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Ghosh S, Jain R, Rao R, Mishra AK, Jhanjee S. Does ethyl glucuronide in hair correlate with alcohol consumption? A comparative study with other traditional biomarkers among individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome. Alcohol 2023; 106:55-60. [PMID: 36395967 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair is a direct biomarker proven to be useful for the detection of chronic excessive alcohol use. This study investigated the association of self-reported alcohol consumption with traditional biomarkers: GGT, AST, ALT, CDT, and MCV in blood and a direct biomarker, hair EtG, in a total of 122 patients with alcohol dependence syndrome. The diagnostic accuracy of the biomarkers to differentiate heavy from non-heavy drinkers was also evaluated. METHOD GGT, AST, and ALT in serum were measured by Automated Chemistry Analyzer, MCV in blood was measured by Haematology Analyzer, serum CDT was analyzed by ELISA, and EtG in hair was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The association between the biomarkers and the amount of alcohol consumed (self-reported) was determined using Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS All participants showed EtG level above the cut-off (0.03 ng/mg). Hair EtG showed a statistically significant linear and positive correlation with the amounts (in grams) of alcohol consumed (r = 0.60; p < 0.001). No correlation was observed among the traditional biomarkers and the quantity of alcohol consumed. Also, EtG showed an excellent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (98%) with good sensitivity (85%) and specificity (60%) to classify heavy drinkers among individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome. CONCLUSION Hair EtG can be helpful to estimate retrospective alcohol consumption in long-term chronic alcohol consumption cases. Hair EtG also provides a reliable diagnostic test to detect heavy drinkers among individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayani Ghosh
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-11002, India
| | - Raka Jain
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-11002, India.
| | - Ravindra Rao
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-11002, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Mishra
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-11002, India
| | - Sonali Jhanjee
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-11002, India
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2
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Thakur D, Dubey NP, Singh R. A Review on Spike and Recovery Method in Analytical Method Development and Validation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-19. [PMID: 36463526 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2152275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In multidisciplinary science, Analytical approaches based on spike and recovery (SAR) play a substantial role in analytical testing. The spike and recovery method is an important technique for analyzing and accessing the accuracy of analytical methods. The goal of this review seeks to provide clarity on the role of SAR methods in the forensic science discipline. Recent literature has been searched from numerous databases like Google, Web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciFinder. Websites like Science Direct are critically explored to gather scientific reports related to SAR utility. This review discusses the applications and current role of the SAR methods in Forensic Toxicology. It is suggested as one of the major parameters in the validation of the analytical method. SAR methodology is extremely important for the identification and quantitation of analytes in the sample matrix. Moreover, the extension of SAR methods to any scientific discipline is equally important for quality assurance. All relevant processes like method development and its optimization, quality control, and assurance rely on SAR-based studies. However, the method requires better apprehension and needs to be utilized using standard guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Thakur
- Department of Forensic Science, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Neeti Prakash Dubey
- Chemistry and Toxicology, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajvinder Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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3
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Mattia A, Moschella C, David MC, Fiore M, Gariglio S, Salomone A, Vincenti M. Development and Validation of a GC-EI-MS/MS Method for Ethyl Glucuronide Quantification in Human Hair. Front Chem 2022; 10:858205. [PMID: 35444998 PMCID: PMC9013907 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.858205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor, non-oxidative ethanol metabolite detectable in several matrices for specific periods of time. In recent years, quantification of EtG in hair has been established as the most reliable biomarker for long-term alcohol consumption, with the Society of Hair Testing offering cut-off values for assessment of both abstinence and heavy drinking. Instrumental constrains and wide inter- and intra-laboratory variability represent the ultimate barriers to widespread acceptance of hair EtG determination in the forensic context. In this study, a new analytical method for hair EtG based on gas chromatographic (GC) separation, electron impact (EI) ionization, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection was developed and validated. At the same time, several parameters for sample pretreatment and instrumental analysis were optimized using real hair samples obtained from different drinking subjects. A full-factorial design-of-experiment approach included procedures for hair washing, pulverization, and extraction. Rigorous multi-step washing proved not to reduce the EtG content extracted in the subsequent sample incubation. Hair pulverization with a ball mill significantly improved the EtG extraction from the keratin matrix and allowed us to reduce the time needed for the subsequent extraction step, without affecting the extraction recovery. The hair extract was derivatized with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide. Upon electron impact ionization of the EtG-TMS derivative, triple quadrupole mass analyzers were operated in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode using the fragment m/z 405 as the precursor ion (m/z 410 for the EtG-D5 internal standard), the transitions m/z 405 → 359 and m/z 410 → 359 for quantitation, and m/z 405 → 331 and m/z 405 → 287 for qualification/confirmation, all at 10 V collision energy. The final method was fully validated and then applied to 25 real hair samples. The calibration curve proved linear between 6 and 60 pg/mg. The limit of detection (LOD) was 4 pg/mg. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy tests showed a variability and bias close to 15% or lower over the entire calibration range. The new method is routinely applied in the Italian State Police’s toxicology laboratory for hair analyses addressed to exclude excessive alcohol drinking and verify the psycho-physical requirements of the personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mattia
- Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza, Direzione Centrale di Sanità, Centro di Ricerche e Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Ministero dell’Interno, Roma, Italy
| | - Clementina Moschella
- Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza, Direzione Centrale di Sanità, Centro di Ricerche e Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Ministero dell’Interno, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara David
- Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza, Direzione Centrale di Sanità, Centro di Ricerche e Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Ministero dell’Interno, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC—CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Gariglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alberto Salomone,
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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4
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Rosado T, Barroso M, Vieira DN, Gallardo E. Trends in microextraction approaches for handling human hair extracts - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1185:338792. [PMID: 34711317 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complementary role of hair in testing scenarios has expanded across the spectrum of toxicological and clinical monitoring investigations and, over the last 20 years, hair analysis has gained increasing attention and recognition. Moreover, a great deal of attention has been paid to the miniaturisation of extraction procedures, minimising/eliminating toxic organic solvents consumption, making them user-friendly and rapid, in addition to maximising extraction efficiency. The aim of this work is to provide a critical review of the advances observed over the last 5 years in the use of miniaturised approaches for sample clean-up and drug pre-concentration in hair analysis. There have been major improvements in some well-established microextraction approaches, such as liquid phase microextraction, mainly through the use of supramolecular and ionic liquids. In addition, new developments have also been reported in solid phase microextraction, driven by d-SPE applications. In the last 5 years, a total of 69 articles have been published using some type of microextraction technique for hair specimens, thus justifying the relevance of a critical review of innovations, improvements and trends related to these miniaturised approaches for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia - UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; C4 - Cloud Computing Competence Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia - UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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5
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Ataş HB, Cenk M, Bozkurt ENN. A proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure and its application to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Chemical Weapons Convention related chemicals. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 327:110974. [PMID: 34482284 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Performing a detailed qualitative validation, which is carried out by many laboratories in the forensic community, has been the main goal of this study. In this study, a proper and systematic qualitative method validation procedure was proposed, and its application was shown on the analysis of Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) related compounds in organic samples. All validation steps were described in detail. The study was carried out in pump oil and dichloromethane (DCM). The limit of detection values were determined for each compound and were found in the range of 0.5-2.0 µg mL-1 in pump oil and 0.08-1.5 µg mL-1 in DCM. The validation parameters were calculated, such as the rates of sensitivity, selectivity, false-negative, false-positive, also accordance and concordance. The predicted and obtained results were compared by using Cohen's Kappa Coefficient Test, and the compatibility of the results was found as "very good". After the validation procedure, all of the validation results were evaluated, and the proposed method was confirmed as appropriate for the analysis of CWC-related compounds in organic samples. The applicability of the validated method was proved by determining the CWC-related compounds in organic samples provided by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons during proficiency tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havva Bekiroğlu Ataş
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Muharrem Cenk
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Edibe Nurzen Namlı Bozkurt
- General Directorate of Public Health /Department of Consumer Safety and Public Health Laboratories, National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 16 drugs and metabolites in hair in the context of driving license granting. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 315:110428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Vilbaste M, Tammekivi E, Leito I. Uncertainty contribution of derivatization in gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8704. [PMID: 31845399 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The purpose of the current work is to realistically assess the uncertainty contribution in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis originating from less-than-ideal derivatization efficiency. METHODS As the exemplary analytical method a two-step derivatization method with KOH and BSTFA (N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide), applied for the analysis of fatty acid triglycerides (using real measurement data), was selected. The derivatization efficiencies were in the range 0.89-1.04. In this study, two approaches for bottom-up uncertainty evaluation were compared: the traditional GUM approach and the Monte Carlo method (MCM). Both were used with and without taking correlation between input quantities into account. RESULTS The most reliable uncertainty estimates were in the range 0.07-0.08 (expanded uncertainties at 95% coverage probability). A strong negative correlation was found between the slope and intercept of the calibration graph (r = -0.71) and it markedly influenced the uncertainty estimate of derivatization efficiency. The MCM was found to give somewhat higher uncertainty estimates, which are considered more realistic. CONCLUSIONS Derivatization directly affects the analysis result. Thus, in the case of this exemplary analysis, just derivatization alone (i.e. if all other uncertainty sources are neglected) causes relative expanded uncertainty around 8%, being thus an important and in some cases the dominant uncertainty contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vilbaste
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eliise Tammekivi
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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8
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Müller A, Iwersen-Bergmann S. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair samples: Decontamination vs extraction. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:948-956. [PMID: 32171047 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Decontamination of samples prior to analysis is common practice and recommended for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) hair testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applied decontamination procedure during routine hair EtG analysis by monitoring the ethyl glucuronide concentrations in the washing solutions from a representative cohort of individual hair samples. Hair samples from 150 individuals were tested for hair EtG by a validated routine procedure (liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry). A four-step decontamination procedure (ethanol, water, acetone, dichloromethane) was applied to all samples prior to analysis. Hair samples from 20 individuals were analyzed along with the complete set of individual washing solutions. Hair samples from an additional 130 individuals were analyzed along with the corresponding aqueous wash fraction only. No EtG was detected in the washing solutions from hair samples that tested negative for EtG (n = 42). Hair samples positive for ethyl glucuronide (n = 108) were found to liberate different amounts of EtG during decontamination: whereas no, or low portions of, EtG (< 10% of extracted hair EtG) were found in the corresponding washing solutions of the majority (n = 91) of individual samples, there was a minority of samples (n = 6) with more than half of the extracted hair EtG present in the decontamination solvent. No correlation of the decontaminated amount of EtG and the extracted hair EtG was observed. Further experimental studies are necessary to investigate if the observed easily removable fraction of EtG is associated with external contamination and if analysis of wash solutions could be helpful for identifying external contamination in hair testing for ethyl glucuronide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Müller
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Iwersen-Bergmann
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Development of “Quick-DB forensic”: A total workflow from QuEChERS-dSPE method to GC–MS/MS quantification of forensically relevant drugs and pesticides in whole blood. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 300:125-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Biondi A, Freni F, Carelli C, Moretti M, Morini L. Ethyl glucuronide hair testing: A review. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 300:106-119. [PMID: 31096163 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor, non-oxidative ethanol metabolite that can be detected in several matrices (e.g. blood, urine, hair, meconium) for variable periods of time. Quantification of EtG in hair (hEtG) has established itself, over recent years, as one of the most reliable biomarkers of long-term alcohol consumption habits, with the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) offering cut-off values for assessment of both abstinence and heavy drinking (>60 g/day). Despite its high diagnostic performance, however, issues concerning inter- and intra-laboratory variability as well as data interpretation are still being investigated and represent the ultimate barrier to widespread acceptance of hEtG in the forensic context. The aim of this review is to summarize currently available analytical methods of hEtG testing, provide a framework to understand current hEtG cut-offs and their possible upcoming changes (in particular, a lower abstinence cut-off has been proposed for the 2019 revision of the SoHT consensus), and offer a schematic but exhaustive overview of the pitfalls in result reproducibility and interpretation that may limit applications of hEtG testing in the forensic context. Ultimately, the purpose of the authors is not to undermine the reliability of hEtG as an alcohol use marker, but rather to enhance it by promoting familiarization with all aspects related to it, from ethanol pharmacokinetics and EtG incorporation into hair, to sample preparation and analytical methods, to specific cases warranting close attention and additional tests for correct interpretation of hEtG results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biondi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Freni
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Carelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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11
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He Y, Concheiro-Guisan M. Microextraction sample preparation techniques in forensic analytical toxicology. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4444. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; The City University of New York; New York NY USA
| | - Marta Concheiro-Guisan
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; The City University of New York; New York NY USA
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12
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Delplancke TDJ, Wu Y, Han TL, Joncer LR, Qi H, Tong C, Baker PN. Metabolomics of Pregnancy Complications: Emerging Application of Maternal Hair. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2815439. [PMID: 30662903 PMCID: PMC6312607 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2815439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the study of metabolomics has begun to receive increasing international attention, especially as it pertains to medical research. This is due in part to the potential for discovery of new biomarkers in the metabolome and to a new understanding of the "exposome", which refers to the endogenous and exogenous compounds that reflect external exposures. Consequently, metabolomics research into pregnancy-related issues has increased. Biomarkers discovered through metabolomics may shed some light on the etiology of certain pregnancy-related complications and their adverse effects on future maternal health and infant development and improve current clinical management. The discoveries and methods used in these studies will be compiled and summarized within the following paper. A further focus of this paper is the use of hair as a biological sample, which is gaining increasing attention across diverse fields due to its noninvasive sampling method and the metabolome stability. Its significance in exposome studies will be considered in this review, as well as the potential to associate exposures with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Currently, hair has been used in only two metabolomics studies relating to fetal growth restriction (FGR) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut D. J. Delplancke
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lingga R. Joncer
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Philip N. Baker
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- College of Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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13
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Novel zwitterionic HILIC stationary phase for the determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair by LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1100-1101:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Variability on ethyl glucuronide concentrations in hair depending on sample pretreatment, using a new developed GC–MS/MS method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Dumitrascu C, Paul R, Kingston R, Williams R. Influence of alcohol containing and alcohol free cosmetics on FAEE concentrations in hair. A performance evaluation of ethyl palmitate as sole marker, versus the sum of four FAEEs. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 283:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Ianni F, Aroni K, Gili A, Sardella R, Bacci M, Lancia M, Natalini B, Gambelunghe C. GC-MS/MS detects potential pregabalin abuse in susceptible subjects' hair. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:968-976. [PMID: 29214743 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pregabalin, a GABA analogue, binds to the alpha 2 delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. It is recognised as efficacious in pathologies such as epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and anxiety disorders. Since pregabalin prescriptions have increased worldwide, reports of its abuse have been accumulating, mainly in patients with opioid abuse disorders. The present study investigated potential pregabalin abuse by means of hair analysis, a matrix that provides valuable retrospective information. Half of the pool of 280 susceptible patients had been occasional drug users and were being monitored for driving licence renewals. The other 140 patients had a history of opiate dependency and were monitored to assess compliance with methadone therapy. In view of determining pregabalin in hair samples, it was extracted in methanol, successfully derivatised to give the ethyl chloroformate derivative, and finally pregabalin was analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery, intra- and inter-day precision, and accuracy of the quantification procedure were appraised. Pregabalin limits of detection and quantification were 30 pg/mg and 50 pg/mg, respectively. We found 10.7% of hair samples from methadone patients and 4.29% from occasional drug users were positive to pregabalin without medical prescription. The mean pregabalin concentration in hair was higher than in consumers with medical indications (1.45 ng/mg vs 0.74 ng/mg). These results suggest that pregabalin possesses a significant abuse potential particularly among individuals attending opiate dependence services and that pregabalin abuse is a serious emerging issue, which should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ianni
- Drug Chemistry and Technology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Kyriaki Aroni
- Forensic and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Gili
- Hygiene and Public Health Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Drug Chemistry and Technology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Bacci
- Forensic and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Lancia
- Forensic and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetto Natalini
- Drug Chemistry and Technology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiana Gambelunghe
- Forensic and Sports Medicine Section, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Italy
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17
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Meier U, Briellmann T, Scheurer E, Dussy F. Sample preparation method for the combined extraction of ethyl glucuronide and drugs of abuse in hair. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:701-710. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Meier
- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas Briellmann
- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Eva Scheurer
- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Franz Dussy
- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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18
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Oppolzer D, Barroso M, Passarinha L, Gallardo E. Determination of ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl esters in hair samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Oppolzer
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI); Universidade da Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Sul; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Luís Passarinha
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI); Universidade da Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical; Universidade da Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI); Universidade da Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical; Universidade da Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
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19
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Bioanalytical procedures and developments in the determination of alcohol biomarkers in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:229-51. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is a global problem, and consequently its evaluation is of great clinical and forensic interest. Alcohol biomarkers have been the focus of several research works in the past decades, with new compounds being studied in more recent years. The main objective of this review is to discuss topics for an analyst to consider when evaluating alcohol consumption through the analysis of alcohol biomarkers in biological specimens. For this, existing alcohol biomarkers will be reviewed, including carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, 5-hydroxytryptophol, ethanol, hemoglobin-associated acetaldehyde, fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate and phosphatidylethanol. Additionally, their potential will be discussed, as well as analytical considerations, main challenges, limitations, data interpretation and existing methodologies for their determination in biological specimens.
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20
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Variations in headspace microextraction procedures and current applications in bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2235-40. [PMID: 26340716 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In sample preparation, analytes are extracted from the sample and concentrated in a solvent compatible with analytical instrumentation. Some drawbacks are usually associated with the procedures traditionally used, namely the amounts of organic solvents that need to be properly discarded and the presence of several interferences which may impair analyte identification and quantitation. Headspace microextraction procedures have appeared as a promising solution to overcome these problems. On the one hand, being microextraction techniques, the amount of solvent and sample is reduced; on the other hand, since it is the headspace above the specimen which is sampled rather than the sample itself, analytical interferences are minimized, prolonging the lifetime of the devices and analytical instrumentation.
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21
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Cabarcos P, Álvarez I, Tabernero MJ, Bermejo AM. Determination of direct alcohol markers: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4907-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Cappelle D, Neels H, Yegles M, Paulus J, van Nuijs AL, Covaci A, Crunelle CL. Gas chromatographic determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair: Comparison between tandem mass spectrometry and single quadrupole mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 249:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Kummer N, Wille SMR, Di Fazio V, Ramírez Fernández MDM, Yegles M, Lambert WEE, Samyn N. Impact of the Grinding Process on the Quantification of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair Using a Validated UPLC–ESI–MS-MS Method. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 39:17-23. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Binz TM, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T. The influence of cleansing shampoos on ethyl glucuronide concentration in hair analyzed with an optimized and validated LC-MS/MS method. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:20-4. [PMID: 25151107 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is widely used as a marker for assessment of alcohol consumption behavior. In this study the influence of special cleansing shampoos on ethyl glucuronide concentrations in hair was investigated. For that purpose an optimized LC-MS/MS method was developed using a Hypercarb™ porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column and validated according to the guidelines of the German Society of Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry (GTFCh). Twenty-five hair samples of persons with known alcohol consumption behavior were investigated (21 positive samples and 4 blank samples). The hair samples were divided into two strands of hair and were analyzed after treatment with one out of four cleansing shampoos and without shampoo treatment. EtG concentrations in hair did not show any significant differences after a single application of the different cleansing shampoos. EtG was still detectable in all the positive hair samples without significant concentration change. These results clearly demonstrated that a single application of the tested cleansing shampoos did not remove EtG from hair and therefore had no influence on EtG concentration in analytical hair analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Binz
- University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, Center for Forensic Hairanalytics, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, Center for Forensic Hairanalytics, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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Agius R. Utility of coloured hair for the detection of drugs and alcohol. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6 Suppl 1:110-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Agius
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology; Siemensstraße 40 32105 Bad Salzuflen Germany
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26
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Crunelle CL, Yegles M, Nuijs ALNV, Covaci A, De Doncker M, Maudens KE, Sabbe B, Dom G, Lambert WE, Michielsen P, Neels H. Hair ethyl glucuronide levels as a marker for alcohol use and abuse: a review of the current state of the art. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 134:1-11. [PMID: 24239414 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor alcohol metabolite that has been proposed as a stable marker in hair to detect and quantify alcohol consumption over long time periods. METHODS We provide an outline of currently available techniques for EtG hair sample analysis and highlight the pitfalls related to data interpretation. The literature of EtG analysis has been reviewed from January 1980 up to August 2013. In addition, we present an overview of the clinical and forensic studies which have used EtG quantification in hair as a marker for alcohol consumption/abstinence and we provide suggestions for future research. RESULTS EtG is a stable marker in hair that can be used to detect and quantify alcohol consumption over long time periods. This alcohol metabolite remains in hair after complete elimination of alcohol. Currently, there are three main analytical techniques used to quantify EtG in hair: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). No standardized protocols are yet available for the analysis of EtG levels in hair samples, and the current protocols vary in sample preparation and extraction procedures. Variables such as hair length, cosmetic treatment, gender, and pathophysiological conditions influence the final results and should be taken into account. CONCLUSIONS EtG quantification in hair is a useful tool for the objective detection of alcohol consumption over extended time periods, but care should be taken when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo L Crunelle
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Michel Yegles
- Laboratoire National de Santé - Toxicologie, Université du Luxembourg, 162a, av. Faiencerie, L1511, Luxembourg
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mireille De Doncker
- Toxicology Laboratory, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekenstraat 267, B2060 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristof E Maudens
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Psychiatric Hospital Sint-Norbertus, Stationstraat 22, B2570 Duffel, Belgium
| | - Geert Dom
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Psychiatric Centre Alexian Brothers, Provinciesteenweg 408, B2530 Boechout, Belgium
| | - Willy E Lambert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Michielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, B2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Toxicology Laboratory, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekenstraat 267, B2060 Antwerp, Belgium
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Turfus SC, Beyer J, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. A comparison of the performance of quality controls prepared from spiked, fortified and authentic hair for ethyl glucuronide analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 232:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kintz P. Interprétation des marqueurs de l’éthanol dans les cheveux (EtG et FAEE) en regard des paramètres sanguins usuels et de leurs fenêtres de détection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medleg.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Pirro V, Di Corcia D, Seganti F, Salomone A, Vincenti M. Determination of ethyl glucuronide levels in hair for the assessment of alcohol abstinence. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 232:229-36. [PMID: 24053885 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the potential of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of EtG in head hair (i) to ascertain alcohol abstinence, (ii) to estimate the basal level of EtG (sub-ppb concentrations) in head hair in a population of alcohol abstainers and (iii) to suggest a revision of cut-off values for assessing alcohol abstinence. An UHPLC-MS/MS protocol previously developed was modified and validated again to detect low EtG levels in head hair samples from a population of 44 certain abstainers and teetotalers. Basal level of EtG in hair was determined by a standard addition quantification method. The validated UHPLC-MS/MS method allowed detecting and quantifying 0.5 and 1.0 pg/mg of EtG in hair, respectively. EtG concentrations lower than 1.0 pg/mg were determined for 95% of abstainers; 30% of them had non-detectable (<0.5 pg/mg) EtG values. Two samples evidenced EtG concentrations higher than 1.0 pg/mg that were subsequently explained by unintentional ethanol exposure. The method's feature of high analytical sensitivity makes it particularly suitable for alcohol abstinence ascertainment and, in the same time, allows to tentatively estimate basal EtG concentrations in hair around 0.8±0.4 pg/mg. This finding opens a discussion on the possible origin of basal EtG concentration and potential sources of bias in the evaluation of alcohol abstinence. Cut-off value in the range of 1.0-2.0 pg/mg can be reliably proposed to support alcohol abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pirro
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Imbert L, Gaulier JM, Dulaurent S, Morichon J, Bevalot F, Izac P, Lachâtre G. Improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of ethyl glucuronide concentrations in hair: Applications to forensic cases. Int J Legal Med 2013; 128:53-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-013-0894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vincenti M, Salomone A, Gerace E, Pirro V. Application of mass spectrometry to hair analysis for forensic toxicological investigations. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:312-32. [PMID: 23165962 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The increasing role of hair analysis in forensic toxicological investigations principally owes to recent improvements of mass spectrometric instrumentation. Research achievements during the last 6 years in this distinctive application area of analytical toxicology are reviewed. The earlier state of the art of hair analysis was comprehensively covered by a dedicated book (Kintz, 2007a. Analytical and practical aspects of drug testing in hair. Boca Raton: CRC Press and Taylor & Francis, 382 p) that represents key reference of the present overview. Whereas the traditional organization of analytical methods in forensic toxicology divided target substances into quite homogeneous groups of drugs, with similar structures and chemical properties, the current approach often takes advantage of the rapid expansion of multiclass and multiresidue analytical procedures; the latter is made possible by the fast operation and extreme sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers. This change in the strategy of toxicological analysis is reflected in the presentation of the recent literature material, which is mostly based on a fit-for-purpose logic. Thus, general screening of unknown substances is applied in diverse forensic contexts than drugs of abuse testing, and different instrumentation (triple quadrupoles, time-of-flight analyzers, linear and orbital traps) is utilized to optimally cope with the scope. Other key issues of modern toxicology, such as cost reduction and high sample throughput, are discussed with reference to procedural and instrumental alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia A. Bertinaria, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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32
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Mönch B, Becker R, Nehls I. Quantification of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair: Effect of Milling on Extraction Efficiency. Alcohol Alcohol 2013; 48:558-63. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Zeren C, Keten A, Çelik S, Damlar I, Daglıoglu N, Çeliker A, Karaarslan B. Demonstration of ethyl glucuronide in dental tissue samples by liquid chromatography/electro-spray tandem mass spectrometry. J Forensic Leg Med 2013; 20:706-10. [PMID: 23910866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) has been studied in various tissues and body fluid for determination of alcohol intake. However, no study, dealing with EtG analysis in dental tissue, was performed so far. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate EtG levels in dental tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) was performed to 29 participants. Following the test, cases were divided into three groups as non-hazardous alcohol users, alcohol abusers and 6 controls who verbally declared that they were abstainers. A total of 29 tooth specimens, obtained from participants, was included in the study. These specimens were analyzed using LC/MS/MS. RESULTS All of the participants included in the study were male. According to the MAST outcomes 14 of the participants were non-hazardous alcohol users, and 9 were alcohol abusers, while 6 patients verbally declared that they were abstainers. Dental tissue analyses revealed EtG levels ranging between EtG<LOD and 23.39 pg/mg. EtG levels were observed to be <LOD in dental specimens of 6 abstainer cases. A significant correlation was found between EtG levels measured in the dental tissues and MAST outcomes on the statistical analyses (r=0.914). CONCLUSION The findings of the present study demonstrated that dental tissue can be used for detection of alcohol intake, using LC/MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Zeren
- Mustafa Kemal University, Medical Faculty, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hatay, Turkey
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Mönch B, Becker R, Jung C, Nehls I. The homogeneity testing of EtG in hair reference materials: A high-throughput procedure using GC–NCI–MS. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 226:202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
The last two decades have provided analysts with more sensitive technology, enabling scientists from all analytical fields to see what they were not able to see just a few years ago. This increased sensitivity has allowed drug detection at very low concentrations and testing in unconventional samples (e.g., hair, oral fluid and sweat), where despite having low analyte concentrations has also led to a reduction in sample size. Along with this reduction, and as a result of the use of excessive amounts of potentially toxic organic solvents (with the subsequent environmental pollution and costs associated with their proper disposal), there has been a growing tendency to use miniaturized sampling techniques. Those sampling procedures allow reducing organic solvent consumption to a minimum and at the same time provide a rapid, simple and cost-effective approach. In addition, it is possible to get at least some degree of automation when using these techniques, which will enhance sample throughput. Those miniaturized sample preparation techniques may be roughly categorized in solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction, depending on the nature of the analyte. This paper reviews recently published literature on the use of microextraction sampling procedures, with a special focus on the field of forensic toxicology.
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Abstract
Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy have a high risk of malnutrition secondary to the disease and treatment, and 40–80 % of cancer patients suffer from different degrees of malnutrition, depending on tumour subtype, location, staging and treatment strategy. Malnutrition in cancer patients affects the patient's overall condition, and it increases the number of complications, the adverse effects of chemotherapy and reduces the quality of life. The aim of the present study was to evaluate weight-loss prevalence depending on the tumour site and the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms of oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. We included 191 cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Files of all patients were reviewed to identify symptoms that might potentially influence weight loss. The nutritional status of all patients was also determined. The cancer sites in the patients were as follows: breast (31·9 %); non-colorectal GI (18·3 %); colorectal (10·4 %); lung (5·8 %); haematological (13·1 %); others (20·5 %). Of these patients, 58 % experienced some degree of weight loss, and its prevalence was higher among the non-colorectal GI and lung cancer patients. Common symptoms included nausea (59·6 %), anorexia (46 %) and constipation (31·9 %). A higher proportion of patients with ≥ 5 % weight loss experienced anorexia, nausea and vomiting (OR 9·5, 2·15 and 6·1, respectively). In conclusion, these results indicate that GI symptoms can influence weight loss in cancer patients, and they should be included in early nutritional evaluations.
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37
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Agius R, Ferreira LM, Yegles M. Can ethyl glucuronide in hair be determined only in 3cm hair strands? Forensic Sci Int 2012; 218:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pragst F. Interpretation problems in a forensic case of abstinence determination using alcohol markers in hair. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:e4-7. [PMID: 22033194 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In a child custody case a mother with a longstanding history of alcohol misuse had to show absolute abstinence for one year. She entered a residential rehabilitation for six months and was tested two months later by way of a hair test for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) with the result of 22 pg/mg in the proximal 0-1cm segment and the segments 1-2 cm and 2-3 cm being negative. This was interpreted as a minimum alcohol intake of 20-50 units per week in the month before sampling. Since the mother denied any alcohol intake a second hair sample was collected seven weeks after the first and analyzed for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) by a second laboratory. A low concentration of 0.03 ng/mg was measured within the 0-6 cm segment of recently bleached hair and was interpreted as showing no evidence of alcohol use during the last six months. Three further hair samples were analyzed during the next nine months with low EtG values (<2.4-3.3 pg/mg, 0-3 cm segment) and low FAEE values (0.27-0.53 ng/mg, 0-6 cm segment). These findings were summarized as indicating continued low alcohol consumption over the past one year period. As a consequence of the conflicting results, the case was dealt with in a hearing before the Family Division of the High Court of London. It was concluded in the judgment that the evidence did not indicate that the mother had consumed alcohol in the period tested by the hair samples. It was stated that the evidence in this case highlighted the need for the exercise of considerable caution when hair tests for alcohol are being interpreted and relied upon, both generally and particularly in isolation, and that this case is a proper reminder of the need for expert evidence to be given in a manner according to the Practice Direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Pragst
- University Hospital Charité, Institute of Legal Medicine, Turmstr. 21, Building N, 10559 Berlin, Germany.
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39
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Dufaux B, Agius R, Nadulski T, Kahl HG. Comparison of urine and hair testing for drugs of abuse in the control of abstinence in driver's license re-granting. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:415-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Marques PR. Levels and types of alcohol biomarkers in DUI and clinic samples for estimating workplace alcohol problems. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:76-82. [PMID: 22311827 DOI: 10.1002/dta.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Widespread concern about illicit drugs as an aspect of workplace performance potentially diminishes attention on employee alcohol use. Alcohol is the dominant drug contributing to poor job performance; it also accounts for a third of the worldwide public health burden. Evidence from public roadways--a workplace for many--provides an example of work-related risk exposure and performance lapses. In most developed countries, alcohol is involved in 20-35% of fatal crashes; drugs other than alcohol are less prominently involved in fatalities. Alcohol biomarkers can improve detection by extending the timeframe for estimating problematic exposure levels and thereby provide better information for managers. But what levels and which markers are right for the workplace? In this paper, an established high-sensitivity proxy for alcohol-driving risk proclivity is used: an average eight months of failed blood alcohol concentration (BAC) breath tests from alcohol ignition interlock devices. Higher BAC test fail rates are known to presage higher rates of future impaired-driving convictions (driving under the influence; DUI). Drivers in alcohol interlock programmes log 5-7 daily BAC tests; in 12 months, this yields thousands of samples. Also, higher programme entry levels of alcohol biomarkers predict a higher likelihood of failed interlock BAC tests during subsequent months. This paper summarizes the potential of selected biomarkers for workplace screening. Markers include phosphatidylethanol (PEth), percent carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT), gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT), gamma %CDT (γ%CDT), and ethylglucuronide (EtG) in hair. Clinical cut-off levels and median/mean levels of these markers in abstinent people, the general population, DUI drivers, and rehabilitation clinics are summarized for context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Marques
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA.
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Kronstrand R, Brinkhagen L, Nyström FH. Ethyl glucuronide in human hair after daily consumption of 16 or 32g of ethanol for 3 months. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 215:51-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Validation of LUCIO®-Direct-ELISA kits for the detection of drugs of abuse in urine: Application to the new German driving licence re-granting guidelines. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 215:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Suesse S, Pragst F, Mieczkowski T, Selavka CM, Elian A, Sachs H, Hastedt M, Rothe M, Campbell J. Practical experiences in application of hair fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide for detection of chronic alcohol abuse in forensic cases. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 218:82-91. [PMID: 22036309 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article presents results from 1872 hair samples, which were analyzed for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG). The results were evaluated in the context of self-reported drinking behavior, the use of hair cosmetics, the gender of the sample donors and hair sample length. For comparison, CDT and GGT in serum were available in 477 and 454 cases, respectively. A number of alcohol abstainers or low moderate drinkers and excessive drinkers were selected for assessment of cut-offs for FAEEs in the proximal 6cm hair segments and for EtG in the proximal 3cm hair segments. Cut-off values were assessed by ROC analysis. It was found that the cut-offs of 1.0ng/mg FAEE and 30pg/mg EtG presently used for excessive drinking lead to a low portion of false positives (4% and 3% respectively) but to a higher portion of false negatives (23% and 25% respectively). Comparison of the mean and medium concentrations in samples without any reported hair cosmetics (N=1079) and in samples with reported use of hair spray (N=79) showed an increase by the factor of about two for FAEE but no significant difference for EtG. Mean values of EtG were decreased by 80% in bleached samples (N=164) and by 63% in dyed samples (N=96). There was no significant effect of bleaching and dyeing on FAEE. Hair gel and hair wax, oil or grease showed no significant effect on both FAEE and EtG. With respect to gender and investigated hair length ambiguous results were obtained because of major differences in the compared subpopulations of male with higher alcohol consumption and mainly shorter hair, and less drinking female with longer hair. For excessive drinkers FAEEs in the 0-6cm hair segment and EtG in the 0-3cm segment decreased with increasing time of reported abstinence before sample collection. These drinkers attain the level of teetotalers only after more than 10 months of abstinence. In comparison to scalp hair, FAEEs recovered from armpit hair and leg hair were lower and from chest hair were higher. EtG in armpit hair was lower and in leg hair higher than in scalp hair. It is concluded that the combined use of FAEE and EtG essentially increases the accuracy of interpretation since both markers complement each other by a different sensitivity to sources of error.
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Agius R, Nadulski T, Kahl HG, Dufaux B. Ethyl glucuronide in hair - A highly effective test for the monitoring of alcohol consumption. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 218:10-4. [PMID: 22019393 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In Germany drink driving offenders lose their license and must prove abstinence for one year in order to regain it. In this paper we assess the newly introduced ethyl glucuronide (EtG) tests in urine and hair in this alcohol abstinence monitoring. 20% (80 out of 386) of the 3cm long hair samples were tested positive for EtG in hair, compared to only 2% (92 out of 4248 samples) in urine in the same time period. Additionally 50% of the samples positive for EtG in hair had EtG values greater than 30pg/mg hair, indicating chronic alcohol consumption in the last three months. This study shows that four EtG tests in 3cm hair lengths reveal a significantly higher percentage of drink driving offenders who fail to be sober in the rehabilitation period, than do six random EtG tests in urine. Presumably, the hair test is more adequate to monitor long term alcohol abstinence than the urine test as defined by the new driving license re-granting medical and psychological assessment (MPA) in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Agius
- Labor Krone, Siemensstr. 40, 32105, Bad Salzuflen, Germany.
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45
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A study of distribution of ethyl glucuronide in different keratin matrices. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 210:271-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196, United States
| | - J. M. Butler
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312, United States
| | - J. R. Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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47
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Kataoka H, Saito K. Recent advances in SPME techniques in biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:926-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kamali AS, Thompson JG, Bertman S, Miller JB, Venter AR. Spray desorption collection of free fatty acids onto a solid phase microextraction fiber for trap grease analysis in biofuel production. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:683-687. [PMID: 32938091 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00567c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spray desorption collection (SDC) is a sample collection and preparation method that allows for the collection of soluble chemical compounds directly from solid surfaces. Here the analysis of trap grease, a potential biofuel feedstock, is demonstrated by combining SDC with solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) collection followed by direct GC-MS analysis. The SPME fiber collects droplets of solvent, which has picked up analytes from the solid sample surface. It is found that the SDC-SPME combination is a simple and convenient method to collect sample components from surfaces when they are less volatile than heptanoic acid, while the collection efficiency of highly volatile compounds is increasingly reduced due to the purging effect of the nebulising gas. In a real trap grease analysis the SDC-SPME method was able to analyze both the longer chain fatty acids in the sample, important for energy production evaluation of the sample, as well as volatile sample components down to pentanoic acid, which may add to off-odours produced during biofuel use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kamali
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA.
| | - J G Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA.
| | - S Bertman
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA.
| | - J B Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA.
| | - A R Venter
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA.
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KATAOKA H. Current Developments and Future Trends in Solid-phase Microextraction Techniques for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analyses. ANAL SCI 2011; 27:893-905. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Han E, Yang W, Lee S, Kim E, In S, Choi H, Lee S, Chung H, Song JM. Establishment of the measurement uncertainty of 11-nor-D9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in hair. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 206:e85-92. [PMID: 21194857 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of 11-nor-D(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in hair requires a sensitive method to detect a low-pg level. Before applying the method to real hair samples, the method was validated; in this study, we examined the uncertainty obtained from around the cut-off level of THCCOOH in hair. We calculated the measurement uncertainty (MU) of THCCOOH in hair as follows: specification of the measurand, identification of parameters using "cause and effect" diagrams, quantification of the uncertainty contributions using three factors, the uncertainty of weighing the hair sample, the uncertainty from calibrators and the calibration curve, and the uncertainty of the method precision. Finally, we calculated the degrees of freedom and the expanded uncertainty (EU). The concentration of THCCOOH in the hair sample with its EU was (0.60 ± 0.1) × 10(-4)ng/mg. The relative uncertainty percent for the measurand 0.60 × 10(-4)ng was 9.13%. In this study, we also selected different concentrations of THCCOOH in real hair samples and then calculated the EU, the relative standard uncertainty (RSU) of the concentration of THCCOOH in the test sample [u(r)(c0)], the relative uncertainty percent, and the effective degree of freedom (v(eff)). When the concentrations of THCCOOH approached the cut-off level, u(r)(c0) and the relative uncertainty percent increased but absolute EU and v(eff) decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Han
- National Forensic Service, 331-1 Shinwol 7-Dong, Yang-Chun Gu, Seoul, South Korea
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