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Harper CE, Hudson JS, Tidwell K, Boswell R, Yong HL, Maxwell AJ. Implementation of the first comprehensive state oral fluid drug testing program for roadside screening and laboratory testing in DUID cases-A 5-year review. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:694-702. [PMID: 37526020 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral fluid (OF) is a valuable specimen for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) applications. This study demonstrates the implementation of the first comprehensive OF drug testing program in the United States, including approved roadside screening OF devices for law enforcement and validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) confirmation methods. Three roadside OF screening devices were evaluated: the Dräger DrugTest® 5000, Abbott SoToxa®, and Randox Evidence MultiSTAT™. Two qualitative LC-MS-MS confirmation methods were validated per ASB Standard 036. The first method utilized an automated dispersive pipette extraction extraction using Integra and Hamilton STARlet platforms for drugs of abuse. The second method used a liquid-liquid extraction to detect cannabinoids. The prevalence of drugs in blood and OF was monitored over 5 years of casework. Calibration curves were analyzed with each batch to monitor OF concentrations for research purposes. Three roadside OF screening devices were deemed fit for purpose. Devices demonstrated appropriate sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy above 80% for targeted drugs except for benzodiazepines (DrugTest® 5000) and amphetamine (SoToxa®). The validated LC-MS-MS OF confirmation methods met the National Safety Council-recommended cutoffs for 18/21 (86%) of the targets. Over 5 years of casework, THC and cocaine were detected at a positivity rate of 90% and 97% in OF versus 75% and 44% in blood, respectively. OF:blood ratios exceeded unity for parent drugs. Median concentrations of THC in OF and blood were 31 and 3.5 ng/mL, respectively. OF is a viable alternative or supplemental specimen for DUID investigations. Collecting OF close to the driving event increases the opportunity to identify pharmacologically active substances, and when combined with blood analysis results, an elevated OF:blood ratio provides valuable information for DUID investigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt E Harper
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
| | - Jason S Hudson
- Quest Diagnostics, 10101 Renner Blvd, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | - Kristin Tidwell
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
| | - Rebekah Boswell
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
| | - Hui Liu Yong
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
| | - Antoinette J Maxwell
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
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2
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Klima M, Auwärter V, Altenburger MJ, Neukamm MA. In vitro studies on the dependence of drug deposition in dentin on drug concentration, contact time, and the physicochemical properties of the drugs. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2675-2685. [PMID: 37587384 PMCID: PMC10474980 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical analysis of dental hard tissues can provide information on previous drug use due to the deposition of drugs into this tissue. For the interpretation of analytical results in, e.g., postmortem toxicology or regarding archeological samples, the influence of drug dosing, consumption frequency, duration of intake and type of drug on analyte concentrations in teeth has to be characterized. To approximate these correlations, in vitro models were applied to investigate the time dependency of drug deposition via and against pulp pressure (perfusion studies) and the concentration dependency of drug deposition via oral cavity (incubation study) as well as the influence of de- and remineralization (pH cycling) on the incorporation of drugs in bovine dentin pellets. Some of the drugs of abuse most relevant in forensic case work (amphetamines, opiates, cocaine and benzoylecgonine) were applied. Concentrations in dentin samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after pulverization and extraction via ultrasonication with methanol. The studies showed that drug deposition in dentin likely depends on the physicochemical properties of the drug molecules as well as on the duration of contact with drugs via the blood stream and on drug concentrations present in the oral cavity. Higher drug concentrations in teeth can result from a more frequent or longer drug use. In addition, intake of higher doses or oral/inhalative consumption can also be expected to lead to higher drug concentrations. These findings can be helpful for the interpretation of postmortem cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Klima
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology, Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus J Altenburger
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Ghorbanizamani F, Moulahoum H, Guler Celik E, Timur S. Ionic liquid-hydrogel hybrid material for enhanced electron transfer and sensitivity towards electrochemical detection of methamphetamine. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Savage T, Sanders T, Pieters R, Miles A, Barkholtz H. Suitability of SoToxa® Oral Fluid Screening Over Time: Re-examination of Drugged Driving in Wisconsin. J Anal Toxicol 2022; 46:825-834. [PMID: 35767245 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug impaired driver detection is a critical element of traffic safety. However, shifting drug use patterns over time and geography may limit long-term reliability of assay-based screening tools. In this work, we compare qualitative results from the Abbott SoToxa® oral fluid (OF) screening device to Quantisal™ OF and whole blood. Our objective was to examine these three qualitative toxicological approaches, scope applicability of OF collection at the roadside, and compare to a previous analysis of SoToxa® in Wisconsin. OF specimens were screened with the SoToxa® for six drugs or drug classes including amphetamine, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methamphetamine, opioids, and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). OF and blood specimens were collected from 106 participants. Quantisal™ OF and blood specimens were screened for drugs on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-HRMS) using a data independent acquisition mode. UPLC-QToF-HRMS data was compared to comprehensive spectral libraries and drugs were qualitatively identified. Drug Recognition Expert evaluations were performed, and face sheets submitted for 21 participants in this work. In general, the SoToxa® results were consistent with the combined qualitative results observed in Quantisal™ OF specimens and whole blood specimens. Limitations were uncovered for benzodiazepines, opioids, and THC. The SoToxa® benzodiazepine assay has high cutoff concentrations for diazepam and clonazepam, limiting its sensitivity and positive predictive value when considering these drugs. SoToxa® opioid screening did not detect fentanyl, which is increasingly prevalent among drug users. Finally, ∆9-THC and its major metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-THC are lipophilic, limiting partitioning into oral fluid. Despite these limitations, the SoToxa® instrument may be useful in assisting law enforcement with identifying individuals driving under the influence of drugs and establishing probable cause at roadside for making impaired driving arrests. Furthermore, Quantisal™ OF may be useful as screening specimens due to their ease of collection and results consistent with whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Savage
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Forensic Toxicology Section, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Therese Sanders
- Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Safety and Technical Services, Chemical Testing Section, 3502 Kinsman Boulevard, Madison, WI 53704, USA
| | - Ryan Pieters
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Forensic Toxicology Section, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Amy Miles
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Forensic Toxicology Section, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Heather Barkholtz
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Forensic Toxicology Section, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Ren J, Mao S, Lin J, Xu Y, Zhu Q, Xu N. Research Progress of Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Imaging in Pharmaceutical Analysis. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1445-1456. [PMID: 35593344 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220518145635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The analytical investigation of the pharmaceutical process monitors the critical process parameters of the drug, beginning from its development until marketing and postmarketing, and appropriate corrective action can be taken to change the pharmaceutical design at any stage of the process. Advanced analytical methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, are particularly suitable for use in the field of drug analysis, especially for qualitative and quantitative work, due to the advantages of simple sample preparation, fast, nondestructive analysis speed, and effective avoidance of moisture interference. Advanced Raman imaging techniques have gradually become a powerful alternative method for monitoring changes in polymorph distribution and active pharmaceutical ingredient distribution in drug processing and pharmacokinetics. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has also solved the inherent insensitivity and fluorescence problems of Raman, which has made good progress in the field of illegal drug analysis. This review summarizes the application of Raman spectroscopy and imaging technology, which are used in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of solid tablets, quality control of the production process, drug crystal analysis, illegal drug analysis, and monitoring of drug dissolution and release in the field of drug analysis in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Shijie Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Jidong Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
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6
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Magnesium oxide nanotube as a promising material for detection of methamphetamine drug: theoretical study. J Mol Model 2022; 28:150. [PMID: 35562620 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the negative impacts of abusing illegal drugs like methamphetamine (MAF), their detection and control are of paramount importance. Therefore, it is very critical to determine MAF in biological samples. The current research study investigated the sensing interaction of inherent and MgO nanotubes (MgONT) toward MAF via density functional theory computations. We determined that the MgONT has a sensing response of 283.31, and it remarkably improves the reactivity toward MAF. The levels of energy for the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals have changed to a great extent, thereby reducing bandgap (Eg) values which increased electrical conductivity. Furthermore, a short recovery time (~ 28.65 ms) has been anticipated for MAF desorption from the MgONT exterior. This piece of research showed that MgONT might be a possible electronic sensor and an appropriate choice to deliver MAF in biological samples.
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7
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Li X, Jiao X, Li H, Derakhshandeh M. Amphetamine Drug Detection with Inorganic MgO Nanotube Based on the DFT Calculations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3528-3539. [PMID: 34312786 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the main challenge was to focus on the detection of amphetamine (AN) using a type of magnesium oxide nanotube (MgONT) sensor through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Nowadays, due to the adverse effects of drug abuse, governments put all their efforts into detecting and managing illegal drugs such as AN. Therefore, the detection of AN in biological specimens is of great importance. In this study, through DFT calculations, the intrinsic sensing properties of MgONT were investigated for the detection of AN. We concluded that the MgONT considerably enhances the reactivity of the MgONT toward AN. Furthermore, the sensing response for the MgONT was 392.36. The results showed that there was a considerable change in the energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and there was a drop in the band gap value (Eg). This decrease in the Eg value improved the electrical conductivity. Moreover, desorption of AN from the surface of the MgONT had a slight recovery time (~ 22.89 ms). This work illustrated that MgONT could be considered a proper candidate for electronic sensing and AN drug delivery in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, Shanxi, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiao
- Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Maryam Derakhshandeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran.
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8
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Wang L, Zhi X, Ke H, Lv S, He N, Zhou H, Hao H. Global patent statistical analysis for drug testing technology. Technol Health Care 2021; 29:415-425. [PMID: 33682778 PMCID: PMC8150499 DOI: 10.3233/thc-218039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In recent decades, illicit drug testing has become a high priority area in law enforcement and forensic analysis. OBJECTIVE: Since patents are the largest source of technical information in the world, patent database analysis for illicit drug testing is extremely important to effectively promote the development and protection of the related intellectual property rights. METHODS: In the present study, we first retrieve a database of 1732 drug detection patents using keywords and logical expressions related to the title, abstract, and claims, and subsequently discuss the current global patent statistics in detail. RESULTS: The relevant patent information is presented, including patent application quantity, filing country, ownership, and technical field. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, we summarize the current development trend in drug testing and propose several suggestions focused on the bottleneck of analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, China
| | - Xu Zhi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, China
| | - Haokun Ke
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, China
| | - Sainan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, China
| | - Ning He
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Hao
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, China
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9
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El-Mageed HA, Ibrahim MA. Elucidating the adsorption and detection of amphetamine drug by pure and doped Al12N12, and Al12P12nano-cages, a DFT study. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Amador VS, Moreira JS, Augusti R, Orlando RM, Piccin E. Direct coupling of paper spray mass spectrometry and four-phase electroextraction sample preparation. Analyst 2021; 146:1057-1064. [PMID: 33331369 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01699c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel coupling between a four-phase electroextraction (EE) system and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) for the extraction, pre-concentration, and direct analysis of target compounds in different samples. The approach, EE-PS-MS, is based on the sorption of analytes directly on the tip of a triangular-shaped chromatographic paper, with subsequent prompt analysis by PS-MS. Thus, no off-line extraction step is required before the PS analysis, improving the protocol efficiency and reducing the analysis time. In addition to functioning as a porous material to absorb the target compounds, the chromatographic paper also served as the support for one of the aqueous phases of the optimized four-phase electroextraction system. Extraction conditions, such as the composition of the donor and organic phases, applied electric potential, and extraction time, were optimized. Three different applications, involving biofluid, food, and water quality analysis, were evaluated as a proof-of-concept. These applications involved the determination of (i) cocaine and lidocaine in saliva, (ii) malachite green in tap water, and (iii) bisphenol A (BPA) in red wine. When compared with direct PS-MS, the novel EE-PS-MS protocol improved the sensitivities by factors ranging from 14 to 110, depending on the analyte and the sample. The electroextraction procedures were performed on a laboratory-built 66-well plate, which offered the functionality of simultaneous sample handling and, most importantly, improved analytical throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Silva Amador
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Zheng Y, Sparve E, Sparring S, Bergström M. Detection of Drugs in Oral Fluid Samples Using a Commercially Available Collection Device: Agreement with Urine Testing and Evaluation of A and B Samples Obtained from Employees at Different Workplace Settings with Uncontrolled Sampling Procedures. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 44:1004-1011. [PMID: 32128555 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oral fluid tests to detect drugs is of growing interest in various areas, including treatment centers, roadside and workplace testing. In this study, we investigated drug detection in oral fluid samples collected using a commercially available device, Oral Eze. Drug detection in oral fluid was compared to paired urine samples, which were simultaneously collected. We also evaluated the collection device by comparing A and B oral fluid samples. Finally, we studied the stability of various drugs in samples stored for at least 1 year. The drug profile was investigated by comparing the drugs detected in oral fluid samples with paired urine samples collected in a treatment center. A total of 113 paired oral fluid and urine samples were investigated for the presence of drugs in the following groups: amphetamines, benzodiazepines, opiates and opioids, cocaine and cannabis. A and B samples were collected from different workplaces through an uncontrolled sampling procedure (n = 76). The stability of drugs in A samples was assessed after storage at -20°C for 1 year. Generally, there was a good correlation between drugs detected in oral fluid samples and urine samples. The heroin metabolite, 6-MAM, was more frequently detected in oral fluid samples than in urine samples, while cannabis was better detected in urine samples. Drugs in oral fluid samples were stable when stored at -20°C for at least 1 year. However, in many positive A and B oral fluid samples, there was significant variation in the concentrations obtained. Hence, the collection device may need to be further standardized and improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Zheng
- Clinical Chemistry, Unilabs, Mälarsjukhuset, SE-63188 Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Erik Sparve
- Clinical Chemistry, Unilabs, Mälarsjukhuset, SE-63188 Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Stefan Sparring
- Psychiatric Clinic, Mälarsjukhuset, SE-63188 Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Mats Bergström
- Clinical Chemistry, Unilabs, Mälarsjukhuset, SE-63188 Eskilstuna, Sweden
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12
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Nayini MMR, Sayadian H, Razavipour N, Rezazade M. Chemical-sensing of Amphetamine drug by inorganic AlN nano-cage: A DFT/TDDFT study. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Detection of bendamustine anti-cancer drug via AlN and Si-doped C nanocone and nanosheet sensors by DFT. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Martini MBA, Batista TBD, Henn IW, Souza PTDRD, Vieira AR, Azevedo-Alanis LR. Whether drug detection in urine and oral fluid is similar? A systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:348-358. [PMID: 32343161 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1751062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Urine has been a biological matrix of choice for drug screening, but recent advances in technology and the introduction of commercial oral fluid assays have effectively established oral fluid as a viable alternative matrix. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of oral fluid in detecting some illicit drugs compared to urine, and to compare the initial and final detection times of these drugs in both fluids. The electronic search in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science was carried out covering studies published from January 2003 and June 2019, in order to find all valid studies that detected drugs in oral fluid and urine in the same patient. Studies about illicit drugs, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, amphetamines and illicit opioids, with fluids collection at the same day, controlled drug administration during the study, reported administration interval and time of collection were favored. Out of 2598 studies identified by electronic search, 7 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. Five were clinical trials and 2 were crossover trials. In total, 74 patients aged 20-52 years underwent a diagnostic examination (4 studies with tetrahydrocannabinol, 1 with methamphetamine, and 2 with cocaine) after drug administration. Illicit drug detection in oral fluid is similar to urine but oral fluid has a strong potential for the immediate detection of recent marijuana use compared to urine. In relation to cocaine and methamphetamine, the largest drugs detection window is obtained through urine analysis. Oral fluids cannot replace urine for most of the purposes of drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Indiara Welter Henn
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Rezende Vieira
- Departments of Oral Biology and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Hayley AC, Green M, Keane M, Kostakis P, Shehabi Y, Stough CKK, Downey LA. Accuracy of the Securetec DrugWipe 6s Ketamine device in detecting acute and residual salivary ketamine following a stepwise intravenous treatment protocol. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1724248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amie C. Hayley
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Maja Green
- Bolton Clarke Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Keane
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
- Program of Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Yahya Shehabi
- Program of Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Con K. K. Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Luke A. Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Potential analytical methods for on-site oral drug test: Recent developments and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Miller GD, Van Wagoner RM, Bruno BJ, Husk JD, Fedoruk MN, Eichner D. Investigating oral fluid and exhaled breath as alternative matrices for anti-doping testing: Analysis of 521 matched samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Drug testing commonly involves serum, blood, or urine. More recently, alternative specimens for drug testing have been increasingly used for clinical and forensic toxicology. Examples include oral fluid (saliva), hair, meconium, and umbilical cord tissue. Each of these matrices has unique properties that provide advantages for certain applications. Oral fluid has easier and less invasive collection requirements than urine, the most common specimen for drug screening. Oral fluid drug testing is common in Europe and steadily gaining popularity in the United States. Hair accumulates drugs and drug metabolites and provides a much longer window of detection than blood or urine. Meconium and umbilical cord tissue each allow for assessment of prenatal drug exposure over the course of months. Limitations of these alternative matrices include need for laboratory-developed tests (exception being some oral fluid immunoassays), challenges with the specimen matrix, and incomplete understanding of drug incorporation and kinetics. This chapter briefly describes each of the above alternative specimens in terms of their utility, advantages, and limitations.
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Richter LHJ, Jacobs CM, Mahfoud F, Kindermann I, Böhm M, Meyer MR. Development and application of a LC-HRMS/MS method for analyzing antihypertensive drugs in oral fluid for monitoring drug adherence. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1070:69-79. [PMID: 31103169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonadherence to antihypertensive drugs therapy is known to be a serious issue in hypertension treatment. Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) was shown to allow the assessment of such nonadherence in blood and urine sample. However, their sampling may represent a logistical challenge and are often not favored by the patients. We questioned whether oral fluid (OF) might be an easier accessible alternative matrix for adherence monitoring of cardiovascular drugs (CD). A qualitative method for adherence monitoring of 78 commonly prescribed cardiovascular drugs in OF using LC high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS/MS) was therefore developed, validated, and used to study the presence of antihypertensive medication in OF. Selectivity, ion suppression and enhancement due coeluting analytes, carry over, limits of detection (LOD), limits of identification (LOI), recovery (RE), matrix effects (ME), and process efficiency (PE) were investigated. For demonstrating applicability, over 50 OF samples were investigated and data were compared to findings in blood and urine. Selectivity in OF was given for all compounds via their MS2 spectra and no total suppression of signals could be observed. Determined LOI in OF for ten analytes was higher than the given therapeutic plasma concentration. Furthermore, RE, ME, and PE were in acceptable ranges for more than 65% of the compounds. In total, 208 prescriptions of CD to 57 patients were analyzed and demonstrated the suitability of for adherence monitoring in principle. OF was comparable to plasma regarding the drug categories and the frequencies of hits, except for acidic compounds but more hits could be found in urine samples. A analytical method using OF as analytical matrix was successfully developed. Application showed that it might be a suitable alternative for adherence monitoring of selected drugs in the future, particularly those having no acidic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian H J Richter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Cathy M Jacobs
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Felix Mahfoud
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Kindermann
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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Reinstadler V, Lierheimer S, Boettcher M, Oberacher H. A validated workflow for drug detection in oral fluid by non-targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:867-876. [PMID: 30519959 PMCID: PMC6338695 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid is recognized as an important specimen for drug testing. Common applications are monitoring in substance abuse treatment programs, therapeutic drug monitoring, pain management, workplace drug testing, clinical toxicology, and driving under the influence of drugs (DRUID). In this study, we demonstrate that non-targeted LC-MS/MS with subsequent compound identification by tandem mass spectral library search is a valuable tool for comprehensive detection and confirmation of drugs in oral fluid samples. The workflow developed involves solid-phase extraction and chromatographic separation on reversed phase materials. Mass spectrometric detection is accomplished on a quadrupole-quadrupole-time-of-flight instrument operated with data-dependent acquisition control. The workflow was optimized for 500 μl of neat oral fluid collected with the Greiner Bio-One saliva collection system. The fitness of the developed method was tested and proven by analyzing blank and spiked samples as well as 59 authentic patient samples. We could demonstrate that compounds with logP values in the range 0.5-5.5 are efficiently detected at low nanograms per milliliter concentrations. The true positive and true negative rates of automated library search were equal or close to 100%. The beauty of the non-targeted LC-MS/MS approach is the ability to detect compounds hardly included in routinely applied targeted assays, and this was demonstrated by detecting the synthetic opioid U-47700 in two patient samples. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Reinstadler
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstr. 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Lierheimer
- MVZ Labor Dessau GmbH, Bauhüttenstr. 6, 06847, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Michael Boettcher
- MVZ Labor Dessau GmbH, Bauhüttenstr. 6, 06847, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstr. 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Qriouet Z, Qmichou Z, Bouchoutrouch N, Mahi H, Cherrah Y, Sefrioui H. Analytical Methods Used for the Detection and Quantification of Benzodiazepines. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:2035492. [PMID: 31583157 PMCID: PMC6748181 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2035492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The prescription of psychotropic drugs, especially benzodiazepines (BZDs), occupies a preponderant place in the management of mental illnesses. Indeed, the BZDs have been used in different therapeutic areas including insomnia, anxiety, seizure disorders, or general anesthesia. Unfortunately, these drugs are present in the illegal street market, leading to a lot of drug abuse amongst some addicted users, road insecurity, and suicide. Hence, it has become essential to analyze the BZDs drugs in human biological specimens for drug abuse in forensic sciences. The present review provides a summary of sample preparation techniques (solid-phase extraction and Liquid-liquid phase extraction) and the methods for the detection and quantification of BZDs molecules in the commonly used biological specimens over the ten last years which may potentially lead to better and accurate evaluation of the physiological state of a given person. The commonly used methods for the detection and quantification of BZDs include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), chromatography (GC-MS, HPLC, and TLC), immunoassay (ELISA, RIA, LFA, CEDEA, FPIA, and KIMS), and electroanalytical methods (voltammetry and potentiometry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidane Qriouet
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Moroccan Foundation for Science, Innovation & Research (MAScIR), Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V-Souissi, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zineb Qmichou
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Moroccan Foundation for Science, Innovation & Research (MAScIR), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nadia Bouchoutrouch
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Moroccan Foundation for Science, Innovation & Research (MAScIR), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Mahi
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Moroccan Foundation for Science, Innovation & Research (MAScIR), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yahia Cherrah
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V-Souissi, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Sefrioui
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Moroccan Foundation for Science, Innovation & Research (MAScIR), Rabat, Morocco
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Bakke E, Høiseth G, Arnestad M, Gjerde H. Detection of Drugs in Simultaneously Collected Samples of Oral Fluid and Blood. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:228-232. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eirin Bakke
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudrun Høiseth
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Diakonveien 12, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hallvard Gjerde
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Interpreting oral fluid drug results in prisoners: monitoring current drug intake and detection times for drugs self-administered prior to detention. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Baker NL, Gray KM, Sherman BJ, Morella K, Sahlem GL, Wagner AM, McRae-Clark AL. Biological correlates of self-reported new and continued abstinence in cannabis cessation treatment clinical trials. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 187:270-277. [PMID: 29698894 PMCID: PMC5959795 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The agreement between self-reported cannabis abstinence with urine cannabinoid concentrations in a clinical trials setting is not well characterized. We assessed the agreement between various cannabinoid cutoffs and self-reported abstinence across three clinical trials, one including contingency management for abstinence. METHODS Three cannabis cessation clinical trials where participants reported use and provided weekly urine samples for cannabis and creatinine concentration measurements were included. Bootstrapped data were assessed for agreement between self-reported 7+ day abstinence and urine cannabinoid tests using generalized linear mixed effects models for clustered binary outcomes. One study implemented contingency management for cannabis abstinence. Four hundred and seventy-three participants with 3787 valid urine specimens were included. Urine was analyzed for 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and creatinine using immunoassay methods Biological cutoffs of 50, 100, and 200 ng/ml, as well as changes in CN normalized THCCOOH (25%/50% decrease), were assessed for agreement with self-reported abstinence during the three clinical trials. RESULTS Agreement between measured THCCOOH and self-reported abstinence increases with increasing cutoff concentrations, while the agreement with self-reported non-abstinence decreases with increasing cutoff concentrations. Combining THCCOOH cutoffs with recent changes in CN-THCCOOH provides a better agreement in those self-reporting abstinence. Participants in the studies that received CM for abstinence had a lower agreement between self-reported abstinence and returned to use than those in studies that did not have a contingency management component. CONCLUSION Using combinations of biological measurements and self-reported abstinence, confirmation of study related abstinence may be verifiable earlier and with greater accuracy than relying on a single measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L. Baker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kevin M. Gray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Brian J. Sherman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kristen Morella
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Gregory L. Sahlem
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Amanda M. Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Aimee L. McRae-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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26
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Adsorption behavior of amphetamine on the inorganic BC3 nanotube and nanosheet: DFT studies. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Hayley AC, Downey LA, Hansen G, Dowell A, Savins D, Buchta R, Catubig R, Houlden R, Stough CK. Detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid, blood and urine following oral consumption of low-content THC hemp oil. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 284:101-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Jin H, Williams SZ, Chihuri ST, Li G, Chen Q. Validity of oral fluid test for Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in drivers using the 2013 National Roadside Survey Data. Inj Epidemiol 2018; 5:3. [PMID: 29457201 PMCID: PMC5817052 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-018-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Driving under the influence of marijuana is a serious traffic safety concern in the United States. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main active compound in marijuana. Although blood THC testing is a more accurate measure of THC-induced impairment, measuring THC in oral fluid is a less intrusive and less costly method of testing. Methods We examined whether the oral fluid THC test can be used as a valid alternative to the blood THC test using a sensitivity and specificity analysis and a logistic regression, and estimate the quantitative relationship between oral fluid THC concentration and blood THC concentration using a correlation analysis and a linear regression on the log-transformed THC concentrations. We used data from 4596 drivers who participated in the 2013 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers and for whom THC testing results from both oral fluid and whole blood samples were available. Results Overall, 8.9% and 9.4% of the participants tested positive for THC in oral fluid and whole blood samples, respectively. Using blood test as the reference criterion, oral fluid test for THC positivity showed a sensitivity of 79.4% (95% CI: 75.2%, 83.1%) and a specificity of 98.3% (95% CI: 97.9%, 98.7%). The log-transformed oral fluid THC concentration accounted for about 29% of the variation in the log-transformed blood THC concentration. That is, there is still 71% of the variation in the log-transformed blood THC concentration unexplained by the log-transformed oral fluid THC concentration. Back-transforming to the original scale, we estimated that each 10% increase in the oral fluid THC concentration was associated with a 2.4% (95% CI: 2.1%, 2.8%) increase in the blood THC concentration. Conclusions The oral fluid test is a highly valid method for detecting the presence of THC in the blood but cannot be used to accurately measure the blood THC concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sharifa Z Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stanford T Chihuri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Qixuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Zheng Y, Sparve E, Bergström M. A simple validated multi-analyte method for detecting drugs in oral fluid by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:1001-1008. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Drug Abuse; Unilabs AB; Eskilstuna Sweden
| | - Erik Sparve
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Drug Abuse; Unilabs AB; Eskilstuna Sweden
| | - Mats Bergström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Drug Abuse; Unilabs AB; Eskilstuna Sweden
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Griffiths A, Leonars R, Hadley L, Stephenson M, Teale R. Smoke on the water-Oral fluid analysis at sea. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:361-366. [PMID: 28802951 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study outlines the operational challenges and findings of an illicit drug oral fluid testing program carried out on the skippers (those in charge) of water vessels in Queensland, Australia. Between 2010 and 2016, 953 tests of skippers were conducted on water (waterside) for three proscribed illicit drugs; delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), methylamphetamine (MA) and 3,4-methylendioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). 126 (13%) of the skippers tested returned an on-site positive during waterside testing, 125 were confirmed positive for one or more illicit drug by subsequent laboratory analysis, whilst one skipper did not provide an oral fluid sample for confirmatory analysis. The skippers were entirely male (100%) with an average age of 39 years (range 17-59). THC was by far the most common drug detected (91%); MA was detected in 22% of skippers and a combination or THC and MA in 14% of specimens. MDMA was identified only once during the study, this being in combination with THC. As a single waterside operation can take more than a week, operational pre-planning becomes essential. Aspects of the operation such as, weather, shift times, food, testing consumables, sleeping quarters, hygiene, liaison between different agencies and multiple other factors need to be taken into account prior to commencement. A waterside operation must be mobile and, in Queensland at least, able to cover a large area of water. There is also a much lower volume of vessels likely to be encountered at sea compared to a roadside operation targeting motor vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Griffiths
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Department of Health, 39 Kessels Road Coopers Plains, Queensland, 4120, Australia
| | - Richard Leonars
- Roadside Drug Testing Unit, Road Policing Command, Queensland Police Service, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lenore Hadley
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Department of Health, 39 Kessels Road Coopers Plains, Queensland, 4120, Australia
| | - Mark Stephenson
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Department of Health, 39 Kessels Road Coopers Plains, Queensland, 4120, Australia.
| | - Richard Teale
- Roadside Drug Testing Unit, Road Policing Command, Queensland Police Service, Queensland, Australia
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Fiorentin TR, D'Avila FB, Comiran E, Zamboni A, Scherer JN, Pechansky F, Borges PEM, Fröehlich PE, Limberger RP. Simultaneous determination of cocaine/crack and its metabolites in oral fluid, urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application in drug users. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 86:60-66. [PMID: 28395991 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A single LC-MS equipment was used to validate three methods for simultaneously analyzing cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BZE), cocaethylene (CE), anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME) and anhydroecgonine (AEC) in oral fluid (OF), urine and plasma. METHODS The methods were carried out using a Kinetex HILIC column for polar compounds at 30°C. Mobile phase with isocratic condition of acetonitrile: 13mM ammonium acetate pH 6.0: methanol (55:35:10 v/v/v) at 0.8mL/min flow rate was used. RESULTS After buffer dilution (OF) and protein precipitation (urine and plasma), calibration curve ranges were 4.25-544ng/mL for oral fluid and 5-320ng/mL for urine and plasma with correlation coefficients (r) between 0.9947 and 0.9992. The lowest concentration of the calibration curves were the lower limit of quantification. No major matrix effect could be noted, demonstrating the efficiency of the cleaning procedure. DISCUSSION The methods were fully validated and proved to be suitable for analysis of 124 cocaine and/or crack cocaine users. Among the subjects, 56.5% reported daily use of cocaine in the previous three months. Results show a high prevalence of the analytes, with BZE as the most prevalent (94 cases), followed by COC (93 cases), AEC (70 cases), CE (33 cases) and AEME (13 cases). In addition, the concentration of BZE in urine was higher compared to OF and plasma found in the real samples, showing the facility of accumulation in chronic users in matrices with a large detection window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Regina Fiorentin
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Bianchini D'Avila
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Comiran
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Zamboni
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nichterwitz Scherer
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs - HCPA/SENAD, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs - HCPA/SENAD, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Mayorga Borges
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, State Foundation for Production and Research in Health, Av. Ipiranga, 5400, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Eduardo Fröehlich
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Doyon A, Paradis-Tanguay L, Crispino F, Lajeunesse A. Les analyses médico-légales de salives: expertise vis-à-vis l'analyse des drogues. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1303254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Doyon
- Département de Chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, G9A 5H7
| | - Laurence Paradis-Tanguay
- Département de Chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, G9A 5H7
| | - Frank Crispino
- Département de Chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, G9A 5H7
- Laboratoire de recherche en criminalistique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières,
| | - André Lajeunesse
- Département de Chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, G9A 5H7
- Laboratoire de recherche en criminalistique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières,
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Newmeyer MN, Swortwood MJ, Andersson M, Abulseoud OA, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA. Cannabis Edibles: Blood and Oral Fluid Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics and Evaluation of Oral Fluid Screening Devices for Predicting Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Blood and Oral Fluid following Cannabis Brownie Administration. Clin Chem 2017; 63:647-662. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.265371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Roadside oral fluid (OF) Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) detection indicates recent cannabis intake. OF and blood THC pharmacokinetic data are limited and there are no on-site OF screening performance evaluations after controlled edible cannabis.
CONTENT
We reviewed OF and blood cannabinoid pharmacokinetics and performance evaluations of the Draeger DrugTest®5000 (DT5000) and Alere™ DDS®2 (DDS2) on-site OF screening devices. We also present data from a controlled oral cannabis administration session.
SUMMARY
OF THC maximum concentrations (Cmax) were similar in frequent as compared to occasional smokers, while blood THC Cmax were higher in frequent [mean (range) 17.7 (8.0–36.1) μg/L] smokers compared to occasional [8.2 (3.2–14.3) μg/L] smokers. Minor cannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin and cannabigerol were never detected in blood, and not in OF by 5 or 8 h, respectively, with 0.3 μg/L cutoffs. Recommended performance (analytical sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency) criteria for screening devices of ≥80% are difficult to meet when maximizing true positive (TP) results with confirmation cutoffs below the screening cutoff. TPs were greatest with OF confirmation cutoffs of THC ≥1 and ≥2 μg/L, but analytical sensitivities were <80% due to false negative tests arising from confirmation cutoffs below the DT5000 and DDS2 screening cutoffs; all criteria were >80% with an OF THC ≥5 μg/L cutoff. Performance criteria also were >80% with a blood THC ≥5 μg/L confirmation cutoff; however, positive OF screening results might not confirm due to the time required to collect blood after a crash or police stop. OF confirmation is recommended for roadside OF screening.
ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT02177513
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
- Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | - Madeleine J Swortwood
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX
| | - Maria Andersson
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Elmongy H, Abdel-Rehim M. Saliva as an alternative specimen to plasma for drug bioanalysis: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Stoykova S, Kanev K, Pantcheva I, Atanasov V. Isolation and Characterization of Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid by a Novel Preconcentration Protocol. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1155594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Detection Times of Diazepam, Clonazepam, and Alprazolam in Oral Fluid Collected From Patients Admitted to Detoxification, After High and Repeated Drug Intake. Ther Drug Monit 2016; 37:451-60. [PMID: 25549207 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonazepam, diazepam, and alprazolam are benzodiazepines with sedative, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic effects, but their prevalence in drug abuse and drug overdoses has long been recognized. When detection times for psychoactive drugs in oral fluid are reported, they are most often based on therapeutic doses administered in clinical studies. Repeated ingestions of high doses, as seen after drug abuse, are however likely to cause positive samples for extended time periods. Findings of drugs of abuse in oral fluid collected from imprisoned persons might lead to negative sanctions, and the knowledge of detection times of these drugs is thus important to ensure correct interpretation. The aim of this study was to investigate the time window of detection for diazepam, clonazepam, and alprazolam in oral fluid from drug addicts admitted to detoxification. METHODS Twenty-five patients with a history of heavy drug abuse admitted to a detoxification ward were included. Oral fluid was collected daily in the morning and the evening and urine samples every morning for 10 days, using the Intercept device. Whole blood samples were collected if the patient accepted. The cutoff levels in oral fluid were 1.3 ng/mL for diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, and 7-aminoclonazepam and 1 ng/mL for clonazepam and alprazolam. In urine, the cutoff levels for quantifications were 30 ng/mL for alprazolam, alpha-OH-alprazolam, and 7-aminoclonazepam, 135 ng/mL for N-desmethyldizepam, and 150 ng/mL for 3-OH-diazepam and for all the compounds, the cutoff for the screening analyses were 200 ng/mL. RESULTS The maximum detection times for diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in oral fluid were 7 and 9 days, respectively. For clonazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam, the maximum detection times in oral fluid were 5 and 6 days, respectively. The maximum detection time for alprazolam in oral fluid was 2.5 days. New ingestions were not suspected in any of the cases, because the corresponding concentrations in urine were decreasing. Results from blood samples revealed that high doses of benzodiazepines had been ingested before admission, and explains the longer detection times in oral fluids than reported previously after intake of therapeutic doses of these drugs. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that oral fluid might be a viable alternative medium to urine when the abuse of benzodiazepines is suspected.
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Assessing cocaine abuse using LC-MS/MS measurements in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1497-525. [PMID: 26168256 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is still a problem in today's world, and this has several implications on human activities. Indeed, important problems related to cocaine derive from its use in situations where concentration and focus skills are necessary, namely while driving and/or working. The need of analytical methods for drug analysis in specimens of biological origin for proper documentation of human exposure is increasing. While GC-MS-based procedures represented the state-of-the-art of analytical techniques a few years ago, there is a growing trend for their replacement by LC-MS/MS, which can be justified by the increased sensitivity presented by these new technologies. This paper will review recently published papers on the use of LC-MS/MS-based procedures for cocaine measurement in biological specimens.
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Lorenzetti V, Solowij N, Yücel M. The Role of Cannabinoids in Neuroanatomic Alterations in Cannabis Users. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:e17-31. [PMID: 26858212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The past few decades have seen a marked change in the composition of commonly smoked cannabis. These changes primarily involve an increase of the psychoactive compound ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and a decrease of the potentially therapeutic compound cannabidiol (CBD). This altered composition of cannabis may be linked to persistent neuroanatomic alterations typically seen in regular cannabis users. In this review, we summarize recent findings from human structural neuroimaging investigations. We examine whether neuroanatomic alterations are 1) consistently observed in samples of regular cannabis users, particularly in cannabinoid receptor-high areas, which are vulnerable to the effects of high circulating levels of THC, and 2) associated either with greater levels of cannabis use (e.g., higher dosage, longer duration, and earlier age of onset) or with distinct cannabinoid compounds (i.e., THC and CBD). Across the 31 studies selected for inclusion in this review, neuroanatomic alterations emerged across regions that are high in cannabinoid receptors (i.e., hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, cerebellum). Greater dose and earlier age of onset were associated with these alterations. Preliminary evidence shows that THC exacerbates, whereas CBD protects from, such harmful effects. Methodologic differences in the quantification of levels of cannabis use prevent accurate assessment of cannabis exposure and direct comparison of findings across studies. Consequently, the field lacks large "consortium-style" data sets that can be used to develop reliable neurobiological models of cannabis-related harm, recovery, and protection. To move the field forward, we encourage a coordinated approach and suggest the urgent development of consensus-based guidelines to accurately and comprehensively quantify cannabis use and exposure in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lorenzetti
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne.
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Vindenes V, Strand DH, Koksæter P, Gjerde H. Detection of Nitrobenzodiazepines and Their 7-Amino Metabolites in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:310-2. [PMID: 27013620 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonazepam, nitrazepam and flunitrazepam are frequently used benzodiazepines, both as prescribed medication and as drugs of abuse. Little is, however, known about how these drugs are excreted in oral fluid. It has been claimed that the parent drugs are more likely to be detected in oral fluid than the 7-amino metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the parent drugs or the 7-amino metabolites of the nitrobenzodiazepines were most frequently detected in authentic oral fluid samples. Oral fluid samples were collected from patients undergoing opioid maintenance treatment. Cases where clonazepam, nitrazepam, flunitrazepam and/or their metabolites were detected were included. The samples were collected using the Intercept Oral Specimen Collection Device. A cutoff concentration of 1 nM (∼0.3 ng/mL) in oral fluid-buffer mixture was applied for all the substances. A total of 1,001 oral fluid samples were positive for clonazepam and/or 7-aminoclonazepam; both substances were detected in 707 samples, only the parent drug in 64 cases and only the metabolite in 230 cases. For nitrazepam, both substances were detected in 139 samples; only the parent drug in 16 cases and only the metabolite in 56 cases. Flunitrazepam only was not detected in any sample; both substances were detected in one of these cases, and only the metabolite in three cases. This study revealed that 7-amino metabolites were more likely to be detected in oral fluid than the parent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Vindenes
- Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, PO Box 1039, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Helge Strand
- Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul Koksæter
- Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hallvard Gjerde
- Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
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Di Rago M, Chu M, Rodda LN, Jenkins E, Kotsos A, Gerostamoulos D. Ultra-rapid targeted analysis of 40 drugs of abuse in oral fluid by LC-MS/MS using carbon-13 isotopes of methamphetamine and MDMA to reduce detector saturation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3737-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ellefsen KN, Concheiro M, Pirard S, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine oral fluid on-site screening and confirmation. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:296-303. [PMID: 26968560 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Accurate on-site devices to screen for drug intake are critical for establishing whether an individual is driving under the influence of drugs (DUID); however, on-site oral fluid (OF) cocaine device performance is variable. We evaluated the performance of a newly developed benzoylecgonine (BE) test-strip for the Draeger® DrugTest 5000 device (20 µg/L cut-off) with equivalent cross reactivity for cocaine and BE. Ten cocaine users provided OF, collected with the Draeger cassette and Oral-Eze® and StatSure Saliva Sampler(TM) devices, up to 69 h following 25 mg intravenous cocaine administration. All screening results were confirmed by a validated two-dimensional-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D-GC-MS) method for cocaine and/or BE. Cocaine test-strip median Tlast for screening only results was 6.5 h, and 6.5 h with Oral-Eze® and 4 h for StatSure OF confirmation for cocaine and/or BE at 1, 8, and 10 µg/L; sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency ranged from 85.5 to 100% and 83.3 to 100% for cocaine only confirmation at 8 and 10 µg/L. For the BE test-strip, median Tlast was 12.5 h for screening only and confirmation for cocaine and/or BE at all three cut-offs; sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency ranged from 85.5 to 97.5% and 78.4 to 97.4% with cocaine and/or BE confirmation at 8 and 10 µg/L cut-offs, respectively. The Draeger cocaine test-strip with cocaine only confirmation offers a useful option for monitoring the acute intoxication phase of DUID; additionally the BE test-strip with cocaine and/or BE confirmation increases the length of detection of cocaine intake for workplace drug testing, drug court, parole, pain management, drug treatment programs and both the acute cocaine intoxication and cocaine crash/fatigue phase of DUID. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla N Ellefsen
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marta Concheiro
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandrine Pirard
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Gorelick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Dana K, Shende C, Huang H, Farquharson S. Rapid Analysis of Cocaine in Saliva by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL & BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 2016; 6:1-5. [PMID: 26819811 PMCID: PMC4725314 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increases in illicit drug use and the number of emergency-room visits attributable to drug misuse or abuse highlight the need for an efficient, reliable method to detect drugs in patients in order to provide rapid and appropriate care. A surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based method was successfully developed to rapidly measure cocaine in saliva at clinical concentrations, as low as 25 ng/mL. Pretreatment steps comprising chemical separation, physical separation, and solid-phase extraction were investigated to recover the analyte drug from the saliva matrix. Samples were analyzed using Fourier-transform (FT) and dispersive Raman systems, and statistical analysis of the results shows that the method is both reliable and accurate, and could be used to quantify unknown samples. The procedure requires minimal space and equipment and can be completed in less than 16 minutes. Finally, due to the inclusion of a buffer solution and the use of multiple robust pretreatment steps, with minimal further development this method could also be applied to other drugs of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Dana
- Real-Time Analyzers Inc., 362 Industrial Park Road, Unit 8, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Chetan Shende
- Real-Time Analyzers Inc., 362 Industrial Park Road, Unit 8, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Hermes Huang
- Real-Time Analyzers Inc., 362 Industrial Park Road, Unit 8, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Stuart Farquharson
- Real-Time Analyzers Inc., 362 Industrial Park Road, Unit 8, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
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Gjerde H, Langel K, Favretto D, Verstraete AG. Detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid from drivers as biomarker for drugs in blood. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 256:42-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stoykova S, Atanasov V, Pantcheva I. Determination of some biochemical parameters in oral fluid and evaluation of their stability under different storage conditions. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yang T, Guo X, Wang H, Fu S, wen Y, Yang H. Magnetically optimized SERS assay for rapid detection of trace drug-related biomarkers in saliva and fingerprints. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:350-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled vaporizer administration with and without alcohol. Forensic Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-015-0269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Andås HT, Krabseth HM, Enger A, Marcussen BN, Haneborg AM, Christophersen AS, Vindenes V, Øiestad EL. Detection Time for THC in Oral Fluid After Frequent Cannabis Smoking. Ther Drug Monit 2014; 36:808-14. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Spinner J, Klima M, Kempf J, Huppertz LM, Auwärter V, Altenburger MJ, Neukamm MA. Determination of drugs of abuse in bovine dentin using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:1306-1313. [PMID: 25476949 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drugs deposited in human teeth are well preserved; the spectrum of toxicological investigations may therefore be supplemented by an analysis method for drugs in teeth. A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry assay for the detection and quantification of basic drugs of abuse in bovine dentin samples was developed and validated. The drugs and metabolites amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethylamphetamine, methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, codeine, morphine, cocaine and benzoylecgonine were extracted from 50 mg ground dentin powder by ultrasonication for 60 min in methanol 3 times. The extracts were analyzed on a triple-quadrupole mass-spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated and proved to be accurate, precise, selective, specific and stable with good linearity within the calibration range and a lower limit of quantification of 10 to 20 pg/mg. To artificially load bovine dentin samples with drugs, the natural process of de- and remineralization in the oral cavity was mimicked by a pH-cycling experiment. The artificially drug-loaded dentin samples showed drug concentrations of 20 to 80 pg/mg. The method can be applied in further in vitro experiments as well as in post-mortem cases, especially where limited sample tissue is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spinner
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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