Combinative effect of sardine peptides and quercetin alleviates hypertension through inhibition of angiotensin I converting enzyme activity and inflammation

Pharmacological and mechanistic aspects of quercetin in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis (OP) is a bone disease associated with increasing age. Currently, the most common medications used to treat OP are anabolic agents, anti-resorptive agents, and medications with other mechanisms of action. However, many of these medications have unfavorable adverse effects or are not intended for long-term use, potentially exerting a severe negative impact on a patient's life and career and placing a heavy burden on families and society. There is an urgent need to find new drugs that can replace these and have fewer adverse effects. Quercetin (Que) is a common flavonol in nature. Numerous studies have examined the therapeutic applications of Que. However, a comprehensive review of the anti-osteoporotic effects of Que has not yet been conducted. This review aimed to describe the recent studies on the anti-osteoporotic effects of Que, including its biological, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties. The outcomes demonstrated that Que could enhance OP by increasing osteoblast differentiation and activity and reducing osteoclast differentiation and activity via the pathways of Wnt/β-catenin, BMP/SMAD/RUNX2, OPG/RANKL/RANK, ERK/JNK, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and transcription factors. Thus, Que is a promising novel drug for the treatment of OP.

To Explore the Putative Molecular Targets of Diabetic Nephropathy and their Inhibition Utilizing Potential Phytocompounds

BACKGROUND

This review critically addresses the putative molecular targets of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and screens effective phytocompounds that can be therapeutically beneficial, and highlights their mechanistic modalities of action.

INTRODUCTION

DN has become one of the most prevalent complications of clinical hyperglycemia, with individual-specific variations in the disease spectrum that leads to fatal consequences. Diverse etiologies involving oxidative and nitrosative stress, activation of polyol pathway, inflammasome formation, Extracellular Matrix (ECM) modifications, fibrosis, and change in dynamics of podocyte functional and mesangial cell proliferation adds up to the clinical complexity of DN. Current synthetic therapeutics lacks target-specific approach, and is associated with the development of inevitable residual toxicity and drug resistance. Phytocompounds provides a vast diversity of novel compounds that can become an alternative therapeutic approach to combat the DN.

METHODS

Relevant publications were searched and screened from research databases like GOOGLE SCHOLAR, PUBMED and SCISEARCH. Out of 4895 publications, the most relevant publications were selected and included in this article.

RESULT

This study critically reviews over 60 most promising phytochemical and provides with their molecular targets, that can be of pharmacological significance in context to current treatment and concomitant research in DN.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights those most promising phytocompounds that have the potential of becoming new safer naturally-sourced therapeutic candidates and demands further attention at clinical level.

Health Benefits of Quercetin in Age-Related Diseases

Polyphenols are the known group of phytochemicals that essentially consists of phenolic rings. These are the plant product present in varied fruits and vegetables. These secondary metabolites perform a protective function in plants from environmental and biological stress. When consumed as a human diet these are also known to prevent various age-associated diseases. Polyphenols are known to possess antioxidant properties and protect against oxidative stress. The literature survey was carried out using databases such as PubMed, Science direct and Springer. The research articles from last 10–12 years were selected for this review based on its relevancy with the topic. The articles selected was mainly focused on quercetin and its health benefits. The present review highlights the main functions of a flavonoid, quercetin. Quercetin is among the widely occurring polyphenol, found abundantly in nature. It is commonly present in different plant products. Onion is known to have the highest quantity of quercetin. This plant compound is possessed antioxidant properties and is considered to have a protective function against aging. It is known to be present in both free and conjugated forms. Quercetin has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, and anti-viral properties. The molecule is lipophilic and can easily cross the BBB (Blood-Brain Barrier) and hence protects from neurodegenerative diseases. Various in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the role of quercetin and here a detailed review of quercetin as a curative agent in neurodegeneration, diabetes, cancer, and inflammation has been carried out. Studies have proved that quercetin plays a crucial role in the prevention of age-related disorders. Quercetin is a potent antioxidant which is currently being used in various pharmaceuticals. Properties of quercetin can be further explored in various other disorders. Nanoformulations and liposomal formulations of quercetin can be made to treat other age associated diseases.

Coriandrum sativum L.: A Review on Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Cardiovascular Benefits

Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum), belonging to the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family, is widely recognized for its uses in culinary and traditional medicine. C. sativum contains various phytochemicals such as polyphenols, vitamins, and many phytosterols, which account for its properties including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and analgesic effects. The cardiovascular benefits of C. sativum have not been summarized before, hence this review aims to further evaluate and discuss its effectiveness in cardiovascular diseases, according to the recent literature. An electronic search for literature was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, preprint platforms, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Articles were gathered from the inception of the database until August 2021. Moreover, the traditional uses and phytochemistry of coriander were surveyed in the original resources and summarized. As a result, most of the studies that cover cardiovascular benefits and fulfilled the eligibility criteria were in vivo, while only a few were in vitro and clinical studies. In conclusion, C. sativum can be deemed a functional food due to its wide range of cardiovascular benefits such as antihypertensive, anti-atherogenic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic as well as cardioprotective effects.

A review on pharmacological activities and synergistic effect of quercetin with small molecule agents

BACKGROUND

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid, which widely exists in nature, such as tea, coffee, apples, and onions. Numerous studies have showed that quercetin has multiple biological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging. Hence, quercetin has a significant therapeutic effect on cancers, obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. In the past decades, a large number of studies have shown that quercetin combined with other agents can significantly improve the overall therapeutic effect, compared to single use.

PURPOSE

This work reviews the pharmacological activities of quercetin and its derivatives. In addition, this work also summarizes both in vivo and in vitro experimental evidence for the synergistic effect of quercetin against cancers and metabolic diseases.

METHODS

An extensive systematic search for pharmacological activities and synergistic effect of quercetin was performed considering all the relevant literatures published until August 2021 through the databases including NCBI PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The relevant literatures were extracted from the databases with following keyword combinations: "pharmacological activities" OR "biological activities" OR "synergistic effect" OR "combined" OR "combination" AND "quercetin" as well as free-text words.

RESULTS

Quercetin and its derivatives possess multiple pharmacological activities including anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cardiovascular, anti-aging, and neuroprotective activities. In addition, the synergistic effect of quercetin with small molecule agents against cancers and metabolic diseases has also been confirmed.

CONCLUSION

Quercetin cooperates with agents to improve the therapeutic effect by regulating signal molecules and blocking cell cycle. Synergistic therapy can reduce the dose of agents and avoid the possible toxic and side effects in the treatment process. Although quercetin treatment has some potential side effects, it is safe under the expected use conditions. Hence, quercetin has application value and potential strength as a clinical drug. Furthermore, quercetin, as the main effective therapeutic ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine, may effectively treat and prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Natural Agents Modulating ACE-2: A Review of Compounds with Potential against SARS-CoV-2 Infections

One of the biggest challenges of public health worldwide is reducing the number of events and deaths related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. The angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), a carboxypeptidase that degrades angiotensin II into angiotensin 1-7, has been identified as a potent receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In the last decades, ACE inhibition has assumed a central role in reducing cardiovascular and renal events. However, with the advent of COVID-19, attention has been turned to ACE-2 as a possible target to reduce virus binding to different human cells. This review aims to discuss recent developments related to the medicinal properties of natural compounds as ACE/ACE-2 inhibitors, which should be highlighted in the future development of studies looking for modulators in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data show that bioactive compounds isolated from several natural products act by inhibiting ACE/ACE-2, which changes the entire axis of this system. Of the compounds addressed in this review, 7 phenolic compounds, including quercetin, curcumin, naringenin, luteolin, hesperidin, mangiferin, and gallic acid showed binding affinity with molecular ACE-2 target in silico, and 1, esculetin, decreased ACE-2 expression in vivo. Regarding terpenoids and alkaloids, nimbin, withaferin A, andrographolide, zingiberene and, berberine, piperine and thebaine, respectively, showed a binding affinity with molecular ACE-2 target in silico. These findings reinforce the need for future preclinical and clinical studies on these compounds and specific inhibitory effects on ACE-2 of all the other compounds described herein only as nonspecific ACE inhibitors. It is important to mention that some natural compounds such as magnolol, resveratrol, rosmarinic acid, tanshinone IIA, and nicotine have also demonstrated the potential to increase the activity or expression of ACE-2, and could therefore aggravate SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Turbina oblongata Protects Against Oxidative Cardiotoxicity by Suppressing Lipid Dysmetabolism and Modulating Cardiometabolic Activities Linked to Cardiac Dysfunctions

Cardiotoxicity leading to cardiovascular dysfunction and ultimately cardiac failure remains a major global health issue irrespective of race, age and country. Several factors including lipotoxicity, oxidative imbalance, exacerbated angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and altered bioenergetics have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Turbina oblongata (E. Mey. ex Choisy) A. Meeuse is among the medicinal plants commonly used traditionally in the treatment and management of various ailments including cardiovascular dysfunctions in South Africa. In the present study, T. oblongata was investigated for its cardioprotective mechanism on oxidative-mediated cardiotoxicity by determining its effect on redox imbalance, purinergic and cholinergic dysfunction, and ACE activity as well as lipid dysmetabolism and pathways in iron-induced oxidative cardiac injury. Oxidative injury was induced ex vivo in freshly isolated heart by incubating with 0.1 mM FeSO₄. Treatment was done by co-incubating with T. oblongata extract or gallic acid which served as the standard antioxidant. Induction of oxidative cardiac injury led to significant depleted levels of glutathione, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, superoxide, catalase and ENTPDase activities, with concomitant elevated levels of malondialdehyde, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, ACE, acetylcholinesterase, ATPase and lipase activities. These levels and activities were significantly reversed following treatment with T. oblongata. Induction of oxidative injury also caused alterations in lipid metabolites, with concomitant activation of beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, plasmalogen synthesis and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain saturated fatty acids pathways. Some of the altered metabolites were restored following treatment with T. oblongata, with concomitant inactivation of beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acid pathway. These results indicate the cardioprotective effect of T. oblongata against oxidative-mediated cardiotoxicity. This is evidenced by its ability to mitigate lipotoxicity and modulate dysregulated cardiometabolic activities as portrayed by its antioxidative activity and suppressive effects on ACE, acetylcholinesterase and lipase activities, while modulating cardiac lipid dysmetabolism.

Systematic Understanding of the Mechanisms of Flos Chrysanthemi Indici-mediated Effects on Hypertension via Computational Target Fishing

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

Hypertension-induced stroke and coronary artery disease are significant causes of global morbidity and mortality. Metabolic hypertension has recently become the leading cause of hypertension. Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (CIF) has a long history as a treatment of hypertension as part of traditional Chinese medicine. However, its mechanisms of activity remain largely unknown. This study was aimed to uncover the potential anti-hypertensive mechanisms of CIF based on network pharmacology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this research, a systems pharmacology approach integrating the measurement of active compounds, target fishing, gene screening, Gene Ontology (GO) pathway analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Orthology Based Annotation System (KOBAS) database analysis, and compound-target network construction were performed to explore the anti-hypertensive mechanisms of CIF.

RESULTS

These studies revealed that 12 bioactive compounds in CIF had good druggability, 5 of which were flavonoids. After screening, 8 of those 12 bioactive compounds interacted with 118 hypertensionrelated target genes, which were mapped to 218 signal pathways. Network analysis showed that these targets were associated with improving insulin resistance, improving vascular function, inhibiting renninangiotensin- aldosterone system (RAAS), inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and regulating other physiological processes.

CONCLUSION

In summary, CIF is predicted to target multiple proteins and pathways to form a network that exerts systematic pharmacological effects in order to regulate blood pressure and metabolic disorder.

Recent Advances in the Knowledge of Naturally-derived Bioactive Compounds as Modulating Agents of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System: Therapeutic Benefits in Cardiovascular Diseases

BACKGROUND

One of the biggest challenges to public health worldwide is to reduce the number of events and deaths related to the cardiovascular diseases. Numerous approaches have been applied to reach this goal, and drug treatment intervention has been indispensable along with an effective strategy for reducing both cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade is currently one of the most important targets of cardiovascular drug therapy. Many studies have proven the valuable properties of naturally-derived bioactive compounds to treat cardiovascular diseases.

METHODS

The goal of this review, therefore, is to discuss the recent developments related to medicinal properties about natural compounds as modulating agents of the RAAS, which have made them an attractive alternative to be available to supplement the current therapy options.

RESULTS

Data has shown that bioactive compounds isolated from several natural products act either by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme or directly by modulating the AT1 receptors of angiotensin II, which consequently changes the entire classical axis of this system.

CONCLUSION

While there are a few evidence about the positive actions of different classes of secondary metabolites for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases, data is scarce about the clinical assays established to demonstrate their value in humans.

Antihypertensive and renal protective effect of Shunaoxin pill combined with captopril on spontaneous hypertension rats

INTRODUCTION

According to previous reports, hypertension has become the most common chronic disease in the world. Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, has been widely used for the therapy of arterial hypertension and cardiovascular diseases therapy. Besides, Shunaoxin pill (SNX) as a traditional Chinese prescription showed antihypertensive effect in our previous research.

OBJECTIVE

This study means to investigate whether SNX combining with captopril could show antihypertensive and renal protective effects on spontaneous hypertension rats (SHRs).

METHODS

SHRs were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, including non-treated group, captopril, SNX, and captopril + SNX-treated groups. Their body weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured weekly. Histopathological examination was analyzed through Masson staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Biochemical analyses, ELISA, and western blot were used to analyze their combining mechanism.

RESULTS

In this experiment, this combinatorial therapy significantly reduced aortic wall thickness, increased the content of NO, NOS and eNOS, decreased the content of bradykinin and endothelin 1(ET-1), and regulated the levels of TG, TC and HDLC back to normal, which suggested they could induce vasodilation and lower blood pressure. Meanwhile, histological examination alleviated that captopril + SNX remarkably inhibited renal injury, including tubular disorder, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. They down-regulated the serum levels of BUN and Cr, protein expression of IL-1β, NF-κB, Bax, Cyt c, caspase 3, 8 and 9 in kidney tissues and significantly increased the levels of Bcl-2 in kidney tissues compared with monotherapy group.

CONCLUSION

The combinatorial treatment of SNX and captopril lowered blood pressure through adjusting NO/NOS, ET-1 and dyslipidemia profile. Furthermore, this treatment alleviated the kidney damage via reducing the release of inflammatory factors and the expression of apoptotic markers. Therefore, these results provided a rationale for future clinical use of SNX combined with captopril in antihypertensive and protecting renal functions in hypertension.

Functional potato bioactive peptide intensifies Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defense against renal damage in hypertensive rats

Hypertension, which is known as a silent killer, is the second leading cause of kidney failure worldwide. Elevated blood pressure causes approximately 7.6 million deaths, which account for ~13.5% of the total deaths and will continue to rise. High blood pressure is the prime risk factor associated with complications in major organs, including the heart, brain and kidney. High blood pressure accelerates oxidative stress and thereby causes organ dysfunction through the production of reactive oxygen species. In this study, we investigated the renal-protective effects of the bioactive peptide IF from alcalase potato protein hydrolysate in spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney. Sixteen-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were divided into three groups (n = 6), and Sixteen-week-old Wistar Kyoto rats (n = 6) served as the control group. The rats were administered IF and captopril via oral gavage for 8 weeks and then sacrificed, and their kidneys were harvested. The kidney sections from the rats treated with IF showed restoration of the structure of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The expression levels of Nrf2-mediated antioxidants were also increased, as confirmed by 4-hydroxynonenal immunohistochemical staining. The TUNEL assay revealed a significant reduction in the number of apoptotic cells in the IF-treated groups, which was consistent with the western blot results. Thus, the bioactive peptide IF exerts potential protective effects against hypertension-associated ROS-mediated renal damage via the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway along the DJ-1 and AKT axes. Hence, we speculate that IF might have promising therapeutic effects on renal damage associated with hypertension.

Alternating consumption of β-glucan and quercetin reduces mortality in mice with colorectal cancer

The current dietary recommendations for disease prevention and management are scarce and are not well supported. Beta-glucan or quercetin in a diet can alleviate colorectal cancer (CRC) by regulating the gut microbiota and related genes, but the effects of alternating their consumption for routine ingestion during CRC occurrence remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of alternating the consumption of β-glucan and quercetin for routine ingestion on CRC development in mice. The mortality rate, colonic length, inflammatory cytokines, gut microbiota, and colonic epithelial gene expression in healthy and CRC mice that consumed normal and alternate diets were compared and studied. The results showed that alternating the consumption of β-glucan and quercetin (alternating among a β-glucan diet, a normal diet and a normal diet that was supplemented with quercetin) alleviated colon damage and reduced the mortality rate in CRC mice, with a reduction in mortality of 12.5%. Alternating the consumption of β-glucan and quercetin significantly decreased the TNF-α level, increased the relative abundance of Parabacteroides, and downregulated three genes (Hmgcs2, Fabp2, and Gpt) that are associated with inflammation and cancer. Alternating the consumption of some bioactive compounds, such as β-glucan and quercetin, in food can contribute to human health. This experiment provided some experimental evidence for the dietary recommendations for disease prevention and management.

Vascular Protection of TPE-CA on Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction through AA Metabolism Modulated CYPs Pathway

A high concentration of homocysteine (Hcy) in plasma induces vascular endothelial dysfunction, and it may ultimately accelerate the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Although several B vitamins have been clinically applied for hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) treatment, the outcomes are not satisfied due to their limited therapeutic mechanism. Hence, in order to improve the curative effect, development of new effective therapeutic strategies should be put on the agenda. Total phenolic extracts of Citrus aurantium L. (TPE-CA) is a naturally obtained phenolic mixture, mainly containing flavones, flavanones and their glycosyl derivatives, flavonols, polymethoxyflavones and coumarins. Previous reports indicated that bioactive phenolic compounds possessed potent vascular protective effects and regarded as a protective agent against CVDs. Intriguingly, the exact mechanism underlying the suppressed effects of TPE-CA on HHcy could assist in revealing their therapy on CVDs. Here, the multi-targeted synergistic mechanism of TPE-CA on HHcy-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction was uncovered in a deduced manner. TPE-CA treatment exhibited an obvious superiority than that of B vitamins treatment. Network pharmacology was employed to identify the interrelationships among compounds, potential targets and putative pathways. Further experimental validation suggested that the treatment of TPE-CA for HHcy could not only effectively reduce the Hcy level in plasma through up-regulating transsulfuration pathway in Hcy metabolism, but also restore the HHcy-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction by activating cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) epoxygenase signal cascades and inhibiting CYPs hydroxylase signal cascades in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism.

Phenolic compounds and bioactivity evaluation of aqueous and methanol extracts of Allium mongolicum Regel

Allium mongolicum Regel (AM), widely distributed in western China, is a traditional Mongolian medicine herb. Two different solvents as water and methanol were used to extract AM, and their antioxidant capacity and inhibitory effects against key enzymes related to metabolic syndrome were assessed. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through the assay of radical scavenging ability on DPPH and ABTS and reducing power assays. In addition, the total phenolic content and total flavonoids content were quantificated and analyzed. Aqueous extract, having higher phenolic content (10.20 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid content (4.02 mg QE/g DW), showed better antioxidant and inhibitory effects against lipase and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); as for α-glucosidase, the extract made by methanol showed better ability. In general, the aqueous extract of A. mongolicum Regel has the potential to be used as a functional food or nutraceutical in prevention and treatment of obesity and hypertension due to the high antioxidant and sound inhibitory potential against vital enzymes relevant to obesity and hypertension.

Quantification of Multifunctional Dipeptide YA from Oyster Hydrolysate for Quality Control and Efficacy Evaluation

YA is an angiotensin-I-converting enzyme- (ACE-) inhibitory peptide from oyster hydrolysate with antihypertensive activity. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity were investigated in this study. YA can dose-dependently quench DPPH and ABTS radical and inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells. YA is a multifunctional peptide and was selected as an indicator for quality control and efficacy evaluation of oyster hydrolysate. A practical HPLC/UV assay for YA quantification was developed and validated. It was proved to be accurate and reliable, according to parameters such as specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The quantity results of YA showed that the stage of enzymatic hydrolysis was a critical control point for quality control; the efficacy of oyster hydrolysate can be enhanced after digested in the gastrointestinal tract due to the release of YA by brush border peptidases. Therefore, YA from oyster hydrolysate is a potential bioactive ingredient for functional foods to combat hypertension.

The benefits of soluble non-bacterial fraction of kefir on blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in hypertensive rats are mediated by an increase in baroreflex sensitivity and decrease in angiotensin-converting enzyme activity

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to evaluate whether long-term treatment with the soluble non-bacterial fraction of kefir affects mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiac hypertrophy through the modulation of baroreflex sensitivity, ACE activity, and the inflammatory-to-anti-inflammatory cytokine ratio in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).

METHODS

SHRs were treated with the soluble non-bacterial kefir fraction (SHR-kefir) or with kefir vehicle (SHR-soluble fraction of milk). Normotensive control Wistar Kyoto animals received the soluble fraction of milk. All treatments were administered by gavage (0.3 mL/100g/body weight), once daily for eight weeks. At the end, after basal MAP and Heart Rate (HT) measurement, barorreflex sensitivity was evaluated through in bolus administrations of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine (AP₅₀ [arterial pressure 50%], the lower plateau, and HR range were measured). ACE activity and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-10) were evaluated by ELISA. Cardiac hypertrophy was analysed morphometrically.

RESULTS

Compared to SHR control, SHR-kefir exhibited a significant decrease in both MAP (SHR: 184 ± 5; SHR-Kefir: 142 ± 8 mmHg), and HR (SHR: 360 ± 10; SHR-kefir: 310 ± 14 bpm). The non-bacterial fraction of kefir also reduced cardiac hypertrophy, TNF-α-to-IL10 ratio, and ACE activity in SHRs. SHR-kefir baroreflex sensitivity, resulted in a partial but significant recovery of baroreflex gain, as demonstrated by improvements in AP₅₀, the lower plateau, and HR range.

CONCLUSION

In summary, our results indicate that long-term administration of the non-bacterial fraction of kefir promotes a significant decrease in both MAP and HR, by improving baroreflex, and reduces cardiac hypertrophy in SHRs, likely via ACE inhibition, and reduction of the TNF-α-to-IL10 ratio.