtia indica showed the highest A5-LOX (IC50: 22.75 ± 1.94 g/mL), XO (70.46 ± 0.18%; 250 μg/mL) and iNOs inhibitory activities on LPS- activated raw 264.7 macrophage cells (38.07 ± 0.93%; 500 μg/mL) with promising OBI both on WB (IC50: 47.64 2.32 μg/mL) and PMNs (IC50: 5.02 0.38 μg/mL). The highest HYL inhibitory activity was showed by the leaf extracts of Barathranthus nodiflorus (42.31 ± 2.00%; 500 μg/mL) and Diospyros ebenum (41.60 ± 1.18%; 500 μg/mL). The bark and leaf extracts of Callophyllum innophyllum (IC50: 6.99 ± 0.02 μg/mL) and Symplocus cochinchinesis (IC50: 9.85 ± 0.28 μg/mL) showed promising DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The GC-MS analysis of ethanol bark extract of F. indica showed the presence of two major bio-active compounds linoleic acid ethyl ester and hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (> 2% peak area). The HPLC analysis showed the presence polyphenolic compounds. Conclusion The ethanol bark extract of F. indica can be identified as a potential candidate for the development of anti-inflammatory agents, which deserves further investigations. The bio-active plant extracts may be effectively used in the applications of cosmetic and health care industry.
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Zhang XM, Li XB, Zhang SS, He QX, Hou HR, Dang L, Guo JL, Chen YF, Yu T, Peng DJ, Han LW, Liu KC. LC-MS/MS Identification of Novel Saponins from the Viscera of Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Barnaba C, Dellacassa E, Nicolini G, Nardin T, Serra M, Larcher R. Non-targeted glycosidic profiling of international wines using neutral loss-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1557:75-89. [PMID: 29748090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many metabolites naturally occur as glycosides, since sugar moieties can be crucial for their biological activity and increase their water solubility. In the plant kingdom they may occur as glycosides or sugar esters, depending on precursor chemical structure, and in wine they have traditionally attracted attention due to their organoleptic properties, such as astringency and bitterness, and because they affect the colour and aroma of wines. A new approach directed at detailed description of glycosides in a large selection of monovarietal wines (8 samples each of Pinot Blanc, Muller Thurgau, Riesling, Traminer, Merlot, Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon) was developed by combining high performance liquid chromatography with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical separation was performed on an Accucore™ Polar Premium LC column, while mass analysis was performed in negative ion mode with an non-targeted screening approach, using a Full MS/AIF/NL dd-MS2 experiment at a resolving power of 140,000 FWHM. Over 280 glycoside-like compounds were detected, of which 133 (including low-molecular weight phenols, flavonoids and monoterpenols) were tentatively identified in the form of pentose (6), deoxyhexose (17), hexose (73), hexose-pentose (16), hexose-deoxyhexose (7), dihexose (5) and hexose ester (9) derivatives. It was not possible to univocally define the corresponding chemical structure for the remaining 149 glycosides. Non-parametric statistical analysis showed it was possible to well characterise the glycosylated profile of all red and Traminer wines, while the identified glycosides were almost entirely lacking in Pinot Blanc, Riesling and Muller Thurgau wines. Also Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test (p < 0.05) and Principal Component Analysis confirmed that it was possible to almost entirely distinguish the selected red wines from each other according to their glycosylated profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barnaba
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - E Dellacassa
- Universidad de la Republica Uruguay, Facultad de Quimica, Gral. Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - G Nicolini
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - T Nardin
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - M Serra
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - R Larcher
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione E. Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
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23
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Patras MA, Jaiswal R, McDougall GJ, Kuhnert N. Profiling and Quantification of Regioisomeric Caffeoyl Glucoses in Berry Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1096-1104. [PMID: 29028333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of a recently developed tandem mass spectrometry-based hierarchical scheme for the identification of regioisomeric caffeoyl glucoses, selected berry fruits were profiled for their caffeoyl glucose ester content. Fresh edible berries profiled, including strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, red currant, black currant, lingonberries, gooseberries, and juices of elderberries, goji berries, chokeberries, cranberries, açai berries, sea buckthorn berries, Montmorency sour cherries, and pomegranates, were investigated. 1-Caffeoyl glucose was found to be the predominant isomer in the majority of samples, with further profiling revealing the presence of additional hydroxycinnamoyl glucose esters and O-glycosides with p-coumaroyl, feruloyl, and sinapoyl substituents. A quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based method was developed and validated, and all caffeoyl glucose isomers were quantified for the first time in edible berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Patras
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rakesh Jaiswal
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Gordon J McDougall
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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24
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Mejri F, Selmi S, Martins A, benkhoud H, Baati T, Chaabane H, Njim L, Serralheiro MLM, Rauter AP, Hosni K. Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) pods: a rich source of bioactive ingredients with antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, anti-diabetic and health-promoting properties. Food Funct 2018; 9:2051-2069. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00055g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Broad bean pods have been proven to be a functional food with promising in vitro and in vivo biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Mejri
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles
- Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP)
- Sidi Thabet 2020
- Tunisia
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte
| | - Slimen Selmi
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles
- Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP)
- Sidi Thabet 2020
- Tunisia
| | - Alice Martins
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Haifa benkhoud
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles
- Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP)
- Sidi Thabet 2020
- Tunisia
| | - Tarek Baati
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles
- Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP)
- Sidi Thabet 2020
- Tunisia
| | - Hedia Chaabane
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles
- Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP)
- Sidi Thabet 2020
- Tunisia
| | - Leila Njim
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologique
- CHU
- Monastir 5000
- Tunisia
| | - Maria L. M. Serralheiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Amélia P. Rauter
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Karim Hosni
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles
- Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP)
- Sidi Thabet 2020
- Tunisia
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25
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Patras MA, Jaiswal R, Kuhnert N. Profiling and quantification of regioisomeric caffeoyl glucoses in Solanaceae vegetables. Food Chem 2017; 237:659-666. [PMID: 28764050 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the recently developed tandem MS based hierarchical scheme for the identification of regioisomeric caffeoyl glucoses, selected vegetables were profiled with respect to their caffeoyl glucose content. The dietary plants profiled were tomato, pepper, chilli and aubergine, all members of the Solanaceae family. 6-O-caffeoyl glucose was found to be the predominant isomer. In processed food such as tomato puree and ketchup a larger number of caffeoyl-glucose isomers formed through acyl migration reactions were observed. A LC-MS based quantitative method was developed, validated and caffeoyl glucose regioisomers quantified for the first time in dietary plants with quantitative data obtained from representative 30 food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Patras
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rakesh Jaiswal
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
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26
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Rasmussen H, Sørensen HR, Tanner D, Meyer AS. New pentose dimers with bicyclic moieties from pretreated biomass. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25432b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipentoses with bicyclic moieties are proposed as new putative cellulase inhibitory reaction products forming during hydrothermal wheat straw biomass pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Tanner
- Dept. of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - A. S. Meyer
- Center for BioProcess Engineering
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Lyngby
- Denmark
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27
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Lawal U, Leong SW, Shaari K, Ismail IS, Khatib A, Abas F. α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of DifferentIpomoea aquaticaCultivars and LC-MS/MS Profiling of the Active Cultivar. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Umar Lawal
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Sze Wei Leong
- Laboratory of Natural Products; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Products; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Products; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; International Islamic University Malaysia; 25200 Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Laboratory of Natural Products; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
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28
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Identification and characterization of phenolic compounds in hydromethanolic extracts of sorghum wholegrains by LC-ESI-MS(n). Food Chem 2016; 211:215-26. [PMID: 27283625 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydromethanolic extracts of brown, red, and white sorghum whole grains were analysed by LC-MS(n) in negative ESI mode within the range m/z 150-550amu. Besides the flavonoids already reported in sorghum, a number of flavonoids were also identified in the sorghum grain for the first time, including flavanones, flavonols and flavanonols, and flavan-3-ol derivatives. Various phenylpropane glycerides were also found in the sorghum grain, the majority of them are reported here for the first time, and a few of them were detected with abundant peaks in the extracts, indicating they are another important class of phenolic compounds in sorghum. In addition, phenolamides were also found in sorghum grain, which have not been reported before, and dicaffeoyl spermidine was detected in high abundance in the extracts of all three type sorghum grains. These results confirmed that sorghum is a rich source of various phenolic compounds.
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Ncube EN, Steenkamp PA, Madala NE, Dubery IA. Chlorogenic Acids Biosynthesis in Centella asiatica Cells Is not Stimulated by Salicylic Acid Manipulation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:685-96. [PMID: 26922726 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous application of synthetic and natural elicitors of plant defence has been shown to result in mass production of secondary metabolites with nutraceuticals properties in cultured cells. In particular, salicylic acid (SA) treatment has been reported to induce the production of phenylpropanoids, including cinnamic acid derivatives bound to quinic acid (chlorogenic acids). Centella asiatica is an important medicinal plant with several therapeutic properties owing to its wide spectrum of secondary metabolites. We investigated the effect of SA on C. asiatica cells by monitoring perturbation of chlorogenic acids in particular. Different concentrations of SA were used to treat C. asiatica cells, and extracts from both treated and untreated cells were analysed using an optimised UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method. Semi-targeted multivariate data analyses with the aid of principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed a concentration-dependent metabolic response. Surprisingly, a range of chlorogenic acid derivatives were found to be downregulated as a consequence of SA treatment. Moreover, irbic acid (3,5-O-dicaffeoyl-4-O-malonilquinic acid) was found to be a dominant CGA in C. asiatica cells, although the SA treatment also had a negative effect on its concentration. Overall SA treatment was found to be an ineffective elicitor of CGA production in cultured C. asiatica cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Ncube
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - P A Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.,CSIR-Biosiences, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - N E Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - I A Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
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Gamaleldin Elsadig Karar M, Matei MF, Jaiswal R, Illenberger S, Kuhnert N. Neuraminidase inhibition of Dietary chlorogenic acids and derivatives – potential antivirals from dietary sources. Food Funct 2016; 7:2052-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants rich in chlorogenic acids (CGAs), caffeic acids and their derivatives have been found to exert antiviral effects against influenza virus neuroaminidase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius-Febi Matei
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Rakesh Jaiswal
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Susanne Illenberger
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
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31
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Han Y, Wen J, Zhou T, Fan G. Chemical fingerprinting of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis by HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS combined with chemometrics methods. Food Chem 2015; 188:648-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Margraf T, Karnopp AR, Rosso ND, Granato D. Comparison between Folin-Ciocalteu and Prussian Blue Assays to Estimate The Total Phenolic Content of Juices and Teas Using 96-Well Microplates. J Food Sci 2015; 80:C2397-403. [PMID: 26448565 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay (FC) is the most widely used assay to estimate the total phenolic content in foods, beverages, herbs and other plant extracts, but many chemical compounds may act as interfering agents, producing inaccurate estimations of the real concentration of phenolic compounds in the matrix. Based on this limitation, the objective of this study was to compare, quantitatively, the Folin-Ciocalteu and Prussian Blue (PB) assays in estimating the total phenolic content in purple grape juices (n = 20; Vitis labrusca L.) and teas (n = 25) from different botanical origins using 96-well microplates. PB assay presented a low limit of detection (PB = 0.27 mg/L; FC = 0.25 mg/L) and quantification (PB = 0.92 mg/L; FC = 0.82 mg/L), showing its suitability in screening the total phenolic content in grape juices and teas. FC and PB assays presented a high association (P < 0.0001) for teas (r = 0.887) and grape juices (r = 0.923). The advantages of PB over FC assay are its simplicity, low time consumption (15 min reaction as compared to 60 min reaction for the FC assay), lower usage of reagents (solutions are prepared in a mM base), and higher selectivity. Additionally, PB assay was proven to be reproducible and repeatable and, therefore, may be used as an alternative to FC assay. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Prussian Blue assay (PB) has been used as an alternative to Folin-Ciocalteu assay (FC) to estimate the total content of phenolic compounds in herbs and some natural products. In our study we showed that the advantages of PB assay over FC are its simplicity, low time consumption (15 min reaction as compared to 60 min reaction for the FC assay), lower usage of reagents (solutions are prepared in a mM base) and higher selectivity as compared to FC assay. Additionally, PB assay was proven to be reproducible and repeatable and, therefore, may be used as an alternative to FC assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Margraf
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Roberto Karnopp
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Neiva Deliberali Rosso
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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Ammar S, Contreras MDM, Belguith-Hadrich O, Bouaziz M, Segura-Carretero A. New insights into the qualitative phenolic profile of Ficus carica L. fruits and leaves from Tunisia using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and their antioxidant activity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16746e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RP-UHPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS gives new insights into the fig phenolic constituents that correlate with their antioxidant potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonda Ammar
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF)
- Granada
- Spain
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie et Environnement
- École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax
| | - María del Mar Contreras
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF)
- Granada
- Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
| | - Olfa Belguith-Hadrich
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie et Environnement
- École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax
- Université de Sfax
- Tunisia,
| | - Mohamed Bouaziz
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie et Environnement
- École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax
- Université de Sfax
- Tunisia,
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF)
- Granada
- Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
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Jaiswal R, Müller H, Müller A, Karar MGE, Kuhnert N. Identification and characterization of chlorogenic acids, chlorogenic acid glycosides and flavonoids from Lonicera henryi L. (Caprifoliaceae) leaves by LC-MSn. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 108:252-263. [PMID: 25236695 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The chlorogenic acids, chlorogenic acid glycosides and flavonoids of the leaves of Lonicera henryi L. (Caprifoliaceae) were investigated qualitatively by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Thirty-one chlorogenic acids and their glycosides were detected and characterized to their regioisomeric level on the basis of their unique fragmentation pattern in the negative ion mode tandem MS spectra. All of them were extracted for the first time from this source and thirteen of them were not reported previously in nature. For the positive identification of chlorogenic acid glycosides by LC-MS(n), multiple reaction monitoring and targeted MS(n) experiments were performed. We have developed an LC-MS(n) method for the systematic identification of chlorogenic acid glycosides and were also able to discriminate between chlorogenic acids and their isobaric glycosides. It was also possible to discriminate between 5-O-(3'-O-caffeoyl glucosyl)quinic acid and 5-O-(4'-O-caffeoyl glucosyl)quinic acid by LC-MS(n). This method can be applied for the rapid and positive identification of chlorogenic acids and their glycosides in plant materials, food and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Jaiswal
- School of Engineering and Science, Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Heiko Müller
- School of Engineering and Science, Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anja Müller
- School of Engineering and Science, Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- School of Engineering and Science, Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
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Jaiswal R, Matei MF, Glembockyte V, Patras MA, Kuhnert N. Hierarchical key for the LC-MSn identification of all ten regio- and stereoisomers of caffeoylglucose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9252-9265. [PMID: 25184485 DOI: 10.1021/jf501210s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A chromatographic method was developed to separate all 10 regio- and stereoisomers of caffeoylglucose. Following chromatographic separation on reversed phase, the fragmentation behavior of all 10 regio- and stereoisomers of caffeoylglucose has been investigated using LC-MS(n). It is possible to discriminate between each of the isomers based on their characteristic fragment spectra and order of elution, including those for which commercial standards are not available. On the basis of the synthesis of authentic standards for 6-caffeoylglucose and 3-caffeoylglucose and nonselective further synthesis of suitable mixtures of isomers, it was possible to fully assign regiochemistry of all 10 isomeric compounds and stereochemistry of eight isomeric compounds. Their fragmentation pattern was rationalized based on assuming different hydrogen-bonding arrays of gas-phase ions opening distinct fragmentation pathways. An analysis of yerba maté extract showed all 10 regio- and stereoisomers of caffeoylglucose to be present in this dietary material, which could all be assigned to regioisomeric level and eight to stereoisomeric level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Jaiswal
- School of Engineering and Science, Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen , 28759 Bremen, Germany
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