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Tomassini L, Lancia M, Scendoni R, Manta AM, Fruttini D, Terribile E, Gambelunghe C. Dating Skin Lesions of Forensic Interest by Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence Techniques: A Scoping Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:168. [PMID: 38248045 PMCID: PMC10814027 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Wound age estimation is a significant issue in forensic pathology. Although various methods have been evaluated, no gold standard system or model has been proposed, and accurate injury time estimation is still challenging. The distinction between vital skin wounds-i.e., ante-mortem lesions-and skin alterations that occur after death is a crucial goal in forensic pathology. Once the vitality of the wound has been confirmed, the assessment of the post-trauma interval (PTI) is also fundamental in establishing the causal relationship between the traumatic event and death. The most frequently used techniques in research studies are biochemistry, molecular biology, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Biochemical methods take advantage of the chemical and physical techniques. A systematic literature search of studies started on 18 February 2023. The search was conducted in the main databases for biomedical literature, i.e., PubMed and Scopus, for papers published between 1973 and 2022, focusing on different techniques of immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence (IF) for estimating the PTI of skin wounds. The present study involves a comprehensive and structured analysis of the existing literature to provide a detailed and comprehensive overview of the different IHC techniques used to date skin lesions, synthesize the available evidence, critically evaluate the methodologies, and eventually draw meaningful conclusions about the reliability and effectiveness of the different markers that have been discovered and used in wound age estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tomassini
- International School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Lancia
- Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.L.); (E.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Roberto Scendoni
- Department of Law, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Manta
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniela Fruttini
- Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Erika Terribile
- Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.L.); (E.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Cristiana Gambelunghe
- Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.L.); (E.T.); (C.G.)
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Pennisi G, Torrisi M, Cocimano G, Esposito M, Salerno M, Sessa F. Vitality markers in forensic investigations: a literature review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2023; 19:103-116. [PMID: 36331706 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Determining whether an injury was sustained in life or not is one of the most important topics in forensic medicine. Morphological, cytological, and biological techniques are used to assess wound vitality. Several markers involved in vital and supravital reactions increase the accuracy of wound age estimation. This systematic review aimed to investigate the main vitality markers used in forensic medicine to date. This review was conducted by performing a systematic literature search on online resources (PubMed Central database and Google Scholar) until May 2022. We identified 46 articles published between 1987 and May 2022, analyzing a total of 53 markers. Based on the data of this review, the most studied vitality markers were adhesion molecules (fibronectin, p-selectin, CD 15), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), cathepsin D, tryptase, and microRNAs (miRNAs). The most interesting studies were based on animal models: the different markers were investigated through immunohistochemical and qRT-PCR methods. The experimental methods were usually based on skin incisions, ligature marks, and burned skin areas. To date, it has not been possible to identify any gold standard markers based on the criteria of efficacy, specificity, and reliability; however, studies are still in progress. In the future, the use of miRNAs is promising as well as the combination of multiple markers. In this way, it will be possible to increase the sensitivity and specificity to validate systems or models for determining wound vitality in forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Pennisi
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania - A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - San Marco" via S. Sofia, 87 - Sector 10, Building B, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Torrisi
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania - A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - San Marco" via S. Sofia, 87 - Sector 10, Building B, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cocimano
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania - A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - San Marco" via S. Sofia, 87 - Sector 10, Building B, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania - A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - San Marco" via S. Sofia, 87 - Sector 10, Building B, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania - A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - San Marco" via S. Sofia, 87 - Sector 10, Building B, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania - A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico - San Marco" via S. Sofia, 87 - Sector 10, Building B, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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3
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Lotfy MA, Ayaad MG. Efficacy of dexmedetomidine-based opioid-free anesthesia on the control of surgery-induced inflammatory response and outcomes in patients undergoing open abdominal hysterectomy. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/11101849.2022.2118412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Lotfy
- Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G Ayaad
- Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Stone TW, Clanchy FIL, Huang YS, Chiang NY, Darlington LG, Williams RO. An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1002004. [PMID: 36507331 PMCID: PMC9729788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the molecular families closely associated with mediating communication between the brain and immune system are cytokines and the kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan. Both groups regulate neuron and glial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukocyte function in the immune system, although neither group alone completely explains neuroimmune function, disease occurrence or severity. This essay suggests that the two families perform complementary functions generating an integrated network. The kynurenine pathway determines overall neuronal excitability and plasticity by modulating glutamate receptors and GPR35 activity across the CNS, and regulates general features of immune cell status, surveillance and tolerance which often involves the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Equally, cytokines and chemokines define and regulate specific populations of neurons, glia or immune system leukocytes, generating more specific responses within restricted CNS regions or leukocyte populations. In addition, as there is a much larger variety of these compounds, their homing properties enable the superimposition of dynamic variations of cell activity upon local, spatially limited, cell populations. This would in principle allow the targeting of potential treatments to restricted regions of the CNS. The proposed synergistic interface of 'tonic' kynurenine pathway affecting baseline activity and the superimposed 'phasic' cytokine system would constitute an integrated network explaining some features of neuroimmune communication. The concept would broaden the scope for the development of new treatments for disorders involving both the CNS and immune systems, with safer and more effective agents targeted to specific CNS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W. Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Trevor W. Stone,
| | - Felix I. L. Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nien-Yi Chiang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Gail Darlington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ashtead Hospital, Ashtead, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Maiese A, Manetti AC, Iacoponi N, Mezzetti E, Turillazzi E, Di Paolo M, La Russa R, Frati P, Fineschi V. State-of-the-Art on Wound Vitality Evaluation: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6881. [PMID: 35805886 PMCID: PMC9266385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitality demonstration refers to determining if an injury has been caused ante- or post-mortem, while wound age means to evaluate how long a subject has survived after the infliction of an injury. Histology alone is not enough to prove the vitality of a lesion. Recently, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology have been introduced in the field of lesions vitality and age demonstration. The study was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review (PRISMA) protocol. The search terms were "wound", "lesion", "vitality", "evaluation", "immunohistochemistry", "proteins", "electrolytes", "mRNAs", and "miRNAs" in the title, abstract, and keywords. This evaluation left 137 scientific papers. This review aimed to collect all the knowledge on vital wound demonstration and provide a temporal distribution of the methods currently available, in order to determine the age of lesions, thus helping forensic pathologists in finding a way through the tangled jungle of wound vitality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Maiese
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Alice Chiara Manetti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Naomi Iacoponi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Eleonora Mezzetti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Marco Di Paolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.M.); (N.I.); (E.M.); (E.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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Cytokines as new biomarkers of skin wound vitality. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2537-2545. [PMID: 34313846 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of skin wound vitality is currently based on standard histology, but histological findings lack sensitivity in case of a short survival time. New reliable biomarkers of vitality are therefore strongly needed. We assessed the ability of 10 candidate cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α) to discriminate between vital and early post-mortem wounds. METHODS Twenty-four cadavers with a recent open skin wound (< 3 h) were included (20 men, 4 women, mean age = 51.0 ± 24.3 years). An early post-mortem wound was performed in an uninjured skin area, and both wounds were sampled at the autopsy (post-mortem interval (PMI) = 66.3 ± 28.3 h). Needle-puncture sites related to resuscitation cares were included as very early post-mortem wounds (n = 6). In addition to standard histology, cytokines levels were simultaneously measured in each sample using a multiplex sandwich immunoassay, then normalized on healthy skin levels. A quantitative evaluation of IL-8-positive cells in ante- and post-mortem wound samples was also performed. RESULTS In the training set of samples (n = 72), cytokine levels were significantly higher in vital wounds (mean age = 47 ± 53 min) than in post-mortem wounds (mean PMI = 6.9 ± 9.0 h) (p < 0.2), except for two cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2). IL-8 was the best discriminatory cytokine (Se = 54%, Sp = 100%, AUC = 0.79), while a multivariate model combining IL-4 and IL12p70 was a bit more discriminant (Se = 55%, Sp = 100%, AUC = 0.84). In the validation set (n = 72), the discriminatory power of the cytokines and the predictive model was slightly lower, with IL-8 remaining the best cytokine (Se = 46%, Sp = 96%, AUC = 0.75). The predictive model remained highly specific (Sp = 100%). Both the cytokines and the predictive model allowed the iatrogenic injuries to be correctly classified as post-mortem wounds. Standard histology and immunohistochemistry showed 21% sensitivity and a specificity of 79% and 100%, respectively. Only two iatrogenic wounds could be properly categorized histologically. CONCLUSION This study suggests that cytokines could be useful biomarkers of skin wound vitality and that the immunoassay method could be more sensitive than immunohistochemistry to identify wounds with a short survival time. Further research is underway to confirm these preliminary data.
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Celecoxib alleviates pathological cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis via M1-like macrophage infiltration in neonatal mice. iScience 2021; 24:102233. [PMID: 33748715 PMCID: PMC7967012 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response to all forms of heart disease, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, and cardiomyopathy. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression results in inflammatory response, cardiac cell apoptosis, and hypertrophy in adult heart after injury. However, immune response-mediated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis have not been well documented in injured neonatal heart. This study showed that cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are significantly attenuated in celecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor)-treated P8 ICR mice after cryoinjury. Molecular and cellular profiling of immune response shows that celecoxib inhibits the production of cytokines and the expression of adhesion molecular genes, increases the recruitment of M1-like macrophage at wound site, and alleviates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Furthermore, celecoxib administration improves cardiac function at 4 weeks after injury. These results demonstrate that COX-2 inhibition promotes the recruitment of M1-like macrophages during early wound healing, which may contribute to the suppression of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis after injury. Cryoinjury successfully induces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in P8 ICR mice COX-2 inhibition alleviates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis after cryoinjury MCP-1 significantly increases in COX-2 inhibition COX-2 inhibition improves cardiac repair in P8 ICR mice by recruiting M1-like macrophages
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Mo Y, Sarojini H, Wan R, Zhang Q, Wang J, Eichenberger S, Kotwal GJ, Chien S. Intracellular ATP Delivery Causes Rapid Tissue Regeneration via Upregulation of Cytokines, Chemokines, and Stem Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1502. [PMID: 32009945 PMCID: PMC6976531 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported accelerated wound healing induced by intracellular ATP delivery in rabbits, through early massive accumulation, in situ proliferation, and M2 polarization of macrophages. Granulation tissue started to grow within first 24 h of treatment and continued the growth till the wound cavity is completely covered. However, the mechanisms underlying this macrophage response are totally unclear because no one has ever reported this before. In this study, we performed a preliminary exploration of the possible mechanisms by focusing on the roles of cytokines, growth factors, and stem cells in this process. Among the 33 adult rabbits, 18 were used for cytokine measurements and the remaining were used for histological and immunohistochemical studies. Four wounds were created on the ventral side of each ear. Two wounds on one side were treated with ATP-vesicles (10 mM ATP), and the other two were treated with controls (normal saline or Regranex). Dressing changes were made daily and the rabbits were sacrificed at 5 h, 12 h, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 15, and 26 days after wounding. Tissue samples were analyzed for cytokines and growth factors using real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The control wounds showed an immediate increase in proinflammatory cytokines after wound creation but no further increase after this initial spike. The growth factor levels in the control wounds remained unchanged throughout the study. Conversely, the wounds treated with ATP-vesicles showed significantly higher expression of MCP-1 and stem cell markers (CD44, CD106, CD146, and CD34) at day 1, significantly higher IL-1β and TNF-α expression from day 1–4, and significantly higher VEGF-A, VEGF-D, and VEGFR-2 expression from day 4–6 when compared to the controls. The significant upregulation of these factors corresponded to the very early and rapid macrophage accumulation, in situ proliferation, and M2 polarization, resulting in unprecedented rapid granulation tissue generation due to direct macrophage collagen production and neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Mo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Harshini Sarojini
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Rong Wan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Qunwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jianpu Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Sarah Eichenberger
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | | | - Sufan Chien
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Noveratech LLC, Louisville, KY, United States
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Neri M, Fabbri M, D'Errico S, Di Paolo M, Frati P, Gaudio RM, La Russa R, Maiese A, Marti M, Pinchi E, Turillazzi E, Fineschi V. Regulation of miRNAs as new tool for cutaneous vitality lesions demonstration in ligature marks in deaths by hanging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20011. [PMID: 31882882 PMCID: PMC6934656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate that the application of miRNA expression in forensic pathology, in cases of hanging, applying the method on skin samples. The proposed investigative protocol allowed us to highlight a different miRNA expression in the skin ligature marks of subjects who died by hanging compared to healthy skin control samples. The results obtained showed an increase in the expression of miRNAs recognized as regulators of the inflammatory response in skin lesions such as miR125a-5p and miR125b-5p. Furthermore, overexpression of additional miRNAs - miR214a-3p, miR128-3p, miR130a-3p, and miR92a-3p - with anti-inflammatory activity was highlighted. It was possible to document a statistical significance to control skin samples only for miR103a-3p (p < 0.05), miR214-3p and miR92a-3p (p < 0.01) The upregulation of miR222-3p and miR150-5p, respectively related to mast-cell activation and neutrophils after the application of traumatic stimuli supports the immunohistochemical data showed in literature. The diagnostic accuracy of miRNAs could expand the range of diagnostic tools available in the assessment of the vitality of a lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Neri
- Department of Morphology, Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Fabbri
- Department of Morphology, Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Errico
- Department of Legal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant'Andrea, via di Grottarossa, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Paolo
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Gaudio
- Department of Morphology, Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Aniello Maiese
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Morphology, Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrica Pinchi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
- IRCSS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Pozzilli, Italy.
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Courts C, Pfaffl MW, Sauer E, Parson W. Pleading for adherence to the MIQE-Guidelines when reporting quantitative PCR data in forensic genetic research. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 42:e21-e24. [PMID: 31270013 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Courts
- University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Technical University of Munich, Animal Physiology and Immunology, Freising, Germany
| | - Eva Sauer
- State Office of Criminal Investigation of Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walther Parson
- Innsbruck Medical University, Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria; Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Ye MY, Xu D, Liu JC, Lyu HP, Xue Y, He JT, Huang HY, Zhang KK, Xie XL, Wang Q. IL-6 and IL-20 as potential markers for vitality of skin contusion. J Forensic Leg Med 2018; 59:8-12. [PMID: 30059828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The detection of vitality of wounds is very important in forensic practice. This study is performed using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in both mouse and human skin wounds for the application of IL-6 and IL-20 in order to differentiate intravital wounds from postmortem wounds. RT-qPCR analysis of contused mouse skin showed that increased IL-6 and IL-20 mRNA levels were found in comparison to intact skin tissues. The increased mRNA expressions of IL-6 and IL-20 were observed until 72 h after death in contused mouse skin, whereas there were no marked changes in these two cytokines in the postmortem contusion group. The alterations of IL-6 and IL-20 can also be detected in human skin wound samples. These finding suggest that mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-20 might be used as potential markers for vital reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Ye
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Xu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Cen Liu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Pin Lyu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Xue
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Tao He
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yan Huang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Kai Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Krüger J, Schleinitz D. Genetic Fingerprinting Using Microsatellite Markers in a Multiplex PCR Reaction: A Compilation of Methodological Approaches from Primer Design to Detection Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1492:1-15. [PMID: 27822853 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6442-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellites are polymorphic DNA loci comprising repeated sequence motifs of two to five base pairs which are dispersed throughout the genome. Genotyping of microsatellites is a widely accepted tool for diagnostic and research purposes such as forensic investigations and parentage testing, but also in clinics (e.g. monitoring of bone marrow transplantation), as well as for the agriculture and food industries. The co-amplification of several short tandem repeat (STR) systems in a multiplex reaction with simultaneous detection helps to obtain more information from a DNA sample where its availability may be limited. Here, we introduce and describe this commonly used genotyping technique, providing an overview on available resources on STRs, multiplex design, and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Krüger
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorit Schleinitz
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Vitali M, Conte S, Lessard M, Deschêne K, Benoit-Biancamano M, Celeste C, Martelli G, Sardi L, Guay F, Faucitano L. Use of the spectrophotometric color method for the determination of the age of skin lesions on the pig carcass and its relationship with gene expression and histological and histochemical parameters1. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Xu J, Zhao R, Xue Y, Xiao H, Sheng Y, Zhao D, He J, Huang H, Wang Q, Wang H. RNA-seq profiling reveals differentially expressed genes as potential markers for vital reaction in skin contusion: a pilot study. Forensic Sci Res 2017; 3:153-160. [PMID: 30483664 PMCID: PMC6197083 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2017.1349639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of the vitality of wounds is essential in forensic practice. The present study used Illumina RNA-seq technology to determine gene expression profiles in contused mouse skin. In obtained high quality sequencing reads, the reads were mapped onto a reference transcriptome (Mus_musculus.GRCm38.83). The results revealed that there were 659 up-regulated and 996 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in contused mouse skin. The DEGs were further analyzed using the Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. Genes from different functional categories and signalling pathways were enriched, including the immune system process, immune response, defense response, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades and chemokine signalling pathway. Expression patterns of 11 DEGs were verified by RT-qPCR in mice skins. In addition, alterations of five DEGs were also analyzed in postmortem human wound samples. The results were in concordance with the results of RNA-seq. These findings suggest that RNA-seq is a powerful tool to reveal DEGs as potential markers for vital reaction in terms of forensic practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Xu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Mecicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Xue
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Mecicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanqin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanliang Sheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- CollaborativeInnovation Center of Judicial Civilization, China and Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jietao He
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Mecicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Mecicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Mecicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Mecicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sun JH, Zhu XY, Dong TN, Zhang XH, Liu QQ, Li SQ, Du QX. An “up, no change, or down” system: Time-dependent expression of mRNAs in contused skeletal muscle of rats used for wound age estimation. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 272:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Evaluation of Vitality in the Experimental Hanging Model of Rats by Using Immunohistochemical IL-1β Antibody Staining. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2016; 36:317-22. [PMID: 26398328 DOI: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hanging is the most common suicide method in the world, and the discrimination of antemortem-postmortem hanging must be done at autopsy. The aim of this experimental study was to examine the immunohistochemical expression of IL-1β antibody at the hanging mark skin samples of rats to discriminate antemortem and postmortem hangings. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 Wistar albino rats were used for this study. The groups were as follows: A-1, antemortem control group; A-2, antemortem second-hour hanging mark skin samples; A-3, antemortem 24th-hour hanging mark skin samples; A-4, antemortem 72nd-hour hanging mark skin samples; B-1, postmortem control group; and B-2, postmortem second-hour hanging mark skin samples. Interleukin-1β immunostaining was performed to all tissue samples. RESULTS For epidermal cells, group A-1 samples did not show IL-1β immunostaining, group A-2 samples were severely immunostained, and groups A-3 and A-4 samples' staining were slightly decreased. There was no IL-1β antibody staining in groups B-1 and B-2 samples. For adnexal cells, groups A-1 and B-1 samples did not show IL-1β immunostaining, staining of group A-2 samples was mild to severe, and groups A-3 and A-4 samples' staining were slightly decreased. Half of the group B-2 samples did not show IL-1β immunostaining. For subepidermal cells, most of the samples of groups A-1 and B-1 showed slight immunostaining, groups A-2 and B-2 samples' staining were mild to severe, and there were slight immunostaining in groups A-3 and A-4 samples. The majority of vascular structure cells did not show IL-1β immunostaining. CONCLUSION Interleukin-1β immunostaining of epidermal cells can discriminate antemortem-postmortem hangings, but vascular structure cells and subepidermal cells cannot discriminate vital hangings.
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Birincioğlu İ, Akbaba M, Alver A, Kul S, Özer E, Turan N, Şentürk A, İnce İ. Determination of skin wound age by using cytokines as potential markers. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 44:14-19. [PMID: 27589380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) play important roles in the wound healing process. In the present study, human wound specimens (n = 50) were collected from cases of death due to injuries from firearms, penetrating trauma by sharp objects and blunt trauma with a known time of injury and death identified by forensic autopsy. Full-thickness tissue specimens were obtained from injured skin sites, and equally sized intact tissues obtained from the same person were used as controls. Protein determination was performed using ELISA according to the Bradford method for each specimen, and results were provided for individual proteins. IL-1β levels did not reach statistical significance in any of the wound groups and were not markedly higher than those in the control group. However, IL-6 showed a biphasic pattern and reached statistical significance in the group with wounds less than 30 min old and in the group with wounds more than 18 h old. IL-6 was consistently higher in all wound groups than in the control group. TNF-α showed a statistically significant increase within the first 30 min and remained at a high level in all groups except for those with wounds 2-4 h old. On the other hand, EGF was high in all groups excluding those with wounds 2-4 h old and more than 18 h old, but statistical significance was not reached. Our results suggest that IL-6 and TNF-α in particular may be used as early-phase markers. We believe that IL-1β and EGF should be more extensively evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Birincioğlu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
| | - Murat Akbaba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Alver
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
| | - Seval Kul
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Erdal Özer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
| | - Nurşen Turan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Şentürk
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
| | - İmran İnce
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
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Abstract
Veterinary pathologists commonly encounter lesions of blunt trauma. The development of lesions is affected by the object’s mass, velocity, size, shape, and angle of impact and by the plasticity and mobility of the impacted organ. Scrape, impact, and pattern abrasions cause localized epidermal loss and sometimes broken hairs and implanted foreign material. Contusions are best identified after reflecting the skin, and must be differentiated from coagulopathies and livor mortis. Lacerations—traumatic tissue tears—may have irregular margins, bridging by more resilient tissue, deviation of the wound tail, crushed hairs, and unilateral abrasion. Hanging or choking can cause circumferential cervical abrasions, contusions and rupture of hairs, hyoid bone fractures, and congestion of the head. Other special forms of blunt trauma include fractured nails, pressure sores, and dog bites. Ocular blunt trauma causes extraocular and intraocular hemorrhages, proptosis, or retinal detachment. The thoracic viscera are relatively protected from blunt trauma but may develop hemorrhages in intercostal muscles, rib fractures, pulmonary or cardiac contusions or lacerations with subsequent hemothorax, pneumothorax, or cardiac arrhythmia. The abdominal wall is resilient and moveable, yet the liver and spleen are susceptible to traumatic laceration or rupture. Whereas extravasation of blood can occur after death, evidence of vital injury includes leukocyte infiltration, erythrophagocytosis, hemosiderin, reparative lesions of fibroblast proliferation, myocyte regeneration in muscle, and callus formation in bone. Understanding these processes aids in the diagnosis of blunt force trauma including estimation of the age of resulting injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ressel
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - U. Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E. Ricci
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Wang LL, Zhao R, Liu CS, Liu M, Li SS, Li JY, Jiang SK, Zhang M, Tian ZL, Wang M, Zhang MZ, Guan DW. A fundamental study on the dynamics of multiple biomarkers in mouse excisional wounds for wound age estimation. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 39:138-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Casse JM, Martrille L, Vignaud JM, Gauchotte G. Skin wounds vitality markers in forensic pathology: An updated review. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2016; 56:128-37. [PMID: 26101444 DOI: 10.1177/0025802415590175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wound age evaluation is one of the most challenging issues in forensic pathology. In the first minutes or hours, standard histological examination may not determine whether the wound was inflicted in the pre- or post-mortem period. While red blood cell infiltration is classically considered as a sign of vital reaction, several studies have shown that extravasation of blood cells may also occur after death and cannot be used as a reliable marker in the diagnosis of wound vitality. Numerous studies about wound vitality are available in the literature. They have evaluated markers involved in coagulation or inflammation, using various methods such as enzymology, molecular biology or immunohistochemistry. In this update, we first introduce some methodological principles. Then, we review the main studies available in the literature. Immunohistochemistry seems to be the most valuable method, given its easy application and the possibility to analyse the localization of the molecules of interest. Some markers are promising, such as CD15, TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, TGFα or TGFβ1. Prior to their application in daily practice, these early results need to be confirmed with other studies, conducted by independent teams and integrating multiple controls. Most notably, the antibodies have to be tested in numerous post-mortem wounds. Indeed, a critical risk of overexpression in post-mortem wounds is present. Some promising markers have been later invalidated because of post-mortem false positivity. Finally, optimal sensitivity and specificity values could probably be reached by combining several markers, validated by large groups of pre- and post-mortem wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Matthieu Casse
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nancy; INSERM U954, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Laurent Martrille
- Department of Legal Medicine, CHU Nancy; Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vignaud
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nancy; INSERM U954, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Guillaume Gauchotte
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nancy; INSERM U954, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, France
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Tian ZL, Jiang SK, Zhang M, Wang M, Li JY, Zhao R, Wang LL, Li SS, Liu M, Zhang MZ, Guan DW. Detection of satellite cells during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats: time-dependent expressions of Pax7 and MyoD in relation to wound age. Int J Legal Med 2015; 130:163-72. [PMID: 26311174 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study was focused on time-dependent expressions of paired-box transcription factor 7 (Pax7) and myoblast determination protein (MyoD) during skeletal muscle wound healing. An animal model of skeletal muscle contusion was established in 40 Sprague-Dawley male rats. Samples were taken at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 21 days after injury, respectively (five rats in each posttraumatic interval). Five rats were employed as control. By morphometric analysis, the data based on the number of Pax7(+)/MyoD(-), Pax7(+)/MyoD(+), and Pax7(-)/MyoD(+) cells were highly correlated with the wound age. Pax7 and MyoD expressions were upregulated after injury by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR assays. The relative quantity of Pax7 protein peaked at 5 days after injury, which was >1.13, and decreased thereafter. Similarly, the relative quantity of MyoD mRNA expression peaked at 3 days after injury, which was >2.59. The relative quantity of Pax7 protein >0.73 or mRNA expression >2.38 or the relative quantity of MyoD protein >1.33 suggested a wound age of 3 to 7 days. The relative quantity of MyoD mRNA expression >2.02 suggested a wound age of 1 to 7 days post-injury. In conclusion, the expressions of Pax7 and MyoD are upregulated in a time-dependent manner during skeletal muscle wound healing, suggesting that Pax7 and MyoD may be potential markers for wound age estimation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ling Tian
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Kun Jiang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao-Yong Li
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Zhou Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Wei Guan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Y, Yamamoto Y, Kuninaka Y, Kondo T, Furukawa F. Forensic Potential of MMPs and CC Chemokines for Wound Age Determination. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:1511-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yenan Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
- Department of Dermatology; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Yumi Kuninaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kondo
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Fukumi Furukawa
- Department of Dermatology; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
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Zhu X, Xu Y, Hong Z, Chen J, Zhuo S, Chen J. Multiphoton microscopic imaging of rabbit dorsal skin. SCANNING 2015; 37:95-100. [PMID: 25521496 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rabbits are often preferred to be experimental animals during the skin research. The visualizing and understanding the full-thickness structure of rabbit skin has significance in biology, medicine, and animal husbandry. In this study, multiphoton microscopy (MPM) was employed to examine the rabbit skin on the back, which was based on second harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence. High-resolution images were achieved from the fresh, unfixed, and unstained tissues, showing detailed microstructure of the skin without the administration of exogenous contrast agents. The morphology and distribution of the main components of epidermis and dermis, such as keratin, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and hair follicles, can be distinctly identified in MPM images. Since the changes in these components are tightly related to skin diseases and wound healing, the noninvasive nature of MPM enables it become a valuable tool in skin research for detecting and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhu
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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Montisci M, Corradin M, Giacomelli L, Viel G, Cecchetto G, Ferrara SD. Can immunohistochemistry quantification of Cathepsin-D be useful in the differential diagnosis between vital and post-mortem wounds in humans? MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2014; 54:151-157. [PMID: 24166688 DOI: 10.1177/0025802413504909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Markers of skin wound vitality and the research methodology used for their determination are still matters of debate in forensic pathology. Cathepsin-D, a lysosomal enzyme, is the most expressed cathepsin in human skin, and although it seems to have the necessary requirements to be utilized as a vitality marker, past research has provided no definitive and clear response on its potential usefulness. Immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies and image analysis has been employed to detect and quantify the expression of Cathepsin-D in human skin wounds. We analyzed skin fragments obtained from 20 living individuals (group A) and 20 persons deceased from natural causes (group B). For each case, five skin fragments were withdrawn at 0', 5', 10', 30', and 90' after abdominal incision. Once the samples were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded, we analyzed the expression of Cathepsin-D through the quantification of the immunohistochemistry signal by image analysis. Immunoreactivity was displayed in Pixels of positive area measured by image analysis and converted in micrometer squares. The average levels of Cathepsin-D were higher in group B than in group A, except in three cases which showed a lower expression, with a statistically significant difference of Cathepsin-D expression between the two groups (p < 0.0001). Group B showed unvaried levels among the progressive samples and group A revealed an increasing predominant trend at 30'. Due to the high levels of expression of Cathepsin-D found in the post-mortem injuries, our study definitively excludes any usefulness of immunohistochemistry quantification of this enzyme in the differentiation between vital and post-mortem injuries.
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Fan YY, Zhang ST, Yu LS, Ye GH, Lin KZ, Wu SZ, Dong MW, Han JG, Feng XP, Li XB. The time-dependent expression of α7nAChR during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats. Int J Legal Med 2014; 128:779-86. [PMID: 24781786 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-014-1001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study on time-dependent expression of α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) was performed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and real-time PCR during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats. Furthermore, co-localization of α7nAChR with macrophage or myofibroblast marker was detected by double immunofluorescence. A total of 50 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into control and contusion groups (3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days post-injury). In the uninjured controls, α7nAChR positive staining was observed in the sarcolemma and sarcoplasm of normal myofibers. In wounded specimens, a small number of polymorphonuclear cells, a number of macrophages and myofibroblasts showed positive reaction for α7nAChR in contused zones. Morphometrically, the average ratios of α7nAChR-positive cells were over 50 % from 3 to 10 days after contusion, and exceeded 60 % at 5 and 7 days post-injury. Besides, the positive ratios of α7nAChR were <50 % at the other posttraumatic intervals. By Western blotting analysis, the average ratio of α7nAChR protein expression maximized at 7 days after injury, which was >2.13. Similarly, the relative quantity of α7nAChR mRNA expression peaked at 7 days post-wounding as compared with control by real-time PCR detection, showing a relative quantity of >2.65. In conclusion, the expression of α7nAChR is upregulated and temporally distributed in macrophages and myofibroblasts during skeletal muscle wound healing, which might be closely involved in inflammatory response and fibrotic repair after injury. Moreover, α7nAChR is promising as a useful marker for wound age determination of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Fan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People's Republic of China,
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A time-course analysis of mRNA expression during injury healing in human dermal injuries. Int J Legal Med 2013; 128:403-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-013-0941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Du QX, Sun JH, Zhang LY, Liang XH, Guo XJ, Gao CR, Wang YY. Time-dependent expression of SNAT2 mRNA in the contused skeletal muscle of rats: a possible marker for wound age estimation. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2013; 9:528-33. [PMID: 24045877 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-013-9482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To estimate the age of skeletal muscle contusion, the expression of SNAT2 mRNA in contused skeletal muscle of rats was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In total, 78 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into control and contusion groups. At 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, and 48 h (n = 6) after contusion, the rats were sacrificed with a lethal dose of pentobarbital. Another 24 rats received contusion injuries at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h (n = 6) after death. Total RNA was isolated from muscle specimens using the TRIzol reagent and reverse-transcribed into first-strand cDNA. Sequence-specific primers and TaqMan fluorogenic probes for SNAT2 mRNA and RPL13 mRNA were designed using the AlleleID 6 software, and the expression levels of SNAT2 mRNA were determined by real-time PCR. At 4, 16, 20, and 24 h after contusion, expression levels of SNAT2 mRNA normalized to RPL13 mRNA increased by 2.07 (P < 0.05), 2.53 (P < 0.05), 2.68 (P < 0.05), and 2.06 fold (P < 0.05) respectively, versus that in the control group. However, there was no significant change in the expression level of SNAT2 mRNA from 24 to 48 h (P > 0.05) after contusion, when normalized to RPL13 mRNA. There was no change in the expression level of SNAT2 mRNA between the normal skeletal muscle from the left limb of the same injured rat and the control. Also, no degradation of SNAT2 mRNA was detected in the postmortem samples (P > 0.05). This result suggests that the determination of SNAT2 mRNA levels by real-time PCR may be useful for estimating wound age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-xiang Du
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 South Xinjian Nan Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Gauchotte G, Martrille L, Plénat F, Vignaud JM. Les marqueurs de vitalité des blessures en pathologie médicolégale. Ann Pathol 2013; 33:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zheng JL, Yu TS, Li XN, Fan YY, Ma WX, Du Y, Zhao R, Guan DW. Cannabinoid receptor type 2 is time-dependently expressed during skin wound healing in mice. Int J Legal Med 2012; 126:807-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-012-0741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ishida Y, Kimura A, Nosaka M, Kuninaka Y, Takayasu T, Eisenmenger W, Kondo T. Immunohistochemical analysis on cyclooxygenase-2 for wound age determination. Int J Legal Med 2012; 126:435-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-012-0685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ma WX, Yu TS, Fan YY, Zhang ST, Ren P, Wang SB, Zhao R, Pi JB, Guan DW. Time-dependent expression and distribution of monoacylglycerol lipase during the skin-incised wound healing in mice. Int J Legal Med 2011; 125:549-58. [PMID: 21475958 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-011-0567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the expression of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) during the skin-incised wound healing in mice and applicability of the time-dependent expression of MGL to wound age determination by immunofluorescent staining, Western blotting, and real-time PCR. Furthermore, cell types were identified by double immunofluorescence. A total of 45 BALB/c male mice were used in this study. After a 1.5-cm-long incision in the central dorsum skin, mice were killed at intervals ranging from 6 h to 14 days, followed by the sampling of wound margin. In the control, there was a low-level expression of MGL in the epidermis, hair follicles, and glandulae sebaceae. In the injured skin, MGL immunoreactivity was mainly detected in the neutrophils, macrophages, and myofibroblasts. Morphometrically, the average ratios of MGL-positive cells were more than 50% at 5 and 7 days post-wounding, whereas it was <50% at the other posttraumatic intervals. By Western blotting analysis, the average ratio of MGL protein expression was highest at 5 days after injury, which had a ratio of >2.30. Similarly, the relative quantity of MGL mRNA expression maximized at posttraumatic 5 days in comparison with control as detected by real-time PCR, with an average ratio of >2.54. In conclusion, MGL expression is detected in neutrophils, macrophages, and myofibroblasts and significantly up-regulated, suggesting that it may play roles in response to inflammation during skin-incised wound healing. From the viewpoint of forensic pathology, MGL detection is applicable to skin wound age determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiang Ma
- Department of Forensic Pathology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.92, Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, People's Republic of China
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Maeda H, Zhu BL, Ishikawa T, Michiue T. Forensic molecular pathology of violent deaths. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 203:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yu TS, Cheng ZH, Li LQ, Zhao R, Fan YY, Du Y, Ma WX, Guan DW. The cannabinoid receptor type 2 is time-dependently expressed during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats. Int J Legal Med 2010; 124:397-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sun JH, Wang YY, Zhang L, Gao CR, Zhang LZ, Guo Z. Time-dependent expression of skeletal muscle troponin I mRNA in the contused skeletal muscle of rats: a possible marker for wound age estimation. Int J Legal Med 2009; 124:27-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-009-0323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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