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Uushona T, Chikwanha O, Katiyatiya C, Tayengwa T, Strydom P, Mapiye C. Ruminant meat production and quality enhancement, nematode suppression and greenhouse gas emission mitigation: A sustainable paradigm for valorisation of Acacia leaves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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2
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Influence of the phenological stage at harvest of sesame (Sesamum indicum) on silage quality. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Alves SP, Vahmani P, Mapiye C, McAllister TA, Bessa RJB, Dugan MER. Trans-10 18:1 in ruminant meats: A review. Lipids 2021; 56:539-562. [PMID: 34608647 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Trans (t) fatty acids (TFA) from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (i.e., industrial trans) have been phased out of foods in many countries due to their promotion of cardiovascular disease. This leaves ruminant-derived foods as the main source of TFA. Unlike industrial TFA where catalytic hydrogenation yields a broad distribution of isomers, ruminant TFA are enzymatically derived and can result in enrichment of specific isomers. Comparisons between industrial and ruminant TFA have often exonerated ruminant TFA due to their lack or at times positive effects on health. At extremes, however, ruminant-sourced foods can have either high levels of t10- or t11-18:1, and when considering enriched sources, t10-18:1 has properties similar to industrial TFA, whereas t11-18:1 can be converted to an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (cis(c)9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid), both of which have potential positive health effects. Increased t10-18:1 in meat-producing ruminants has not been associated with negative effects on live animal production or meat quality. As such, reducing t10-18:1 has not been of immediate concern to ruminant meat producers, as there have been no economic consequences for its enrichment; nevertheless at high levels, it can compromise the nutritional quality of beef and lamb. In anticipation that regulations regarding TFA may focus more on t10-18:1 in beef and lamb, the present review will cover its production, analysis, biological effects, strategies for manipulation, and regulatory policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Alves
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Payam Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agricuture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rui J B Bessa
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michael E R Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
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Dezah TJ, Chikwanha OC, Dzama K, Strydom PE, Mapiye C. Comparison of Acacia mearnsii and Medicago sativa as substitutes for Glycine max in cattle finisher diets: Effects on beef production and quality. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Effects of condensed tannin-amended cassava silage blend diets on feeding behavior, digestibility, nitrogen balance, milk yield and milk composition in dairy goats. Animal 2020; 15:100015. [PMID: 33516016 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CTs) are phenolic compounds derived from secondary plant metabolism that act as part of the plant's chemical defense system against pathogen invasion and herbivorous attack. This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, production and composition of milk from goats fed cassava silage with added levels of CTs. Eight Anglo-Nubian goats with a mean BW of 40 ± 2.0 kg were distributed in a double Latin square design with four levels of CTs (0, 25, 50 and 75 g/kg DM) with four 20-day periods with 15 days of adaptation and five evaluation days for each period. No differences were observed in DM, NDF, CP intake and feed conversion (grams of DM intake (DMI) per gram of milk produced); however, when expressed as percent of BW, DMI showed a quadratic increase to 29.1 g/kg. As the level of supplemented CTs increased in the diet, the CP digestibility (P = 0.023), NDF (P = 0.044), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC; P = 0.032) and total digestible nutrients (P = 0.033) exhibited a linear decrease. Furthermore, the addition of CTs to cassava silage induced a linear increase in N-fecal excretion (P = 0.014) and a positive quadratic effect on N-retained (P = 0.014) and N-balance (P = 0.024) as well as a positive quadratic trend in N-digested (P = 0.092). Milk urea N (P = 0.023) decreased linearly. The addition of CTs to cassava silage had a positive quadratic effect on ruminating time (P = 0.011). In addition, comparing the use or non-use from the orthogonal contrast test, the inclusion of CTs in goat diet increased water and N-intake, CP and NDF digestibility, spent time eating and ruminating and N-balance and decreased milk production corrected3.5%, fat milk content, milk urea N and dry defatted extract of milk. Thus, adding CTs to cassava silage at 25 g/kg total DM promoted goats' greater use of the diet without impairing feed conversion and the quality of goat milk produced. Dietary levels of 50 and 75 g/kg total DM are not recommended because under the conditions of this study, they reduced the productive efficiency of dairy goats.
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Mahachi LN, Chikwanha OC, Katiyatiya CL, Marufu MC, Aremu AO, Mapiye C. Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza juncea var. sericea) for sustainable small ruminant production: Feed, helminth suppressant and meat preservation capabilities. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Marius LN, Shipandeni MNT, Togarepi C. Review on the status of goat production, marketing, challenges and opportunities in Namibia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 53:30. [PMID: 33230692 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the current status of goat production and marketing in Namibia and its challenges and opportunities. Livestock data and reports from the Directorate of Veterinary Services, Meat Board of Namibia and Namibia Statistics Agency were analysed to establish the current status in goat production and marketing. Namibia has 1.9 million goats of which 54% of the total number is found in the northern communal areas. In the commercial farming sector, Boer goat is the main established breed for meat production, while in northern communal areas, the local indigenous goats are common. Goats are reared under an extensive production system and fully dependent on rangelands. Marketing of goats in the formal market is regulated by the board of the red meat industry, whereas there is no regulated marketing in the informal market. The main purpose of goats farming in communal areas is rather for home consumption; thus, trading becomes secondary when a need for emergency income arises. In the commercial sector, goats are mainly marketed on hoof to the lucrative South African market. The major challenges for goat production are recurrent drought, diseases and parasites, predators and theft and poor management. Organized marketing in communal areas and lack of marketing infrastructure are impeded by small flock sizes that limit the numbers that can be marketed. Consumers' health consciousness provides an opportunity to increase goat production through increased demand for goat meat and milk. Market incentives such as attractive prices, market infrastructure, value addition and support policies for local farmers are imperative to improve goat production and marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Marius
- Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Directorate of Agricultural Research and Development, Private Bag, Windhoek, 13184, Namibia.
| | - M N T Shipandeni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag, Windhoek, 13188, Namibia
| | - C Togarepi
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Namibia, Ogongo Campus, Private Bag, Oshakati, 5520, Namibia
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Moneeb AHM, Aguilar‐Pérez CF, Ayala‐Burgos AJ, Solorio-Sánchez FJ, Ku‐Vera JC. Effect of grazing cows in an intensive silvopastoral system with Leucaena leucocephalaon Panela cheese properties: yield, composition, fatty acid profile and sensory acceptability. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1303-1312. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa H. M. Moneeb
- Department of Dairy Science Faculty of Agriculture Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Carlos F. Aguilar‐Pérez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Merida Yucatan Mexico
| | - Armín J. Ayala‐Burgos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Merida Yucatan Mexico
| | | | - Juan C. Ku‐Vera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Merida Yucatan Mexico
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Njisane YZ, Mukumbo FE, Muchenje V. An outlook on livestock welfare conditions in African communities - A review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:867-878. [PMID: 31480203 PMCID: PMC7206380 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of the African continent is conducive for animal agricultural production, due to its historical experience and available resources to accommodate and nurture various indigenous and exotic animal species and breeds. With food security being a global challenge, animal products can play an important role as nutrient dense food sources in human diets, particularly in Africa. However, this does not seem to reach its full potential in practice, due to numerous reasons that have not been adequately addressed. Animal welfare reservations can be highlighted as one of the major contributing factors to the curbed progress. The consequences have been scientifically proven to affect product quality and market access. However, in the African community, the concept of animal welfare has not been fully embraced. While there are international animal welfare standards in the developed world, there are inherent factors that hinder adoption of such initiatives in most developing regions, particularly among communal farmers. These include cultural norms and practices, social ranking, socio-economic status, available resources, information dissemination and monitoring tools. Therefore, there is need to harmonize what is internationally required and what is feasible to accommodate global variability. The protocols followed to ensure and evaluate farm animal welfare require regular investigation, innovation and a sustainable approach to enhance animal productivity, efficiency and product quality. Additionally, investing in animal wellbeing and health, as well as empowering communities with significant knowledge, has a potential to improve African livelihoods and contribute to food security. This review seeks to highlight the concept of animal welfare in relation to livestock and food production in African conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonela Zifikile Njisane
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.,Risk and Vulnerability Research Centre, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Felicitas Esnart Mukumbo
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Voster Muchenje
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Effects of drought on cattle production in sub-tropical environments. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:669-675. [PMID: 30353461 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess farmer perceptions on effects of drought on cattle production in sub-tropical environments. Data was collected from a total of 314 cattle-owning households from semi-arid and sub-humid environments using pre-tested structured questionnaires. Drought was highly ranked common cause of cattle loss in semi-arid (ranked third) whilst in sub-humid conditions it was lowly ranked (ranked sixth; P < 0.05). Water shortage was ranked as the constituent of drought with the most severe impact on cattle production in semi-arid environments whilst in sub-humid environments feed shortage was ranked first (P < 0.05). Mortalities were ranked as the most common effect of drought in semi-arid environments whilst in sub-humid environments parasite incidence was ranked first (P < 0.01). Lactating and pregnant cows in sub-humid environments were more likely to be emaciated during droughts periods than those in semi-arid environments (P ˂ 0.05). Starvation, a stressor which is directly related to drought, was the major cause of cattle losses in sub-humid environments. Diseases and parasites, which can be exacerbated by drought, were the major cause of cattle losses in semi-arid environments. Cows and calves are more vulnerable to emaciation during drought periods in sub-humid environments than in semi-arid environments.
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Citrus and Winery Wastes: Promising Dietary Supplements for Sustainable Ruminant Animal Nutrition, Health, Production, and Meat Quality. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Citrus and grapes are the most widely grown fruits globally, with one-third of total production used for juice and wine making. The juice and winemaking processes generate large quantities of solid organic wastes including citrus pulp and grape pomace. These fruit wastes pose serious economic, environmental, and social challenges, especially in low-to-middle-income countries due to financial, technological, and infrastructural limitations. They are, however, rich in valuable compounds which can be utilized in the ruminant livestock industry as novel, economical, and natural sources of cellulose, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and phytochemicals, which have nutritional, anthelmintic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Despite citrus and grape fruit wastes having such potential, they remain underexploited by the livestock industry in low-to-middle-income countries owing to lack of finance, skills, technology, and infrastructure. Inclusion of these fruit wastes in ruminant diets could combine the desirable effects of enhancing animal nutrition, health, welfare, production, and meat quality attributes with the prevention of challenges associated with their disposal into the environment. The current review explores the valorization potential of citrus and winery wastes as dietary supplements to sustainably enhance ruminant animal nutrition, health, welfare, production, and meat quality.
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Chikwanha OC, Raffrenato E, Opara UL, Fawole OA, Setati ME, Muchenje V, Mapiye C. Impact of dehydration on retention of bioactive profile and biological activities of different grape (Vitis vinifera L.) pomace varieties. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chingala G, Raffrenato E, Dzama K, Hoffman LC, Mapiye C. Intake, digestibility, rumen protein synthesis, and growth performance of Malawi Zebu steers fed diets containing rangeland-based protein sources. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:199-204. [PMID: 30069803 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated effects of feeding Malawi Zebu steers with diets containing baobab (Adansonia digitata) seed meal and white thorn tree (Vachellia polyacantha) leaf-meal as alternative protein sources to soybean meal on dry matter intake (DMI), total tract nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial nitrogen supply and growth performance. Thirty Malawi Zebu steers (181 ± 21.4 kg and 29 months), put into individual pens, were randomly assigned to three treatments (10 steers per treatment) made up of rangeland hay and maize bran with either baobab seed meal (baobab diet), V. polyacantha leaf-meal (Vachellia diet), or soybean meal (soybean diet, control) as the protein source. Steers fed the soybean and baobab diets had higher (P ≤ 0.05) DMI, final BW, average daily gain (ADG), and total tract nutrient digestibility of DM, NDF, CP and crude fat than those fed the Vachellia diet. Steers fed the soybean diet had the highest feed conversion ratio followed by those fed the baobab and Vachellia diets, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Steers fed the baobab diet had the highest rumen microbial N followed by the soybean- and Vachellia-fed steers in that order (P ≤ 0.05). Steers fed the baobab diet had higher microbial N supply, comparable DMI, ADG, FCR, and nutrient digestibility to the soybean diet. The baobab seed meal could be an alternative protein source to the soybean meal for beef production in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Chingala
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Emiliano Raffrenato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Dzama
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Louwrens C Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Abdalla Filho A, Corrêa P, Lemos L, Dineshkumar D, Issakowicz J, Ieda E, Lima P, Barreal M, McManus C, Mui T, Abdalla A, Louvandini H. Diets based on plants from Brazilian Caatinga altering ruminal parameters, microbial community and meat fatty acids of Santa Inês lambs. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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de Araújo TLAC, Pereira ES, Mizubuti IY, Campos ACN, Pereira MWF, Heinzen EL, Magalhães HCR, Bezerra LR, da Silva LP, Oliveira RL. Effects of quantitative feed restriction and sex on carcass traits, meat quality and meat lipid profile of Morada Nova lambs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:46. [PMID: 28540041 PMCID: PMC5441044 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed restriction (FR) and sex on the quantitative and qualitative carcass traits of Morada Nova lambs. Thirty-five animals with an initial body weight of 14.5 ± 0.89 kg and age of 120 d were used in a completely randomized study with a 3 × 3 factorial scheme consisting of three sexes (11 entire males, 12 castrated males and 12 females) and three levels of feeding (ad libitum - AL and 30% and 60% FR). RESULTS Entire males presented greater hot and cold carcass weights (P < 0.05), followed by castrated males and females. However, the hot carcass yield was higher for females and castrated males than for entire males. Luminosity values were influenced (P < 0.05) by sex, with entire males presenting higher values than castrated males and females. Females showed higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid in the meat of the longissimus thoracis muscle. The meat of animals submitted to AL intake and 30% FR showed similar (P > 0.05) concentrations, and the concentrations of palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid were higher (P < 0.05) than those of animals with 60% FR. The meat of females had a higher ω6/ω3 ratio and lower h/H ratio, and females had greater levels of feeding. The meat of animals on the 60% FR diet had a greater ω6/ω3 ratio, lower h/H ratio and lower concentration of desirable fatty acids in addition to a greater atherogenicity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI). CONCLUSION Lambs of different sexes had carcasses with different quantitative traits without total influence on the chemical and physical meat characteristics. The lipid profile of the meat was less favorable to consumer health when the animals were female or submitted to 60% feed restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elzânia S. Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60356001 Ceara Brazil
| | - Ivone Y. Mizubuti
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 86051990 Paraná Brazil
| | - Ana C. N. Campos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60356001 Ceara Brazil
| | - Marília W. F. Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60356001 Ceara Brazil
| | - Eduardo L. Heinzen
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60356001 Ceara Brazil
| | - Hilton C. R. Magalhães
- Laboratory of Sensory Analysis, Agency for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA - Tropical Agroindustry), Fortaleza, 60511110 Ceará Brazil
| | - Leilson R. Bezerra
- Department of Animal Science, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus, 64900000 Piaui Brazil
| | - Luciano P da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60356001 Ceara Brazil
| | - Ronaldo L. Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science/Federal University of Bahia, Salvador City, Bahia State 40.170-110 Brazil
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Chikwanha OC, Vahmani P, Muchenje V, Dugan MER, Mapiye C. Nutritional enhancement of sheep meat fatty acid profile for human health and wellbeing. Food Res Int 2017; 104:25-38. [PMID: 29433780 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids (FA) consumed by sheep, like other ruminants, can undergo biohydrogenation resulting in high proportions of saturated FA (SFA) in meat. Biohydrogenation is typically less extensive in sheep than cattle, and consequently, sheep meat can contain higher proportions of omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), and PUFA biohydrogenation intermediates (PUFA-BHI) including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-monounsaturated FAs (t-MUFA). Sheep meat is also noted for having characteristically higher contents of branched chain FA (BCFA). From a human health and wellness perspective, some SFA and trans-MUFA have been found to negatively affect blood lipid profiles, and are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). On the other hand, n-3 PUFA, BCFA and some PUFA-BHI may have many potential beneficial effects on human health and wellbeing. In particular, vaccenic acid (VA), rumenic acid (RA) and BCFA may have potential for protecting against cancer and inflammatory disorders among other human health benefits. Several innovative strategies have been evaluated for their potential to enrich sheep meat with FA which may have human health benefits. To this end, dietary manipulation has been found to be the most effective strategy of improving the FA profile of sheep meat. However, there is a missing link between the FA profile of sheep meat, human consumption patterns of sheep FA and chronic diseases. The current review provides an overview of the nutritional strategies used to enhance the FA profile of sheep meat for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obert C Chikwanha
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Payam Vahmani
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Voster Muchenje
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Michael E R Dugan
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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Banerjee J, Singh R, Vijayaraghavan R, MacFarlane D, Patti AF, Arora A. Bioactives from fruit processing wastes: Green approaches to valuable chemicals. Food Chem 2016; 225:10-22. [PMID: 28193402 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fruit processing industries contribute more than 0.5billion tonnes of waste worldwide. The global availability of this feedstock and its untapped potential has encouraged researchers to perform detailed studies on value-addition potential of fruit processing waste (FPW). Compared to general food or other biomass derived waste, FPW are found to be selective and concentrated in nature. The peels, pomace and seed fractions of FPW could potentially be a good feedstock for recovery of bioactive compounds such as pectin, lipids, flavonoids, dietary fibres etc. A novel bio-refinery approach would aim to produce a wider range of valuable chemicals from FPW. The wastes from majority of the extraction processes may further be used as renewable sources for production of biofuels. The literature on value addition to fruit derived waste is diverse. This paper presents a review of fruit waste derived bioactives. The financial challenges encountered in existing methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhumur Banerjee
- CTARA, IITB-Monash Research Academy, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Ramkrishna Singh
- CTARA, IITB-Monash Research Academy, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - R Vijayaraghavan
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Douglas MacFarlane
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Antonio F Patti
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Amit Arora
- CTARA, IITB-Monash Research Academy, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India.
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Augustin MA, Riley M, Stockmann R, Bennett L, Kahl A, Lockett T, Osmond M, Sanguansri P, Stonehouse W, Zajac I, Cobiac L. Role of food processing in food and nutrition security. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Msimango NNP, Fon FN. Monitoring the fibrolytic potential of microbial ecosystems from domestic and wild ruminants browsing tanniferous forages. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2016; 2:40-44. [PMID: 29767016 PMCID: PMC5941010 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the rumen microbiome has been reported to synthesize a rich source of symbiotic enzymes (exocellulase, endocellulase, hemicellulase and cellobiase), the digestion of tropical C4 grasses and browses by ruminants is still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to unveil potential fibrolytic microbial ecosystems from giraffe, kudu, impala and consortia (A1 [giraffe + kudu], A2 [giraffe + impala], A3 [kudu + impala], and A4 [giraffe + kudu + impala]) browsing tanniferous plants, which can be used to improve forage utilization in domesticated goat. Crude protein enzyme extracts (CPZ) from fresh faecal samples were precipitated by 60% ammonium sulphate and assayed for exocellulase, endocellulase and hemicellulase by incubating with crystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and xylan at 38 °C with optimum pH of 5.5 to 6.5 for 1, 2, and 48 h, respectively. Enzyme specific activities were defined as μg of reducing sugar/mg CPZ. In vitro fermentation study was done by transferring 33 mL of fresh faecal inoculum into 67 mL of salivary buffer containing 1 g Acacia sieberiana and incubating for 72 h at 38 °C. Apparent degradability (APDeg), true degradability (TD), neutral detergent fibre degradability (NDFdeg), acid detergent fibre degradability (ADFdeg), microbial yield (MY), metabolizable energy (ME) and total gas emitted (Gas) were measured. Exocellulase activities were higher (P < 0.05) in all wild animals and consortia than those in goat except for A4. Minimal differences in hemicellulase activities (P < 0.05) were observed among goat and wild animals and consortia, while endocellulase activity was generally higher (P < 0.05) in goat than that in the rest of the systems. Apart from A3, TDeg, NDFdeg and ADFdeg were higher (P < 0.05) in all microbial ecosystems from wild animals and consortia than those in goat. Apparent degradability, MY and ME also varied (P < 0.05) among these systems. Giraffe, Kudu and A3 produced lower (P < 0.05) gas than the goat system. This study showed that microbial ecosystems from wild browsers (especially impala) and consortia possess a higher potential to digest tanniferous forage with less enteric gas production compared with domesticated goat, hence those microbiome could be exploited as microbial feed additives for improving digestibility and reducing enteric gas production in domesticated goat. Improvements of goat's digestibility will depend on the survival and establishment of microbial species in the rumen as well as their fibrolytic and symbiotic potential including tannin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Nde Fon
- Department of Agriculture, Faulty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
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Muchenje V, Mukumbo FE. Introduction to the special issue Food and Nutrition Security: Can science and good governance deliver dinner? Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Publisher’s Note. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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