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Martins da Silva R, Köhler A, de Cássia de Souza Schneider R, Prado de Vargas D, Lúcia Köhler A, da Costa E Silva D, Soares J. Proximate and fatty acid profile analysis of Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio using different killing methods. Food Chem 2024; 445:138719. [PMID: 38401309 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The present work aimed to quantify the macronutrients and the fatty acid (FA) profile in different killing methods, blanching (BC) and freezing (FR), on edible insects of the speciesTenebrio molitor(TM) andZophobas morio(ZM). Concerning macronutrients TM-BC and TM-FR presented 51.2% and 50.6% of protein, 28% and 29.4% of lipids, and 12.4% and 11.4%. Meanwhile, ZM-BC and ZM-FR expressed 42.8% and 43.7% of protein, 39.1% and 40.1% of lipids, and 10.7% and 8.9% of carbohydrates. The FA of TM and ZM shows respectively values of Saturated Fatty Acids (∑SFA) 30% - 45%, Monounsaturated (MUFA) 47% - 32%, Polyunsaturated (∑PUFA) 23% - 22%, Atherogenicity Index (AI) 0.64 - 0.75, Thrombogenicity Index (TI) 0.77 - 1.44 and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic index (h/H) of 2.50-1.51. Based on the results obtained, the slaughter methods showed statistically differences in relation to MUFA's in TM, and ZM larvae only in the minority fraction of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martins da Silva
- Department of Life Sciences, Entomology Laboratory - University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Avenida Independência 2293, Postal code: 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Andreas Köhler
- Department of Life Sciences, Entomology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology - University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Avenida Independência 2293, Postal code: 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rosana de Cássia de Souza Schneider
- Department of Sciences, Humanities and Education, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology - University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Avenida Independência 2293, Postal code: 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Diego Prado de Vargas
- Department of Life Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology - University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Avenida Independência 2293, Postal code: 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lúcia Köhler
- Sul-MIP Biological Agents - Industry and Commerce of Biological Agents LTDA, Avenida Independência 2293, Postal code: 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Daniela da Costa E Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology - University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Avenida Independência 2293, Postal code: 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Jocelene Soares
- Department of Sciences, Humanities and Education, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology - University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Avenida Independência 2293, Postal code: 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.
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Caltzontzin-Rabell V, Feregrino-Pérez AA, Gutiérrez-Antonio C. Bio-upcycling of cheese whey: Transforming waste into raw materials for biofuels and animal feed. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32700. [PMID: 38988510 PMCID: PMC11233942 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cheese whey (CW), by-product of cheese production, has potential as a valuable resource due to its nutritional composition. Although options for CW degradation have been explored, a biological treatment with black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) has not been reported. This study evaluated the growth and composition of BSFL in four experimental diets with CW under different conditions. Results show that the use of CW allows larval development and weight gain, also, the conversion into larval biomass was up to 0.215. Diets ED3 (fresh CW, 38 °C) and ED4 (fresh CW, room temperature) allowed higher weight accumulation (final weight up to 0.285 g); the highest fat accumulation (12 % higher than control) was observed in ED3 (up to 45.57 %), which had less protein. Moreover, higher amounts of saturated fatty acids are generated. This study highlights the importance of an appropriate pretreatment designed for a specific waste to control desired by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Caltzontzin-Rabell
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Campus Amazcala, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas km 1 s/n, El Marqués, Querétaro, C.P. 76265, Mexico
| | - Ana Angélica Feregrino-Pérez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Campus Amazcala, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas km 1 s/n, El Marqués, Querétaro, C.P. 76265, Mexico
| | - Claudia Gutiérrez-Antonio
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Campus Amazcala, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas km 1 s/n, El Marqués, Querétaro, C.P. 76265, Mexico
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Lee S, Kim M, Cho H, Lee GH. Determination of Triacylglycerol Composition in Mealworm Oil ( Tenebrio molitor) via Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Multiple Neutral Loss Scans. INSECTS 2024; 15:365. [PMID: 38786921 PMCID: PMC11121848 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) have been used as an alternative source of proteins and lipids. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are major sources of energy and have been used to provide essential fatty acids. They are also the main components of mealworm oil, and their composition and content are extensively linked to its physical and chemical properties. However, because of the complexity of TAG molecules, their identification and quantitation are challenging. This study employed electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) with multiple neutral loss scans (NLS) to analyze the TAG composition and content in mealworm oil. Identifying and quantifying TAGs using ESI-MS/MS in combination with multiple NLS was an efficient way to improve accuracy and timeliness. For the accurate quantification of TAGs, isotopic deconvolution and correlation factors were applied. A total of 57 TAGs were identified and quantified: C52:2 (16:0/18:1/18:1) (1549.4 nmol/g, 18.20%), C52:3 (16:0/18:1/18:2) (1488.1 nmol/g, 17.48%), C54:4 (18:1/18:1/18:2) (870.1 nmol/g, 10.23%), C54:6 (18:1/18:2/18:2) (659.8 nmol/g, 7.76%) and C52:4 (16:0/18:2/18:2) (600.5 nmol/g, 7.06%), which were the most abundant TAGs present in the mealworm oil. The fundamental properties of mealworm oil, including its degree of oxidation, nutritional effect and physical properties, were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongeung Lee
- Lotte R&D Center, 201, Magokjungang-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07594, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (G.-H.L.)
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Hurtado-Ribeira R, Villanueva-Bermejo D, García-Risco MR, Hernández MD, Sánchez-Muros MJ, Fornari T, Vázquez L, Martin D. Evaluation of the interrelated effects of slaughtering, drying, and defatting methods on the composition and properties of black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) larvae fat. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100633. [PMID: 38034945 PMCID: PMC10681923 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interrelated effect of different slaughtering, drying and defatting methods of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on the lipid composition and properties of the fat was studied. Blanching and freezing were compared as slaughtering methods, oven or freeze-drying as drying methods, and mechanical pressing or supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as defatting methods. The different modes of slaughtering, drying, and defatting, along with both binary and ternary interactions caused significant effects on processes yields, lipid composition, moisture content and thermal properties. Thus, considering the defatting degree and the yield in total valued products (defatted meal plus fat), the combination of blanching, freeze-drying plus mechanical pressing was the worst option (51.2% and 87.5%, respectively). In contrast, the other combinations demonstrated better and comparable efficiency, although SFE is preferable for defatting (83.2% and 96.9%, respectively). The content of major fatty acids (lauric, palmitic and myristic acids) was significantly affected by the BSFL treatments, although with unsignificant impact on the total saturated fatty acids content. To preserve the integrity of the fat, the combination of blanching and oven-drying was preferred, as non-thermal methods of slaughtering and drying caused intense lipolysis, releasing free fatty acids (FFA) in the range of 18.6-23.5%. To achieve the lowest moisture content in the fats (≤0.1%), oven-drying with mechanical pressing were desired, regardless of the slaughtering method; while values > 1% were reached for freezing, freeze-drying and SFE. Both differences in FFA and moisture contents caused different thermal behaviors in the samples. Specially, the melting temperature was lower for samples with higher FFA and moisture contents, with a notable difference when freezing, freeze-drying and SFE were combined (14.5 °C vs 30.6 °C, as the mean value for the rest of samples). The different modes of processing did not affect the minor lipid compounds. Therefore, the modes employed for slaughtering, drying, and defatting of BSFL determine, either individually or in combination, the process yields, composition, and properties of the fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Hurtado-Ribeira
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de La Alimentación. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Villanueva-Bermejo
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de La Alimentación. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica R. García-Risco
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de La Alimentación. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Hernández
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Estación de Acuicultura Marina, Puerto de San Pedro Del Pinatar, 30740, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Tiziana Fornari
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de La Alimentación. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Vázquez
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de La Alimentación. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Martin
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC–UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de La Alimentación. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Srivastava K, Mickan BS, O'Connor J, Gurung SK, Moheimani NR, Jenkins SN. Development of a controlled release fertilizer by incorporating lauric acid into microalgal biomass: Dynamics on soil biological processes for efficient utilisation of waste resources. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118392. [PMID: 37384987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Utilisation of microalgae to extract nutrients from the effluent of anaerobic digestion of food waste is an emerging technology. A by-product of this process is the microalgal biomass which has potential to be used as an organic bio-fertilizer. However, microalgal biomass are rapidly mineralized when applied to soil which may result in N loss. One solution is to emulsify microalgal biomass with lauric acid (LA) to delay the release of mineral N. This study aimed to investigate whether combining LA with microalgae to develop a new fertilizer product with a controlled release function of mineral N when applied to soil, and any potential impacts the bacterial community structure and activity. The treatments were applied to soil emulsified with LA and were combined with either microalgae or urea at rates of 0%, 12.5%, 25% and 50% LA, untreated microalgae or urea and unamended control were incubated at 25 °C and 40% water holding capacity for 28 days. Quantification of soil chemistry (NH4+-N, NO3--N, pH and EC), microbial biomass carbon, CO2 production and bacterial diversity were characterised at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The NH4+-N and NO3--N concentration decreased with increasing rate of LA combined microalgae indicating that both N mineralization and nitrification were impacted. As a function of time, NH4+-N concentration increased up to 7 days for the microalgae at lower rates of LA, and then slowly decreased for 14 and 28 days, with an inverse relationship with soil NO3-N. Aligning with soil chemistry, an observed decrease in the predicted nitrification genes amoA·amoB and relative abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosomonadaceae) and nitrifying bacteria (Nitrospiraceae) with an increasing rate of LA with microalgae provides further support for possible inhibition of nitrification. The MBC and CO2 production was higher in the soil amended with increasing rates of LA combined microalgae and there was an increase in the relative abundance of fast-growing heterotrophs. Treating microalgae by emulsification with LA has the potential to control the release of N by increasing immobilization over nitrification and therefore it might be possible to engineer microalgae to match plant nutrient growth requirements whilst recovering waste from waste resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kautilya Srivastava
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6000, WA, Australia
| | - Bede S Mickan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6000, WA, Australia; Richgro Garden Products, 203 Acourt Rd, Jandakot, WA, 6164, Australia.
| | - James O'Connor
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6000, WA, Australia
| | - Sun Kumar Gurung
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6000, WA, Australia
| | - Navid R Moheimani
- Algae R&D Centre, Discipline of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, WA, 6150, Australia; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Sasha N Jenkins
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6000, WA, Australia
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Phongpradist R, Semmarath W, Kiattisin K, Jiaranaikulwanitch J, Chaiyana W, Chaichit S, Phimolsiripol Y, Dejkriengkraikul P, Ampasavate C. The in vitro effects of black soldier fly larvae ( Hermitia illucens) oil as a high-functional active ingredient for inhibiting hyaluronidase, anti-oxidation benefits, whitening, and UVB protection. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1243961. [PMID: 37799972 PMCID: PMC10548269 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1243961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Larvae of Hermitia illucens, or black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), have been recognized for their high lipid yield with a remarkable fatty acid profile. BSFL oil (SFO) offers the added value of a low environmental footprint and a sustainable product. In this study, the characteristics and cosmetic-related activities of SFO were investigated and compared with rice bran oil, olive oil and krill oil which are commonly used in cosmetics and supplements. Methods: The physicochemical characteristics were determined including acid value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and water content of SFO. The fatty acid composition was determined using GC-MS equipped with TR-FAME. The in vitro antioxidant properties were determined using DPPH, FRAP and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Antihyaluronidase (anti-HAase) activity was measured by detecting enzyme activity and molecular docking of candidate compounds toward the HAase enzyme. The safety assessment towards normal human cells was determined using the MTT assay and the UVB protection upon UVB-irradiated fibroblasts was determined using the DCF-DA assay. The whitening effect of SFO was determined using melanin content inhibition. Results: SFO contains more than 60% polyunsaturated fatty acids followed by saturated fatty acids (up to 37%). The most abundant component found in SFO was linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6 cis). Multiple anti-oxidant mechanisms of SFO were discovered. In addition, SFO and krill oil prevented hyaluronic acid (HA) degradation via strong HAase inhibition comparable with the positive control, oleanolic acid. The molecular docking confirmed the binding interactions and molecular recognition of major free fatty acids toward HAase. Furthermore, SFO exhibited no cytotoxicity on primary human skin fibroblasts, HaCaT keratinocytes and PBMCs (IC50 values > 200 μg/mL). SFO possessed significant in-situ anti-oxidant activity in UVB-irradiated fibroblasts and the melanin inhibition activity as effective as well-known anti-pigmenting compounds (kojic acid and arbutin, p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study provides scientific support for various aspects of SFO. SFO can be considered an alternative oil ingredient in cosmetic products with potential implications for anti-skin aging, whitening and UVB protection properties, making it a potential candidate oil in the cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungsinee Phongpradist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warathit Semmarath
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Kiattisin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Wantida Chaiyana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siripat Chaichit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Division of Product Development Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pornngarm Dejkriengkraikul
- Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Anticarcinogenesis and Apoptosis Research Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chadarat Ampasavate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Baek S, Mae AS, Nam I. Optimization of the Heat-Drying Conditions of Drone Pupae by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Foods 2023; 12:3062. [PMID: 37628064 PMCID: PMC10452971 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has been conducted on various types of pre-processing methods for insects, including freeze-drying, microwave drying, hot air heat drying, and non-heat drying. This study aimed to identify the factors that have the greatest impact on heat drying conditions and establish the optimal heat drying conditions for drone pupae (Apis melifera L.) using response surface methodology (RSM) to minimize quality changes. Drone pupae were treated under various conditions, including blanching time (53-187 s) (X1), drying temperatures (41.6-58.4 °C) (X2), and drying time (266-434 min) (X3). The effect of these treatments on response variables, including the color parameter (WI, YI, BI, △E, and BD), AV, and TB of the dried drone pupae, was evaluated using a central composite design. The whole design consisted of 20 experimental points carried out in random order, which included eight factorial points, six center points, and six axial points. The optimal drying conditions for drone pupae were determined to be a blanching time of 58 s, a drying temperature of 56.7 °C, and a drying time of 298 min. The response variables were most affected by drying temperature and drying time and to a lesser extent by blanching time. The processed drone pupae using the optimized drying conditions resulted in the color parameters (WI, BI, YI, ΔE, and BD) being found to be 66.67, 21.33, 26.27, 31.27 and 0.13, respectively. And TB (log CFU/g) and AV (mg/g) values were found to be 3.12 and 4.33, respectively. The estimated and actual values for dried drone pupae showed no significant difference (p < 0.05). Comparing the physicochemical and microbiological properties of freeze-dried and optimal heat-dried drone pupae, the L and b value as well as PV were significantly lower in the heat-dried samples, while no significant difference was observed in the a value and AV (p < 0.05). Our study suggests that the model we developed can be applied to the large-scale production of drying conditions for use in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeungHee Baek
- Research Center for Environmentally Friendly and Quality Livestock Production Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Agapito Sheryl Mae
- School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - InSik Nam
- School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
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Kröncke N, Wittke S, Steinmann N, Benning R. Analysis of the Composition of Different Instars of Tenebrio molitor Larvae using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Prediction of Amino and Fatty Acid Content. INSECTS 2023; 14:310. [PMID: 37103125 PMCID: PMC10141721 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Insects are a sustainable protein source for food and feed. The yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is a promising candidate for industrial insect rearing and was the focus of this study. This research revealed the diversity of Tenebrio molitor larvae in the varying larval instars in terms of the nutritional content. We hypothesized that water and protein are highest in the earlier instar, while fat content is very low but increases with larval development. Consequently, an earlier instar would be a good choice for harvest, since proteins and amino acids content decrease with larval development. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was represented in this research as a tool for predicting the amino and fatty acid composition of mealworm larvae. Samples were scanned with a near-infrared spectrometer using wavelengths from 1100 to 2100 nm. The calibration for the prediction was developed with modified partial least squares (PLS) as the regression method. The coefficient for determining calibration (R2C) and prediction (R2P) were >0.82 and >0.86, with RPD values of >2.20 for 10 amino acids, resulting in a high prediction accuracy. The PLS models for glutamic acid, leucine, lysine and valine have to be improved. The prediction of six fatty acids was also possible with the coefficient of the determination of calibration (R2C) and prediction (R2P) > 0.77 and >0.66 with RPD values > 1.73. Only the prediction accuracy of palmitic acid was very weak, which was probably due to the narrow variation range. NIRS could help insect producers to analyze the nutritional composition of Tenebrio molitor larvae fast and easily in order to improve the larval feeding and composition for industrial mass rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kröncke
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stefan Wittke
- Laboratory for (Marine) Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nico Steinmann
- Laboratory for (Marine) Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Rainer Benning
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Homska N, Jankowski J, Ognik K, Józefiak A, Mazurkiewicz J, Józefiak D. Available for millions of years but discovered through the last decade: Insects as a source of nutrients and energy in animal diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:60-79. [PMID: 36101841 PMCID: PMC9442335 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present and discuss the most recent literature about the processing of insect biomass and its impact on nutritive value, further implementation of meals and fats derived from invertebrates to livestock (poultry and swine), aquaculture (salmonids), and companion animal diets and their impact on growth performance, metabolic response, and gastrointestinal microbiota shifts. Additionally, the most important barriers to obtaining unified products in terms of their nutritive value are considered, i.e., to define insects' nutrient requirements, including various technological groups and further biomass processing (slaughtering, drying, and storage). Due to the current limitation in the insect production process consisting of the lack of infrastructure, there is stress on the relatively small amount of insect products added to the animal diets as a functional feed additive. Currently, only in the case of pet nutrition may insects be considered a full replacement for commonly used environmentally harmful and allergenic products. Simultaneously, the least information has been published on this topic. Thus, more scientific data are needed, particularly when the pet food branch and insect-based diets are rapidly growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Mikołajczak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Homska
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Józefiak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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10
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Tognocchi M, Conte G, Rossi E, Perioli R, Mantino A, Serra A, Mele M. Characterization of polar and non-polar lipids of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor meals as animal feed ingredients. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Investigation of the lipidomic profile of royal jelly from different botanical origins using UHPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS and GC-MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Accardo F, Miguéns-Gómez A, Lolli V, Faccini A, Ardévol A, Terra X, Caligiani A, Pinent M, Sforza S. Molecular composition of lipid and protein fraction of almond, beef and lesser mealworm after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion and correlation with the hormone-stimulating properties of the digesta. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Liew CS, Mong GR, Abdelfattah EA, Raksasat R, Rawindran H, Kiatkittipong W, Mohamad M, Ramli A, Yunus NM, Lam MK, Da Oh W, Lim JW. Correlating black soldier fly larvae growths with soluble nutrients derived from thermally pre-treated waste activated sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112923. [PMID: 35150716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been deployed to valorize various organic wastes. Nonetheless, its growth rate whilst being offered with waste activated sludge (WAS) is not promising, likely by virtue of the presence of extracellular polymeric substances' structure in WAS. In this work, the WAS were first thermally pre-treated under different treatment temperatures and durations before being administered as the feeding substrates for BSFL. The results showed the thermal pre-treatment could improve WAS palatability and subsequently, enhance the growth of BSFL especially after the pre-treatments at 75 °C and above. The highest larva weight gained was recorded at 2.16 mg/larva for the WAS sample being pre-treated at 90 °C and 16 h. Furthermore, the samples pre-treated above 75 °C also achieved higher degradation rates, indicating that the 75 °C was a threshold temperature to effectively hydrolyze the WAS. The changes of WAS characteristics, namely, (i) soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), (ii) soluble carbohydrate, (iii) soluble protein, (iv) humic substances and (v) total soluble protein and humic substances, after the thermal pre-treatments were also studied in correlating with the BSFL growth. Accordingly, a model was successfully developed with the highest R2 value attained at 0.95, evidencing the SCOD was the most suitable WAS characteristic to accurately predict the BSFL growth behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Seng Liew
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Guo Ren Mong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ratchaprapa Raksasat
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Hemamalini Rawindran
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Worapon Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
| | - Mardawani Mohamad
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Anita Ramli
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Normawati M Yunus
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Wen Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
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14
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Luparelli AV, Saadoun JH, Lolli V, Lazzi C, Sforza S, Caligiani A. Dynamic changes in molecular composition of black soldier fly prepupae and derived biomasses with microbial fermentation. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100327. [PMID: 35601212 PMCID: PMC9117553 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic fermentation was used as unconventional way to valorise black soldier fly prepupae and by-products. Black soldier fly biomasses (prepupae, pupuria and adult flies) were characterized before and after fermentation. LAB fermentation modified insect protein and lipid but not chitin fraction. Fermentation improved BSF biomasses in terms of unsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids.
Black soldier fly (BSF) is being increasingly used for agro-food by-products valorisation. Adult flies, puparia, and excess of prepupae are the by-products of this process, which could be further valorised. Lactic fermentation of BSF biomasses with two different strains (L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum) has been used for this purpose. Deep changes in the molecular composition were observed, without significant differences related to the different strains used. The lipid and protein fractions were the most impacted. Fermentation enriched the biomass in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids, significantly improving the nutritional properties of the substrates. Although not particularly marked, a proteolytic activity of lactobacilli was observed on the BSF muscular and cuticular proteins, especially in the samples of adult flies and puparia, where fermentation resulted more effective. Conversely, there was no evidence of chitinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valentina Luparelli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jasmine Hadj Saadoun
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Veronica Lolli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Camilla Lazzi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Augusta Caligiani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
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15
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Leong SY, Yap VH, Kutty SRM. Optimization of Drying Parameters for
Hermetia illucens
Using Oven Drying. Chem Eng Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Yoong Leong
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat 31900 Kampar Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia
| | - Venn Hsien Yap
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat 31900 Kampar Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia
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16
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Poultry Meat and Eggs as an Alternative Source of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Human Nutrition. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091969. [PMID: 35565936 PMCID: PMC9099610 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on human health are widely known. Humans are rather inefficient in synthesizing n-3 LC-PUFA; thus, these compounds should be supplemented in the diet. However, most Western human diets have unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratios resulting from eating habits and the fact that fish sources (rich in n-3 LC-PUFA) are not sufficient (worldwide deficit ~347,956 t/y) to meet the world requirements. In this context, it is necessary to find new and sustainable sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. Poultry products can provide humans n-3 LC-PUFA due to physiological characteristics and the wide consumption of meat and eggs. The present work aims to provide a general overview of the main strategies that should be adopted during rearing and postproduction to enrich and preserve n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The strategies include dietary supplementation of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) or n-3 LC-PUFA, or enhancing n-3 LC-PUFA by improving the LA (Linoleic acid)/ALA ratio and antioxidant concentrations. Moreover, factors such as genotype, rearing system, transport, and cooking processes can impact the n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The use of a multifactorial view in the entire production chain allows the relevant enrichment and preservation of n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products.
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17
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Almeida C, Murta D, Nunes R, Baby AR, Fernandes Â, Barros L, Rijo P, Rosado C. Characterization of lipid extracts from the Hermetia illucens larvae and their bioactivities for potential use as pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09455. [PMID: 35637671 PMCID: PMC9142853 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasingly growing demand for the use of natural and sustainable bioactives in the field of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The biomass from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) can be viewed as an innovative source of compounds with high aggregate value and marketing potential due to the sustainable organic matter bioconversion process used as substrate for its development. This insect can be a source of lipid compounds with high added value, mainly due to its high content in fatty acids (FA) with potential applicability in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. In this context, in this work different extraction methods were tested (decoction, microwaves, maceration and ultrasound), using water, acetone, n-hexane as extraction solvents, to evaluate yields of the BSF larvae lipid extracts, as well as their lipid profile, and a preliminary safety screening was conducted. Results show that despite using different extraction techniques and solvents, similar FA composition profiles were obtained. The lauric acid content (C12: 0) is elevated in all the extracts in relation to the other FA, ranging 37%-62%. The contents in palmitic (C16: 0) and oleic (C18: 1n-9) acids, were also high in all applied extraction methods. The omega-6 FA (ω-6 PUFAs), mainly linoleic acid (C18: 2n6c), were also identified in the lipid fraction of BSF larvae biomass, with a content variation between 4.5% and 17.7%, while the omega-3 group, namely α-Linolenic acid (C18: 3n3), presented values between 0.66% and 1.95%. None of the extracts presented toxicity in preliminary tests with the Artemia salina model. Through this study, it was possible to confirm that BSF larvae oil can be obtained by sustainable methods, containing a broad mixture of FA and being highly rich in lauric acid, with a promising skin care applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Almeida
- Universidade Lusófona (CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies), Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra, Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Murta
- Ingredient Odyssey SA – EntoGreen, Rua Cidade de Santarém 140, 2005-079 Santarém, Portugal
- CiiEM – Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Myrtus Unipessoal Lda, Monte Claro, Nisa, Portugal
| | - Rui Nunes
- Ingredient Odyssey SA – EntoGreen, Rua Cidade de Santarém 140, 2005-079 Santarém, Portugal
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Intituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Intituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Patricia Rijo
- Universidade Lusófona (CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Rosado
- Universidade Lusófona (CBIOS – Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies), Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Bogevik AS, Seppänen‐Laakso T, Samuelsen TA, Thoresen L. Fractionation of Oil from Black Soldier Fly Larvae (
Hermetia illucens
). EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André S. Bogevik
- Nofima AS – Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries Aquaculture Research Kjerreidviken Fyllingsdalen 16, 5141 Norway
| | | | - Tor Andreas Samuelsen
- Nofima AS – Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries Aquaculture Research Kjerreidviken Fyllingsdalen 16, 5141 Norway
| | - Lars Thoresen
- Nofima AS – Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries Aquaculture Research Kjerreidviken Fyllingsdalen 16, 5141 Norway
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19
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Li X, Dong Y, Sun Q, Tan X, You C, Huang Y, Zhou M. Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Are Influenced by Dietary Fat Sources and Levels. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040486. [PMID: 35203193 PMCID: PMC8868361 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The black soldier fly Hermetia illucens is a potentially promising feed or food source due to its valuable nutritional composition. However, its fat content and fatty acid composition significantly vary with the rearing substrates, making it a flexible resource in fat quantity and quality. Recent research has attempted to manipulate the fat content and fatty acid composition of the insect with modulated feed formulation. Nevertheless, the results of most investigations are not comparable, since the rearing substrates used are various organic wastes with complex substrates. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a quantitative and accurate assessment of dietary fat on larval yield and fatty acid composition. In this study, the influence of two supplemental levels of six dietary fat sources on growth and nutrient composition was evaluated, especially fatty acid composition of black solider fly Hermetia illucens larvae. Additionally, the relationships between dietary fat and larval growth and fatty acid composition were quantitatively determined. Our work deepens the understanding of the fat/fatty acid needs of this insect and therefore enlightens the purposive culture of insects for appropriate fat supply. Abstract A 16-day rearing trial was performed to investigate the influence of two supplemental levels (5% and 10%) of six dietary fat sources (linseed oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, lard oil and fish oil) on the growth, development and nutrient composition of black solider fly larvae. Our results demonstrated that the pre-pupa rate of larvae was linearly influenced by dietary C18:0, C18:3n-3 and C18:2n-6 content (pre-pupa rate = 0.927 × C18:0 content + 0.301 × C18:3n-3 content-0.258 × C18:2n-6 content p < 0.001)), while final body weight was linearly influenced by that of C16:0 (final body weight = 0.758 × C16:0 content, p = 0.004). Larval nutrient composition was significantly affected by dietary fat sources and levels, with crude protein, fat and ash content of larvae varying between 52.0 and 57.5, 15.0 and 23.8, and 5.6 and 7.2% dry matter. A higher level of C12:0 (17.4–28.5%), C14:0 (3.9–8.0%) and C16:1n-9 (1.3–4.3%) was determined in larvae fed the diets containing little of them. In comparison, C16:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 proportions in larvae were linearly related with those in diets, with the slope of the linear equations varying from 0.39 to 0.60. It can be concluded that sufficient C16:0, C18:0 and C18:3n-3 supply is beneficial for larvae growth. Larvae could produce and retain C12:0, C14:0, and C16:1n-9 in vivo, but C16:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 could only be partly incorporated from diets and the process may be enhanced by a higher amount of dietary fat. Based on the above observation, an accurately calculated amount of black soldier fly larvae could be formulated into aquafeed as the main source of saturated fatty acids and partial source of mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids to save fish oil.
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20
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Yap JWL, Lee YY, Tang TK, Chong LC, Kuan CH, Lai OM, Phuah ET. Fatty acid profile, minor bioactive constituents and physicochemical properties of insect-based oils: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-16. [PMID: 34913758 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2015681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Insect-based food or ingredients have received tremendous attention worldwide because of their potential to ensure food and nutrition security, mitigating the reliance on land-dependent agricultural products. Indeed, insect-farming has low environmental impacts with reduced land, water and energy input. More importantly, insects are rich in high quality proteins and fats. They are also excellent sources of minerals, vitamins and bioactive compounds. Insect-based lipids are intriguing because they may contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids particularly linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Besides, the insect-based lipids also show a considerable amount of bioactive components such as tocols, sterols and carotenoids. However, their fatty acid compositions and the nutritional values may vary depending on species, feed composition, developmental stage, geographical locations, and extraction techniques. Therefore, the present article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the fatty acid composition, the minor bioactive constituents and the physicochemical properties of fats and oils derived from insects of different orders (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera). The various parameters affecting the nutritional compositions of the insect-based lipids will also be highlighted. These information will definitely provide a detailed insight on the potential applications of these fats in various food systems based on their unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Wee-Lek Yap
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Ying Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Monash Industry Palm Oil Research Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia Bandar Sunway
| | - Teck-Kim Tang
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Li-Choo Chong
- School of Food Studies and Gastronomy, Faculty of Social Science and Leisure Management, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Hao Kuan
- Department of Food Science with Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Science, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Oi-Ming Lai
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eng-Tong Phuah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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21
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Novel Insights on the Sustainable Wet Mode Fractionation of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) into Lipids, Proteins and Chitin. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is a sustainable ingredient for feed applications, biofuels, composite materials and other biobased products. Processing BSFL to obtain lipid and protein fractions with enhanced functional properties as a suitable replacement for conventional feed ingredients has gained considerable momentum. In this regard, a novel and sustainable wet mode fractionation (WMF) scheme for BSFL was explored. Fresh BSFL were steam blanched and pulped to obtain BSFL juice and juice press cake. Subsequent treatment of BSFL juice employing homogenization or enzyme incubation and further centrifugation resulted in the obtention of four different BSFL fractions (Lipid—LF; Cream—CF; Aqueous—AF; and Solid—SF). Total energy consumption for a batch BSFL (500 g) WMF process was 0.321 kWh. Aqueous and solid fractions were the predominant constituents of BSFL juice. Lauric acid (44.52–49.49%) and linoleic acid (19.12–20.12%) were the primary fatty acids present in BSFL lipids. Lipid hydrolysis was observed in lipids belonging to the solid (free fatty acids > triacylglycerides) and cream fractions. Aqueous fraction proteins (ctrl) displayed superior emulsion stability and foam capacity than other treatments. Juice press cake retained 60% of the total chitin content and the rest, 40%, was found in the solid fraction (ctrl). The material distribution of principal constituents in different fractions of the WMF process and amino acid profile was elucidated. Overall, the versatile WMF process proposed in this study involves simple unit operations to obtain functional ingredients from BSFL, which can be further explored by researchers and industry stakeholders.
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22
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Hermetia illucens fat affects the gastrointestinal tract selected microbial populations, their activity, and the immune status of broiler chickens. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of Hermetia illucens larvae (BSFL) fat, derived using supercritical CO2 extraction and added to broiler chickens’ diets as a partial (50%) or total replacement for commonly used soybean oil, on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbial population, its activity, and selected physiological and immune traits. A total of 576 one-dayold female Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 16 replicates each. The following treatments were applied: SO – 100% soybean oil, BSFL50 – a mixture of BSFL and soybean oils in a 50:50 ratio, and BSFL100 – 100% BSFL fat. Digesta samples from the crop, jejunum and ceca were collected for further analyses, i.e., pH measurements, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. Additionally, the selected plasma biochemical parameters and immunological traits were assessed. In general, the implementation of BSFL fat in broilers’ diets resulted in increased proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacterial populations in the crop, such as Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides – Prevotella cluster, and Clostridium perfringens. Furthermore, BSFL100 enhanced microbial activity via total SCFA production and lowered the pH in this segment. However, no detrimental effects were observed in terms of other GIT segments, i.e., the jejunal and cecal microecosystems. The strongest impact on reduction of select components of the microbial population in the cecum was observed with the BSFL50 treatment for potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides – Prevotella cluster, while commensal populations were also limited, i.e., Bacillus spp., C.
leptum subgroup, and C.
coccoides – Eubacterium
rectale cluster. Additionally, BSFL100 reduced the cholesterol concentration in the blood, while both experimental treatments decreased the ALT level. In conclusion, due to the insufficient release of lauric acid from the BSFL fat in the crop, an adverse shift in the microbiota can be noted. However, a positive suppressive effect on the select components of the cecal microbiota, as well as improvement of liver health suggests implying the BSFL fat in broiler nutrition.
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23
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Effect of Defatting and Extraction Solvent on the Antioxidant and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activities of Extracts from Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12090789. [PMID: 34564229 PMCID: PMC8472067 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The food industry is notably investing more resources on the production of nutritious, healthy, safe and sustainable products derived from edible insects. In this sense, natural extracts (or concentrated forms of compounds from natural sources) are usually food ingredients with added value for human health. This is due to their intrinsic beneficious biological activities; however, bioactive extracts from edible insects have been scarcely explored. Due to that and considering that the bioactivities of extracts might be conditioned by parameters of the technological process, we assessed how different extraction conditions, such as the defatting of the raw insect flours or the extraction solvents employed, affected two bioactivities of the resulting extracts from insects: the blocking of the digestion of fats from the diet by evaluating the inhibition of the responsible enzyme (pancreatic lipase), as well as their antioxidant activity. T. molitor and H. illucens were used, as they are two of the most known edible species for both feed and food. We observed a multibioactivity for all the extracts. Both tested processing factors differentially modulated the bioactivity of extracts from both species. We also analysed the composition of the H. illucens extracts and detected amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, sterols and organic acids. Abstract The production of specific insect extracts with bioactive properties for human health is an emerging and innovative field for the edible insects industry, but there are unexplored extraction factors that might modulate the bioactivity of the extracts. Ultrasound-assisted extracts from T. molitor and H. illucens were produced. Effects of defatting pre-treatment and extraction solvent were evaluated on extraction yield, antioxidant activity and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect. Chemical characterisation of defatted extracts from H. illucens was performed by GC-MS-FID. Non-defatted extracts showed higher extraction yields. Defatted extracts had similar extraction yields (around 3%). Defatted extracts had higher antioxidant activity, T. molitor being stronger than H. illucens. Antioxidant activity of T. molitor methanol extract was higher than the rest of solvents. Aqueous ethanol improved the antioxidant activity of H. illucens extracts. All extracts inhibited lipase, but no significant effect of defatting and solvent was observed for T. molitor. A significant higher inhibitory activity was observed for H. illucens, the strongest being defatted 100% and 70% ethanol H. illucens extracts. H. illucens extracts contained free amino acids and disaccharides, together with minor fractions of lipids, sterols and organic acids. These results evidence the potential of extracts obtained from edible insects as antioxidants and inhibitors of the pancreatic lipase, a simultaneous multibioactivity that might be favoured by the defatting pre-treatment of the samples and the solvent of extraction.
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Mohamed H, Marusich E, Afanasev Y, Leonov S. Fatty Acids-Enriched Fractions of Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly) Larvae Fat Can Combat MDR Pathogenic Fish Bacteria Aeromonas spp. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168829. [PMID: 34445533 PMCID: PMC8396364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. cause many diseases in aquaculture habitats. Hermetia illucens (Hi) larvae were used as feed-in aquacultures and in eradicating pathogenic fish bacteria. In the present study, we applied consecutive extractions of the same biomass of BSFL fat using the acidic water–methanol solution. The major constituents of the sequential extracts (SEs) were free fatty acids (FFAs), and fatty acids derivatives as identified by gas chromatography spectrometry (GC-MS). Our improved procedure enabled gradual enrichment in the unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) content in our SEs. The present study aimed to compare the composition and antimicrobial properties of SEs. Among actual fish pathogens, A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida demonstrated multiple drug resistance (MDR) against different recommended standard antibiotics: A. salmonicida was resistant to six, while A. hydrophila was resistant to four antibiotics from ten used in the present study. For the first time, we demonstrated the high dose-dependent antibacterial activity of each SE against Aeromonas spp., especially MDR A. salmonicida. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal (MIC/MBC) activity of SEs was significantly enhanced through the sequential extractions. The third sequential extract (AWME3) possessed the highest activity against Aeromonas spp.: inhibition zone diameters were in the range (21.47 ± 0.14–20.83 ± 0.22 mm) at a concentration of 40 mg/mL, MIC values ranged between 0.09 and 0.38 mg/mL for A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida, respectively. AWME3 MBC values recorded 0.19 and 0.38 mg/mL, while MIC50 values were 0.065 ± 0.004 and 0.22 ± 0.005 mg/mL against A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida, respectively. Thus, the larvae fat from Hermitia illucens may serve as an excellent reservoir of bioactive molecules with good capacity to eradicate the multidrug-resistant bacteria, having promising potential for practical application in the aquaculture field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heakal Mohamed
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (H.M.); (Y.A.)
| | - Elena Marusich
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (H.M.); (Y.A.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (S.L.); Tel.: +7-965-247-1982 (E.M.); +7-915-055-5643 (S.L.)
| | - Yuriy Afanasev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (H.M.); (Y.A.)
| | - Sergey Leonov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (H.M.); (Y.A.)
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (S.L.); Tel.: +7-965-247-1982 (E.M.); +7-915-055-5643 (S.L.)
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Optimisation of the lipid extraction of fresh black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran by response surface methodology. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Borrelli L, Varriale L, Dipineto L, Pace A, Menna LF, Fioretti A. Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:620798. [PMID: 33717009 PMCID: PMC7952302 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.620798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic misuse is greatly contributing to an increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans and animals. Natural and synthetic alternative strategies are being investigated in human and veterinary medicine, but little attention is paid to the antimicrobial effects of edible lipids, such as medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and monoglycerides. Among MCFAs, lauric acid (LA) and its monoglyceride derivative, glycerol monolaurate (GML), exhibit the strongest antimicrobial activity. Coconut and palm kernel oils are considered the main sources of LA. On the other hand, some edible insects (e.g., Hermetia illucens) are gaining interest as novel feed ingredients, due to the high amount of LA they contain as well as their numerous bioactive components, which provide many additional benefits to animal health. Although the beneficial effect of both MCFAs and LA is gradually being recognized, their high content within insects and, consequently, their possible role as antimicrobials, has not been well-reported. This mini review focuses on the anti-infective effects of the insect-derived MCFAs LA and its derivatives. We emphasize the potential of insect lipids, compared to the other vegetable sources, in the current global scenario where a sustainable and circular economy is required. Finally, we critically discuss the use and the benefits of edible insects such as favorable options as feed and food from the perspective of animal and human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorena Varriale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Pace
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia F Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Singh Y, Cullere M, Kovitvadhi A, Chundang P, Dalle Zotte A. Effect of different killing methods on physicochemical traits, nutritional characteristics, in vitro human digestibility and oxidative stability during storage of the house cricket (Acheta domesticus L.). INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Fatty Acids from Hermetia illucens Larvae Fat Inhibit the Proliferation and Growth of Actual Phytopathogens. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091423. [PMID: 32948050 PMCID: PMC7563668 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase of plant diseases caused by bacterial phytopathogens calls for an urgent search for new antibacterials. Antimicrobial compounds of natural origin stand up as frontiers in the attempts of the antibiotic overuse replacement. With this in mind, the Hermetia illucens (H. illucens) larvae have recently gained attention as a promising approach to fulfill this need. This study aimed to isolate the active constituents of H. illucens larvae fat and to estimate its antimicrobial capacity. We discovered the best composition of extracting solution retaining the pronounced antimicrobial activity of the extract. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we identified the unique natural array of fatty acids as the major constituents of the acidified water-methanol extract (AWME) as having new antimicrobial potency. In standard turbidimetric assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the AWME was 0.78 mg/mL after 24 h of incubation for all five tested phytopathogenic bacteria strains: Pantoea agglomerans, Xanthomonas campestris, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, and Dickeya solani. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 0.78 to 1.56 mg/mL against all tested strains after 24 h of incubation. The inhibition zone size of AWME (INZ) at 50 mg/mL concentration was in the range 12.2 ± 0.56 to 19.0 ± 0.28 mm, while zone size for the positive control (penicillin-streptomycin) (5000 IU/mL-5000 µg/mL) was in the scale of 20.63 ± 0.53 to 24.0 ± 0.35 mm as revealed by standard disk diffusion assay. For the first time, our findings indicated the substantial antibacterial potential of AWME of H. illucens larvae fat against these actual phytopathogens, thus paving the way for further research to determine the mechanism of action in crop protection.
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Effect of devitalization techniques on the lipid, protein, antioxidant, and chitin fractions of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Bessa LW, Pieterse E, Marais J, Hoffman LC. Why for feed and not for human consumption? The black soldier fly larvae. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2747-2763. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah W. Bessa
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Elsje Pieterse
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Jeannine Marais
- Department of Food ScienceStellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Louwrens C. Hoffman
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch South Africa
- Centre for Nutrition and Food SciencesQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationUniversity of Queensland, Coopers Plains Queensland Australia
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Impacts of Killing Process on the Nutrient Content, Product Stability and In Vitro Digestibility of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meals. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) is considered a potential sustainable insect alternative source of protein for animal feed. The quality of a BSF meal is greatly influenced by the killing method and the purpose of this article is to compare the influences of different killing methods. BSFs at the 18-day-old prepupae stage were separated into six different killing methods with three replicates: 1. blending, 2. freezing, 3. CO2 treatment, 4. vacuum, 5. blanching and 6. CO2 plus blanching. After killing, BSF larvae meals were obtained by hot air oven drying and grinding. The chemical composition and in vitro digestibility calculated from sediments were not affected by the killing method, except that blending provided the worst BSF quality for all measured parameters (p < 0.05). The highest quality of BSF was obtained from the heat treatment procedures (blanching and the CO2 plus blanching methods), as they produced lower acidity after killing, total viable counts, browning reaction (enzymatic and non-enzymatic), darkness, moisture, fat acidity, protein and lipid oxidation during storage compared with other killing procedures (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the highest free amino acids in the supernatant after in vitro digestibility of BSF samples was observed with the CO2 plus blanching killing method (p < 0.05), whereas other parameters were similar to those obtained with blanching. The CO2 plus blanching method did not produce clearly different outcomes to blanching; therefore, the selection of one of these techniques over the other should depend on the regulations in each country.
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Larvae Mediated Valorization of Industrial, Agriculture and Food Wastes: Biorefinery Concept through Bioconversion, Processes, Procedures, and Products. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year, the food supply chain produces more than 1.3 billion tons of food and agricultural waste, which poses serious environmental problems. The loss of the massive quantity of secondary and primary metabolites retrievable from this resource is a significant concern. What if there is a global solution that caters to the numerous problems arising due to the humongous volume of waste biomass generated in every part of the world? Insects, the tiny creatures that thrive in decaying organic matter, which can concentrate the nutrients present in dilute quantities in a variety of by-products, are an economically viable option. The bioconversion and nutritional upcycling of waste biomass with insects yield high-value products such as protein, lipids, chitin and frass. Insect-derived proteins can replace conventional protein sources in feed formulations. Notably, the ability of the black soldier fly (BSF) or Hermetia illucens to grow on diverse substrates such as agri-food industry side streams and other organic waste proves advantageous. However, the data on industrial-scale extraction, fractionation techniques and biorefinery schemes for screening the nutritional potential of BSF are scarce. This review attempts to break down every facet of insect processing and analyze the processing methods of BSF, and the functional properties of nutrients obtained thereof.
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Bioactive Compounds from Hermetia Illucens Larvae as Natural Ingredients for Cosmetic Application. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10070976. [PMID: 32610700 PMCID: PMC7407880 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the sustainable organic matter bioconversion process used as substrate for its development, the Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) larvae biomass is considered a source of compounds with high aggregate value and quite a promising market. The materials that can be extracted from H. illucens larvae have opened the door to a diverse new field of ingredients, mainly for the feed and food industry, but also with potential applicability in cosmetics. In this review we succinctly describe the larval development and rearing cycle, the main compounds identified from different types of extractions, their bioactivities and focus on possible applications in cosmetic products. A search was made in the databases PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science with the terms ‘Hermetia illucens’, ‘bioactives’, ‘biochemical composition’ and ‘cosmetics ingredients’, which included 71 articles published since 1994.
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A Review on Insights for Green Production of Unconventional Protein and Energy Sources Derived from the Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to reveal the lipid and protein contents in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for the sustainable production of protein and energy sources. It has been observed from studies in the literature that the larval lipid and protein contents vary with the rearing conditions as well as the downstream processing employed. The homogenous, heterogenous and microbial-treated substrates via fermentation are used to rear BSFL and are compared in this review for the simultaneous production of larval protein and biodiesel. Moreover, the best moisture content and the aeration rate of larval feeding substrates are also reported in this review to enhance the growth of BSFL. As the downstream process after harvesting starts with larval inactivation, various related methods have also been reviewed in relation to its impact on the quality/quantity of larval protein and lipids. Subsequently, the other downstream processes, namely, extraction and transesterification to biodiesel, are finally epitomized from the literature to provide a comprehensive review for the production of unconventional protein and lipid sources from BSFL feedstock. Incontrovertibly, the review accentuates the great potential use of BSFL biomass as a green source of protein and lipids for energy production in the form of biodiesel. The traditional protein and energy sources, preponderantly fishmeal, are unsustainable naturally, pressingly calling for immediate substitutions to cater for the rising demands. Accordingly, this review stresses the benefits of using BSFL biomass in detailing its production from upstream all the way to downstream processes which are green and economical at the same time.
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Soetemans L, Uyttebroek M, D’Hondt E, Bastiaens L. Use of organic acids to improve fractionation of the black soldier fly larvae juice into lipid- and protein-enriched fractions. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Larouche J, Deschamps MH, Saucier L, Lebeuf Y, Doyen A, Vandenberg GW. Effects of Killing Methods on Lipid Oxidation, Colour and Microbial Load of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E182. [PMID: 31010069 PMCID: PMC6523926 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae represent a promising alternative ingredient for animal feed. Post-production processing can, however, affect their quality. This project aimed to optimize larval killing by comparing the effects on the nutritional and microbiological quality of 10 methods, i.e., blanching (B = 40 s), desiccation (D = 60 °C, 30 min), freezing (F20 = -20 °C, 1 h; F40 = -40 °C, 1 h; N = liquid nitrogen, 40 s), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP = 3 min, 600 MPa), grinding (G = 2 min) and asphyxiation (CO2 = 120 h; N2 = 144 h; vacuum conditioning, V = 120 h). Some methods affected the pH (B, asphyxiation), total moisture (B, asphyxiation and D) and ash contents (B, p < 0.001). The lipid content (asphyxiation) and their oxidation levels (B, asphyxiation and D) were also affected (p < 0.001). Killing methods altered the larvae colour during freeze-drying and in the final product. Blanching appears to be the most appropriate strategy since it minimizes lipid oxidation (primary = 4.6 ± 0.7 mg cumen hydroperoxide (CHP) equivalents/kg; secondary = 1.0 ± 0.1 mg malondialdehyde/kg), reduces microbial contamination and initiates dehydration (water content = 78.1 ± 1.0%). We propose herein, an optimized protocol to kill BSF that meet the Canadian regulatory requirements of the insect production and processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Larouche
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Hélène Deschamps
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Linda Saucier
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Yolaine Lebeuf
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Alain Doyen
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Grant W Vandenberg
- Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon Paul-Comtois Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Cullere M, Schiavone A, Dabbou S, Gasco L, Dalle Zotte A. Meat Quality and Sensory Traits of Finisher Broiler Chickens Fed with Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia Illucens L.) Larvae Fat as Alternative Fat Source. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E140. [PMID: 30986996 PMCID: PMC6523764 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there is limited knowledge about the possible utilization of the fat fraction derived from Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae processing. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the replacement of soybean oil with HI larvae fat in broiler finisher diet, on the quality and sensory traits of their meat. At 21 days of age, 120 male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to three experimental groups (5 replicates and 8 birds/pen): a basal control diet (C), and two groups in which either 50% or 100% of the soybean oil was replaced with HI larvae fat (the HI50 and HI100 group, respectively). At day 48, 15 birds (3 birds/pen) per group were slaughtered, and breasts and legs were excised and used for meat quality evaluations. Breast and leg physical meat quality, nutritional composition and sensory profile remained substantially unaffected by the dietary treatments. In contrast, the dietary incorporation of HI larvae fat modified the fatty acid (FA) profile of both the breast and leg meat cuts: the proportion of saturated fatty acids increased (p < 0.0001) to the detriment of the polyunsaturated (PUFA) fraction (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the meat n-6/n-3 ratio increased in the HI50 and HI100 groups compared to the C group. HI larvae fat dietary inclusion decreased the monounsaturated fatty acids in the breast (p = 0.0012) but not in the leg meat. Further research should focus on the improvement of the FA profile of the larvae through substrate modulation, or by combining HI larvae with a PUFA-rich feedstuff in feed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cullere
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Antonella Dalle Zotte
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
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