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Wang L, Wen M, Zhou Y, Zhang L. The variation of acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in tea with different roasting degrees and the effects of tea polyphenols on their formation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39099404 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roasting is an essential step in making roasted teas, and its role in producing flavors has been widely studied. However, the variation of potential hazardous compounds during the tea roasting process is still vague. The present study established an effective method based on liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry to simultaneously determine the variation of acrylamide (AA), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and free amino acids during the tea roasting process. Meanwhile, the effects of several tea polyphenols on the formation of AA and 5-HMF were investigated by a wet-to-dry thermal model reaction. RESULTS Medium-temperature roasted teas had the highest levels of AA and 5-HMF, with ranges of 0.13-0.15 μg g-1 and 68.72-123.98 μg g-1, respectively. Quantitative results showed that the levels of monosaccharides and amino acids decreased during roasting, which might contribute to the formation of 5-HMF and AA. Meanwhile, the decrease of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin (EC) might be related to their inhibitory effects on 5-HMF and AA. Thermal model reaction results showed that EGCG and EC significantly inhibited 5-HMF formation with a decline rate of 33.33% and 72.22%, respectively, mainly by trapping glucose. Gallic acid (GA) also had an inhibitory effect on the formation of AA (decreased by 92.86%) and 5-HMF (44.44%), mainly through impeding the preliminary reaction of asparagine and glucose. CONCLUSION The roasting temperature determined the levels of AA and 5-HMF in teas. Catechins inhibited the formation of 5-HMF and AA mostly through trapping monosaccharides, while the inhibitory effect of GA was achieved by impeding the reaction. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingchun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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2
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Xiong K, Li MM, Chen YQ, Hu YM, Jin W. Formation and reductionof toxic compounds derived from the Maillard Reaction during the thermal processing of different food matrices. J Food Prot 2024:100338. [PMID: 39103091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), acrylamide (AA), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic substances that are produced in certain foods during thermal processing by using common high-temperature unit operations such as frying, baking, roasting, grill cooking, extrusion, among others. Understanding the formation pathways of these potential risk factors, which can cause cancer or contribute to the development of many chronic diseases in humans, is crucial for reducing their occurrence in thermally processed foods. During thermal processing, food rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids undergoes a crucial Maillard reaction, leading to the production of highly active carbonyl compounds. These compounds then react with other substances to form harmful substances, which ultimately affect negatively the health of the human body. Although these toxic compounds differ in various forms of formation, they all partake in the common Maillard pathway. This review primarily summarizes the occurrence, formation pathways, and reduction measures of common toxic compounds during thermal processing of food, based on independent studies for each specific contaminant in its corresponding food matrix. Finally, it provides several approaches for the simultaneous reduction of multiple toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiong
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yi-Qiang Chen
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yu-Meng Hu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wen Jin
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
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3
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Chen P, Huang M, Cui H, Feng L, Hayat K, Zhang X, Ho CT. Mechanism of Dihydromyricetin-Induced Reduction of Furfural Derived from the Amadori Compound: Formation of Adducts between Dihydromyricetin and Furfural or Its Precursors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6554-6564. [PMID: 38498924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Dihydromyricetin (DMY) was employed to reduce the yield of furfural derived from the Amadori rearrangement product of l-threonine and d-xylose (Thr-ARP) by trapping Thr-ARP, 3-deoxyxyosone (3-DX), and furfural to form adducts. The effect of different concentrations of DMY at different pH values and temperatures on the reduction of furfural production was studied, and the results showed that DMY could significantly reduce furfural production at higher pH (pH 5-7) and lower temperature (110 °C). Through the surface electrostatic potential analysis by Gaussian, a significant enhancement of the C6 nucleophilic ability at higher pH (pH ≥ 5) was observed on DMY with hydrogen-dissociated phenol hydroxyl. The nucleophilic ability of DMY led to its trapping of Thr-ARP, 3-DX, and furfural with the generation of the adducts DMY-Thr-ARP, DMY-3-DX, and DMY-furfural. The formation of the DMY-Thr-ARP adduct slowed the degradation of Thr-ARP, caused the decrease of the 3-DX yield, and thereby inhibited the conversion of 3-DX to furfural. Therefore, DMY-Thr-ARP was purified, and the structure was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results confirmed that C6 or C8 of DMY and carbonyl carbon in Thr-ARP underwent a nucleophilic addition reaction to form the DMY-Thr-ARP adduct. In combination with the analysis results of Gaussian, most of the DMY-Thr-ARP adducts were calculated to be C6-DMY-Thr-ARP. Furthermore, the formation of DMY-furfural caused furfural consumption. The formation of the adducts also shunted the pathway of both Thr-ARP and 3-DX conversion to furfural, resulting in a decrease in the level of furfural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pusen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Meigui Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Khizar Hayat
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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4
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Zhang Z, Chen Y, Deng P, He Z, Qin F, Chen Q, Wang Z, Pan H, Chen J, Zeng M. Research progress on generation, detection and inhibition of multiple hazards - acrylamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, advanced glycation end products, methylimidazole - in baked goods. Food Chem 2024; 431:137152. [PMID: 37603996 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
While baking produces attractive flavors for foods, it also generates various endogenous by-products, including acrylamide (AA), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and methylimidazole (MI). This review briefly presents the recent studies on the above hazards, and research progress on the formation and control of the above substances in detail. There have been more detailed studies on a single category of hazards. However, few studies and reports have considered the integrated prevention and control of multiple hazards, which is related to the difficulty of analyzing the reaction mechanisms of multiple hazards at multiple scales and under multiple phases in complex food matrices. In this regard, the sample pretreatment methods are a crucial step in achieving simultaneous detection. The coordinated implementation of various methods, including reducing precursor levels, modifying baking conditions and equipment, and incorporating exogenous additives, is necessary to achieve a synchronized reduction in multiple hazardous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zening Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Peng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongyang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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5
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Shi B, Wang H, Nawaz A, Khan IA, Wang Q, Zhao D, Cheng KW. Dual functional roles of nutritional additives in nutritional fortification and safety of thermally processed food: Potential, limitations, and perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13268. [PMID: 38284588 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The Maillard reaction (MR) has been established to be a paramount contributor to the characteristic sensory property of thermally processed food products. Meanwhile, MR also gives rise to myriads of harmful byproducts (HMPs) (e.g., advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and acrylamide). Nutritional additives have attracted increasing attention in recent years owing to their potential to simultaneously improve nutritional quality and attenuate HMP formation. In this manuscript, a brief overview of various nutritional additives (vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, dietary fibers, and miscellaneous micronutrients) in heat-processed food is provided, followed by a summary of the formation mechanisms of AGEs and acrylamide highlighting the potential crosstalk between them. The main body of the manuscript is on the capability of nutritional additives to modulate AGE and acrylamide formation besides their traditional roles as nutritional enhancers. Finally, limitations/concerns associated with their use to attenuate dietary exposure to HMPs and future perspectives are discussed. Literature data support that through careful control of the addition levels, certain nutritional additives possess promising potential for simultaneous improvement of nutritional value and reduction of AGE and acrylamide content via multiple action mechanisms. Nonetheless, there are some major concerns that may limit their wide applications for achieving such dual functions, including influence on sensory properties of food products, potential overestimation of nutrition enhancement, and introduction of hazardous alternative reaction products or derivatives. These could be overcome through comprehensive assay of dose-response relationships and systematic evaluation of the diverse combinations from the same and/or different categories of nutritional additives to establish synergistic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Shi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huaixu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Asad Nawaz
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Iftikhar Ali Khan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Danyue Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Li B, Wang J, Cheng Z, Song B, Shu C, Chen Y, Chen W, Yang S, Yang Y, Tian J. Flavonoids mitigation of typical food thermal processing contaminants: Potential mechanisms and analytical strategies. Food Chem 2023; 416:135793. [PMID: 36898335 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to unique chemical structure, flavonoids are secondary metabolites with numerous biological activities. Thermal processing of food usually produces some chemical contaminants, which cause an adverse effect on food quality and nutrition. Therefore, it is vital to reduce these contaminants in food processing. In this study, current researches around the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on acrylamide, furans, α-dicarbonyl compounds and heterocyclic amines (HAs) were summarized. It has been shown that flavonoids inhibited the formation of these contaminants to varying degrees in chemical or food models. The mechanism was mainly associated with natural chemical structure and partly with antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Additionally, methods and tools of analyzing interactions between flavonoids and contaminants were discussed. In summary, this review demonstrated potential mechanisms and analytical strategies of flavonoids in food thermal processing, providing new insight of flavonoids applying on the food engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Baoge Song
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Chi Shu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Faculty of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Zhejiang Lanmei Technology Co., Ltd, Zhuji, China
| | - Yiyun Yang
- Zhejiang Lanmei Technology Co., Ltd, Zhuji, China
| | - Jinlong Tian
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
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7
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Huang Y, Li M, Lu J, Hu H, Wang Y, Li C, Huang X, Chen Y, Shen M, Nie S, Xie M. Inhibitory effect of hydrocolloids and ultrasound treatments on acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural formation in French fries. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Han Z, Zhu M, Wan X, Zhai X, Ho CT, Zhang L. Food polyphenols and Maillard reaction: regulation effect and chemical mechanism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4904-4920. [PMID: 36382683 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2146653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maillard reaction is a non-enzymatic thermal reaction during food processing and storage. It massively contributes to the flavor, color, health benefits and safety of foods and could be briefly segmented into initial, intermediate and final stages with the development of a cascade of chemical reactions. During thermal reaction of food ingredients, sugar, protein and amino acids are usually the main substrates, and polyphenols co-existed in food could also participate in the Maillard reaction as a modulator. Polyphenols including flavan-3-ols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and tannins have shown various effects throughout the process of Maillard reaction, including conjugating amino acids/sugars, trapping α-dicarbonyls, capturing Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs), as well as decreasing acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) levels. These effects significantly influenced the flavor, taste and color of processed foods, and also decreased the hazard products' level. The chemical mechanism of polyphenols-Maillard products involved the scavenging of radicals, as well as nucleophilic addition and substitution reactions. In the present review, we concluded and discussed the interaction of polyphenols and Maillard reaction, and proposed some perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zisheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mengting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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9
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Yıltırak S, Kocadağlı T, Evrim Çelik E, Özkaynak Kanmaz E, Gökmen V. Effects of sprouting and fermentation on the formation of Maillard reaction products in different cereals heated as wholemeal. Food Chem 2022; 389:133075. [PMID: 35489263 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The concentration and composition of reducing sugars and free amino acids as Maillard reaction (MR) precursors change with grain sprouting. The formation of early and advanced glycation products, and α-dicarbonyl compounds as intermediates were monitored during heating native and sprouted wholemeals, as well as during heating of yeast and sourdough fermented native and sprouted wholemeals. Sprouting increased the concentration of all MR products because of an increase in reducing sugar concentrations. Although reducing sugars were lowered due to their consumption by yeasts, fermentation did not lower the furosine concentration. Sourdough fermentation unexpectedly increased furosine because the low pH caused glucose release from polysaccharides. Glyoxal, methylglyoxal and diacetyl were found to be formed as metabolites during yeast and sourdough fermentation. Another factor affecting the MR in sprouted/fermented wholemeals was revealed to be the increased amount of total free amino acids that compete with bound lysine to react with reducing sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Yıltırak
- Food Quality and Safety (FoQuS) Research Group, Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tolgahan Kocadağlı
- Food Quality and Safety (FoQuS) Research Group, Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ecem Evrim Çelik
- Food Quality and Safety (FoQuS) Research Group, Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evrim Özkaynak Kanmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Artvin Çoruh University, 08100 Seyitler, Artvin, Turkey
| | - Vural Gökmen
- Food Quality and Safety (FoQuS) Research Group, Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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10
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Difonzo G, de Gennaro G, Pasqualone A, Caponio F. Potential use of plant-based by-products and waste to improve the quality of gluten-free foods. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2199-2211. [PMID: 34855216 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The food industry generates a large amount of waste and by-products, the disposal of which has a negative impact on the environment and the economy. Plant-based waste and by-products are rich in bioactive compounds such as dietary fiber, proteins, essential fatty acids, antioxidant compounds, vitamin, and minerals, which can be exploited to reduce the nutritional deficiencies of gluten-free products. The latter are known to be rich in fats and carbohydrates but lacking in bioactive compounds; the absence of gluten also has a negative effect on textural and sensory properties. Several attempts have been made to improve the quality of gluten-free products using alternative flours and additives, or by adopting innovative technologies. The exploitation of plant-based by-products would represent a chance to improve both the nutritional profile and the overall quality of gluten-free foods by further enhancing the sustainability of the agri-food system. After examining in detail the composition of plant-based by-products and waste, the objective of this review was to provide an overview of the effects of their inclusion on the quality of gluten-free products (bread, pasta, cake/muffins, biscuits and snacks). The advantages and drawbacks regarding the physical, sensory, and nutritional properties were critically evaluated. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Difonzo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuditta de Gennaro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Pasqualone
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Caponio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Dursun Capar T, Inanir C, Cimen F, Ekici L, Yalcin H. Black garlic fermentation with green tea extract reduced HMF and improved bioactive properties: optimization study with response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Michalska-Ciechanowska A, Hendrysiak A, Brzezowska J, Wojdyło A, Gajewicz-Skretna A. How Do the Different Types of Carrier and Drying Techniques Affect the Changes in Physico-Chemical Properties of Powders from Chokeberry Pomace Extracts? Foods 2021; 10:foods10081864. [PMID: 34441643 PMCID: PMC8394545 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chokeberry fruit, one of the richest plant sources of bioactives, is processed into different foodstuffs, mainly juice, which generates a considerable amount of by-products. To follow the latest trends in the food industry considering waste management, the study aimed to produce chokeberry pomace extract powders and conduct experimental and chemometric assessment of the effect of different carriers and drying techniques on the physico-chemical properties of such products. The PCA analysis showed that the examined powders were classified into two groups: freeze-dried (variation in case of moisture content, water activity, colour, and browning index) and vacuum-dried (bulk density). No clear pattern was observed for the physical properties of carrier added products. The sum of polyphenolics (phenolic acids, anthocyanins and flavonols) ranged from 3.3-22.7 g/100 g dry matter. Drying techniques had a stronger effect on the polyphenols profile than the type of carrier. Hydroxymethyl-L-furfural formation was enhanced by inulin addition during high-temperature treatment. Overall, the addition of maltodextrin and trehalose mixture for freeze drying and vacuum drying at 90 °C caused the highest retention of polyphenolics and the lowest formation of hydroxymethyl-L-furfural; however, an individual and comprehensive approach is required when the obtainment of high-quality chokeberry powders is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michalska-Ciechanowska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, the Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (A.H.); (J.B.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Hendrysiak
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, the Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (A.H.); (J.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Jessica Brzezowska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, the Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (A.H.); (J.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Aneta Wojdyło
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, the Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (A.H.); (J.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Gajewicz-Skretna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
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13
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Tu AT, Lin JA, Lee CH, Chen YA, Wu JT, Tsai MS, Cheng KC, Hsieh CW. Reduction of 3-Deoxyglucosone by Epigallocatechin Gallate Results Partially from an Addition Reaction: The Possible Mechanism of Decreased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Epigallocatechin Gallate-Treated Black Garlic. Molecules 2021; 26:4746. [PMID: 34443330 PMCID: PMC8399201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a harmful substance generated during the processing of black garlic. Our previous research demonstrated that impregnation of black garlic with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) could reduce the formation of 5-HMF. However, there is still a lack of relevant research on the mechanism and structural identification of EGCG inhibiting the production of 5-HMF. In this study, an intermediate product of 5-HMF, 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), was found to be decreased in black garlic during the aging process, and impregnation with EGCG for 24 h further reduced the formation of 3-DG by approximately 60% in black garlic compared with that in the untreated control. The aging-mimicking reaction system of 3-DG + EGCG was employed to determine whether the reduction of 3-DG was the underlying mechanism of decreased 5-HMF formation in EGCG-treated black garlic. The results showed that EGCG accelerated the decrease of 3-DG and further attenuated 5-HMF formation, which may be caused by an additional reaction with 3-DG, as evidenced by LC-MS/MS analysis. In conclusion, this study provides new insights regarding the role of EGCG in blocking 5-HMF formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ting Tu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan; (A.-T.T.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Jer-An Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Chieh-Hsiu Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan; (A.-T.T.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Yi-An Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd., Dacun, Chang-Hua 515, Taiwan; (Y.-A.C.); (J.-T.W.)
| | - Jung-Tsung Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd., Dacun, Chang-Hua 515, Taiwan; (Y.-A.C.); (J.-T.W.)
| | - Ming-Shiun Tsai
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd., Dacun, Chang-Hua 515, Taiwan;
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, 500 Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan; (A.-T.T.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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14
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Sarion C, Codină GG, Dabija A. Acrylamide in Bakery Products: A Review on Health Risks, Legal Regulations and Strategies to Reduce Its Formation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4332. [PMID: 33921874 PMCID: PMC8073677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide is a contaminant as defined in Council Regulation (EEC) No 315/93 and as such, it is considered a chemical hazard in the food chain. The toxicity of acrylamide has been acknowledged since 2002, among its toxicological effects on humans being neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. Acrylamide has been classified as carcinogenic in the 2A group, with human exposure leading to progressive degeneration of the peripheral and central nervous systems characterized by cognitive and motor abnormalities. Bakery products (bread, crispbread, cakes, batter, breakfast cereals, biscuits, pies, etc.) are some of the major sources of dietary acrylamide. The review focuses on the levels of acrylamide in foods products, in particular bakery ones, and the risk that resulting dietary intake of acrylamide has on human health. The evolving legislative situation regarding the acrylamide content from foodstuffs, especially bakery ones, in the European Union is discussed underlining different measures that food producers must take in order to comply with the current regulations regarding the acrylamide levels in their products. Different approaches to reduce the acrylamide level in bakery products such as the use of asparginase, calcium salts, antioxidants, acids and their salts, etc., are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgiana Gabriela Codină
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (C.S.); (A.D.)
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15
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Cytotoxicity of adducts formed between quercetin and methylglyoxal in PC-12 cells. Food Chem 2021; 352:129424. [PMID: 33706136 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (Que) or quercetin-containing food stuffs are widely incorporated in bakery foods for improving food texture and health effects, and scavenging reactive aldehydes, such as methylglyoxal (MGO) that exhibits various deleterious effects including contribution to neurodegeneration. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of the adducts formed between quercetin and MGO resulted from the incorporation of quercetin in foods. Two highly-purified adducts (Que-mono-MGO and Que-di-MGO) were found to display higher cytotoxicity than their precursor MGO and quercetin. They elevated apoptosis via upregulation of expression of apoptotic markers, including p-P38, cleaved caspase-9 and -3, and pro-apoptotic Bax. They induced mitochondrial dysfunction via decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing lactate dehydrogenase release. Moreover, they attenuated levels of p-Akt, Nrf2, NQO-1, and HO-1, proving that they induced neurodegeneration apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated signaling pathways (PI3K-Akt and Nrf2-HO-1/NQO-1). These findings indicated that the safety consequence of MGO after scavenged by polyphenols needs to be concerned.
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16
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Littardi P, Rinaldi M, Grimaldi M, Cavazza A, Chiavaro E. Effect of Addition of Green Coffee Parchment on Structural, Qualitative and Chemical Properties of Gluten-Free Bread. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010005. [PMID: 33375002 PMCID: PMC7822001 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Green coffee parchment (GCP) is becoming interesting, due to the diffusion of wet processing in which coffee parchment is collected separately; it is one of the less studied coffee by-products, but it is reported to be rich in phenolic compounds and dietary fiber. The addition of GCP (355–500 μm) at 2% to gluten-free breads was investigated in terms of physical properties (volume, moisture content, water activity, crumb grain, texture, and color), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenol content during three days of storage. Moreover, the effects of GCP on sensorial characteristics, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and oxidative stability was evaluated. From the sensorial analysis, bread with 2% addition resulted in being acceptable for consumers with no significant differences from the control, while 4% of GCP was discarded by consumers, as it resulted in being too bitter. Moreover, GCP at 2% addition did not modify volume, moisture content, and water activity. On the contrary, GCP deeply affected the color with a darker aspect that was appreciated by consumers. Regarding texture, 2% of GCP did not affect hardness, cohesiveness, and staling process during storage. Interestingly, 2% of GCP significantly improved the TAC and oxidative stability of the bread; in accordance with these results, 2% of GCP reduced the HMF content, thanks to its antioxidant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Littardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 47/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.L.); (M.R.)
| | - Massimiliano Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 47/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.L.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Grimaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Cavazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Emma Chiavaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 47/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.L.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-905888; Fax: +39-0521-906028
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17
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Michalska-Ciechanowska A, Brzezowska J, Wojdyło A, Gajewicz-Skretna A, Ciska E, Majerska J. Chemometric contribution for deeper understanding of thermally-induced changes of polyphenolics and the formation of hydroxymethyl-L-furfural in chokeberry powders. Food Chem 2020; 342:128335. [PMID: 33160777 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During fruit juice powdering process numerous alterations may occur as a result of interactions of native bioactives and carriers. The objective was to investigate the effect of carrier addition on the changes in polyphenols' profile in chokeberry powders obtained by spray- (180 °C), vacuum- (50, 70, 90 °C) and freeze-drying and to evaluate the interactions between bioactives toward formation of process contaminants. Phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols and procyanidins were identified in powders (18.1 - 35.4 g kg-1 dry matter). Vacuum drying at 90 °C resulted in a significant increase in (+)-catechin and HMF contents. The addition of inulin enhanced the generation of HMF compared to maltodextrin. Overall, addition of maltodextrin allowed for better anthocyanins' retention. Depending on the drying method used, maltodextrin allowed for better retention of polyphenolics during freeze- and vacuum drying, while inulin during spray drying. The elaboration of the results was supported by chemometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michalska-Ciechanowska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, The Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Division of Food Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jessica Brzezowska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, The Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aneta Wojdyło
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, The Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Gajewicz-Skretna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Ewa Ciska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Division of Food Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Joanna Majerska
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, the Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37a, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
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18
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Gülcan Ü, Candal Uslu C, Mutlu C, Arslan-Tontul S, Erbaş M. Impact of inert and inhibitor baking atmosphere on HMF and acrylamide formation in bread. Food Chem 2020; 332:127434. [PMID: 32645669 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The baking in N2 and CO2 atmosphere decreased by 50% the acrylamide, while this level was 99% in SO2. The highest acrylamide content was detected in the control sample as 39.03 µg/kg. Additionally, the lowest HMF content was determined in S-bread as 14.85 mg/kg. The baking atmosphere has a significant impact on L* and a* colour values of bread. The highest L* value was measured in S-bread as 71.2, whereas it was the lowest in the control sample as 49.1. According to the Pearson results, acrylamide showed a negative correlation between L* value. However, no correlation was detected between colour values and HMF. Acrylamide had a positive correlation with flavour, although it did not affect the taste features of bread. No correlation between HMF and sensory properties was determined. The result of the study suggested that inert or inhibitor baking atmosphere may help prevent the Maillard reactions in bakery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ümmügülsüm Gülcan
- Agriculture and Rural Development Support Institution, 37100 Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Cihadiye Candal Uslu
- Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Health Science, Nutrition and Dietetics, 08100 Artvin, Turkey; Akdeniz University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ceren Mutlu
- Akdeniz University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, 07058 Antalya, Turkey; Balikesir University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, 10145 Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Sultan Arslan-Tontul
- Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, 42130 Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Erbaş
- Akdeniz University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
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19
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Lee CH, Chen YT, Hsieh HJ, Chen KT, Chen YA, Wu JT, Tsai MS, Lin JA, Hsieh CW. Exploring epigallocatechin gallate impregnation to inhibit 5-hydroxymethylfurfural formation and the effect on antioxidant ability of black garlic. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Lee CH, Chen KT, Lin JA, Chen YT, Chen YA, Wu JT, Hsieh CW. Recent advances in processing technology to reduce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Qi Y, Zhang H, Wu G, Zhang H, Wang L, Qian H, Qi X. Reduction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural formation by flavan-3-ols in Maillard reaction models and fried potato chips. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5294-5301. [PMID: 29652441 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is regarded as a thermal process contaminant in foods. Six flavan-3-ol fractions were isolated or semisynthesized from sorghum, cranberry and grape seed. Their unit compositions, interflavan linkages and degree of polymerization were characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flavan-3-ols on the formation of HMF in chemical reaction models and fried potato chips. RESULTS Results showed that all flavan-3-ols significantly mitigated the HMF formation at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 µg mL-1 in the chemical model system, and the inhibition was positively related to dose. Using the food model, HMF content was reduced by about 50% when potato chips were soaked in an optimal concentration of 0.1 mg mL-1 flavan-3-ol solutions before frying. Based on the same mass concentration, B-type flavan-3-ols mitigated more HMF than A-type, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins had stronger inhibitory activity than polymers. At suitable addition levels (0.01-0.1 mg mL-1 ), the browning of auto-oxidized flavan-3-ols under high temperature compensated the anti-browning effect along with the supression of the Maillard reaction; therefore, the color of fried potato chips was not affected. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that flavan-3-ols could be effective additives for reducing HMF levels in fried potato chips without changing sensory properties. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiguang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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