1
|
Chen T, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Anabolic steroids in livestock production: Background and implications for chemical food safety. Steroids 2024; 206:109420. [PMID: 38580048 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of steroids in livestock animals is a source of concern for consumers because of the risks associated with the presence of their residues in foodstuffs of animal origin. Technological advances such as mass spectrometry have made it possible to play a fundamental role in controlling such practices, firstly for the discovery of marker metabolites but also for the monitoring of these compounds under the regulatory framework. Current control strategies rely on the monitoring of either the parent drug or its metabolites in various matrices of interest. As some of these steroids also have an endogenous status specific strategies have to be applied for control purposes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of analytical strategies, whether targeted or non-targeted, and whether they focus on markers of exposure or effect in the specific context of chemical food safety regarding the use of anabolic steroids in livestock. The role of new approaches in data acquisition (e.g. ion mobility), processing and analysis, (e.g. molecular networking), is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes 44300, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garkani Nejad F, Beitollahi H, Sheikhshoaie I. A UiO-66-NH 2 MOF/PAMAM Dendrimer Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Detection of Tramadol in the Presence of Acetaminophen in Pharmaceutical Formulations. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050514. [PMID: 37232874 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we prepared a novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of tramadol based on a UiO-66-NH2 metal-organic framework (UiO-66-NH2 MOF)/third-generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (G3-PAMAM dendrimer) nanocomposite drop-cast onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. After the synthesis of the nanocomposite, the functionalization of the UiO-66-NH2 MOF by G3-PAMAM was confirmed by various techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The UiO-66-NH2 MOF/PAMAM-modified GCE exhibited commendable electrocatalytic performance toward the tramadol oxidation owing to the integration of the UiO-66-NH2 MOF with the PAMAM dendrimer. According to differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), it was possible to detect tramadol under optimized circumstances in a broad concentration range (0.5 μM-500.0 μM) and a narrow limit of detection (0.2 μM). In addition, the stability, repeatability, and reproducibility of the presented UiO-66-NH2 MOF/PAMAM/GCE sensor were also studied. The sensor also possessed an acceptable catalytic behavior for the tramadol determination in the co-existence of acetaminophen, with the separated oxidation potential of ΔE = 410 mV. Finally, the UiO-66-NH2 MOF/PAMAM-modified GCE exhibited satisfactory practical ability in pharmaceutical formulations (tramadol tablets and acetaminophen tablets).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Garkani Nejad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76175-133, Iran
| | - Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman P.O. Box 76318-85356, Iran
| | - Iran Sheikhshoaie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76175-133, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krishnamoorthy A, Chandrapalan S, Bosch S, Bannaga A, De Boer NK, De Meij TG, Leja M, Hanna GB, De Vietro N, Altomare D, Arasaradnam RP. The Influence of Mechanical Bowel Preparation on Volatile Organic Compounds for the Detection of Gastrointestinal Disease-A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23031377. [PMID: 36772415 PMCID: PMC9919600 DOI: 10.3390/s23031377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Colorectal cancer is the second commonest cause of cancer deaths worldwide; recently, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been proposed as potential biomarkers of this disease. In this paper, we aim to identify and review the available literature on the influence of mechanical bowel preparation on VOC production and measurement. (2) Methods: A systematic search for studies was carried out for articles relevant to mechanical bowel preparation and its effects on volatile organic compounds. A total of 4 of 1349 papers initially derived from the search were selected. (3) Results: Two studies with a total of 134 patients found no difference in measured breath VOC profiles after bowel preparation; one other study found an increase in breath acetone in 61 patients after bowel preparation, but no other compounds were affected. Finally, the last study showed the alteration of urinary VOC profiles. (4) Conclusions: There is limited data on the effect of bowel preparation on VOC production in the body. As further studies of VOCs are conducted in patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal disease, the quantification of the effect of bowel preparation on their abundance is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Subashini Chandrapalan
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Sofie Bosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ayman Bannaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Nanne K.H. De Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim G.J. De Meij
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma’s Children Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventative Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - George B. Hanna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Donato Altomare
- Department of Surgery, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Ramesh P. Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdelshakour MA, Hadad GM, Abdel Salam RA, Abo-ElMatty DM, Abdel Hameed EA. HPLC and UPLC-MS/MS methods for analyzing TRAMADOL in 70 medicinal illegal products: Application to counterfeit study. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
5
|
Cain CN, Schöneich S, Synovec RE. Development of an Enhanced Total Ion Current Chromatogram Algorithm to Improve Untargeted Peak Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11365-11373. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N. Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sonia Schöneich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Byliński H, Kolasińska P, Dymerski T, Gębicki J, Namieśnik J. Determination of odour concentration by TD-GC×GC-TOF-MS and field olfactometry techniques. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017; 148:1651-1659. [PMID: 28824205 PMCID: PMC5541126 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Field olfactometry is one of the sensory techniques used to determine odour concentration, in atmospheric air, directly in emission sources. A two-dimensional gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometer (GC×GC-TOF-MS) allows performing the chemical characterization of various groups of chemical compounds, even in complex mixtures. Application of these techniques enabled determination of odour concentration level in atmospheric air in a vicinity of the oil refinery and the neighbouring wastewater treatment plant. The atmospheric air samples were analysed during a time period extending from February to June 2016. Based on the GC×GC-TOF-MS analysis and odour threshold values, the theoretical odour concentrations were calculated and compared with the odour concentrations determined by field olfactometry technique. The investigations revealed that higher values of odour concentration were obtained with the field olfactometry technique where odour analysis was based on holistic measurement. It was observed that the measurement site or meteorological conditions had significant influence on odour concentration level. The paper also discusses the fundamental analytical instruments utilized in the analysis of odorous compounds and their mixtures. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Byliński
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Kolasińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dymerski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
In-silico optimisation of two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of Australian methamphetamine seizure samples. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:511-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
8
|
Sampat A, Lopatka M, Sjerps M, Vivo-Truyols G, Schoenmakers P, van Asten A. Forensic potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
9
|
Gutiérrez MC, Martín MA, Pagans E, Vera L, García-Olmo J, Chica AF. Dynamic olfactometry and GC-TOFMS to monitor the efficiency of an industrial biofilter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:572-581. [PMID: 25647372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofiltration is the most widely used technique for eliminating odours in waste treatment plants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are among the odorous compounds emitted by waste management plants, and serve as variables to measure odour emissions depending on the type of aeration process used. In this work, we assess the performance of an industrial-scale biofilter where composting is the main source of VOCs and odour emissions. Dynamic olfactometry is the sensorial technique used to determine odour concentration, while gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) is used to perform the chemical characterization. This work examines a total of 82 compounds belonging to 15 odorous families of VOCs, particularly mercaptans, sulphur-containing compounds, alcohols and terpenes, among others. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to assess the influence of each of these families of VOCs on the total variance of the measure with regard to both the input and output flow of the biofilter. Finally, partial least-squares (PLS) regression is used to estimate the odour concentration in each of the samples taken at the inlet and outlet of the biofilter in each of the samples based on the chemical information provided by chromatographic analysis. The study shows that there is an adequate correlation (r=0.9751) between real and estimated odour concentrations, both of which are expressed in European odour units per cubic metre (ou(E)·m(-3)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Gutiérrez
- University of Cordoba (Spain), Department of Inorganic Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M A Martín
- University of Cordoba (Spain), Department of Inorganic Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - E Pagans
- Odournet SL, Parc de Recerca UAB, Edificio Eureka, Espacio P2M2, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Vera
- Odournet SL, Parc de Recerca UAB, Edificio Eureka, Espacio P2M2, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J García-Olmo
- NIR/MIR Spectroscopy Unit, Central Service for Research Support (SCAI), University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A F Chica
- University of Cordoba (Spain), Department of Inorganic Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pinkerton DK, Parsons BA, Anderson TJ, Synovec RE. Trilinearity deviation ratio: A new metric for chemometric analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 871:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
11
|
A critical review on extraction techniques and gas chromatography based determination of grapevine derived sesquiterpenes. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 846:8-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
Multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) methods are high-resolution volatile chemical separation techniques, and comprise classical heart-cutting MDGC and its more recent incarnation, comprehensive 2D GC. Although available for a long period, MDGC approaches are still not widely practiced in the field of bioanalysis, possibly reflecting the general preference for regular GC versus MDGC approaches. With the recent introduction of ‘-omic’ techniques that emphasize global nontargeted profiling of metabolites within living systems, it is evident that MDGC is gaining momentum as a separation tool, since it offers very high resolution. By untangling metabolites within highly complex biological matrices, and expanding the metabolic coverage, MDGC plays a frontline role in ‘-omics’ based studies. This review highlights state-of-the-art MDGC approaches, and summarizes the recent developments in bioanalytics.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yuan C, Chen D, Wang S. Drug confirmation by mass spectrometry: Identification criteria and complicating factors. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 438:119-25. [PMID: 25182671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug confirmation by mass spectrometry coupled with chromatography is essential to toxicology, doping control, pain management, and workplace drug testing. High confidence in this technology is due to its superior specificity and sensitivity. However, there are challenges associated with drug confirmation, and proper setup and validation of these assays are important in assuring high-quality results. In this article, assay parameters required for drug confirmation are summarized based on recent scientific publications, various established guidelines, and our own practical experience. Factors affecting the result quality and correct results interpretation are critically reviewed. Several emerging technologies and their potential applications are briefly explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Derrick Chen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sihe Wang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Interpretation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography data using advanced chemometrics. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
15
|
Zhu S, Gao L, Zheng M, Liu H, Zhang B, Liu L, Wang Y. Determining indicator toxaphene congeners in soil using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 118:210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
16
|
El-Kommos ME, El-Gizawy SM, Atia NN, Hosny NM. Thin layer chromatography-densitometric determination of some non-sedating antihistamines in combination with pseudoephedrine or acetaminophen in synthetic mixtures and in pharmaceutical formulations. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:391-400. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. El-Kommos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Assiut University; Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Samia M. El-Gizawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Assiut University; Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Noha N. Atia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Assiut University; Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Noha M. Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Assiut University; Assiut 71526 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sichilongo KF, Mutsimhu C, Obuseng VC. Gas chromatography − mass spectral characteristics of six pharmacologically active compounds — analytical performance characteristics on a raw sewage impacted water sample. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have interrogated the characteristics of six pharmacologically active compounds in a hot gas chromatograph injector including some mass spectral characteristics in a quadrupole mass analyzer. The analytes are dimetridazole, metronidazole, chlorpromazine, trimethoprim, sulfamethazine, and dapsone. We have demonstrated the impact of the injector on the conversion efficiency of solvent to vapor in relation to analytes under investigation. The overall analytical performance of key parameters that were scrutinized and tested on a spiked raw sewer water sample using electron ionization (EI), positive chemical ionization (PCI), and negative chemical ionization (NCI) in the full and selected ion monitoring (SIM) scan modes are also presented. These parameters were the instrument detection limits (IDLs), method detection limits (MDLs), linearities, and percent recoveries. Correlation coefficients (R2) were greater than 0.9950 using all ionization and scan modes. Better MDLs were obtained using the SIM mode in all instances. The SIM mode MDLs ranged as follows: EI 0.308–0.711 and PCI 0.656–1.14 mg/L. Extremely good signals were observed in the NCI mode with dimetridazole and metronidazole where MDLs in the SIM mode were estimated to be 0.057 and 0.062 mg/L. Percent relative standard deviations (n = 3) were all less than 5% using EI employing full and SIM scan modes. Recoveries ranged from 55% to 96% in the full scan mode and from 67% to 94% in the SIM mode. Signal losses and ion population ratios in relation to the number of samples, i.e., scan speed and the mass scan range, are also interrogated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwenga F. Sichilongo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, PB UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Cosmas Mutsimhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, PB UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Veronica C. Obuseng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, PB UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lissitsyna K, Huertas S, Quintero LC, Polo LM. Quantitation method of N
,N
′-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1768-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lissitsyna
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Departamento de Química Analítica; Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Luis Maria Polo
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Departamento de Química Analítica; Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kiss B, Bogdan C, Pop A, Loghin F. A rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, methadone and EDDP in human, rat and rabbit plasma. Talanta 2012; 99:649-59. [PMID: 22967607 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple, high-throughput, sensitive LC-ESI-MS/MS method is presented for the simultaneous determination of methadone (MET), flunitrazepam (FNZ) and their major metabolites, EDDP (2-ethilidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidone) and 7-aminoflunitrazepam (7-AFNZ), respectively, in human, rat and rabbit plasma. The isolation of the selected compounds involved a liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate at a basic pH. Good chromatographic separation was achieved on a HSS T3 column (1.8 μm particle size), with a 3 min gradient elution using a mixture of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and 5mM ammonium acetate (solvent B) as the mobile phase. The tandem mass spectrometric detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with ionization of the analytes in positive mode. The assay was fully validated according to current acceptance criteria for bioanalytical methods validation. It was proved to be linear in the range of 0.5-250 ng/mL, with adequate accuracy and precision over this range. Based on accuracy and CV% values the LOQ and ULOQ values were set at 0.509 ng/mL and 2036 ng/mL for MET, 0.520 ng/mL and 2080 ng/mL for EDDP, 0.524 ng/mL and 2096 ng/mL for FNZ and 0.528 ng/mL and 2114 ng/mL for 7-AFNZ, respectively. The method was tested for potential matrix effects, without observing significant ion suppression. The investigated compounds stability was examined in plasma at room temperature and after three freeze-thaw cycles and in the final extract when maintained at 4 °C in the autosampler. Potential stability issues were observed only for FNZ at room temperature. The method was successfully applied to quantify the selected compounds in human, rat and rabbit plasma samples, after exposure to FNZ or simultaneous exposure to FNZ and MET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béla Kiss
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, no. 6 Pasteur, RO-400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography applied to illicit drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2361-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
QSRR-based estimation of the retention time of opiate and sedative drugs by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
22
|
Siegler WC, Fitz BD, Hoggard JC, Synovec RE. Experimental Study of the Quantitative Precision for Valve-Based Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5190-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200302b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Christopher Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Brian D. Fitz
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Jamin C. Hoggard
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Accelerating analysis for metabolomics, drugs and their metabolites in biological samples using multidimensional gas chromatography. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:367-91. [PMID: 21083173 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the great enabling analytical tools available to the chemical and biochemical analyst for the measurement of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. From the analysis result, it is possible to assess progress in chemical reactions, to monitor environmental pollutants in a wide range of soil, water or air samples, to determine if an athlete or horse trainer has contravened doping laws, or if crude oil has migrated through subsurface rock to a reservoir. Each of these scenarios and samples has an associated implementation method for GC-MS. However, few samples and the associated interpretation of data is as complex or important as biochemical sample analysis for trace drugs or metabolites. Improving the analysis in both the GC and MS domains is a continual search for better separation, selectivity and sensitivity. Multidimensional methods are playing important roles in providing quality data to address the needs of analysts.
Collapse
|
24
|
Perestrelo R, Barros AS, Câmara JS, Rocha SM. In-depth search focused on furans, lactones, volatile phenols, and acetals as potential age markers of Madeira wines by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with solid phase microextraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3186-3204. [PMID: 21375340 DOI: 10.1021/jf104219t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of potential age markers of Madeira wine is of paramount significance as it may contribute to detect frauds and to ensure the authenticity of wine. Considering the chemical groups of furans, lactones, volatile phenols, and acetals, 103 volatile compounds were tentatively identified; among these, 71 have been reported for the first time in Madeira wines. The chemical groups that could be used as potential age markers were predominantly acetals, namely, diethoxymethane, 1,1-diethoxyethane, 1,1-diethoxy-2-methyl-propane, 1-(1-ethoxyethoxy)-pentane, trans-dioxane and 2-propyl-1,3-dioxolane, and from the other chemical groups, 5-methylfurfural and cis-oak-lactone, independently of the variety and the type of wine. GC × GC-ToFMS system offers a more useful approach to identify these compounds compared to previous studies using GC-qMS, due to the orthogonal systems, that reduce coelution, increase peak capacity and mass selectivity, contributing to the establishment of new potential Madeira wine age markers. Remarkable results were also obtained in terms of compound identification based on the organized structure of the peaks of structurally related compounds in the GC × GC peak apex plots. This information represents a valuable approach for future studies, as the ordered-structure principle can considerably help the establishment of the composition of samples. This new approach provides data that can be extended to determine age markers of other types of wines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Perestrelo
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zeng ZD, Chin ST, Hugel HM, Marriott PJ. Simultaneous deconvolution and re-construction of primary and secondary overlapping peak clusters in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2301-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
26
|
Unceta N, Goicolea MA, Barrio RJ. Analytical procedures for the determination of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant citalopram and its metabolites. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:238-57. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
27
|
Wixom RL, Gehrke CW. Today's Chromatographers and their Discoveries (2000-2008). CHROMATOGRAPHY 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470555729.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
Forensic toxicology has developed as a forensic science in recent years and is now widely used to assist in death investigations, in civil and criminal matters involving drug use, in drugs of abuse testing in correctional settings and custodial medicine, in road and workplace safety, in matters involving environmental pollution, as well as in sports doping. Drugs most commonly targeted include amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine and the opiates, but can be any other illicit substance or almost any over-the-counter or prescribed drug, as well as poisons available to the community. The discipline requires high level skills in analytical techniques with a solid knowledge of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Modern techniques rely heavily on immunoassay screening analyses and mass spectrometry (MS) for confirmatory analyses using either high-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography as the separation technique. Tandem MS has become more and more popular compared to single-stage MS. It is essential that analytical systems are fully validated and fit for the purpose and the assay batches are monitored with quality controls. External proficiency programs monitor both the assay and the personnel performing the work. For a laboratory to perform optimally, it is vital that the circumstances and context of the case are known and the laboratory understands the limitations of the analytical systems used, including drug stability. Drugs and poisons can change concentration postmortem due to poor or unequal quality of blood and other specimens, anaerobic metabolism and redistribution. The latter provides the largest handicap in the interpretation of postmortem results.
Collapse
|
29
|
Siegler WC, Crank JA, Armstrong DW, Synovec RE. Increasing selectivity in comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography via an ionic liquid stationary phase column in one dimension. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3144-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
30
|
Perestrelo R, Petronilho S, Câmara JS, Rocha SM. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with solid phase microextraction as a powerful tool for quantification of ethyl carbamate in fortified wines. The case study of Madeira wine. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3441-5. [PMID: 20388567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An analytical methodology based on headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-ToFMS) was developed for the identification and quantification of the toxic contaminant ethyl carbamate (EC) directly in fortified wines. The method performance was assessed for dry/medium dry and sweet/medium sweet model wines, and for quantification purposes, calibration plots were performed for both matrices using the ion extraction chromatography (IEC) mode (m/z 62). Good linearity was obtained with a regression coefficient (r(2)) higher than 0.981. A good precision was attained (R.S.D. <20%) and low detection limits (LOD) were achieved for dry (4.31 microg/L) and sweet (2.75 microg/L) model wines. The quantification limits (LOQ) and recovery for dry wines were 14.38 microg/L and 88.6%, whereas for sweet wines were 9.16 microg/L and 99.4%, respectively. The higher performance was attained with sweet model wine, as increasing of glucose content improves the volatile compound in headspace, and a better linearity, recovery and precision were achieved. The analytical methodology was applied to analyse 20 fortified Madeira wines including different types of wine (dry, medium dry, sweet, and medium sweet) obtained from several harvests in Madeira Island (Portugal). The EC levels ranged from 54.1 microg/L (medium dry) to 162.5 microg/L (medium sweet).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Perestrelo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mieth M, Schubert JK, Gröger T, Sabel B, Kischkel S, Fuchs P, Hein D, Zimmermann R, Miekisch W. Automated Needle Trap Heart-Cut GC/MS and Needle Trap Comprehensive Two-Dimensional GC/TOF-MS for Breath Gas Analysis in the Clinical Environment. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2541-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100061k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Mieth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen K. Schubert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Bastian Sabel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabine Kischkel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Patricia Fuchs
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dietmar Hein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, PAS Technology Deutschland GmbH, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 99441 Magdala, Germany, and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18051 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography improves separation and identification of anabolic agents in doping control. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
33
|
Cheng L, Zhang Y, Shen J, Wu C, Zhang S. GC–MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Four Sedative Hypnotic Residues in Swine Tissues. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Guthery B, Bassindale A, Pillinger CT, Morgan GH. The detection of various opiates and benzodiazepines by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:340-348. [PMID: 19125414 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A technique using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC/TOFMS) is applied to qualitative and quantitative drug testing. Human serum was 'spiked' with known quantities of benzodiazepines and a 'street heroin' mixture including some of the major metabolites and impurities. The sample components were extracted from the matrix by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Constituents containing polar hydroxyl and/or secondary amine groups were derivatised with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) to improve the chromatographic performance. An orthogonal separation of the matrix constituents was achieved by coupling a DB-5ms (5% phenyl) to a BPX50 (50% phenyl) GC column. The eluant was focused onto the second column by a twin-stage cryo-modulator. Rapid 6 s modulation times were achieved by transfer from a 30 m x 0.25 mm (length x internal diameter) to a 2 m x 0.1 mm column. TOFMS with rapid spectral acquisition (< or =500 spectra/s) was employed in the mass range m/z 40-650. A clean mass spectrum was obtained for each analyte using mass spectral deconvolution software. The sensitivity and repeatability of the method were evaluated by the preparation of calibration standards for two benzodiazepines, flunitrazepam and its major metabolite 7-aminoflunitrazepam (7-amino-FN), in the concentration range 5-1000 ng/mL. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs), calculated by repeat injections (x10) of the lowest standard, were 1.6 and 5.4 ng/mL (flunitrazepam); 2.5 and 8.5 ng/mL (7-amino-FN), respectively. There is scope to extend this protocol to screen a large number of drugs and metabolites stored in a library database.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bill Guthery
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Application of two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with pixel-based chemometric processing for the chemical profiling of illicit drug samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
37
|
Recent developments in the application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:67-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
38
|
Cajka T, Hajslova J, Lacina O, Mastovska K, Lehotay SJ. Rapid analysis of multiple pesticide residues in fruit-based baby food using programmed temperature vaporiser injection–low-pressure gas chromatography–high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:281-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
39
|
Mondello L, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Dugo G. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2008; 27:101-124. [PMID: 18240151 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) has been on the scene for more than 15 years, it is still generally considered a relatively novel technique and is yet far from being fully established. The revolutionary aspect of GC x GC, with respect to classical multidimensional chromatography, is that the entire sample is subjected to two distinct analytical separations. The resulting enhanced separating capacity makes this approach a prime choice when GC analysts are challenged with highly complex mixtures. The combination of a third mass spectrometric dimension to a GC x GC system generates the most powerful analytical tool today for volatile and semi-volatile analytes. The present review is focused on the rather brief, but not scant, history of comprehensive two-dimensional GC-MS: the first experiments were carried out at the end of the 1990s and, since then, the methodology has been increasingly studied and applied. Almost all GC x GC-MS applications have been carried out by using either a time-of-flight or quadrupole mass analyzer; significant experiments relative to a variety of research fields, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the MS systems employed, are discussed. The principles, practical and theoretical aspects, and the most significant developments of GC x GC are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Amador-Muñoz O, Marriott PJ. Quantification in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and a model of quantification based on selected summed modulated peaks. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:323-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
41
|
Smith ML, Vorce SP, Holler JM, Shimomura E, Magluilo J, Jacobs AJ, Huestis MA. Modern instrumental methods in forensic toxicology. J Anal Toxicol 2007; 31:237-53, 8A-9A. [PMID: 17579968 PMCID: PMC2745311 DOI: 10.1093/jat/31.5.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews modern analytical instrumentation in forensic toxicology for identification and quantification of drugs and toxins in biological fluids and tissues. A brief description of the theory and inherent strengths and limitations of each methodology is included. The focus is on new technologies that address current analytical limitations. A goal of this review is to encourage innovations to improve our technological capabilities and to encourage use of these analytical techniques in forensic toxicology practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Smith
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Shawn P. Vorce
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Justin M. Holler
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Eric Shimomura
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Joe Magluilo
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Aaron J. Jacobs
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Bldg. 102, Rockville, Maryland 20850
- Army Medical Department Board, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mohler RE, Dombek KM, Hoggard JC, Young ET, Synovec RE. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of metabolites in fermenting and respiring yeast cells. Anal Chem 2007; 78:2700-9. [PMID: 16615782 PMCID: PMC2532063 DOI: 10.1021/ac052106o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with rapid chemometric analysis were used to identify chemical differences in metabolite extracts isolated from yeast cells either metabolizing glucose (repressed (R) cells) via fermentation or metabolizing ethanol by respiration (derepressed (DR) cells). Principal component analysis (PCA) followed by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) in concert with the LECO ChromaTOF software located and identified the differences in composition between the two types of cell extracts and provided a reliable ratio of the metabolite concentrations. In this report, we demonstrate the analytical method developed to provide relatively rapid analysis of three selective mass channels (m/z 73, 205, 387), although in principle all collected mass channels could be analyzed. Twenty-six metabolites that differentiate repressed cells from derepressed cells were identified. The DR/R ratio of metabolite concentrations ranged from 0.02 for glucose to 67 for trehalose. The average biological variation of the sample extracts was 31%. This analysis demonstrates the utility and benefit of using PCA combined with PARAFAC and ChromaTOF software on extremely complex samples to derive useful information from complex three-dimensional chromatographic data objectively and relatively rapidly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Mohler
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Kenneth M. Dombek
- University of Washington, Department of Biochemistry, Box 357350, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jamin C. Hoggard
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Elton T. Young
- University of Washington, Department of Biochemistry, Box 357350, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195
- *Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kallio M, Hyötyläinen T. Quantitative aspects in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1148:228-35. [PMID: 17391679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the amount of matrix compounds in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic (GC x GC) separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated. The second dimension column was overloaded by progressively increasing the matrix amount and the separation was evaluated by inspecting peak widths, asymmetries, resolution, retention times, peak areas and volumes of the target compounds. In quantitative analysis, two different calibration methods were tested for both raw sediment extracts and cleaned extracts, i.e. for extracts in which the matrix was removed by a liquid chromatographic clean-up step. The quality of the separation was not significantly disturbed in terms of peak width, asymmetry and resolution when the amount of matrix was increased. However, the depth of the valley between PAH and preceding matrix peak increased with an increase in matrix amount and the repeatabilities of retention times, peak areas and volumes decreased. In quantitative analysis, calibration by using areas had a tendency to underestimate the trace amounts of PAH, especially for the non-cleaned samples. In case of volume calibration, the most accurate results were obtained by external calibration for both cleaned and non-cleaned samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minna Kallio
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hoggard JC, Synovec RE. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of target analytes in GC x GC-TOFMS data: automated selection of a model with an appropriate number of factors. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1611-9. [PMID: 17297963 DOI: 10.1021/ac061710b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PARAFAC (parallel factor analysis) is a powerful chemometric method that has been demonstrated as a useful deconvolution technique in dealing with data obtained using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-TOFMS). However, selection of a PARAFAC model having an appropriate number of factors can be challenging, especially at low S/N or for analytes in the presence of chromatographic and spectral overlapping compounds (interferences). Herein, we present a method for the automated selection of a PARAFAC model with an appropriate number of factors in GC x GC-TOFMS data, demonstrated for a target analyte of interest. The approach taken in the methodology is as follows. PARAFAC models are automatically generated having an incrementally higher number of factors until mass spectral matching of the corresponding loadings in the model against a target analyte mass spectrum indicates overfitting has occurred. Then, the model selected simply has one less factor than the overfit model. Results indicate this model selection approach is viable across the detection range of the instrument from overloaded analyte signal down to low S/N analyte signal (total ion current signal intensity at analyte peak maximum S/N < 1). While the methodology is generally applicable to comprehensive two-dimensional separations using multichannel spectral detection, we evaluated it with several target analytes using GC x GC-TOFMS. For brevity in this report, only results for bromobenzene as target analyte are presented. Alternatively, instead of using the model with one less factor than the overfit model, one can select the model with the highest mass spectral match for the target analyte from among all the models generated (excluding the overfit model). Both model selection approaches gave essentially identical results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamin C Hoggard
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Górecki T, Panić O, Oldridge N. Recent Advances in Comprehensive Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600574762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Górecki
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Canada
| | - Ognjen Panić
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nathan Oldridge
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kochana J, Parczewski A, Wilamowski J. SPE/TLC Profiling of the Impurities of MDMA: The Influence of an Agglutinant, Diluents, and Adulterants. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600598894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Kochana
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Cracow, Poland
| | | | - J. Wilamowski
- c Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Williamson LN, Bartlett MG. Quantitative gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:664-9. [PMID: 17472219 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Time-of-flight (TOF) instruments have recently gained popularity in quantitative analyses. Normally, TOF mass spectrometers are used for accurate mass measurements for empirical formula verification. However, over the past decade, they have been used quantitatively as well. Because of the fast separations and narrow peaks that result from gas chromatography separations, scanning mass spectrometers are not ideal detectors. TOF mass spectrometers, however, have the ability to collect spectra at a faster rate. Two-dimensional gas chromatography has also been introduced to further resolve peaks from complex matrices. Two-dimensional gas chromatography results in a faster separation as well as narrower peaks. This paper reviews the methods currently in the literature for the quantitation of compounds using one- and two-dimensional gas chromatography and TOF mass spectrometry detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah N Williamson
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hogan JM, Higdon R, Kolker E. Experimental Standards for High-Throughput Proteomics. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2006; 10:152-7. [PMID: 16901220 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2006.10.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteome analysis, utilizing high-throughput proteomics approaches, involves studying proteins that a whole organism (or specific tissue or cellular compartment) expresses under certain conditions. Intrinsic difficulties of these studies, as well as the enormous volumes of data they typically produce, make the proteome analysis and interpretation very difficult. As with any high-throughput approach, proteomics experiments should be carefully designed, analyzed, and verified. In addition to computational standards,experimental standards--simple and complex mixtures of known proteins--for high-throughput proteomics have to be developed and utilized. This article discusses such experimental standards and their implementations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Hogan
- The BIATECH Institute, Bothell, Washington 98011, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Adahchour M, Beens J, Vreuls R, Brinkman U. Recent developments in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
50
|
Hope JL, Sinha AE, Prazen BJ, Synovec RE. Evaluation of the DotMap algorithm for locating analytes of interest based on mass spectral similarity in data collected using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1086:185-92. [PMID: 16130672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-TOF-MS) is a highly selective technique ideal for the analysis of complex mixtures. The instrument yields an abundance of data, with complete mass spectral scans at every time point in the GC x GC separation space. The development and application of appropriate tools for data mining is essential in making sense of the wealth of information available. An algorithm for locating analytes of interest based on mass spectral similarity in GC x GC-TOF-MS data, called DotMap, has been previously reported and is rigorously evaluated herein. A thorough investigation into the performance characteristics of DotMap, including the performance near the limit of detection and dynamic range of the algorithm as well as the capacity of the algorithm to deal with peak overlap, is investigated using jet fuel as a complex sample matrix. For instance, the algorithm can successfully identify a spiked compound at the single microg/ml level in a jet fuel sample with an overlapping interferent. The performance of the DotMap algorithm in situations with very limited mass spectral selectivity, specifically in the evaluation of spectra from isomer compounds, as well as the ability to tune DotMap results to provide the location of a specific analyte or of a class of compounds is demonstrated. The DotMap algorithm is demonstrated to be a sensitive tool that is useful in the analysis of complex mixtures and which possesses the capacity to be easily "tuned" to discern the location of analytes of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janiece L Hope
- Center for Process Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|